Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Taita College“

Landing at Te Whanganui a Tara in 1840, New Zealand Company settlers lost no time to construct the "England of the South" using familiar building materials of brick, stone, clay and mortar. Within months of settling at Pito-one (Petone), the newly arrived people not only experienced earthquakes, but also flooding of Te Awa kai Rangi (Hutt River). Consequently, the original plan to build the City of Britannia at Pito-one was transferred to Lambton Harbour at Pipitea and Te Aro. The construction of Wellington was severely disrupted by the first visitation occurring on 16 October 1848 when the Awatere fault ruptured releasing an earthquake of Mw 7.8. The earthquake sequence, lasting until October 1849, damaged nearly all masonry buildings in Wellington, including newly constructed Paremata Barracks. This event was soon followed by the 2nd visitation of 23 January 1855. This time it was a rupture of the Wairarapa fault and a huge 8.2 Mw earthquake lasting until 10 October 1855. Perceptions of buildings as "permanent" symbols of progress and English heritage were fundamentally challenged as a result of the earthquakes. Instead, the settlers looked to the survivors – small timber-framed buildings as markers of security and continued occupation. A small number of survivors will be explored in detail – Taylor-Stace Cottage, Porirua, and Homewood, Karori, both buildings of 1847 and both still in existence today. Also the ruins of Paremata Barracks as the only remnant of a masonry structure pre-dating 1848 in the Wellington region. There are also a few survivors of 1855 earthquake including Christ Church, Taita (1854) and St Joseph's Providence Porch, St Mary's College, Thorndon (1852). There are also the post-1855 timber-framed legacies of Old St Paul's Cathedral (1866), Government Buildings (1876) and St Peter's Church (1879). Improved knowledge about the historical evolution of perceptions of heritage in Wellington as a result of past earthquake visitations can help inform public education about heritage values, how to build today and strengthen existing buildings in readiness for future earthquake visitations.

The present article introduces a historical analysis of students of the Technical College of Taiga in 1943–1991. The socal analysis involved factorial, structural-systemic, and historical approaches. The Technical Railway College has almost 80 years of history, which makes it one of the leading educational institutions of its branch in the country. Since 1991, it has been the Taiga Institute of Railway Transport, a branch of the Omsk State Railway University. The author identified the changes in the contigent of applicants in 1943–1991. They appeared to be connected with the development of the country and education policy. The revealed characteristics made it possible to clarify the logic of the development of a particular institution based on the changes in the forms and methods of recruitment, payment, age, etc. In this regard, recruitment acted as a set of special methods, e.g.clubs of young naturalists, contests and conferences, material base, promotion of railway professions through alumni, etc. In addition, good working conditions and high salary were important factors that attracted people to the Technical College of Taiga.

Introduction: The squamous mucosa of the lower half of the anal canal is prone to superficial ulceration,which presents as an anal fissure.In Ayurveda, Parikartika is described as one of the commonest ailments of guda pradesha. Parikartika is described as the vyapat/complication of other diseases, like, vamana-virechana vyapat and basti vyapat. The location, signs and symptoms explained in Ayurveda resemble the description of Fissure-in-ano. Fissure-in-ano may occur due to various reasons like constipation, tuberculosis, Crohn’s disease etc. The treatment procedures mentioned for Parikartika in Ayurveda are Anuvasana/matra basti, pichu, parisheka, lepa with Sneha dravyas. Aims and objectives: Evaluation and comparison of the effects of Bala taila pichu and Jatyadi taila pichu in Parikartika w.s.r. to Acute Fissure-in-ano. Materials and Methods: A clinical trial conducted on 60 patients with established cases of Acute fissure-in-ano, divided them into two groups of 30 patients each. The patients were selected fromdepartment of Shalya tantra in Sri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurveda Medical College and Hopsital, Inchal, Belagavi. Group 1 - Bala taila pichu for 7 days. Group 2- Jatyadi taila pichu for 7 days. Results: After completion of this study, there was marked improvement in the signs and symptomsof the condition, with the treatment with both Bala taila pichu and Jatyadi taila pichu.

Background: Vaginal discharge, commonly known as leucorrhea, is a physiological condition which happens in female reproductive system. More than 75% women experience leucorrhea during their lifetime and 45% of them has recurrence. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of Udumbaradi Taila Yoni Pichu in management of Kaphaja Yoni Vyapad. Design: This is a single blind pilot study. 20 female patients with the complaints of Kaphaja Yonivyapad (nonspecific leucorrhoea) from the Dept. of Prasooti tantra and Stree Roga OPD of Rajiv Gandhi educational society’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ron were included for the study. Patients were administered Udumbaradi Taila Yonipichu for 7 days and were assessed before and after the treatment and followed up on the 14th day. Results: This pilot study showed statistically significant changes with Udumbaradi Taila Yonipichu in reducing the complaints of Kaphaja Yoni Vyapad such as Katishoola (p<0.001), Kandu (p<0.001), consistency of the Srava (p<0.001) and Srava Pramana (quantity of the discharge) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Udumbaradi Taila Yonipichu showed effectiveness in the management of Kaphaja yoni Vyapad with the reduction of Katishoola, Kandu, consistency of the Srava and Srava pramana after the treatment.

Pruthvisara taila is a formulation indicated in the chikitsa of vrana as topical medicine in classical text Chakradatta. It contains Shuddha chitrakamoola, Shuddha vatsanabha, Shuddha karaveera, Nirgundi moola, Nadibeeja, Kanji and Karanja taila as the base. Aims and Objectives: Evaluation of wound healing property of Pruthvisara taila through experimental study. Methodology: Wound healing property in albino rats by excision wound healing model and its histopathology study. Results: Results of the study on the parameters assessed like percentage of wound contraction and histopathology study; percentage of wound closure was observed in Control group was 94.92%, in standard it was 93.73% and in test drug the percentage of wound contraction was 95.73%.The test drug, Pruthvisara taila showed more angiogenesis and formation of new blood vessels than standard group and in control group there was absence of formation of new blood vessels and proliferation of fibroblast cells. The control group did not show any collagen formation and scab formation the test drug Pruthvisara taila showed moderate formation and deposition compared to standard drug. Compared to control and standard group, the test drug, Pruthvisara taila selected in this study showed remarkable wound healing property in excised wound.

