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Bown, Chad P., und Meredith A. Crowley. „Self-Enforcing Trade Agreements: Evidence from Time-Varying Trade Policy“. American Economic Review 103, Nr. 2 (01.04.2013): 1071–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.2.1071.
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The Bagwell and Staiger (1990) theory of cooperative trade agreements predicts new tariffs (i) increase with imports, (ii) increase with the inverse of the sum of the import demand and export supply elasticities, and (iii) decrease with the variance of imports. We find US import policy during 1997–2006 to be consistent with this theory. A one standard deviation increase in import growth, the inverse of the sum of the import demand and export supply elasticity, and the standard deviation of import growth changes the probability that the US imposes an antidumping tariff by 35 percent, by 88 percent, and by –76 percent, respectively.
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Hamodat, Zaid, und Galip Cansever. „Automated Generation Control of Multiple-Area Electrical System with an Availability-Based Tariff Pricing Scheme Regulated by Whale Optimized Fuzzy PID Controller“. International Journal of Photoenergy 2021 (18.06.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5596527.
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In this research, a whale-optimized fuzzy PID controller was developed to manage automatic generation control in multiple-area electrical energy systems with an availability-based tariff (ABT) pricing scheme. The objective of this work is to minimize the power production costs, area control errors (ACEs), and marginal costs of the multiple-area electrical energy system with real-time load and frequency variation conditions. The generation of power, deviation of power in the tie line, and deviation of frequency of the interconnected three-area electrical energy system, including the hydrothermal steam power plant and gas power plant, will be measured and analyzed rigorously. Based on the output from the whale optimization, the fuzzy PID controller regulates the deviation of power in the tie line and the deviation of frequency of the interconnected three-area electrical energy system. The reliability and suitability of the proposed optimization, i.e., whale-optimized fuzzy PID controller, are investigated against already presented methods such as particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms.
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Maiorino, Angelo, Adrián Mota-Babiloni, Manuel Gesù Del Duca und Ciro Aprea. „Scheduling Optimization of a Cabinet Refrigerator Incorporating a Phase Change Material to Reduce Its Indirect Environmental Impact“. Energies 14, Nr. 8 (13.04.2021): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082154.
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Phase Change Materials (PCMs) incorporated in refrigerators can be used to shift their energy consumption from peak periods, when the electric network energy demand is the highest, to off-peak periods. While PCMs can flatten the energy demand curve, they can achieve economic savings if Time-of-Use (TOU) electricity tariffs are applied. However, the hourly carbon emission factor is not commonly linked to the hourly tariff, and the final CO2 emitted due to the operations of the refrigerator would not be fully optimized. In this work, a method based on the Simulated Annealing optimization technique was proposed to identify the optimal working schedule of a cabinet refrigerator incorporating a PCM to reduce its indirect carbon emissions. Data from countries with different representative carbon intensity profiles were used. The normalized standard deviation and normalized range are the best statistical indexes to predict carbon emission reduction in the proposed solution. These parameters proved that countries with a higher hourly carbon intensity variation (Uruguay, France, Denmark, and Germany) benefit from the application of the algorithm. Cost and carbon emission reduction cannot be maximized simultaneously, and a trade-off is required.
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Suyono, Hadi, Mir Toufikur Rahman, Hazlie Mokhlis, Mohamadariff Othman, Hazlee Azil Illias und Hasmaini Mohamad. „Optimal Scheduling of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Including Time-of-Use Tariff to Minimize Cost and System Stress“. Energies 12, Nr. 8 (20.04.2019): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081500.
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Technological advancement, environmental concerns, and social factors have made plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) popular and attractive vehicles. Such a trend has caused major impacts to electrical distribution systems in terms of efficiency, stability, and reliability. Moreover, excessive power loss, severe voltage deviation, transformer overload, and system blackouts will happen if PEV charging activities are not coordinated well. This paper presents an optimal charging coordination method for a random arrival of PEVs in a residential distribution network with minimum power loss and voltage deviation. The method also incorporates capacitor switching and on-load tap changer adjustment for further improvement of the voltage profile. The meta-heuristic methods, binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) and binary grey wolf optimization (BGWO), are employed in this paper. The proposed method considers a time-of-use (ToU) electricity tariff such that PEV users will get more benefits. The random PEV arrival is considered based on the driving pattern of four different regions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, comprehensive analysis is conducted using a modified of IEEE 31 bus system with three different PEV penetrations. The results indicate a promising outcome in terms of cost and the distribution system stress minimization.
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Basuki, Imam, Amos Setiadi und Benidiktus Susanto. „KAJIAN TARIF PEMADU MODA YOGYAKARTA INTERNASIONAL AIRPORT“. Jurnal Transportasi 19, Nr. 2 (30.08.2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jt.v19i2.3468.111-120.
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Abstract Yogyakarta International Airport in Temon, Kulon Progo, is projected as a replacement for Yogyakarta Adisu-tjipto International Airport. This new airport requires an intermodal passenger transport, which is a mode of transportation that needs to be prepared to connect the airport with the supporting cities served. In this study, a questionnaire survey involving 1,000 respondents was conducted. The survey was conducted at Adisutjipto Airport to find out the origin and destination of passengers in using the mode of transportation to and from Yogyakarta International Airport. Based on the origin and destination data, a map of the airport service area is made. The proportion of the choice of transportation mode was used as the basis of the potential passenger demand for a route. The route of intermodal transportation is found to be from and goes to 10 points, namely Borobudur, Kebumen, Magelang, Purwokerto, Purworejo, Temanggung, Wates/Sentolo, Wonosari, Wonosobo, and Yog-yakarta. The operational costs of intermodal passenger transport are Rp9,570.53 per kilometer. The average passenger fare per kilometer is Rp1,042.07. The tariff for various routes is more realistic in describing the distance, with an average deviation of Rp38.24 and a range of Rp141.55. Keywords: intermodal passenger transport, airport, tariffs, operational costs Abstrak Yogyakarta International Airport di Temon, Kulon Progo, diproyeksikan sebagai pengganti Bandar Udara Internasional Adisutjipto Yogyakarta. Bandar udara baru ini membutuhkan angkutan pemadu moda, yaitu suatu moda transportasi yang perlu dipersiapkan untuk menghubungkan bandar udara tersebut dengan kota-kota pendukung yang dilayani. Pada kajian ini dilakukan survei kuesioner yang melibatkan 1.000 responden. Survei dilakukan di Bandar Udara Adisutjipto untuk mengetahui asal tujuan dan keinginan penumpang dalam meng-gunakan moda transportasi untuk menuju dan dari Yogyakarta International Airport. Berdasarkan data asal dan tujuan dibuat peta daerah pelayanan bandar udara. Proporsi kemauan pemilihan moda transportasi menjadi dasar demand potensi penumpang untuk rute trayek. Rute trayek pemadu moda yang diperoleh berasal dan menuju ke-10 titik, yaitu Borobudur, Kebumen, Magelang, Purwokerto, Purworejo, Temanggung, Wates/Sentolo, Wono-sari, Wonosobo, dan Yogyakarta. Biaya Operasional Pemadu Moda adalah sebesar Rp9.570,53 per kilometer. Rata-rata tarif penumpang per kilometer adalah Rp1.042,07. Besaran tarif untuk berbagai rute trayek lebih realistis dalam menggambarkan jarak tempuhnya, dengan simpangan rata-rata Rp38,24 dan rentang sebesar Rp141,55. Kata-kata kunci: angkutan pemadu moda, bandar udara, tarif, biaya operasional
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CHEN, NATALIE, und DENNIS NOVY. „On the measurement of trade costs: direct vs. indirect approaches to quantifying standards and technical regulations“. World Trade Review 11, Nr. 3 (Juli 2012): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000183.
