Thematische Bibliographien / Tariffs and networks

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tariffs and networks“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Tariffs and networks"

Horal, Liliana, Iryna Metoshop, Oksana Chernova und Andrii Kornienko. „ARCHITECTURAL AND TECHNICAL IMPACT OF GAS NETWORKS ON THE TARIFF FOR NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SERVICES“. Bulletin of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" (economic sciences), Nr. 5 (12.09.2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2519-4461.2023.5.3.

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A study of tariff formation by gas distribution networks for the supply of natural gas was conducted, which proved that the current method of calculating the tariff is based on the amount of planned revenue and volumes of gas that the company intends to transport in the next period. The existing methodology affects the devaluation by enterprises of the tasks of effective functioning and cost reduction, which ultimately can lead to excessive costs and unstable tariffs. The work outlines a number of technical and geographical parameters affecting the formation of tariffs for gas supply. In particular, the working pressure, geometric configuration and route profile of gas networks have a direct impact on the technical complexity of the network and the costs of construction, operation and maintenance. In turn, the relief of laying gas networks significantly affects their design, safety and cost, which has an indirect effect on the formation of tariffs for gas transportation. To ensure the highest productivity and efficiency of gas networks, enterprises must constantly monitor indicators such as gas losses, possible pressure losses in network sections, pressure at each node point and its possible drops, determine the causes of their occurrence and growth, and develop strategies for their optimisation. In addition to the technical features of the construction of gas networks, the impact of a number of economic factors has been proven, in particular, on the continuity and reliability of gas supply for consumers, which take into account environmental and safety standards, which allows to set reasonable tariffs for gas transportation and ensure greater stability and transparency for all stakeholders.

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Kolosok, S., und T. Vasylieva. „ANALYSIS OF GAS AND ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: THE TARIFF REGULATION REVIEW“. Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, Nr. 2 (2020): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.2-8.

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The distribution of gas and electricity certainly belongs to the strategically important activities, the success of which affects the socio-economic situation in the country. Energy distribution companies not only transport energy to customers, but also balance energy consumption, thus influencing all economic processes. However, the energy sector is characterized by several limiting factors. Companies should optimize their activities through energy supply and reception planning, capacity forecasting, providing the necessary level of flexibility of energy systems and the ability to integrate diversified gas and electricity distribution operators. All this requires a balanced and detailed approach to the formation of tariff policy, which takes into account the cost of maintenance and maintenance of energy networks, justification of the costs of business operations given the possible social response to rising final tariffs for gas and electricity. Therefore, the issue of tariff regulation in the energy sector requires a detailed study and analysis of best practices for setting tariffs for services for energy network operators. To this end, the study provided a review of the scientific literature on tariff regulation of gas and electricity distribution networks. The results of the study did not show significant elaboration of the topic but revealed only differences in views on optimal pricing for energy distribution networks in different countries.

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Dolmatov, I. A., I. YU Zolotova und I. V. Maskaev. „New tariff regulation for natural monopolies: what should it be?“ Strategic decisions and risk management, Nr. 4-5 (29.10.2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2017-4-5-30-37.

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For the last several years, the Russian Federation has been artificially restraining the growth of tariffs for the services of natural monopolies. A simple decision, which is taken hastily a few years ago as a short-term anti-crisis measure, has every chance of becoming a "solution" for many years to come. The authors attempt to analyze the short-term and long-term effects of the tariff regulation and present the results obtained in the framework of the basic research program of the Higher School of Economics on the impact of tariffs in the energy sector on the main macroeconomic indicators, most often used as arguments in favor of tariff restraint. It is shown that tariffs, including the ones for electricity networks, should cover all efficient costs of regulated companies in full which enables reliable and safe power supply for sustainable and efficient development of industries and wellbeing of the population. The authors present for the first time the results of the estimations of the efficiency of the operational costs of electric networks in Russia obtained on the models developed by the Institute of Pricing and Regulation of Natural Monopolies. The models are based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, one of the most advanced and most common methods in contemporary tariff setting.

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Bean, N. G., und P. G. Taylor. „Maximal Profit Dimensioning and Tariffing of Loss Networks“. Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 9, Nr. 3 (Juli 1995): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800003909.

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In this paper we present a unified approach to the optimal dimensioning and tariffing of loss networks. In our formulation the optimum is chosen to maximize the profit for the company operating the loss network. We assume that the operating company has the flexibility to determine tariffs and grade of service — although both of these can possibly be subject to regulatory constraints. The fact that the tariffing may affect demand and, hence, the dimensioning makes it essential that the operating company include the tariff/demand trade-off in determining the optimal way to dimension the loss network. A consequence of our formulation is that the optimal tariff structure has a particularly simple form, with the optimal tariff on a particular route separating into a term related to the tariff/demand trade-off on that route and a term that reflects the cost of the circuits used by the route.

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Curran, Louise, Khalid Nadvi und Liam Campling. „The influence of tariff regimes on global production networks (GPNs)“. Journal of Economic Geography 19, Nr. 4 (22.12.2018): 873–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby059.