Background: Manyasthambha is a vataja nanatmaja vyadhi. Cervical spondylosis is a degenerative condition of the cervical spine , it can be correlated with Manyastabha in Ayurveda. Objective: To study the efficacy of Bruhat Vishnu taila Nasya in management of Manyasthambha. Materials & Methods: It was a single arm open, clinical study wherein 30 patients suffering from Manyasthambha were selected as per the inclusion exclusion and diagnostic criteria from teaching hospital attached to Ayurvedic Medical College Terdal. Bruhat Vishnu taila - 8 Bindu in each nostril for 7 days., follow up were taken on 14 and 21 days. Results: In study 12[40%] patients got marked relief, while 16[53.3%] patient got Moderate Relief and 02[6.67%] patient was in Mild Relief category. There were significant results obtained among signs and symptoms like Ruka, Sthambha, Bhrama, Shotha (swelling), Chimchimayan, Restricted neck movement Flexion, Extension, Lateral flexion, Rotation. In the parameters, Neck Disability Index criteria, it was as highly significant. Conclusion: Bruhat Vishnu Taila is cost effective and easily available and can be recommended for the management the of Manyatsmabha.

Menorrhagia (Asrugdarah) is the term of menstrual period with abnormal, heavy prolonged bleeding. With menorrhagia, women can't maintain their usual activities. In Āyurvedic classics, menorrhagia is termed as Asrugdarah. Material and methods: This is a Single Case study of 47 years old female patient who Came to the OPD of Prasūti Tantra and Stree Roga at Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Ayurveda College and Hospital, Nazarathpettai, Chennai with the complaint of irregular menstrual cycle with heavy bleeding, which affects her daily routine. On enquiry, she said that the duration of menses was 15-20 days at irregular intervals, the amount was 4-5 pads, fully soaked per day with clots for an initial 6 days, and mild pain was present in the lower abdomen. There was no relevant history of Hypertension, Thyroid disorder, Diabetes mellitus etc. or any surgical intervention. She was given Yoga Basti - Anuvāsana Basti with Dhanvantaram taila and Nirūha Basti with Dashmoola Kaṣhāya along with Sarwanga Abhyaṅga with Mahanarayana Taila and Bashpa Swedana and Yoni Pichu with Jātyādi Taila along with internal medicine Aśoka Ariṣhṭam, Lodhra Āsavam, Śatāvariī Gulam, Vāyu Gulika.

Dissected colluvial sediments on a Peace River terrace at Bear Flat, northeast British Columbia enclosed a late Pleistocene micromammalian faunule. The fossil remains, including a few loosely articulated skulls and mandibles, were dominated by taiga voles ( Microtus xanthognathus ). The Bear Flat site constitutes the second fossil occurrence in the region of this elusive species, which is unknown in British Columbia in historic times. The late Pleistocene age, determined by accelerator mass spectrometry directly on taiga vole bone collagen, is consistent with the ages of widespread taiga vole records peripheral to the Laurentide ice sheet in western, mid-western, and eastern North America. The presence of allo-chronous remains within a comprehensively dated sedimentary sequence provides a cautionary note about straightforward acceptance of relative stratigraphic dating.

Panchakarma therapy has a very important role in maintaining health of a person and eradication of diseases. The success with Panchakarma therapies can be achieved not only through correct assessment of the patient and the medicines used but also the dose of the medicine. Dose for this therapy is very specific and is explained in the classics on the basis of Bindu Pramana. Dose is a very important factor in any of the Panchakarma procedures to get optimum result of the therapy. Change in dose can change the result and further, it can lead to side effects or no effects. However, standardization of this dose had not been made yet. This paper deals with classical concept of Bindu Pramana, preparation, and standardization of Karpasastyadi Taila in Bindu Pramana Matra. The objective is to standardize the process of measurement of Bindu Pramana Matra of Karpasastyadi Taila. Healthy 60 individuals consisting of staffs and students of Alvas Ayurveda Medical College of either gender aged between 20 years to 60 years were selected and purposively assigned into study group. Results were observed and tabulation of data with a statistical commentary based on percentages of different observations was made. Study shows variation in quantity of Madhyama Bindu Pramana Matra and differs from patient to patient. Bindu Pramana varies from subject to subject. Analysis of the results showed that Bindu is not equivalent to drop. Keywords: Panchakarma; Nasya Karma; Karpasastyadi Taila; Bindu Pramana

Introduction: Vatavyadhi is considered one of Mahagada. Ardita vata is one among the vatavyadhi, which may be correlated to Bell’s palsy due to the resemblance of signs and symptoms like deviation of angle of the mouth, decreased function of the affected muscle, numbness or pain in the affected side of the face. Bell’s palsy is the most common unilateral lower motor neuron facial palsy that usually develops spontaneously. Bell’s palsy is around 23 per 100,000 people per year, and it affects men and women equally, with a peak incidence between the age group 10-40 years. Ardita can be successfully managed with Ayurvedic treatment, viz. Nasya karma, Murdhni taila, Karnapurana, Snehana Svedana. Materials and method: A 49-year-old male patient complained of deviation of the angle of the mouth towards the left side and was unable to close the right eye for four days was reported to Panchakarma OPD of Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College and hospital, Moodbidri. Snehana, Svedana, Nasya karma and Murdhni taila were selected, along with internal medications and Kinesio taping. The duration and outcome of the treatments were recorded. Result: The patient recovered markedly with the treatment. Conclusion: Ardita can be managed successfully with various Panchakarma measures, internal medications, and the taping technique.