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AbstractIn this article, we review the literature on the measurement of trade costs in international trade with a special emphasis on non-tariff measures and in particular on standards and technical regulations. We distinguish ‘direct’ from ‘indirect’ approaches. The direct approach collects observable data or proxy variables on trade cost components which are then typically used as regressors in a gravity equation of trade. Instead, the indirect approach infers the extent of trade impediments from trade flows. It compares actual trade flows to the trade flows predicted by a hypothetical frictionless benchmark scenario based on a micro-founded trade model, attributing the deviation of actual from predicted trade flows to trade frictions. We argue that economists and policy-makers can gain useful insights from both approaches.
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Lopez, Oscar David, und Alexander Carvajal. „The Trade Effects of Regional Agreements and Economic Integration Processes in Europe, South America, and North America“. Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 3, Nr. 8 (31.12.2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2020.57980.
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This article seeks to understand the effects of trade creation and diversion in regional agreements and integration processes in Europe, South America, and North America. Through a systemic literature review, and based on the economic theory of integration, it analyzes the impact of tariff barriers on trading volume through the world, as well as the impact of barriers removals in member and non-member countries that participate in these trade agreements. As hypothesis, it can be stated that the trade effects generated by economic integration processes vary depending on the endogenous conditions of the industries in member countries, in addition to the consolidation phase of the integration processes. For this purpose, a qualitative descriptive methodology, based on an analysis of literature, is used to determine the trade creation and deviation effects of agreements in Europe (European Union), South America (MERCOSUR and CAN), and North America (NAFTA).
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Real-Fernández, Navarro-Esbrí, Mota-Babiloni, Barragán-Cervera, Domenech, Sánchez, Maiorino und Aprea. „Modeling of a PCM TES Tank Used as an Alternative Heat Sink for a Water Chiller. Analysis of Performance and Energy Savings“. Energies 12, Nr. 19 (24.09.2019): 3652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193652.
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Phase change materials (PCMs) can be used in refrigeration systems to redistribute the thermal load. The main advantages of the overall system are a more stable energy performance, energy savings, and the use of the off-peak electric tariff. This paper proposes, models, tests, and analyzes an experimental water vapor compression chiller connected to a PCM thermal energy storage (TES) tank that acts as an alternative heat sink. First, the transient model of the chiller-PCM system is proposed and validated through experimental data directly measured from a test bench where the PCM TES tank is connected to a vapor compression-based chiller. A maximum deviation of 1.2 °C has been obtained between the numerical and experimental values of the PCM tank water outlet temperature. Then, the validated chiller-PCM system model is used to quantify (using the coefficient of performance, COP) and to analyze its energy performance and its dependence on the ambient temperature. Moreover, electrical energy saving curves are calculated for different ambient temperature profiles, reaching values between 5% and 15% taking the experimental system without PCM as a baseline. Finally, the COP of the chiller-PCM system is calculated for different temperatures and use scenarios, and it is compared with the COP of a conventional aerothermal chiller to determine the switch ambient temperature values for which the former provides energy savings over the latter.
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Kollie, Genesis B., und Roosevelt S. Prowd. „Assessing the impact of ASYCUDA on customs revenue performance: evidence from the Liberia Revenue Authority“. African Multidisciplinary Tax Journal 2021, Nr. 1 (Februar 2021): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/amtj/2021/i1a4.
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This study sought to explore empirically the impact of an Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) on customs revenue performance at the Liberia Revenue Authority (LRA). We used monthly time series data sourced from the LRA, the Central Bank of Liberia, and various series of the Harmonized Tariff of Liberia. The data spans from January 2015 to December 2018. We employed the bounds testing approach to the Cointegration and Error Correction Model that is established within the Autoregressive Distributed Lag framework. The results revealed that total trade (Import*Export), goods and services tax (GST) and ASYCUDA positively impact customs revenue performance in both the short and long run while export and inflation were found to negatively affect customs revenue performance in both the short and long run. In addition, an error correction term of -0.837 was found, indicating that 83.7 per cent of the deviation created by shocks in the short run will be corrected in the long run; thus, confirming the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables used. For policy purposes, these findings suggest that ASYCUDA be rolled out to other ports of entry and exit to boost the efficiency of customs revenue generation. Moreover, capacity building should be carried out to complement the effective use of ASYCUDA. We also recommend that policies to reduce inflation be prioritised.
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Rubanenko, О., D. Danylchenko und V. Teptya. „DETERMINATION OF RESS GENERATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS“. Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, Nr. 1 (1) (30.12.2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2020.01.11.
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Paper considers the perspectives and potential of using renewable energy sources to decide the global warming problem. The World trend of increasing electricity generation by photovoltaic power stations according to the International Renewable Energy Agency and the trend of increasing the installed capacity of photovoltaic power stations in Ukraine, which supply the generated capacity at a "green" tariff according to the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy utilities of Ukraine. Opportunities and conditions of using artificial neural networks to defined the power generation of photovoltaic power stations on the example of the power plant "Tsekinivska-2" 4–5 turns are investigated. A platform developed by the European Commission – Photovoltaic Geographical Information System – was used to create a database for the creation and training of artificial neural networks. Regularities of change of meteorological satellite data and their influence on electricity generation of photovoltaic power stations are established. For this purpose, the software complex MATLAB was used, namely the module for the creation of artificial neural networks – Neural Networks Toolbox. The height of the sun is conditionally considered constant and its value is repeated from year to year or has a slight deviation, so it can be used as an indicator of the hour and can be considered known in advance, so determined by empirical formulas and changes only under certain astrophysical laws. Regarding the temperature at 2 m and the wind at 10 m, these meteorological data are known, as they are needed not only for forecasting the operation of renewable energy sources but also in agriculture. Therefore, data related to solar radiation are considered to be the most problematic, as this value is the most difficult to determine. Satellite data may have an error, the installation of weather stations, namely quality pyranometers is a costly procedure, but will help provide a training sample of quality data. To forecast with satisfactory accuracy, it is necessary to collect data for 1 year of operation of the weather station. The nntool and Anfis MATLAB modules were used to predict generation. But the obtained results can be used to assess the effectiveness of the photovoltaic power stations, but they are unsatisfactory for the operational balancing of the system.