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AbstractDespite the recognition that trade policy—in particular, tariff regimes and rules of origin—can affect the geography of production, much GPN analyses pay scant attention to the tariff context of the sector studied. This paper proposes an analytical framework to more effectively integrate these regimes into applied GPN research. We test the framework, drawing on analysis of exports to the EU market in four sectors: textiles and apparel, floriculture, fisheries and leather goods. The analysis confirms that, in the presence of high tariffs, preferences do seem to impact on sourcing for the EU market.

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Zakrevskaya, A. G., und N. G. Lyubimova. „Implementation of a new pricing mechanism in the heat supply market“. Vestnik Universiteta, Nr. 4 (30.05.2023): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2023-4-108-116.

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The article notes the lack of investment in heat supply market, which leads to increased wear and tear of both heat sources and heating networks, huge heat losses and non-competitiveness of district heating systems. A proposal is being considered to implement a new model of the heat market in all regions of Russia and to switch from direct state regulation of tariffs for heat energy (capacity) to contractual tariffs, the maximum level of which is determined by the “alternative boiler house” method. However, for those regions where the existing tariffs for heat energy (capacity) are higher than the established limit levels using the “alternative boiler house” method, the authors propose the use of other approaches and methods of tariff regulation, in particular, examples, advantages and disadvantages of using energy service contracts, tariff regulation based on method of return on invested capital, new legislation in terms of obtaining long-term loans for the modernization of infrastructure from the National Welfare Fund and the Housing and Utilities Reform Assistance Fund.

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Camilo, Fernando M., und Paulo Santos. „Technical-Economic Evaluation of Residential Wind and Photovoltaic Systems with Self-Consumption and Storage Systems in Portugal“. Energies 16, Nr. 4 (11.02.2023): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041805.

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At present, a worldwide paradigm shift has become apparent, with more and more consumers consuming the energy generated by renewable energy sources (RES) systems, such as wind or photovoltaic (PV) energy, sometimes benefiting from appropriate incentives by individual governments. Consequently, it is necessary to carry out technical–economic assessments to understand the evolution of the viability of RES investments. Within the framework of an intelligent network control environment, the smart grid (SG) concept is associated with this model, and is an important tool in the management of energy distribution networks. This article aims to make a further contribution to this issue by analyzing the economic feasibility of investing in residential consumers, considering different RES configurations. Scenarios covered in this study include: “inject all on the low voltage network/consume all on the low voltage network”, self-consumption, net-metering, and storage systems. The economic study results in this article show that self-consumption with and without the injection of excess electricity into the grid is quite attractive. The bi-hourly tariff was found to be more profitable than other tariffs. Variable tariffs (bi or tri-hourly) are more profitable than fixed tariffs. It is also concluded that investment in storage systems is not yet an economically viable solution due to the high price of energy storage.

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Baqaee, David Rezza, und Emmanuel Farhi. „Networks, Barriers, and Trade“. Econometrica 92, Nr. 2 (2024): 505–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta17513.

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We study a flexible class of trade models with international production networks and arbitrary wedge‐like distortions like markups, tariffs, or nominal rigidities. We characterize the general equilibrium response of variables to shocks in terms of microeconomic statistics. Our results are useful for decomposing the sources of real GDP and welfare growth, and for computing counterfactuals. Using the same set of microeconomic sufficient statistics, we also characterize societal losses from increases in tariffs and iceberg trade costs and dissect the qualitative and quantitative importance of accounting for disaggregated details. Our results, which can be used to compute approximate and exact counterfactuals, provide an analytical toolbox for studying large‐scale trade models and help to bridge the gap between computation and theory.

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KOROTYA, Miroslav. „METHODICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES FOR CALCULATION OF REGIONAL TARIFFS ON NATURAL TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION SERVICES“. Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics, Nr. 2 (2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-2-13.

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Introduction. Tariffing as a process is complex and important, especially to ensure an adequate level of energy security and competitive balance amongst its participants at all levels. Therefore, it is important to follow the rules when setting tariffs in any sector or region: methodological approaches to calculating future tariffs should be readily accessible; tariffs should be easy to implement; future costs should be secured in such a way as to prevent possible shortcomings in the decision-making process; in order to develop the networks themselves and to use them effectively, as far as possible, the tariffs paid by their users should fully reflect the costs they incur in the system. The purpose is a comprehensive study of methodological and practical approaches to calculating regional tariffs for natural gas transportation and distribution services. The methodology of the investigated problems includes the systematic scientific methods of cognition, namely: analysis, synthesis, critical thinking, empiricism and modeling of a possible scenario. Results. Therefore, as a result of the study of methodological and practical approaches to the regional tariffs calculation for gas transportation and distribution services, it was determined that this process is fraught with certain difficulties and is particularly important for ensuring an adequate level of energy security and competitive balance among its participants at all levels. Conclusion. As a consequence, when setting tariffs in any sector or region, it is important to adhere to the following principles: transparency, simplicity, avoidance of possible distortion, predictability, value reflection, non-discrimination, cost recovery. Key words: distribution, transportation, natural gas, region, distribution of natural gas, method of calculation of tariff formation, gas distribution company.

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Taburov, Denis Yu. „Analysis of Problems in Setting Tariffs for Electric Grid Organizations“. Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, Nr. 3 (25.09.2022): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2022-3-158-170.