Background: Mental health disorders are common in university students, where the most common of them include substance abuse, anxiety, and mood disorders. College students are in a transitory age that’s accompanied by various stressors and during which diverse mental health problems usually appear for the 1st time. Objective: To assess presence of mental health disorders among under graduate medical students. Methods: 2900 students were invited to complete a survey that was built on Microsoft form app provided by information technology unit and directed to medical students in mentioned grads individually. An e-mail has been sent to each student's academic official e-mail which was provided to students in the first three academic years. Email included GHQ-28 form associated with phrases fostering involvement in the study and assuring anonymity. Results: The response rate for the GHQ-28 survey was 25.9% of emailed students completing the questionnaire. The mean GHQ-28 score of 13.78 is considerably higher than general population norms. Conclusion: The majority of students (88.16%) scored above the threshold for psychological morbidity and were considered as a possible case indicating elevated psychological distress in this student sample.

Background: Shodhana is a process which separate mala by doing Peshana, Khalana, Mardana, Dhala-na, Nirvapana, Swedhana etc. Objective: To study the physical, chemical changes in raw Vanga before and after Samanya Shodhana. Materials & Methods: In the present study, Vanga Shodhana is carried out by Dhalana method in different media as Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Aranala, Kulattha Kwatha for 7 times. Results and Conclusions: Physical changes take place in metal useful for further process. Removal of zinc and lead from the raw Vanga shows the importance of Malavicchedana property of Shodhana. Vanga un-dergoes the oxidation as a chemical change which quickens the further process of Jarana and Marana

We can correlate stricture of the urethra with Mutra marga sankoch or Mutrotsanga which is a common disease of the urinary tract. Gradual urethral dilatation, transurethral resection of urethral stricture, urethrotomy, urethroplasty etc. are examples of some common surgeries which are practised today to cure stricture of urethra. But recurrence rate is high after all these surgeries while the cure rate is low. Many years ago, in our ancient texts, it is mentioned that uttarbasti can be beneficial for the management of such types of urinary tract diseases. In the present case, a 45-year-old male patient came to the OPD of Shri Krishna Government Ayurvedic College &Hospital, Kurukshetra, Haryana. He had complaints of retention of urine, painful micturition, straining & dribbling of urine for the last 5- 6 years and also patient had to catheterize himself daily in the morning for micturition. So, after taking proper history, clinical examination and investigations (retrograde urethrography) the case was diagnosed as anterior ure- thral stricture and the patient was treated with Ayurvedic para surgical procedure i.e., Tila taila, madhu & lavana uttarbasti to cure stricture of urethra. We got significant results after this study. Hence, through this article, we tried our best to re-establishes the effect of Tila taila, madhu & saindhava lavana uttarbasti in males for the stricture of the urethra. Keywords: Urethral stricture, Mutramarga sankoch, Mutrotsanga, Uttarbasti, Madhu, Saindhava lavana.

Ashmari comes under Mutravaha srotovikara and Ashtamahagada as described in Susruta Samhita.The prevalence of urinary stone is approximately 3 to 5% in general population and is increasing across the world mainly due to metabolic derangement, global climatic changes. Acharya Susruta said, before attempting surgical procedures one should try with oral medications like ghrita, paneeyakshara, taila etc. which possesses properties like chedana, lekhana, bhedana and mutrala for facilitating the disintegration of urinary stones. A 39 years old male patient came to OPD at Taranath Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Ballari on 20 May 2021 presented with complaints of pain in right flank region, pain in right loin radiating to groin, burning micturition, orange coloured urine for 2 days, diagnosed as Urolithiasis and advised for surgery. He visited our hospital to avoid the surgery and for the treatment of the same. Kokilaksha Paneeya Kshara and Punarnavadi Kashaya given to patient for 28 days and got relief from symptoms. Key words: Ashmari, Ashtamahagada, Paneeya kshara, Punarnavadi Kashaya.

In Ayurveda, Acharya Sushrut mentioned an excellent treatment named Uttarbasti for urethral stricture known as Mutrakruccha in classical scriptures. Mutrakruccha translates to difficulty in micturition. It can be associated with urethral stricture due to the similarity of symptoms. Urethral stricture disease is often seen in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, urethral injuries, or post-surgical procedures conducted through the urethra. The most common causes of urethral stricture today are traumatic or iatrogenic. Inflammatory or infectious, malignant, and congenital aetiologies are less common. There is a low success rate of Western medical science treatment for urethral stricture disease. Surgical treatment of urethral stricture disease is indicated when the patient has severe voiding symptoms, bladder calculi, increased postvoid residual, urinary tract infection, or when conservative management fails. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) should be adequately treated before surgical intervention. In this case study, a 39-year-old male patient complained of suffering from symptoms like the strangury of urine, pain during micturition, the flow of urine is very poor, frequent micturition and occasionally burning micturition. After clinical examination and radiological testing, the patient was identified as having urethral stricture and treated with Jatyadi Taila Uttarbasti for 21 days at Shalyatantra OPD, Government Akhandanand Ayurved College and Hospital, Ahmedabad. After completion of treatment, the patient felt 75% relief in symptoms. So, we can conclude that non-invasive treatment such as Uttarbasti is highly advisable in patients having Urethral stricture.

The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in student learning outcomes regarding Skirt Design material according to the Collage Concept of the Fashion Design subject in class 11 Fashion Design-2 Vocational High Schools through the use of the Project Based Learning Model. The research subjects were students in class 11 Fashion Design-2 consisting of 34 female students. The method used is a class action research method consisting of two cycles. In the first cycle, learning is carried out using the Project Based Learning Model, while in the second cycle, it uses an enhanced Project Based Learning Model. In each cycle consists of four stages of research namely planning, implementation of action, observation, and reflection. The research data were analyzed using a comparative descriptive followed by reflection. Comparative descriptive is done by comparing the initial condition data, cycle 1 and cycle 2, both for learning outcomes. The results of this study indicate that: First, the use of the Project Based Learning Learning Model can improve student learning outcomes about Skirt Design material according to the Collage Concept in the Fashion Design subject in class XI Dressmaking-2 Vocational High School. It is proven that the percentage of student learning outcomes has increased from the initial condition the average value of daily tests was 66.18 in cycle I to 75.21 and in cycle II to 81.32 or in the final condition there was an increase of 22.88% from the initial condition. It is proven that the percentage of students' learning completeness increased from the initial conditions of 73.53% in cycle I and to 91.18% in cycle II or in the final conditions an increase of 24.00% from the initial conditions.