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Pasetti, Marco, Stefano Rinaldi, Alessandra Flammini, Michela Longo und Federica Foiadelli. „Assessment of Electric Vehicle Charging Costs in Presence of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation and Variable Electricity Tariffs“. Energies 12, Nr. 3 (05.02.2019): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030499.
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In this paper a general model for the estimation of the uncoordinated charging costs of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the presence of distributed and intermittent generation, and variable electricity tariffs is presented. The proposed method aims at estimating the monthly average cost of uncoordinated charging of a single EV depending on the hour at which the EV is plugged into the EV Supply Equipment (EVSE). The feasibility and relevance of the proposed model is verified by applying the considered cost estimation method to a suitable use case. A single EV charging service offered at a public building equipped with a Photovoltaic (PV) system has been considered as reference case. The proposed model has been applied to the PV production and loads consumption data collected during one year, and the results of the study compared with the Time-Of-Use (TOU) electricity tariff. The application of the proposed model identified noticeable deviations among the computed EV charging costs and the reference TOU profile, with differences up to 40%, depending on the considered month and on the time of charging during the day. It can be concluded that such model could be used to properly detect opportunities of energy savings, and to define dedicated EV price signals that could help to promote the optimal use of distributed energy resources.
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Grgic, Demijan, Hrvoje Vdovic, Jurica Babic und Vedran Podobnik. „CrocodileAgent 2018: Robust agent-based mechanisms for power trading in competitive environments“. Computer Science and Information Systems 16, Nr. 1 (2019): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis181010040g.
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Besides the smart grid, future sustainable energy systems will have to employ a smart market approach where consumers are able choose one of many different energy providers. The Power Trading Agent Competition (Power TAC) provides an open source, smart grid simulation platform where brokers compete in power brokerage. This paper presents CrocodileAgent, which competed in the Power TAC 2018 finals as a broker agent. The main focus in the design and development of CrocodileAgent 2018 was the creation of smart time-of-use tariffs to reduce peak-demand charges. CrocodileAgent 2018 was ranked third in Power TAC 2018 Finals, with a positive final profit and a positive result in each of three game types. In addition, CrocodileAgent 2018 had the highest percentage of ?profitable games? (91%) from among all competing agents, the second highest level of ?net profit per standard deviation? (0.48) and the third highest ?net profit per subscriber? (79 monetary units).
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Oleynikov, V. E., O. V. Chizhova, I. N. Dzhazovskaya, Ekaterina A. Shigotarova, L. I. Salyamova, Yu A. Tomashevskaya und I. B. Matrosova. „ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE AUTOMATIC REMOTE BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING“. Health Care of the Russian Federation 63, Nr. 1 (24.05.2019): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2019-63-1-14-21.
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Introduction. Among the priorities of the strategic development of the health care system there is the telemedicine technologies implementation. Material and methods. The project was developed in the Penza State University. For the economic justification of the remote BP monitoring, the project technological scheme has been prepared, the market capacity has been assessed and competition has been analyzed, the business model and financial model of the project have been developed, and risks have been evaluated. Results. The project is deployed at the base and with the participation of the budget medical institution. The patient is provided with a tonometer with built-in GSM or blutooth module. After the patient’s BP has been measured, the data in an encrypted format is transmitted to the remote monitoring center and stored in the cloud base. For each patient, the doctor sets target and individual thresholds for blood pressure. Intermediate monitoring of BP is carried out by paramedical personnel who, in case of deviations from reference values, notify the attending physician. The patient receives feedback in the form of SMS-messages to his mobile phone: time for BP measuring, taking drugs and recommendations for the therapy correction. Payment is carried out according to the approved Mandatory Medical Insurance Fund tariff. Conclusion. The introduction of remote blood pressure monitoring will reduce the cost of providing medical care by reducing the number of hypertension complications, open up prospects for research and development of medical professionals. Fundamentally new conditions will arise for the study of chronopharmacology of antihypertensive drugs in patients with hypertension.
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Coutain, Bryan. „The Unconditional Most-Favored-Nation Clause and the Maintenance of the Liberal Trade Regime in the Postwar 1870s“. International Organization 63, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 139–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309090055.
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AbstractInternational institutions within the past thirty years become the subject of renewed interest as scholars vigorously dispute their utility. Neorealists draw on the post–World War II era to advance sweeping general claims of institutional inefficacy. This study, by contrast, deploys the same hard-test method Grieco applied to the 1970s Tokyo Round negotiations to the crisis-rife 1870s to construct a unique methodological objective: a rigorous hard-test of nineteenth-century institutional autonomy. Three principal findings emerged. First, the maintenance of a liberal world economy in the turbulent 1870s is explained by an unlikely commercial instrument and the unprecedented regime design of an unexplored international institution—respectively the unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) clause and the informal conventional tariff system (CTS) regime it underpinned—not British hegemony. Second, the international trade regime was not a public good unilaterally provisioned by “hegemonic” Britain via the 1846 Corn Laws Repeal. The regime was instead a private good that was collectively provisioned by all its constituent member states via the unprecedented interstate practices institutionalized in the 1860 Cobden-Chevalier Treaty and then autonomously maintained by a negarchical and self-enforcing sanctioning mechanism. Finally, the informal CTS regime's enforcement mechanism autonomously altered the interests and behaviors of states in directions incongruent with executive preferences solely through the brute force of rational calculations imposed by decentralized international institutional constraints. Both the French and British executives in the 1870s believed the regime was normatively inappropriate and unsuccessfully attempted to exit amid eight system-threatening crises. Nonetheless, the MFN-based regime's self-enforcing sanctioning mechanism autonomously induced compliance: conceptualized as unitary states' behavior deviating from executives' first-order preference. The extraordinarily turbulent 1870s therefore provide an unexplored historical vantage point to make strong institutionalist claims in an era, issue area, and under conditions that they are least likely to be validated.
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Ukhanova, Viktoriya. „Automated Control of the Microclimate of Greenhouses“. Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 1, Nr. 42 (Januar 2021): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-1-68-72.