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In the field of electric power industry in the Russian Federation, activities are allocated for the production, purchase and sale of electric energy and capacity, energy supply to consumers, operational dispatch control, and transmission of electric energy. The transmission of electrical energy is a regulated type of activity, within which prices are set separately for each constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which leads to interregional differences in tariffs for electricity transmission, and makes it important to ensure that the established level of tariffs is sufficient to maintain the quality and reliability of the services provided. The purpose of the article is to identify problems in setting tariffs for electric grid organizations. The methods of generalization of normative and theoretical sources were used in the work, including general scientific and particular scientific methods and general logical techniques (analysis, analogy, generalization, and others). The authors analyzed the main legal acts regulating the setting of prices (tariffs) for electric grid organizations, inter-regional differences in established prices (tariffs) and changes in the key components of prices (tariffs) by years. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the existing price inequality in terms of the components of the price of electric energy creates the conditions for the impossibility of prompt renewal of the power grid set. The low level of increase in unified boiler tariffs for electric power transmission services compared to both other components of the final price of electric energy (sales allowance of last resort suppliers, infrastructure payments) and the consumer price index can become critical and is the main problem when setting electric grid tariffs. organizationsTo continue the provision of reliable and high-quality services, the implementation of a set of measures is proposed that will allow, with a minimum increase in the price of electricity transmission, to ensure the reliable and high-quality functioning of electrical networks, optimizing costs, increasing the growth of non-tariff revenue.

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Mehr Quellen

Dissertationen zum Thema "Tariffs and networks"

Huntington, Samuel C. „Unlocking the value of distributed energy resources in electric distribution networks : exploring the role of locational tariffs“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104827.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 50-54).
The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) in electric distribution networks brings both challenges and opportunities to the management of the electric grid. In the right locations these resources can provide value to the network by reducing congestion and losses and deferring investment in network upgrades. To unlock this value, however, more efficient economic signals need to be sent to the network users who ultimately make the decisions to install and operate these technologies. This thesis proposes a modeling framework for evaluating the impact of tariff structure on the adoption of DERs within distribution networks, and their ensuing impact on network cost drivers. The framework combines a dynamic end user model, which simulates the operational and investment decisions of electric customers, with a distribution-level power flow model that allows for precise observation and allocation of network costs. Case studies suggest that the types of technologies and their patterns of adoption within the network are likely to differ significantly depending on the pricing scheme. Prices that incorporate the cost of losses and congestion within the distribution network are shown to lead to DER adoption patterns that result in the greatest benefits to both customers and the network. I conclude with policy recommendations and directions for future research.
by Samuel C. Huntington.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Azuatalam, Donald. „Technical and Economic Assessments of Electricity Distribution Networks with Active Customers“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21791.

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With a deepening penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), distribution network service providers (DNSP) in most jurisdictions are faced with the challenge of designing tariff structures that are reflective of forward-looking network capacity costs, while ensuring a non-discriminatory, secure and reliable network for all end-users. Nonetheless, most electricity users seek to minimise their energy expenditure by participating in demand response programs or by actively managing their energy use through a home energy management system. Thus, DNSPs need to send accurate price signals to customers if they must achieve the desired peak demand targets. However, with inefficient pricing in place, DNSP loss in revenue and unfair cost allocation between customers may result. This thesis aims to address these challenges through a systematic technical and economic assessment of distribution networks with DER-enabled customers. To begin, a review of the performance of the state-of-the-art energy management methods is done in view of practicality and computational requirements while critiquing the modelling assumptions of each method. Next, a techno-economic assessment of grid defection is performed, based on the trade-off between the reliability and the levelised cost of electricity of residential PV-battery systems. Afterwards, the techno-economic impacts of different network tariffs, on low voltage networks are evaluated considering grid-connected customers, under various PV-battery penetration levels. Lastly, a benchmark for measuring the cost-reflectivity of network tariffs using cooperative game theory is proposed, which fairly apportions network costs to several customers with minimal error and computational burden. In brief, this thesis provides tools and analyses to guide DNSPs in designing DER-specific network tariffs which better signals network cost drivers, thus fostering customer participation while improving the equity of network cost allocations even with high DER penetration levels.

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Schittekatte, Tim. „Distribution network tariff design and active consumers : a regulatory impact analysis“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS054/document.

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La diffusion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques à prix abordables nous amène à repenser à la manière avec laquelle les coûts des réseaux de distribution sont récupérés auprès des consommateurs. Historiquement, les consommateurs étaient facturés pour l'utilisation du réseau de distribution principalement sur la base de leur volume (net) d'électricité consommé. Avec tel type de tarif de réseau, les consommateurs qui installent des panneaux photovoltaïques contribuent beaucoup moins à la récupération du coût d’investissement réseau. Cependant, ces consommateurs (prosummeurs) dépendent autant du réseau qu’avant. La question examinée dans cette thèse est de savoir comment définir le tarif du réseau de distribution dans ce contexte changeant. Des différents modèles de théorie des jeux sont développés pour faire cette analyse. Dans ces modèles, en plus des investissements dans l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque, des investissements dans les batteries du côté des consommateurs sont aussi considérés. Ce rapport de thèse consiste en un bref aperçu suivi de quatre chapitres indépendants et d'une conclusion
The uptake of affordable solar PV panels challenges the way in which costs of distribution networks are recuperated from consumers. Historically, consumers were charged for the use of the distribution network mainly according to their (net) volume of electricity consumed over a period of time. With such volumetric network charges, consumers installing PV panels contribute a lot less towards the recuperation of network costs. However, these consumers (prosumers) still rely on the network as much as they did before. The question investigated in this thesis is how to re-design the distribution network tariff in this changing context. Different game-theoretical models are developed to conduct this analysis. In the models, not only investments in solar PV but also investments in batteries at the consumer-side are considered. The thesis consists of a brief overview followed by four standalone chapters and a conclusion

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Sheikh, Abdi Mohamed. „Residential electricity network tariffs in Sweden : A Survey and Commentary“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286833.