Introduction: A controlled clinical study to evaluate the effect of Ketaki Niruha Basti in Madhumeha with special reference to Diabetes mellitus-ii with Madhutailika Basti being the controlled group. Methods: It was an open- label controlled parallel-group study at a government Ayurveda medical college and hospital in South India. 41 subjects fulfilling inclusion criteria were selected through a convenient sampling method. Group A (study group) 21 subjects were included and 1 dropped out and in Group B (control group) 20 subjects were included. Group A was administered with Ketaki Niruha Basti and Group B was administered with Madhutailika Basti in Yoga Basti pattern. Both the groups were given Murchita Taila for Anuvasana. Results: The effect of the therapy was assessed by analyzing subjective and objective parameters before and after the treatment. While comparing the effect between the groups of Ketaki Niruha Basti and Madhutailika Basti, it showed no significant statistical difference. Conclusion: Ketaki Niruha Basti showed marginally better results in polyphagia, polydipsia, FBS and PPBS while Madhutailika Basti showed better results in polyuria day, polyuria night, tiredness and BMI. Keywords: Basti, Diabetes Melitus-II, Ketaki Niruha Basti, Madhumeha, Madhutailika Basti.

Abstract Background: Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the clinical outcomes remain unsatisfactory in a significant proportion of patients. Ayurveda management for RA (Amavata) has shown promising clinical outcomes in routine clinical practice and as per published research studies. Objective: The study was designed to assess the therapeutic effect and safety of Ayurveda interventions, Vatari Guggulu (VG), Hingvashtaka Churna (HC), and Brihat Saindhavadya Taila (BS) in the management of RA. Materials and Methods: An open-label, prospective, single-arm multicenter study was conducted at Ayurveda Research Institutes in Patna, Bhubaneswar, and Guwahati with a sample size of 180 participants. Patients of any gender aged 20–60 years with clinically diagnosed RA as per the revised American College of Rheumatology criteria and willing to provide written informed consent to participate in the study were included in the study. Ayurveda interventions, VG, HC, and BS, were administered to the study participants for 12 weeks, with a follow-up at four weeks without intervention. The primary outcome measure was a change in the Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) from baseline. The other outcome measures included change in the Indian Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index score (HAQ-DI), changes in the acute phase reactants (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR] and C-reactive protein [CRP]), and change in the quality of life parameters (assessed through the SF-36 questionnaire). Results: A total of 180 participants were enrolled in the study, and data of 179 participants were considered for the final analysis. A statistically significant difference was observed in the outcome parameters, such as a mean change in the DAS28 score, HAQ-DI score, SF-36 score, and ESR and CRP levels (P < 0.001) after 12 weeks of treatment. The mean DAS28 score changed from 6.50 ± 0.790 at baseline to 4.21 ± 1.286 on week 16 follow-up (P < 0.001). No participant withdrew from the study due to adverse events. The trial interventions were well-tolerated and safe. Conclusion: The study outcomes provide preliminary evidence of the safety and potential benefits of the Ayurveda interventions in the management of RA. Further, randomized controlled studies may be planned to generate robust evidence on the therapeutic potential of these interventions so that they can be recommended for use in routine clinical practice. Trial registration: CTRI/2014/12/005242.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the foremost prevalent progressive musculoskeletal disorder characterized by the gradual and persistent degradation of cartilage tissue within joints due to bone friction. The risk factors associated with the development of OA include the female gender, advanced age (geriatric population), elevated body weight or obesity, and a history of a prior knee injury. Ayurveda therapy has great potential in the management of OA and its progression. AIM: This clinical study aims to assess the effect of selected Ayurveda formulations in the management of knee OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, single-center, open-label study carried out on 60 participants with primary OA of the knee. Inclusion criteria encompassed individuals aged between 35 and 65 years, meeting the diagnostic criteria outlined by the American College of Rheumatology, and with radiographic abnormalities characteristic of OA. Therapeutic interventions in the study comprised Maharasnadi Kvatha (MK) (50 mL twice a day in an empty stomach), Trayodashanga Guggulu (TG) (1500 mg twice daily), and Brihatsaindhavadya Taila (BST) (for local fomentation twice daily) for the duration of 84 days. The primary outcome of the study was change in the Indian Western Ontario and McMaster Universities arthritis index (WOMAC) score. RESULTS: Out of 60 participants, 58 subjects completed the study, while one subject dropped out and one was withdrawn. The analysis yielded statistically significant results (P < 0.001) in the Indian WOMAC (modified—clinical research data (CRD) Pune version) score and clinical symptoms and improvement in the quality of life (P < 0.001). X-ray assessments revealed the disappearance of osteophytes in knee joints in 8.62% of cases. A change in the mean pain score as assessed by the visual analog scale was also noticed with P < 0.001. CONCLUSION: The Ayurvedic interventions demonstrated significant effects in mitigating symptoms of knee OA, with no reported adverse events. This study substantiates the effectiveness of Ayurvedic management in alleviating symptoms of knee OA such as bony tenderness of joints, difficulty of physical function of knee joints, crepitus, and improvement in quality-of-life parameters. CTRI REGISTRATION: CTRI/2018/03/012292, dated 30-03-2020.