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The protected soil industry is one of the most technologically complex and energy-intensive branches of agriculture. In recent years, especially in 2020, the demand for the products of greenhouse plants is increasing. Reducing the risks of the impact of the quality of energy supply, as well as reducing the cost of electricity due to the constant increase in tariffs are important tasks. Therefore, it is important to identify and analyze modern available technologies and equipment of Russian production for greenhouse farms. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in assessing the impact of the quality of energy supply on the technological processes of greenhouse farms, identifying and analyzing the existing modern domestic equipment that reduces the risks of the energy supply. (Materials and methods) Authors used a computational and analytical method for determining the average indicators of electric energy costs for technological processes in a greenhouse. The article presents a review of the automated greenhouse microclimate management system developed using the products of TM OWEN. (Results and discussion) Automated systems for controlling the greenhouse microclimate can reduce the impact of the quality of energy supply when deviating from normal values, minimize the impact of the human factor on the production process, and collect and archive the indicators of devices for further analysis. The system makes it possible to repair and replace failed equipment without stopping the production process and implies both fully automated and manual control, if necessary. The considered version of the automated greenhouse microclimate control system has been tested in practice and is used in the greenhouse economy of the Republic of Bashkortostan. (Conclusions) The efficiency of the greenhouse economy depends, among other things, on the level of automation, the quality of energy supply, and the use of energy-saving technologies. We stated that it is necessary to continue to work on the identification and analysis of modern Russian-made equipment, informing agricultural producers about the best available technologies.
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Perevozova, Iryna, Tetiana Maksimenko und Svіtlana Bondarenko. „Evaluation of the efficiency of enterprises in the transition to alternative (helio) energy sources“. Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 10, Nr. 4 (31.08.2020): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2020.10.4.17.
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The aim of the article is to study the main approaches and develop a methodology for assessing the efficiency of enterprises in the transition to alternative (helio) energy sources. The concepts of the ʻenergy efficiencyʼ and the ʻenergy savingʼ are the main characteristics of efficient use of energy resources. The term "energy efficiency" is a resultant indicator that captures the achieved level of efficiency of consumption and use of fuel and energy resources in the process of enterprise activity. The concept of ʻenergy savingʼ is a process indicator that indicates the way to achieve energy efficiency (implementation of a set of measures) of resource conservation in the enterprise. It is established that the key indicator for assessing the efficiency of the energy consumption system is the energy intensity indicator, the reduction of which should be considered as one of the main tasks in order to increase the efficiency of the enterprise.
It is proved that the transition of an industrial enterprise to alternative (helio) energy sources is a guarantee of reducing its energy intensity. Therefore, the issues of implementation of energy saving programs are relevant for industrial enterprises. Energy saving measures will help reduce costs at the enterprise, conserve natural resources. The study found that solar energy in Ukraine in 2019 shows a bright positive trend. The ʻgreen tariffʼ was officially received by stations with a total capacity of 3537.382 MW, which is 5.48 times higher than in 2018. In 2019, the capacity of industrial solar power plants was put into operation 3.5 times more than in all previous years. The amount of electricity produced by industrial plants, in 2019, is 2.66 times higher than in 2018.
The transition to alternative energy sources for industrial enterprises is a rather complex technological task, which requires methodological developments for the optimization of energy resources to maximize the efficiency of enterprises. A method for assessing the efficiency of the enterprise in its transition to alternative (helio) energy sources based on the use of production functions and factor models, which include the entire evaluation apparatus and a set of indicators of efficiency (appropriateness) of resource use, i.e. resource conservation. This method of assessing the performance of the enterprise is based on the use of the Cobb-Douglas production function, which allows to justify the decision on the feasibility of the use of production resources and to adjust the deviations of the spent resources from the normative values.
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Kremer, J. M., A. Winkler, L. Anatale-Tardiff, R. Mclean, Y. Shan, P. Moore, N. Tundia, J. Suboticki und J. Tesser. „FRI0100 COMPARISON OF PATIENTS (PTS) WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) AMONG DISEASE ACTIVITY CATEGORIES AFTER 6 MONTHS OF TREATMENT WITH A TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR (TNFI): RESULTS FROM THE CORRONA® RA REGISTRY“. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (Juni 2020): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1698.
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Background:Targeting remission (REM) or low disease activity (LDA) is a widely accepted treatment strategy for RA. However, there are limited data on the proportion of pts who achieve these targets, or remain in moderate (MDA) or high disease activity (HDA) following advanced therapy.Objectives:To estimate the proportion of RA pts in disease activity states (REM, LDA, MDA, and HDA) who were biologic-naïve at initiation and had continuous treatment with a TNFi for 6–12 months in the Corrona RA registry.Methods:Eligible pts were aged ≥18 years, biologic-naïve, initiated TNFi treatment between January 1, 2010 and July 31, 2019, and had continuous use of a TNFi for 6–12 months. Disease activity was defined based on Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at the visit closest to 6-month follow-up: REM, ≤2.8; LDA, >2.8–10; MDA, >10–22; and HDA, >22. Disease characteristics, disease activity measures, and pt-reported outcomes (PROs) were reported at TNFi initiation and at the 6-month follow-up visit.Results:2586 biologic-naïve pts who initiated a TNFi and had continuous use for 6–12 months were included. At TNFi initiation, 167 (6%) were in REM, 479 (19%) had LDA, 907 (35%) had MDA, and 1033 (40%) had HDA. After 6–12 months of treatment, 563 (21.8%) were in REM, 923 (35.7%) had LDA, 674 (26.1%) had MDA, and 426 (16.5%) had HDA. Pts with HDA/MDA at 6–12 months were more likely to have a history of hypertension (32.7% HDA; 34.0% MDA; vs 23.6% REM) and had higher mean body mass index (BMI) (30.9 HDA; 31.1 MDA; vs 29.0 REM) at baseline compared with pts in REM. Disease activity measures and PROs were worse in pts with MDA and HDA vs LDA and REM after 6–12 months (Table). Pt Global Assessment was higher than Physician Global Assessment across all groups.Conclusion:While 57.4% of pts who initiated a TNFi experienced a favorable outcome, >40% required additional or alternative intervention to achieve REM/LDA. Pts who remained in MDA/HDA continued to have an inadequate response to TNFi (as measured by disease activity measures and PROs) after 6–12 months of treatment compared with those who achieved