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Network charges need to paid for running electricity distribution networks. Network charges (tariffs) can be set to depend on not just total transferred energy, but on when it is transferred or the highest average power that is transferred over some period. This to make network charges more related to the cost of running the network, and to encourage changes of load patterns to reduce network congestion. In Sweden, there is a tradition of charging the fixed cost of network tariffs according to a fuse size. Newer methods use measured consumption to charge by time of use or peak consumption. This work surveys the current tariffs for residential network customers in 141 network companies in Sweden, showing some large differences in principle and cost. It then considers how these relate to network companies actual costs and to load patterns of customers, and the suitability of fuses for the power-based component of a network tariff. Companies have differences in tariff structures and prices because of various reasons such as opting for simplicity in creations of tariffs, amount of customers being supplied, monthly or hourly metering for customers etc. Examined load patterns also show that customers have a synchronized peak consumption of 20 minutes, although the data is a small number from another country. Customer engagement needs to be the focus for successful implementation of more dynamic tariffs based on time of use and peak consumption.
Elnätspriser är avgifter som betalas för drift av eldistributionsnät. Elnätspriser (tariffer) kan debiteras så att den inte beror den totala överförda energin som används utan när denna energi används eller den högsta genomsnittliga effektkonsumptionen under en viss period. Detta för att göra elnätsavgifterna mer relaterade till kostnaden till att driva nätverket och uppmuntra förändringar av belastningsmönster för att minska nätverksbegränsningar. I Sverige finns en tradition att basera de fasta kostnaderna i nätavgifter på huvudsäkringsstorlek. Nyare metoder använder uppmätt förbrukning för att debitera efter när energin har använts eller toppförbrukning. Detta arbete kartlägger de nuvarande tarifferna för bostadsnätkunder i 141 elnätsföretag i Sverige, vilket visar några stora skillnader i principer och kostnader. Därefter övervägs hur dessa relaterar till faktiska nätverkskostnader och lastmönster hos kunder och huvudsäkringarnas lämplighet för den effektbaserade komponenten i en nätverksavgift. Företag har skillnader i tariffstrukturer och priser p.g.a. olika anledningar som t.ex. att välja enkelhet i skapande av tariffer, antal kunder som el levereras till, månads- eller timmätning för kunder etc. Granskade belastningsmönster visar också att kunder har en synkroniserad toppförbrukning på 20 minuter. Kundengagemang måste vara fokus för en framgångsrik implementering av mer dynamiska tariffer baserat på elanvändningstid och toppförbrukning.

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Sinsin, Léonide Michael. „Economie de l'énergie et accès à l'électricité : trois essais sur le Bénin“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED085.

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Les objectifs de nos travaux de recherche sont multiples. Tout d’abord, ils balaient le champ de la théorie économique appliquée au secteur de l’énergie. De façon spécifique, il s’agit de revisiter les questions de régulation, de tarification et du bien être dans le contexte africain subsaharien où le secteur de l’énergie est en crise. Par la suite, nos recherches ouvrent un spectre sur les défis du continent que sont l’atteinte des objectifs du développement durable, l’économie mobile et l’innovation grâce à l’accès pour tous à l’électricité. Enfin, cette thèse s’articule au croisement de la recherche théorique et appliquée en se basant sur des études de cas réels au Bénin. En conséquence, la nécessité d’enrichir la recherche en Afrique de façon générale et au Bénin de façon spécifique constituent un éventail des défis et opportunités à l’issue de ces travaux
Our research objectives are multiple. Front of all, we cover literature review in the fields of energy and economics. Specifically, we revisit regulation, pricing and well-being theories in sub-Saharan context where electricity sector is in crisis for a while. Subsequently, our results open up a deeper reflexion spectrum concerning sustainable development, mobile banking and innovation through access for all to clean energy. Finally, this thesis is articulated at the crossraods of theorical and applied research based on real study cases in Benin. Consequently, there is a strong need to expand applied research in African, and in Benin specifically because it constitutes a large scope of challenges and opportunities path beyond this work

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Guler, Hazal, und Camilla Tedgren. „Establishing the Optimal Tariff in Rural Electricity Distribution Networksy“. Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119253.