Parkinsons disease (PD) is an idiopathic degenerative disorder that affects mainly old age. Community-based prevalence studies from India have documented crude prevalence rates of PD from 7 to 328 per 100,000 in the overall population. The current management in PD is effective in alleviating signs and symptoms but the quality of life is not preserved. This study was undertaken to the clinical evaluation of Sahacharadi Tailam fourteen times Avarthi with premedication in improving the quality of life in Parkinson's patients. Since Kapha and Vata plays an important role in Samprapthi of Parkinson's disease, Kapha Vatha Hara Chikitsa should be effective. All types of Sneha Dravya are used in Vatha Vyadhi Chikitsa and Taila is more effective when Vatha is associated with Kapha. Most of the drugs in Sahachaadi Tailam have Vata Kapha Hara properties. The study design was an interventional study pre and post evaluation with a sample size of ten patients. Parkinson's disease of age group 40-70 years of both sex attending the OPD and IPD of Department of Kayachikitsa, Govt. Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram was selected for the study. The patient selected for the study was subjected to Deepana – Pachana with Gandharvahastadi Kashayam 48 ml at7 am & 7 pm one hour before food and vaiswanarachoorna 6 gm with Kasayam internally and Udvarthana with Kolakulathadi Choorna externally for 1-7 days, Snehapana with Rasnadasamoola Gritham starting with 25ml with increasing dosage for 3-7 days, abhyanga and Ushma Sveda with Balatailam and Virechana with Gandharveranda Tailam 30-45ml and Samsarjanakrama as a preparatory phase for the administration of study drug. Then patients received Sahacharadi Tailam fourteen times Avarthi for two months. Follow up was done 15 days after the intervention. On statistical analysis, there was a significant reduction in symptoms like tremor rigidity and pain before treatment, after Shodhana, after interven- tion & after follow up assessments. Keywords: PD, Sahacharadi Tailam fourteen times Avarthi, Deepana- Pachana, Udvarthana, Snehapana, Abyanga, Ushma Sveda, Virechana, Samsarjana Krama, Kaphavatahara and Vata Vyadhi.

Background: Vipadika affects irrespective of age, sex and socioeconomic status. The causes may be excessive/barefoot walking, contact with dust, detergents and improper food habits. Here control over Vatadosha is important which can be achieved through Padabhyanga. Materials and Methods: It was a comparative clinical study of 30 patients, who were selected by random sampling from the OPD of S.M.V.V.S, R.K.M Ayurveda Medical College, Vijayapura, and categorized into 2 groups as 'A' and 'B', each consisting of 15 patients and were advised Tila Taila and Nimba Taila Padabhyanga for 30 days respectively. Follow up was advised on 45th day of treatment. Severities of the symptoms were assessed before, after treatment and after follow up. Results: In group-A 20% of patients showed complete relief and in group-B 0% have showed complete relief. Conclusion: Tila Taila is having Sara, Sukshma Guna and pacifies Vatakapha Dosha. Nimba Taila is Kushtagna, Krimigna. Both Tailas help in reducing Rukshata and Sputana. Vipadika can be correlated with cracked heels. The results were assessed statistically by Pooled chi square test. It was concluded that group-A patients were significantly better than group-B after follow up. Hence Tila Taila Padabhyanga is beneficial in Vipadika.

Background: Vaginitis is an inflammatory process involving the vagina, expanding often to the contiguous anatomical structures (cervix and vulva). Non-specific vaginitis is usually caused by an alteration (disruption) of the normal vaginal microflora, usually represented by the presence of Lactobacilli. Nonspecific vaginitis can be correlated to Kaphaja Yonivyapad based on its Lakshanas. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Pippalyadi taila yoni Pichu in management of Kaphaja yoni vyapad. Design: This was a pilot study that included twenty female patients of Kaphaja yonivyapad (non specific vaginitis) from the Dept. of Prasooti tantra and Stree roga OPD of Rajiv Gandhi educational society’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ron. Patients were administered Pippalyadi taila yonipichu for 7 days and were assessed before and after the treatment and followed up on the 14th day. Results: This pilot study showed statistically significant changes in reduction of Katishoola (p<0.001), Kandu (p<0.001), consistency of the srava (p<0.001) and Srava pramana (quantity of the discharge) (p<0.001) showing the effectiveness of Pippalyadi taila yoni Pichu in the management of Kaphaja yonivyapad. Conclusions: Pippalyadi taila yonipichu showed significant changes in the management of Kaphaja yoni Vyapad with the reduction of Katishoola, Kandu, consistency of the Srava and Srava pramana after the treatment.

Although there are many medications available to treat eczema, a rapid and efficient solution is still required. Ayurveda considers Vicharchika (eczema) disease condition, under Kshudrakustha (group of minor skin diseases). Aim: To assess, in an open-label clinical trial, the effectiveness of Rudra Taila in the management of Vicharchika (eczema). Materials and Methods: Clinically diagnosed patients of Vicharchika who fulfill inclusion criteria were selected from OPD of associated hospital of M.M.M. Govt. Ayu. College, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Rudra Taila was applied externally to a total of 30 individuals who were diagnosed as having Vicharchika twice daily for 60 days. Patients were selected irrespective of their age, sex, religion, occupation etc. and simple random sampling technique was followed. Response to the treatment in the recruited patients was recorded on a weekly basis and therapeutic effect was evaluated through symptomatic relief. Results: Rudra Taila, is an oil preparation, which is effective against all the major clinical symptoms of Vicharchika like Kandu (itching), Pidika (papular eruptions), Vaivarnyata (discoloration), Daha (burning sensation), Srava (oozing) Vedana (pain), and Rukshata (dryness). The study yields statistically highly significant results in symptoms like Kandu (itching) (p < 0.001), Vaivarnyata (discoloration) (p<0.001), and Rukshata (dryness) (p<0.001). Conclusion: Rudra Taila has proven to be effective in reducing the symptoms of Vicharchika, when applied for a period of 60 days.

The discontinuation or a break in the continuity of the covering epithelium of skin or mucous membrane is called as ulcer. The healing of the ulcer is a physiological response of the body. When a person does not maintain the proper treatment regimen, hygiene, along with indulgence of Ahita Ahara, Ahita Vihara and contaminated with various micro-organisms and developed a Dusta Vrana or non healing ulcer. Sushruta has described six types of Dusta Vrana. Bed sore can be co-related with Dusta Vrana. A single case of Dusta Vrana (bed sore) was successfully treated with local application of Yastimadhu Siddha Taila in Govt. Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Guwahati. Thus it has been observed that Yastimadhu Siddha Taila is a very effective drug in the management of Dusta Vrana.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive autoimmune arthropathy and characterized by bilateral symmetrical involvement of joints with some systemic clinical features. Treatment in allopathic medicine involves NSAIDS and steroids, which carry their own collateral burden of side effects in long term use. According to clinical features, described in Ayurveda, Vatarakta closely resembles with Rheumatoid arthritis. The study is done to find the effect of Sodhananga Achasnehapana with Guggutiktaka ghritha followed by Virechana with Nimbamrita eranda taila in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Methods: It is a simple random single case study done at Government Ayurveda College Panchakarma Hospital, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram. Here a case of Vatarakta (Vatakapahadikam) was treated with Sodhananga Achasnehapana with Guggutiktaka ghritha followed by Virechana with Nimbamrita eranda taila after Rukshana karma. Results: The treatment was effective in reducing the ESR, RA factor and CRP levels of the patient diagnosed with Rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion: The case report shows that Ayurvedic treatment is potent and effective in the management of Rheumatoid arthritis. There was no adverse effect found in the treatment. Hence it can be concluded that RA can be effectively and safely treated by using the Chikitsa siddhanta mentioned in Ayurveda