REM/LDA.TableSummary of disease activity measures and PROs in previously biologic-naïve pts at the 6–12-month follow-up visit, stratified by disease activity category at the 6–12-month follow-up visitCharacteristics at 6–12 months, mean (standard deviation)Disease activity category at 6–12 monthsREM (n=563)LDA (n=923)MDA (n=674)HDA (n=426)CDAI1.2 (0.8)6.2 (2.1)15.4 (3.4)32.7 (9.2)Tender joint count (28)0.1 (0.3)1.0 (1.3)4.3 (3.3)13.4 (7.0)Swollen joint count (28)0.1 (0.3)1.1 (1.6)4.0 (3.6)9.1 (5.9)C-reactive protein6.4 (22.7)7.0 (10.6)11.1 (19.9)12.6 (22.1)Modified health assessment questionnaire0.1 (0.2)0.3 (0.4)0.5 (0.5)0.8 (0.5)Pt global assessment6.6 (6.8)28.6 (20.9)43.7 (25.7)58.0 (22.7)Physician global assessment3.6 (4.3)12.1 (10.4)27.4 (15.9)44.9 (19.8)Pt pain assessment8.7 (11.0)30.3 (23.5)46.1 (27.0)59.9 (24.4)Pt fatigue assessment15.7 (19.2)34.5 (26.6)48.3 (28.0)59.4 (27.5)Morning stiffness (min)16.5 (36.5)55.4 (146.3)96.9 (197.5)143.6 (260.0)Disclosure of Interests:Joel M Kremer Shareholder of: May own stocks and opinions, Grant/research support from: Research and consulting fees from AbbVie Inc., Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Genentech, Inc., Gilead, GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, Regeneron and Sanofi, Employee of: Corrona, LLC employee, Anne Winkler Consultant of: AbbVie, Pfizer, and Novratis, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Janssen, Sanofi, Genentech, Celgene, Eli Lilly, and Novartis., Laura Anatale-Tardiff Employee of: Corrona, LLC employee, Robert McLean Employee of: Corrona, LLC, Ying Shan Employee of: Corrona, LLC employee, Page Moore Employee of: Corrona, LLC employee, Namita Tundia Shareholder of: May own stocks and options, Employee of: AbbVie employee, Jessica Suboticki Shareholder of: AbbVie Inc., Employee of: AbbVie Inc., John Tesser Consultant of: Sanofi/Regeneron, Speakers bureau: Sanofi/Regeneron
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Mease, P. J., M. Marchese, R. Mclean, T. Blachley, L. Anatale-Tardiff, C. Saffore, E. Lesser und A. Ogdie. „OP0049 COMPARISON OF BASELINE DISEASE ACTIVITY AND PATIENT (PT)-REPORTED OUTCOMES (PROS) BETWEEN PTS WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS AND AXIAL INVOLVEMENT (AXIAL PSA) AND AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS (AXIAL SPA) FROM THE CORRONA PSA/SPA REGISTRY“. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19.05.2021): 26.1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.137.
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Background:Although pts with axial PsA and axial SpA share some common clinical characteristics, there are also potential differences that may influence disease assessment and treatment response. Identifying differences between the two pt populations is important for assessment of disease characteristics and severity as well as informing treatment decisions. There has been little comparative characterization of these conditions in a US population.Objectives:To compare characteristics of pts with axial PsA and axial SpA.Methods:Pts ≥18 years of age diagnosed with axial PsA or axial SpA at enrollment in the prospective, multicenter, observational Corrona PsA/SpA Registry between March 2013 and August 2020 were included. Enrollment visit demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment history, disease activity measures, and PROs were compared between disease groups. Continuous measures were reported using means and standard deviations; means for disease groups were compared using two-sample t tests or Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Categorical measures were reported as frequencies and percentages; frequencies in disease groups were compared using chi-square or Fisher exact tests.Results:A total of 1044 pts (470 with axial PsA and 574 with axial SpA) were identified (Table). Pts with axial PsA were older with a higher percentage being female vs pts with axial SpA. Time since symptom onset and diagnosis were shorter for pts with axial PsA vs axial SpA (12.0 vs 15.6 years [P<0.001] and 6.8 vs 8.3 years [P=0.01]). Pts with axial PsA were less likely than pts with axial SpA to have current or historical uveitis (4% vs 14% [P<0.001]) or inflammatory bowel disease (5% vs 10% [P=0.005]). Prior biologic synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) and conventional synthetic DMARD use was more prevalent in the axial PsA vs axial SpA groups (64% vs 52% [P<0.001]/59% vs 32% [P<0.001]), while mean dactylitis (measured by Dactylitis Count) and enthesitis (measured by Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada [SPARCC] Enthesitis Index) counts were higher (0.4 vs 0.1 [P<0.001]/1.7 vs 1.2 [P<0.001]). Mean pt-reported pain and spinal pain were lower in pts with axial PsA vs axial SpA (49.4 vs 53.9 [P=0.015]/40.8 vs 49.7 [P<0.001]) (Figure). The proportion of pts with morning stiffness along with mean fatigue and work impairment scores were similar between disease groups.Table.Baseline demographics and clinical characteristicsAxial PsAN=470Axial SpAN=574P valueAge (years), mean ± SD51.6 ± 13.247.7 ± 14.0<0.001Female, n (%)265 (57)248 (44)<0.001White, n (%)428 (94)507 (91)0.089Years since symptom onset, mean ± SD12.0 ± 11.615.6 ± 12.1<0.001Years since diagnosis, mean ± SD6.8 ± 9.08.3 ± 10.50.010HLA-B27 positive status, n/n (%)52/189 (28)214/295 (73)<0.001Abnormal CRP, n (%)88 (19)140 (24)0.033Uveitis, n (%)20 (4)80 (14)<0.001IBD, n (%)25 (5)59 (10)0.005Dactylitis count, mean ± SD0.4 ± 1.50.1 ± 0.7<0.001SPARCC enthesitis count, mean ± SD1.7 ± 2.91.2 ± 2.4<0.001Morning stiffness, n (%)439 (95)537 (96)0.923BASDAI (0–10), mean ± SD4.8 ± 2.54.9 ± 2.40.463BASDAI Q2 (0–10): spinal pain, mean ± SD5.0 ± 2.95.7 ± 2.9<0.001BASDAI Q3 (0–10): peripheral pain/swelling, mean ± SD4.5 ± 2.94.0 ± 3.10.010Modified BASDAI (0–10), mean ± SD5.0 ± 2.55.4 ± 2.40.013Prior bDMARDs, n (%)300 (64)299 (52)<0.001Prior csDMARDs, n (%)275 (59)181 (32)<0.001Prior prednisone use, n (%)54 (12)73 (13)0.611Prior NSAID use, n (%)52 (11)46 (8)0.115Conclusion:Findings from this descriptive real-world analysis suggest there may be meaningful differences between pts with axial SpA and axial PsA but future studies are needed to better understand these differences.Acknowledgements:Medical writing services provided by Alan Saltzman of Fishawack Facilitate Ltd, part of Fishawack Health, and funded by AbbVie.This study was sponsored by Corrona, LLC. Corrona has been supported through contracted subscriptions in the last 2 years by AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Crescendo, Eli Lilly and Company, Genentech, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Merck, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sun, UCB, and Valeant. The design, study conduct, and financial support for the study were provided by AbbVie. AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the abstract. No honoraria or payments were made for authorship.Disclosure of Interests:Philip J Mease Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Galapagos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun, and UCB, Maya Marchese Employee of: Corrona, Robert McLean Employee of: Corrona, Taylor Blachley Employee of: Corrona, Laura Anatale-Tardiff Employee of: Corrona, Christopher Saffore Shareholder of: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Elizabeth Lesser Shareholder of: AbbVie, Employee of: AbbVie, Alexis Ogdie Consultant of: Amgen, AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Corrona, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Rheumatology Research Foundation, National Psoriasis Foundation, Pfizer, and Novartis
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Artuc, Erhan, Guido Porto und Bob Rijkers. „Household Impacts of Tariffs: Data and Results from Agricultural Trade Protection“. World Bank Economic Review, 19.03.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhaa005.