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Access to electricity is a key factor of improving the living standard in a country, as it enhances the quality of services such as education, health care and productivity. The rural population of Uganda is however only supplied with electricity to a degree less than three percent. There are large financial issues in extending the national electricity grid why small stand alone systems are sometimes a more valuable option. Even then, there are large investment costs that need to be covered by the sale of electricity. Due to the limited buying power of rural consumers, the end-user tariff setting becomes of great significance of the financial outlook. If the tariff is set too high, the consumption will most likely be lower than what it could be, resulting in a loss of revenue as well as inhibiting the improvement of living standards for the consumers. On the other hand, if the tariff is set too low, it could lead to excessive consumption, resulting in power failures. In view of the above, the main aim of this study has been to investigate the consequences of different tariffs in an isolated rural power system. This was done by studying the electricity consumption in two already electrified rural networks in order to find information on demand behavior and load profiles. Interviews with electricity consumers were conducted to investigate how their demand would change if tariffs were altered. Demand as a function of price was shown by linear curves indicating the price sensitivity and demand factor, the latter being the theoretical maximum demand when price is zero. These parameters were modelled in Monte Carlo simulations with the aim to predict the demand behavior of a site that is not yet electrified and find the tariff that should be applied to this site. The simulations were based on two potential economic objectives of how to operate the system; by altruistic or profit maximising means. Depending on whether the system is altruistic or profit maximizing, the optimum point of tariff differs. In the altruistic case, this tariff should be set where the costs are covered by the revenues. The profit maximizing system instead requests the tariff where profit is as high as possible. Furthermore, two different structures of tariff setting were tested for the system; a structure with time-of-use levels where the tariff should be higher during the peak demand hours of the day, and a flat rate structure where the tariff is constant throughout the day. The field study showed that, on average, the price sensitivity factor of domestic consumers were slightly higher than of the commercial consumers. The results also showed that the majority of the commercial consumers reside in the same building as their business. Furthermore, rural consumers exhibit low awareness of their consumption patterns and the price of electricity. Extensive information from the distribution companies to the customers is therefore essential to maintain a sustainable electricity consumption, as it enables consumers to make rational decisions about their electricity consumption and opt for more efficient alternatives. A financial analysis for the specific case study was also conducted from simulations. The analysis found for an altruistic system a tariff slighly lower tariff than the tariff applied in the national grid today. However, the system will require an additional financing to cover the payments before the year when revenues exceed expenses, but can be paid back within eight years. The tariffs found by simulating with a profit maximizing system operator are more than twice as high as the current tariff applied in the national grid today. On the other hand, the system requires a very small additional loan or subsidy compared to the altruistic simulations and has a pay-off time within six years.

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Diblík, Jaroslav. „Mobilní komunikace v ČR“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193669.

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The thesis deals with the topic of mobile communication in Czech republic. Its main task is to make reader fimiliar with different types of technology and digital standards on Czech mobile communication market. Thesis shows mobile communication providers in Czech republic, not only the conventional ones, but especially virtual operators(MVNO). It defines the legislation and position of Czech Telecommunication Office (ČTÚ). At the end, it analyzes the current market situation and try to offer the best solution for possible customer and also tries to find out whether it would pay off to the customer to switch to the virtual operator, based on mobile tariff price calculator.

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Gyllenswärd, Mikael, und Mikaela Jerresand. „Electricity network tariff targeting EV chargers : A socio-economic analysis“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278881.