Toxicology, is a slow acting less potent poison, which does not kill the person immediately, but gets manifested in the form of many diseases. Skin diseases (Kustha) are one among the main symptoms of Dooshivisha. Vicharchika, is one among Kshudra kustha, which is highly prevalent, common and distressing condition. Recurrence and chronicity are the main threat faced by patients suffering from Vicharchika. Most of the features of Vicharchika show similarity with symptoms of the disease entity, eczema of modern dermatology. In India, the point prevalence of dermatological cases are 9.25%, and that of eczema is 6.75%. Arkatailam is the formulation prescribed in Yogaratnakaram, which reflects the therapeutic effect of toxic plant Arka, which is directly indicated for Vicharchika. The aims and objective of the study is to evaluate the combined effect of Arkataila and Patoladi gana kashaya in Dooshivishajanya Vicharchika. The study design was an interventional pre-post study with sample size 30. Patients with signs and symptoms of Vicharchika, having history of Dooshivisha, of age group between 20-60 satisfying the diagnostic criteria selected from the OPD of Government Ayurveda College Panchakarma, Hospital, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, were included in the study. The study group was given Avipathychoorna internally on first day for Virechana. On 2nd day onwards Patoladi gana Kashaya was given internally and Arkataila externally for 14 days. Symptomatic assessments were done before treatment, on 8th day, after the treatment and after the follow up period of 7 days. Results were analyzed statistically. The results show that the effect of Arkataila and Patoladiganakashaya is very effective in Dooshivishajanya vicharchika.

The destruction/ break/ rupture/ discontinuity of body/tissue/ part of body is called “Vrana”. The definition of Granthi is very well described by Acharya Vagbhata and Acharya Sushruta which seems to be more or less the same. According to Vagbhata, Malas (Doshas) of which Kapha being predominant, vitiating the Medas (fat), Mamsa (muscle) and Asra (blood) gets localised in these tissues and produce a round elevated growth, compact in nature which is called Granthi. Acharya Sushruta has explained that “the scars of a wound never disappear even after complete healing and its imprint persists lifelong and it is called Vrana. This phenomenon of Vrana is not only limited to cutaneous lesion but may also extend upto muscles blood vessels, ligaments, bones, joints, visceral organs and other vital parts of body. According to Sushruta, Granthi is a Vrita (round), Unnata (elevated), Vigrathita (hard) swelling by pathological involvement of Mansa, Rakta and Meda. Modern science compares Vranagranthi to keloid. It is a tumour arising from fibro proliferative disorders of the dermis. The main phenomenon is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, which is composed by collagen fibres. It develops exclusively in humans. There is no proven, efficient treatment for keloid. This case study will lead to the development of new and improved keloid treatment methods.

Introduction: In Ayurveda, Snehana is an important method of treatment for diseases of the spine. As per Ayurveda, fatty substances are having properties opposite to that of Vata Dosha which is the root of many diseases. Therefore, Sneha (fatty substances) have an important position in Ayurvedic treatment. Fatty substances are of 4 types of Ghrita (Ghee), Taila (oil), Vasa (muscle fat), and Majja (bone marrow fat). Among these types, the literature is available about Ghrita (ghee), Taila (oil), and Majja (bone marrow fat) only, but Vasa (muscle fat) is not currently practiced. We got a case study, in which cod liver oil capsules were used as a representative of Vasa Sneha. A male of 35 suffering from lumbar spondylosis approached for moderate to severe low back pain. We successfully used cod liver oil capsules as representative of Vasa Sneha in this case. Study Design: A single case study and selective review of the literature. Place and Duration of Study: Panchakarma OPD, Yashwant Ayurvedic medical college, PGTRC, Kodoli, 416114, Dist. – Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Presentation of Case: This is a single case study in which a male of 35 years was suffering from chronic low back pain (CLBP) due to lumbar spondylosis The patient had chronic low back pain which was aggravated for 3 months. We prescribed him Ayurvedic medicines and cod liver oil capsules orally. The patient was followed for 16 months. Results: The outcome measure was assessed by the Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. The low back pain score was measured in different positions. The before treatment value was 36 (median ẋ = 3.5) and the score was 72, and after treatment value was 2 (median ẋ = 0) and the score was 4. The Mann Whitney U test was performed. The p was 0.00009 (<0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that cod liver oil can be successfully used as a representative of vasa Sneha, and it is very effective in relieving chronic low back pain in lumbar spondylosis along with other ayurvedic preparations.

Myopia or shortsightedness is the most common refractive error of the eye. A recent study conducted at National Eye Institute shows the prevalence of myopia from 25% in 1971 to a whooping 41.6% in 1999 -2004. Present study was done to analyse the efficacy of Yoga Therapy and Ayurvedic Medicine on distant vision among myopics. 30 subjects were randomly selected for the study from SHES Ayurvedic Medical College OPD, Kalaburagi. 30 subjects were grouped in 3 experimental groups. First group were administered Ayurvedic medicines, second group was selected for Yoga therapy, and third group was advised Yogasana and Ayurvedic therapy. First group was given Triphala Ghrita and Pratimarsha Nasya with Abhijeeta Taila for a period of 8 weeks. Second group was selected for Trataka for a period of 8 weeks. Training was given for 6 days in a week, 15 minutes per day. Third group received combined Ayurveda and Yoga therapy. Snellen’s chart was the scale used to record the distant vision before and after the treatment. Good Response was seen in Group C (Yoga + Ayurveda) as compared to Group A (Ayurveda) and Group B (Yoga).