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Abstract How do trade reforms impact households in different parts of the income distribution? This paper presents a new database, the Household Impacts of Tariffs data set, which contains harmonized household survey and tariff data for 54 low- and middle-income countries. The data cover highly disaggregated information on household budget and income shares for 53 agricultural products, wage labor income, non-farm enterprise sales and transfers, as well as spending on manufacturing and services. Using a stylized model of the first-order impacts of import tariffs on household real income, this paper quantifies the welfare implications of agricultural trade protection. On average, unilateral elimination of agricultural tariffs would increase household incomes by 2.50 percentage points. Import tariffs have highly heterogeneous effects across countries and within countries across households, consumers, and income earners; the average standard deviation of the gains from trade within a country is 1.01 percentage points.
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Rauschendorfer, Jakob, und Anna Twum. „Unmaking of a Customs Union: Regional (Dis)integration in the East African Community“. World Trade Review, 28.07.2021, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000367.
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Abstract The Common External Tariff (CET) of the East African Community (EAC) customs union has long been considered the cornerstone of the most successful example of regional integration in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, we assess the implementation of the EAC-CET using a novel dataset of country- and firm-level deviations from the common tariff regime constructed by digitizing information in gazettes published by the Secretariat of the EAC between 2009 and 2019. Employing these data, we present five patterns on EAC tariff policy: (i) increased usage of country-level deviations from the common tariff regime render the EAC-CET less and less ‘common’; (ii) Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda predominantly use unilateral deviations to increase external protection while Rwanda mostly decreases tariffs; (iii) Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda increase tariffs for the same classes of products, but target different industries; (iv) unilateral tariff reductions at the country level are mostly used to facilitate access to inputs; (v) data on firm-level exemptions suggest that private sector development in the EAC would benefit from lower tariffs on intermediate inputs. Our findings demonstrate an incipient but clear trend in the EAC away from a communal tariff regime and towards national and more protectionist trade policies.
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Panda, Debasmita, S. N. Singh und Vimal Kumar. „Frequency Based Risk Assessment of a Power Producer in Indian Electricity Market“. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 18, Nr. 5 (18.08.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2016-0180.
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AbstractThe power producers in Indian electricity market face risks pertaining to real time frequency deviation and spot price volatility. An increase in real time demand lowers the system frequency. This forces the producers to draw unscheduled interchange (UI) power by paying a penalty, known as availability based tariff (ABT). The paper proposes a novel framework for optimal portfolio strategy selection of a power producer using uncertainty of frequency deviation and spot electricity market. Mean variance portfolio theory is used to model the stochastic optimization problem. In Stage 1, the operational ABT uncertainty structure is modeled and optimization is performed to determine optimal portfolio allocation, considering spot market and bilateral contract as available trading options. In stage 2, optimal involvement of options to hedge the cost side risk of unscheduled power interchange (UPI) is studied. Spot price volatility is introduced during hedging analysis and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) technique is used to forecast the spot price range. A stochastic pseudo inspired particle swarm optimization (PIPSO) technique is proposed for enhanced profit-risk tradeoff. The model reflects that, spot and option trading could offer high risk protection vis-à-vis bilateral contract and can predominantly help in managing frequency penalty risk.
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„Automatic Generation Control of a Two Area Thermal-Thermal Deregulated Power System with HES and TCPS units for Unscheduled Interchange Price Signals“. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, Nr. 4 (30.11.2019): 7231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d5275.118419.
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Automatic Generation Control (AGC) plot for two area inter-connected thermal to thermal Deregulated Power System (DPS) utilizing Unscheduled Interchange (UI) price signal, which has an effect on the power markets is proposed in the paper. Unscheduled Interchange price is one of the most important parts of Availability Based Tariff (ABT) which goes about as an optional control system for regulating the grid frequency. These UI price signals vacillate according to change in grid frequencies which can be open by the participants (generator or load) associated with the grid. The customary AGC system, however, attempts to carry the error of frequency to 0, yet it will be an ineffectual answer for taking an interest producing penalty deviations with frequency. This plan additionally gives the system operator adaptability to plan the generation in an ideal way. In this examination, the execution of a Proportional Integral (PI) controller is proposed because beneficial AGC of 2 area thermal and thermal deregulated system works under the impacts of bi-lateral contracts over the dynamics. The tuning of PI controller parameters is illuminated by utilizing a Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm. Further to improve the AGC performance, the Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES) units is incorporated into its control area which can adequately moist the electromechanical motions in a power system, as they give guarantee from the storage limit notwithstanding the generator rotors dynamic energy which can share abrupt deviations in power requirement. The Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter is proposed in arrangement with tie line between any inter-connected areas that may be applied to balance out frequency motions of the area by fast control of power in tie line over the interconnections. Execution of HES-TCPS units' blend captures the underlying frequency fall just as the power deviations in tie line for an abrupt load unsettling influence and the outcomes show that the charges of UI are extensively limited while keeping up at normal frequency worth. Furthermore, proposed strategy yields an eminent decrease in the control input deviation yet, in addition, guarantees superior soundness for the unscheduled interchange price signals therefore, the market participants can get benefit accordingly.
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Ma, Jinyuan, Kejin Zhu, Yi Cao, Qiongqiong Chen und Xuesen Cheng. „An empirical study on the correlation between university discipline and industrial structure in the Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao greater bay area“. Asian Education and Development Studies ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (17.06.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-09-2019-0155.