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The upcoming expansion of electric vehicles (EV) will bring an increase in charging infrastructure as well as other challenges for the local network operators (LNO). Higher power peaks could overburden the electricity grid resulting in large investments from the LNO to meet the increased demand on the grid. Meanwhile, the investment costs related to charging stations are high for a very uncertain business case, with roughly 60 % of the annual costs to be paid to the LNO. The hypothesis of this research is to create a tariff targeting EV charging stations making it cheaper to operate the stations, both for the LNO and station owner. This is achieved by surrendering 100 % electricity supply when the electricity grid is overworked to help the increasing power demand on the grid. In order to identify the strength and weaknesses of the suggested tariff from the station owners’ point of view, 20 interviews were conducted with LNO, charge point operators (CPO), and other charging station owners (CSO). Five key factors were identified: customer satisfaction, technological barriers, administrative issues, branding, and compensation. The CSO want a price reduction of 20-50 % to use this tariff. It was also investigated to see what would happen if already existing customers to Nacka Energi AB (NEAB) would decide to opt for this tariff if they install charging station, in order to make it cheaper for them as well. Data was collected from over 36 000 charging sessions. This was used to find the charging behaviour, power consumption peaks, and the cost items. The cost items were then manipulated in order to find a fair price reduction over all fuse sizes that would result in an annual price reduction of 20-50 %. The final recommendation for the tariff is to reduce the fixed fee by 40 % in relation to the potential future power tariff of NEAB, the rebate to 2 SEK/kW, power fee 25 SEK/kW and to set the volumetric price to 0.05 SEK/kWh. The discussion identifies the conditions which must be fulfilled by the CSO and the LNO to use this tariff. These include: Separate meter and fuse at the charging station, fuse must not be greater than 63 A, the connection may not be turned off for more than 100 hours each year, not be turned off for more than 3 consecutive hours and more than once a day, the customer may change tariff once a year and the rebate and power fee are based of the highest power consumption peak of the month. Conditions for existing customer was also evaluated. The conclusion to make charging cheaper for them is to remove the fixed fee since they already pay for it in their existing connection. Otherwise it will be more expensive than before.
Den framtida expansionen av eldrivna fordon kommer leda till en ökad laddinfrastruktur samt skapa problem för lokala elnätsföretag. Högre effekttoppar skulle kunna leda till ett överbelastat elnät vilket skulle kräva stora investeringar för elnätsföretagen för att klara av den ökade efterfrågan av effekt. Idag är investeringskostnaderna för laddstationer höga för ett väldigt osäkert business case, där 60 % av de årliga kostnaderna går till elnätsföretaget. Målsättningen för denna undersökning är att utforma en tariff riktad mot kunder som är intresserade av att investera i elbilsladdare. Tariffen ska göra det billigare att driva laddstationen både för stationsägaren och elnätsföretaget. Detta uppnås genom att som stationsägare ge samtycke till att elnätsföretaget får bryta elektriciteten till laddstationerna då elnätet är överbelastat, detta för att underlätta ett överbelastat elnät. För att identifiera styrkor och svagheter för den föreslagna tariffen från stationsägarnas perspektiv utfördes 20 intervjuer med elnätsföretag, laddstationsoperatörer och laddstationsägare. Fem nyckelfaktorer identifierades: Kundlojalitet, teknologiska hinder, administrativa problem, varumärkesprofil och kompensation. Stationsägarna önskade en prissänkning på 20-50 % för att använda tariffen. En undersökning för existerande kunder utfördes även för att se hur de påverkades av den föreslagna tariffen när de installerade laddstationer. Detta i syfte för att göra driften av laddstationerna billigare för dem. Data från 36 000 laddsessioner samlades ihop och användes för att hitta laddbeteende, effekttoppar, och kostnadsposter. Kostnadsposterna ändrades för att hitta en jämn prissänkning över alla säkringsstorlekar som gav en årlig prissänkning av 20-50 %. Den slutgiltliga rekommendationen till Nacka Energis AB’s potentiella framtida effekttariff, är att sänka den fasta avgiften med 40 %, behålla det rörliga priset på 0.05 SEK/kWh, behålla effektavgiften på 25 SEK/kWh och sätta rabatten till 2 SEK/kW. De villkor som måste uppfyllas av stationsägaren och elnätföretaget för att använda tariffen inkluderar: separat mätare och säkring för stationen, säkringen får ej överskrida 63 A, uppkopplingen får ej vara avstängd mer än 100 timmar per år, ej mer än 3 timmar i sträck och ej mer än en gång per dag, kunden får byta tariff en gång per år, och rabatten och effektavgiften baseras på den högsta effekttoppen i månaden. För att göra driften av laddstationer billigare för befintliga kunder utvärderades deras existerande villkor. Sammanfattningsvis sänktes den fasta avgiften med 100 % då de redan i sitt befintliga abonnemang betalar för de kostnader som motsvarar den fasta avgiften hos elnätsbolaget. Utan sänkningen av den fasta avgiften skulle det bli dyrare för dem att installera en laddstation.

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Sendil, Halil. „Operation Of Water Distribution Networks“. Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615484/index.pdf.

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With continuously increasing urbanization, consumer demands and expansion of water supply systems, determination of efficient pump schedules became a more difficult task. Pumping energy costs constitute a significant part of the operational cost of the water distribution networks. This study aims to provide an effective daily pump schedule by minimizing the energy costs for constant and also for multi tariff of electricity (3 Kademeli Elektrik Tarifesi) in water distribution network. A case study has been performed in an area covering N8.3 and N7 pressure zones which are parts of Ankara water distribution network. Both pressure zones consists of 3 multiple pumps in pump station and one tank having 5000 m3 storage volume each. By using genetic algorithm based software (WaterCAD Darwin Scheduler) least-cost pump scheduling and operation policy for each pump station has been determined while satisfying target hydraulic performance requirements such as minimum and maximum service pressures, final water level of storage tank and maximum velocity in pipeline. 32 different alternative scenarios have been created which include multi tariff energy prices, constant tariff energy price, insulated system condition, uninsulated system condition and different pump combinations. The existing base scenario and alternative scenarios which were prepared by using optimal pump schedules have been compared and the achievements of optimizing pump operation have been analyzed. At the end of the study, a satisfying result has been observed that by using determined optimal pump schedule, minimum % 14 of total energy cost can be saved in existing water supply system.

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Cannemi, Marco. „Processo Analitico in Rete (ANP) come strumento di supporto alle politiche di sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili“. Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1038.