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The Purpose of the Work: The elderly are prone to the condition known as Sandhigata vata (osteoarthritis). Some ofthe risk/cause factors include lifestyle choices, excessive weight, trauma, and a diet lacking in calcium. Vata is vitiated by Rooksha aahar (dry diet) and Ativyaam (excessive exercise) It mostly affects the body’s weight-bearing joints, particularlythe knee, hip, and lumbar spine. The most prevalent type of articular problems, Sandhigata vata (osteoarthritis) severelyrestricts a sufferer’s ability to walk, dress, bathe, and do other daily tasks. The condition frequently manifests as Shula (pain),Sotha (swelling), Vata Poornadriti Sparsha (crackling sound), and trouble flexing and extending the Sandhi (joints). calciumsupplements, and ultimately joint replacement are all alternatives for therapy. Methodology: A 39-year-old patient with Janu Sandhigata Vata (osteoarthritis) came to Mahatma Gandhi Ayurveda College, Hospital, and Research Centre, Salod (H),Wardha. Key Findings and Major Conclusion: This indoor patient received 10 days of Anuvasana with Murchhita Tila Taila(medicated oil) and Dhanwantri Tailam Basti (enema) and 10 days of Abhyanga (massage) at Nabhi (umbilicus), Parshva(flanks), Prushtha (back), and Ubhayapada pradesh. The patient reacted favourably to these Ayurvedic therapies and hadsignificant alleviation symptoms. The patient was treated with Anuvashana and Niruha basti (enema). Schedule for theperiod 08 February 2023 to 18 February 2023 days and substantial positive change in signs and symptoms was observed.

Dysmenorrhea, one of the most prevalent gynaecological problems in young women, particularly among teenagers, characterized by painful menstruation severe enough to prevent a person from doing day-to-day activities. It is the main factor behind young women's missed job and school days of teenagers. Primary dysmenorrhea is widely prevalent in more than 70% of teenagers and 30 -50% of menstruating women. Among Yonirogas, Udavarta yonivyapat is a condition characterized by painful menstruation and the relief of discomfort following blood discharge, which is typical of primary dysmenorrhea. In modern medical science, various forms of treatments are available for the relief of Primary dysmenorrhea which includes antispasmodic, analgesics, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, hormonal therapy etc. Reluctance of young girls and ladies to adopt the hormone therapies bring them to Ayurvedic treatment or any other alternative treatment of their choice. Ayurvedic management aims at vatanulomana through Snehana, Swedana, Vasti along with Samana oushadha which can alleviate Vata. Abhayatrivrudadi kashaya mentioned in the context of Udavarta chikitsa from Chikitsa manjari consists of Abhaya, Trivrut, Kulatha, Pippali and Eranda taila. Properties of this yoga include Vatanulomana, Sulaghna and Udavartahara. An 18 year old girl complained with severe pain during menstruation, low back ache, nausea and vomiting came to the OPD of Prasutitantra & Streeroga, Government Ayurveda College, Tripunithura is taken for this study. It is evident from the case study that Abhayatrivrudadi kashaya is effective in the management of primary dysmenorrhea.

Vipādika is a common disorder of skin which affects the people irrespective of age and sex. Due to its severity and chronicity it hampers the daily activities of an individual. The main symptom for Vipādika is Daranam (crack) which presents along with Kandu (itching), Vedana (pain). Objective: A clinical study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Chitrakadi lepa with Punarnavadi kashaya in Vipadika. Materials and method: The study design is interventional study-pre and post-test with a sample size of 15 patients with signs and symptoms of Vipādika belonging to age group 20-60 years, attending the OPD of Agadatantra department, Govt. Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram were selected. Patients on corticosteroids, pregnant and lactating woman are excluded. Before intervention, 25gm of Avipathy choornam was given for Anulomana. The study group was given Punaṙnavādi kaṣaya (48ml) internally twice daily half an hour before food and Chitṙakādi lepa mixed with Gritha and Tila taila was applied externally twice daily for 30 days. After completion of treatment, a follow up period of 15 days was advised. Symptomatic assessment was done before the treatment, 15th day, after the treatment (31st day) and after follow up period 45th day. The outcome variables like no. of crack, pain, itching, and nature of crack were assessed. Results and Discussion: Result was analysed statistically using non parametric statistical test - Freidmans test with Dunnets multiple comparison test (post-hoc). The result obtained was highly significant in relieving the cardinal symptoms of Vipādika especially pain.

Objectives: Determine the student's confidence and capability in performing examinations by both gender on the same and opposite sex.Methods: A valid questionnaire has been distributed to College of Medicine students at Taiba University in Saudi Arabia. This questionnaire includes questions about the factors which may be related or affect the medical experience during general or intimate examination and questions about the frequency of examinations on the same and opposite sex. Comparison of males and females was done using Chi-square tests analysis using the SPSS version 23.Result: Out of 150 final year medical students, 108 male and female students (72%) have participated in this research. There were 82.8% of males and 62% of females that have agreed that cultural and religious traditions have impacted their clinical experience with the opposite sex. In regard of respiratory examination for patients of the opposite sex, only 1.7% of the males have performed respiratory examination for patients of the opposite sex more than (10) times, compared to 34% of females. Also 44.8% of males have performed male genitalia examination (1-5) times, compared to 12% of females. On the other hand, 1.7% of males have performed vaginal examination compared to 12% of females.Conclusion: This study showed that there is an association between gender and clinical experience in some aspects. Researchers emphasize minimizing the negative effects of gender nature on the clinical experience by using alternatives or encouraging the patients to allow students to complete their clinical examination while ensuring patients privacy and integrity.