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PurposeThis paper examines the correlation between university discipline and industrial structure in the context of the integration and development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (hereinafter the Greater Bay Area). It aims to determine the industrial structure deviation, and further identify human resource shortages and complementarity through the lens of the university discipline layout in the three regions of the Greater Bay Area, namely, the nine mainland Guangdong cities in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong, and Macau.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes a quantitative Pearson correlation approach to determine the magnitude and strength of the relationship between regional university discipline and industrial structure in the Greater Bay Area, using predictor variables of percentage of compositions of GDP by sector to manifest the industrial structure and criterion variables of percentage of compositions of university enrollments by an academic program to represent the university discipline layout.FindingsThe most significant empirical result suggests that industrial structure deviation exists in the secondary industries of both Guangdong and Hong Kong. This indicates the complementarity between regions of the Greater Bay Area: the number of science and engineering talents graduating from the universities in Hong Kong exceeds the demands of Hong Kong’s local needs, while the science and engineering talents cultivated by universities in Guangdong cannot satisfy the needs of its secondary industries. However, the cities of Guangdong are not the primary choice of most Hong Kong graduates (Zhaopin, 2019).Originality/valueThere have been previous empirical studies dealing with the correlation between Chinese higher education discipline layout and industrial structure at the national level. There have been more case analyses at the provincial level, and some studies have used a comparative lens to find implications for the Chinese transformation. However, few studies have examined the correlation between higher education discipline layout and industrial structure in the context of the Greater Bay Area, with its emphasis on regional synergy and the distinction of “one country, two systems, and three tariff zones.” Based on its empirical findings, this study calls for a talent ecosystem that is beneficial for talent flow, talent sharing, and talent cultivation in a complementary manner.
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Rahmawati, Cyntiya, und Atik Nurwahyuni. „Analisis Minimalisasi Biaya Obat Antihipertensi antara Kombinasi Ramipril-Spironolakton dengan Valsartan pada Pasien Gagal Jantung Kongestif di Rumah Sakit Pemerintah XY di Jakarta Tahun 2014“. Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia 1, Nr. 4 (03.11.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/eki.v1i4.1802.
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AbstrakSistem pembayaran prospektif dengan paket tarif INA-CBG’s untuk kasus dengan jaminan BPJS menuntut rumah sakit agar dapat melakukan kendali biaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai upaya Cost Containment RS XY melalui penerapan Clinical Pathway, formularium, dan struktur insentif. Studi dilakukan pada kasus Sectio Caesarea periode Januari-Maret 2016 secara kuantitatif dengan membandingkan selisih klaim BPJS dan tagihan RS serta menilai penerapan Clinical Pathway dan secara kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam. Total Selisih yang didapat sebesar Rp.1.014.125.684,00 dengan rata-rata selisih sebesar Rp.4.899.157,89 per kasus. Didapatkan 84% kasus memiliki length of stay sesuai Clinical Pathway (CP). Dari kasus tersebut, 96% visitasi dokter sesuai, 21% penggunaan obat dan BHP sesuaidengan, 48% pemeriksaan laboratorium sesuai dengan yang ditentukan dalam CP. Formularium yang digunakan sesuai dengan formularium nasional. RS XY belum memiliki sistem evaluasi untuk menilai penerapan clinical pathway dan penggunaan obat. Struktur insentif yang digunakan adalah sistem fee-for-service pada staf medik yang tidak sesuai dengan metode pembayaran jasa medis yang prospektif. AbstractProspective payment system with INA-CBG’s fare for cases using BPJS Insurance demands hospital to control their cost. This study aims to see the cost containment in XY Hospital through the implementation of clinical pathway, drug formulary, and incentive structure. The study looked into Sectio Caesarea cases from January to March 2016, using quantitative method, comparing BPJS claim with hospital billing and assesst the implementation of clinical pathwayusing qualitative method through in depth interview. Result shows there is deficit amount of Rp.1.014.125.684,00 and the average of deficit per case is Rp.4.899.157,89. Eighty four percent of cases have length of stay in accordance with clinical pathway. From those cases, 96% has concordant doctors visit, 21% has concordant drug usage, and 48% has concordant laboratory diagnostic test. The hospital formulary uses the national formulary. It is foundthat XY Hospital does not have an evaluation system for clinical pathway implementation and drug usage. The incentive structure that is used is fee-for-service system which is not suitable for prospective payment method. Keywords: Cost containment; cost control; prospective payment; INA-CBG’s tariff AbstrakHipertensi merupakan salah satu faktor risiko gagal jantung kongestif. Di rawat inap RS Pemerintah XY pada tahun 2014, gagal jantung kongestif masuk dalam daftar 10 penyakit terbanyak, dengan biaya total yang cukup besar dan terdapat selisih tarif antara tarif RS dengan tarif JKN. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memilih alternatif yang lebih efisien antara ramipril-spironolakton dengan valsartan pada pengobatan gagal jantung kongestif di RS Pemerintah XY tahun 2014. Pendekatan kuantitatif membandingkan nilai rata-rata biaya total dua alternatif pengobatan gagal jantung kongestif, yaitu ramipril-spironolakton dengan valsartan dengan menggunakan perspektif Rumah Sakit. Komponen biaya langsung medis yang dihitung adalah biaya obat, biaya jasa dokter dan biaya rawat inap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif di RS Pemerintah XY tahun 2014 didapatkan: (1) Nilai rata-ratabiaya total penggunaan obat ramipril-spironolakton sebesar Rp.2.527.743, sedangkan rata-rata biaya total penggunaan obat valsartan sebesar Rp.2.430.923; (2) Obat ramipril-spironolakton efektivitasnya tidak berbeda signifikan atau setara dengan obat valsartan; (3) Adanya penghematan pada rata-rata biaya total obat valsartan sebesar Rp.96.820 per pasien; (4) Adanya penghematan pada biaya rawat inap obat valsartan sebesar Rp.299.031 per pasien. Obat valsartan memberikan nilai rupiah yang terendah menjadi pilihan yang lebih efisien dibandingkan obat ramipril-spironolakton pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif. AbstractHypertension is one of risk factors for congestive heart failure as the top 10 most prevalent diseases in XY Public Hospital in 2014.It has a large number of total cost and cost deviation between hospital and JKN rate. This study aimed to choose an alternative thatis more cost-effective to treat congestive heart failure at XY Hospital in 2014. This was a quantitative research using retrospective cross-sectional analysis. The study compared the average value of total cost of two alternative treatments, ramipril-spironolactone with valsartan by using Hospital’s perspective. Direct medical cost components were cost of drugs, cost of physicians’ services and cost of hospitalizations. This study found that: (1) The average total cost of ramipril-spironolactone was Rp.2.527.743; whereas the average total cost of valsartan was Rp.2.430.923; (2) Ramipril-spironolactone’s effectiveness was not significantly different from valsartan; (3) There was cost saving on the average of total cost using valsartan’s drug as many as Rp96.820 per patient; (4) There was cost saving on hospitalization cost using valsartan’s drug for Rp299.031 per patient. Valsartan provided the lowest value and more cost-effective than ramipril-spironolactone for patient with congestive heart failure.