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Questo studio presenta i risultati di una ricerca sull applicabilità di modelli di processi decisionali all'analisi delle scelte di investimento su progetti di impianti per la produzione energia alimentati tramite fonti rinnovabili. Scopo del lavoro è quello di fornire elementi innovativi per il miglioramento di metodologie (come l Analytic Network Pocess, ANP) che, pur presentandosi teoricamente adatte a condurre le analisi, presentano ancora una notevole complessità in fase di applicazione. Obiettivo del caso studio che sarà presentato è quello di migliorare gli strumenti per la definizione delle politiche nel campo dello sviluppo delle centrali di produzione energia alimentate a biomasse in Italia. L ANP fornisce un approccio realistico per la modellazione di situazioni complesse come il processo decisionale in progetti di investimento, perché permette di considerare nella valutazione di criteri ed alternative sia valori quantitativi sia qualitativi e di valutare le scelte tenendo in considerazione le interdipendenze che possono nascere tra le variabili. Il caso di studio ha richiesto l interazione con due esperti del settore delle energie rinnovabili: un manager di una società di investimento e un rappresentante della pubblica amministrazione con responsabilità nello sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili. L obiettivo del coinvolgimento di tali figure era quello di comprendere come gli investitori (pubblici o privati) interpretino la situazione e prendano decisioni quando si investe in impianti ad energia rinnovabile (a biomassa, in particolare), evidenziando anche le differenze nei criteri decisionali del settore pubblico e di quello privato. Sono stati così disegnati due scenari: uno mostra il processo decisionale così come avviene oggi, l altro scenario propone una modifica dei processi decisionali che mira al loro miglioramento attraverso l applicazione di una metodologia di analisi decisionale, quale l ANP, che mostra come il processo decisionale potrebbe essere influenzato con l'aggiunta di nuovi criteri decisionali, su quali progetti di impianti a biomassa si dovrebbe investire per garantire uno sviluppo sostenibile, fornendo un contributo alla progettazione dei sistemi di incentivazione. Per riprogettazione del sistema di incentivazione si intende la ridistribuzione dei pesi tra i criteri che determinano la scelta di un progetto piuttosto che un altro. Per ciascuno scenario gli esperti hanno valutato quattro alternative di investimento.

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Time zones, communication networks and international trade. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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On Trans-Saharan trails: Islamic law, trade networks, and cross-cultural exchange in Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Chan, Ah Lot Charles. Tariff-based differentiated services networks. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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Telecom Regulatory Authority of India., Hrsg. Consultation paper on differential tariffs for on-network calls. [New Delhi: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 2006.

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Evenett, Simon J. Do all networks facilitate international commerce?: US law firms and the international market for corporate control. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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15 Years of the Information Technology Agreement: Trade, innovation and global production networks. Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2012.

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Optimization in public transportation: Stop location, delay management and tariff zone design in a public transportation network. New York: Springer, 2006.

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Smeets, Maarten, und Marion Jansen. Connecting to global markets: Challenges and opportunities : case studies presented by WTO chair-holders. Geneva: WTO Publications, 2014.

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Telecom Regulatory Authority of India., Hrsg. Consultation paper on application of principle of non-discrimination in tariff schemes like CUG (closed user group), VPN (virtual private network), F&F (friends & family) etc. [New Delhi: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 2004.

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United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific und NetLibrary Inc, Hrsg. Trade facilitation beyond the multilateral trade negotiations: Regional practices, customs valuation and other emerging issues : a study by the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade. New York: United Nations, ESCAP, 2007.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Tariffs and networks"

Perrot, Anne. „Tariffs and Imperfect Competition“. In Transport Pricing of Electricity Networks, 155–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3756-1_6.

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Glachant, Jean-Michel. „Features of of Transmission Tariffs in Europe“. In Transport Pricing of Electricity Networks, 205–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3756-1_8.

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Sulistiantoro, Bayu, und Fithra Faisal Hastiadi. „Import Tariffs and Productivity of Manufacturing Firms in Indonesia“. In Globalization, Productivity and Production Networks in ASEAN, 233–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16510-9_10.

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Pihnastyi, Oleh, und Georgii Kozhevnikov. „Effective Conveyor Belt Control Based on the Time-Of-Use Tariffs“. In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 366–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66717-7_31.

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Chorafas, Dimitris N. „The Impact of Deregulation, Costs and Tariffs on Communications Technology“. In High-Performance Networks, Personal Communications and Mobile Computing, 25–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14175-3_2.

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Bessmertny, Igor, und Nikolai Sukhikh. „Multi-agent Approach to Optimization of Tariffs for the Air Navigation Service“. In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 130–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12450-2_12.

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Mossman, Matt. „Supply Chains and Protectionism: Will tariffs shrink global production networks?“ In Issues in Global Business: Selections from SAGE Business Researcher, 331–42. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071823224.n17.

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Pau, Louis-Francois. „Green Networks and Green Tariffs as Driven by User Service Demand“. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 117–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30382-1_16.

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Pérez-Arriaga, Ignacio J., und Yves Smeers. „Guidelines on Tariff Setting“. In Transport Pricing of Electricity Networks, 175–203. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3756-1_7.

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Rotunno, Lorenzo, und PierreLouis Vézina. „Chinese Networks and Tariff Evasion“. In The World Economy, 143–64. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118512968.ch7.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Tariffs and networks"

Kowalska-Pyzalska, Anna, Katarzyna Maciejowska, Rafał Weron und Katarzyna-Sznajd-Weron. „Diffusion and adoption of dynamic electricity tariffs“. In ASONAM '15: Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining 2015. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2808797.2808859.

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Loonurm, M., P. Raesaar und E. Tiigimagi. „Tariffs for reactive power supplied from distribution networks“. In 2010 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference (PQ). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pq.2010.5550024.

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Kaya, Buket. „An intelligent method for optimization of tariffs in GSM networks“. In 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2016.7752348.

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Carroll, Paula. „Exploring Smart Grid Time-of-Use Tariffs using a Robust Optimisation Framework“. In 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9206639.