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Boberg-Fazlic, Nina, Markus Lampe, Maja Uhre Pedersen und Paul Sharp. „Pandemics and protectionism: evidence from the “Spanish” flu“. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8, Nr. 1 (17.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00833-7.
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AbstractThe impact of COVID-19 on recent tendencies towards international isolationism has been much speculated on but remains to be seen. We suggest that valuable evidence can be gleaned from the “Spanish” flu of 1918–20. It is well-known that the world fell into a protectionist spiral following the First World War, but scholars have almost exclusively ignored the impact of the pandemic. We employ a difference-in-differences strategy and find that the flu had a significant impact on trade policy, independent of the war. In our preferred specification, a one standard deviation increase in excess deaths during the outbreak implied 0.022 percentage points higher tariffs subsequently, corresponding to an increase of one third of a standard deviation in tariffs. Health policy should aim to avoid the experience of the interwar period and consider the international macroeconomic impact of measures (not) taken.
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Yang, Qing, Xue Xin Yu, Wei Zhang und Hui Li. „Mapping function from FACT-B to EQ-5D-5 L using multiple modelling approaches: data from breast cancer patients in China“. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 17, Nr. 1 (15.10.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1224-8.
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Abstract Background The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) is the most commonly used scale for assessing quality of life in patients with breast cancer. The lack of preference-based measures limits the cost-utility of breast cancer in China. The goal of this study was to explore whether a mapping function can be established from the FACT-B to the EQ-5D-5 L when the EQ-5D health-utility index is not available. Methods A cross-sectional survey of adults with breast cancer was conducted in China. All patients included in the study completed the EQ-5D-5 L and the disease-specific FACT-B questionnaire, and demographic and clinical data were also collected. The Chinese tariff value was used to calculate the EQ-5D-5 L utility scores. Five models were evaluated using three different modelling approaches: the ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the Tobit model and the two-part model (TPM). Total scores, domain scores, squared terms and interaction terms were introduced into models. The goodness of fit, signs of the estimated coefficients, and normality of prediction errors of the model were also assessed. The normality of the prediction error is determined by calculating the root mean squared error (RMSE), the mean absolute deviation (MAD), and the mean absolute error (MAE). Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayes information criteria (BIC) were also used to assess models and predictive performances. The OLS model was followed by simple linear equating to avoid regression to the mean. Results The performance of the models was improved after the introduction of the squared terms and the interaction terms. The OLS model, including the squared terms and the interaction terms, performed best for mapping the EQ-5D-5 L. The explanatory power of the OLS model was 70.0%. The AIC and BIC of this model were the smallest (AIC = -705.106, BIC = -643.601). The RMSE, MAD and MAE of the OLS model, Tobit model and TPM were similar. The MAE values of the 5-fold cross-validation of the multiple models in this study were 0.07155~0.08509; meanwhile, the MAE of the TPM was the smallest, followed by that of the OLS model. The OLS regression proved to be the most accurate for the mean, and linearly equated scores were much closer to observed scores. Conclusions This study establishes a mapping algorithm based on the Chinese population to estimate the EQ-5D-5 L index of the FACT-B and confirms that OLS models have higher explanatory power and that TPMs have lower prediction error. Given the accuracy of the mean prediction and the simplicity of the model, we recommend using the OLS model. The algorithm can be used to calculate EQ-5D scores when EQ-5D data are not directly collected in a study.
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Egger, Peter H., und Jiaqing Zhu. „Dynamic network and own effects on abnormal returns: evidence from China’s stock market“. Empirical Economics, 06.12.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01979-0.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the question of how to model the process of abnormal returns on individual stocks. It postulates a framework, where abnormal returns are generated by a process which features two autoregressive components, one stock-specific and one related to network effects. This process deviates from customary ones in that the parameters are specific to each stock/firm, that the autoregressive process is explicitly modelled instead of using cumulative abnormal returns over a pre-specified window, and that network effects are present. Abandoning either one of those deviations is rejected by data on Chinese stocks in 2018 and 2019, an episode which is significant for an abnormal stock-market returns analysis, as it was characterized by numerous tariff-setting events related to the “trade war” between the USA and China.
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Kiss, Sändor. „Anaphore et coordination dans les textes latins tardifs“. Journal of Latin Linguistics 9, Nr. 2 (Januar 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll.2005.9.2.571.
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SummaryThe aim of the paper is to describe types of anaphoric relations that hold between sentences in Latin, and to discover diachronic shifts that could happen in the use of these types. Anaphora can be realized by pronominal chains or by lexical repetitions; some connecting elements, especially conjunctions of coordination also function anaphorically in the text Often this type of binding is optional, and it insists on spatial and temporal frames of the events related. Lexical means become more frequent in Late Latin, and optional connection appears also more often. These phenomena can be evaluated as stylistic deviations, but it is probable that they are related to deep syntactic modification of postclassical Latin. Documentation is taken from classical and post-classical authors and from the Bible.
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Sullivan, Patrick, und Vahram Ghushchyan. „Abstract 160: Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Associated with Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Comorbidities in Patients with Diabetes“. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 9, suppl_2 (März 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.9.suppl_2.160.
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Objectives: Diabetes (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are a significant threat to public health. We have previously estimated utility scores for CVD and diabetes-related comorbidities in a general population without diabetes. However, utility estimates may differ for those with pre-existing DM. The objective of this research was to estimate the utility associated with DM-related and CVD health states in patients with pre-existing DM. Methods: A comprehensive list of health states and corresponding ICD-9 codes related to DM was developed by clinicians. EQ-5D-3L responses were mapped from SF-12 questionnaire responses in the 2000-2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. EQ-5D scores were estimated using tariffs from the US, UK, France and Spain. Regression analysis was used to estimate the disutility of each DM-related condition, controlling for comorbidity, geographic region, age, gender, race, ethnicity, education and family income. Censored Least Absolute Deviations (CLAD), Tobit and OLS regression methods were used. Results: Seventeen health states related to DM were identified. There were 20,705 individuals with diabetes and valid EQ-5D scores (mean: EQ-5D 0.72; age 60; 4.5 chronic conditions). The mean unadjusted EQ-5D (UK) for those without MI was 0.74, but 0.62 for those with MI. Regression results showed a significant deleterious marginal impact of DM-related comorbid conditions on utility. Select results include (EQ-5D UK scores): MI -0.047; Stroke -0.060; CHF -0.050; Stable angina -0.042; Peripheral Vascular Disease -0.045. Conclusions: The results provided may be useful to estimate the impact of diabetes-related and CVD comorbid conditions on utility for public health and cost-effectiveness analyses. Limitations: Estimates reflect annual or chronic impacts because survey timing limited the ability to estimate acute effects. This research was unable to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 DM.