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Hennig, Roman, Martijn Jonker, Simon Tindemans und Laurens de Vries. „Capacity Subscription Tariffs for Electricity Distribution Networks: Design Choices and Congestion Management“. In 2020 17th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem49802.2020.9221994.

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Pisica, Ioana, Colin J. Axon, Gareth A. Taylor, Ramon Granell und David C. H. Wallom. „Investigation of Data Communication Networks to Enable Demand Response and Dynamic Tariffs“. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Internet of Things(iThings) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing(CPSCom). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/greencom-ithings-cpscom.2013.72.

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Saiz, Eduardo, und Jone Uribetxebarria. „Exchange rates and trade tariffs assessment for strategic decisions in supply networks configuration“. In 2012 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2012.6465092.

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Ahrens, Mischa, und Hartmut Schmeck. „Generation of Time-of-Use Tariffs for Demand Side Management using Artificial Neural Networks“. In e-Energy '18: The Ninth International Conference on Future Energy Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3208903.3212037.

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Zhu, J., W. J. Nacmanson und L. F. Ochoa. „Understanding the effects of EV management and TOU tariffs on customers and distribution networks“. In 27th International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2023). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2023.1161.

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Del Teso March, Roberto, Elena Gómez Sellés, Elvira Estruch-Juan und Enrique Cabrera Marcet. „Energy equations to analyze pressurized water transport systems“. In 2nd WDSA/CCWI Joint Conference. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wdsa-ccwi2022.2022.14781.

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Pressurized water systems are high energy demanders. They must deliver the demanded volume of water at the minimum service pressure. There is currently a marked change in production and energy tariffs, which is causing prices for water services to rise. In addition to the economic aspect, the energy demand of water systems has an environmental implication linked to gas emissions. With increasing demands, the climate change situation and the shift in energy tariffs, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of pressurized water transport systems. The lower the kWh required to supply, the more energy efficient they will be. The energy analysis of the systems will allow us to know the current situation of the systems, and to know if it is necessary to undertake improvement measures. There are different processes to know the energy status of the networks. The simplest one is to carry out a diagnosis, with little data, which will give an initial idea of the energy status of the networks. This diagnosis can be carry through by applying Bernoulli's equation. Applied from the supply points to the most unfavorable point of the system. If it is desired to know more precisely the energetic status of the networks, the use of the integral energy equation seems more reasonable. This equation makes it possible to audit the system and to know in detail the energy use for a given control volume. It allows the energy supplied to be broken down into: useful energy, structural energy losses (linked to topography) and operational energy losses (friction losses, pumping losses, leakage losses and excess energy). In order to be able to apply this method, it is mandatory to have the mathematical model of the system. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of carrying out the energy analysis of a system using the Bernoulli equation (diagnosis) or the energy integral equation (audit), and when it is convenient to apply one or the other. On one hand, the Bernoulli equation makes it possible to estimate the energy level of the network with very little data, without knowing exactly in which processes the energy introduced into the system is invested. The audit based on the integral energy equation, on the other hand, requires precise data collection and mathematical modelling, but it will provide a detailed understanding of the energy breakdown of the network. Depending on the objective of the energy analysis, it seems reasonable to apply one process or another. For a first estimation and as a start of the energy analysis, it will be sufficient to carry out a diagnosis as quickly as possible, which will allow to know if it is necessary to continue with a more in-depth research of the system status such as an energy audit.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Tariffs and networks"

Fuentes, Rolando. Distribution Networks Tariff Design in the Era of Decentralization: A Business Model Approach. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2020-dp24.

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In this paper we discuss the unexplored two-way relationship between distribution network tariff design and the emergence of new business models in the power sector. Distribution network tariffs have traditionally used a cost accounting method. We suggest, instead, the use of a business model framework to analyze the extent to which emerging business models in the power sector change the way electricity distribution network services are priced and packaged.

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Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio. Trade and Integration Sector Note: Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008758.

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This Trade and Integration Sector Note addresses a few different factors for trade in Chile: export diversification, trade and regional disparities, preferential agreements, trade and transport costs. The final section looks beyond the conventional tariff and non tariff-barriers to trade, and focuses on the role of transport costs. Given Chile's low tariff and non-tariff barriers and its network of trade agreements, the reduction of non-conventional trade costs are bound to offer the best returns in terms of promoting trade and integration.

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Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, Elzbieta. How to Establish the Customs Union?: Experience of the European Communities. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006753.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Subregional Central America Meeting celebrated on June 13th and 14th, 2005 in San Salvador, El Salvador. This presentation covers the common customs tariff (CCT); other barriers on imports; trade coverage and trade liberalization in the Customs Union (CU);and experience of Poland joining the European Union (EU).

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Estevadeordal, Antoni. The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on the Pattern of Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012272.

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This document discusses the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and their effect on the pattern of trade. Specifically, this document addresses trade liberalization, preferential tariff liberalization, and obstacles to market access liberalization. This document is based on chapter 3 of the IDB report "Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: Beyond Borders: The New Regionalism in Latin America" (IPES-2003) and was presented at the Regional Policy Dialogue of the Meeting of the Trade and Integration Network held on May 29th and 30th, 2003 in Washington, DC.

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