Higher Education is undergoing continuous changes in the process of Globalization as it brings rapid development in the technology and communication skills through changes in the learning system across the world. Higher Education is a vital sector for economic growth and development of a nation. The report of the Education Commission (1964-66) under the chairmanship of Dr. D.S. Kothari symbolized the symbiotic relationship between education and national development. The capitalist economy strongly focused in free trade, “Due to this increasing free trade around the Globe, that end protection of many sectors so that there is more competition and privatization of education is increasingly being drawn into this Global capitalist competition. A study done by Dr. Pulkit Agarwal, Miss. Taiba Ahmad and Miss. Dalgindar Kaur, has analyzed that India has a low rate of enrolment in Higher Education at only 18% compared with 26% in China and 36% in Brazil. There is enormous unmet demand and supply gap for Higher Education. By 2020 the Government aims to achieve 30% gross enrolment which will mean providing 40 million University places an increase of 14 million in six years. India is currently at the stage of demographic transition population. Government of India aimed to increase 25.2% by 2017-18 and reach the target of 30% by GER 2020-21. To achieve this, the enrolments need to be substantially revised in Universities / Colleges to reach the target by 2017-18. The paper will concentrate on the analysis of this matter.

“I’m fat–and it’s okay! It doesn’t mean I’m stupid, or ugly, or lazy, or selfish. I’m fat!” so proclaims Joy Nash in her YouTube video, A Fat Rant. “Fat! It’s three little letters–what are you afraid of?!” This is the question I pose to my class on day one of Fat Studies. Sadly, many college students do fear fat, and negative attitudes toward fat people are quite prevalent in this population (Ambwani et al. 366). As I teach it, Fat Studies is cross-listed between Psychology and Gender Studies. However, most students who enrol have majors in Psychology or other behavioural health science fields in which weight bias is particularly pronounced (Watkins and Concepcion 159). Upon finding stronger bias among third- versus first-year Physical Education students, O’Brien, Hunter, and Banks (308) speculated that the weight-centric curriculum that typifies this field actively engenders anti-fat attitudes. Based on their exploration of textbook content, McHugh and Kasardo (621) contend that Psychology too is complicit in propagating weight bias by espousing weight-centric messages throughout the curriculum. Such messages include the concepts that higher body weight invariably leads to poor health, weight control is simply a matter of individual choice, and dieting is an effective means of losing weight and improving health (Tylka et al.). These weight-centric tenets are, however, highly contested. For instance, there exists a body of research so vast that it has its own name, the “obesity paradox” literature. This literature (McAuley and Blair 773) entails studies that show that “obese” persons with chronic disease have relatively better survival rates and that a substantial portion of “overweight” and “obese” individuals have levels of metabolic health similar to or better than “normal” weight individuals (e.g., Flegal et al. 71). Finally, the “obesity paradox” literature includes studies showing that cardiovascular fitness is a far better predictor of mortality than weight. In other words, individuals may be both fit and fat, or conversely, unfit and thin (Barry et al. 382). In addition, Tylka et al. review literature attesting to the complex causes of weight status that extend beyond individual behaviour, ranging from genetic predispositions to sociocultural factors beyond personal control. Lastly, reviews of research on dieting interventions show that these are overwhelmingly ineffective in producing lasting weight loss or actual improvements in health and may in fact lead to disordered eating and other unanticipated adverse consequences (e.g., Bacon and Aphramor; Mann et al. 220; Salas e79; Tylka et al.).The newfound, interdisciplinary field of scholarship known as Fat Studies aims to debunk weight-centric misconceptions by elucidating findings that counter these mainstream suppositions. Health At Every Size® (HAES), a weight-neutral approach to holistic well-being, is an important facet of Fat Studies. The HAES paradigm advocates intuitive eating and pleasurable physical activity for health rather than restrictive dieting and regimented exercise for weight loss. HAES further encourages body acceptance of self and others regardless of size. Empirical evidence shows that HAES-based interventions improve physical and psychological health without harmful side-effects or high dropout rates associated with weight loss interventions (Bacon and Aphramor; Clifford et al. “Impact of Non-Diet Approaches” 143). HAES, like the broader field of Fat Studies, seeks to eradicate weight-based discrimination, positioning weight bias as a social justice issue that intersects with oppression based on other areas of difference such as gender, race, and social class. Much like Queer Studies, Fat Studies seeks to reclaim the word, fat, thus stripping it of its pejorative connotations. As Nash asserts in her video, “Fat is a descriptive physical characteristic. It’s not an insult, or an obscenity, or a death sentence!” As an academic discipline, Fat Studies is expanding its visibility and reach. The Fat Studies Reader, the primary source of reading for my course, provides a comprehensive overview of the field (Rothblum and Solovay 1). This interdisciplinary anthology addresses fat history and activism, fat as social inequality, fat in healthcare, and fat in popular culture. Ward (937) reviews this and other recently-released fat-friendly texts. The field features its own journal, Fat Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Body Weight and Society, which publishes original research, overview articles, and reviews of assorted media. Both the Popular Culture Association and National Women’s Studies Association have special interest groups devoted to Fat Studies, and the American Psychological Association’s Division on the Psychology of Women has recently formed a task force on sizism (Bergen and Carrizales 22). Furthermore, Fat Studies conferences have been held in Australia and New Zealand, and the third annual Weight Stigma Conference will occur in Iceland, September 2015. Although the latter conference is not necessarily limited to those who align themselves with Fat Studies, keynote speakers include Ragen Chastain, a well-known member of the fat acceptance movement largely via her blog, Dances with Fat. The theme of this year’s conference, “Institutionalised Weightism: How to Challenge Oppressive Systems,” is consistent with Fat Studies precepts:This year’s theme focuses on the larger social hierarchies that favour thinness and reject fatness within western culture and how these systems have dictated the framing of fatness within the media, medicine, academia and our own identities. What can be done to oppose systemised oppression? What can be learned from the fight for social justice and equality within other arenas? Can research and activism be united to challenge prevailing ideas about fat bodies?Concomitantly, Fat Studies courses have begun to appear on college campuses. Watkins, Farrell, and Doyle-Hugmeyer (180) identified and described four Fat Studies and two HAES courses that were being taught in the U.S. and abroad as of 2012. Since then, a Fat Studies course has been taught online at West Virginia University and another will soon be offered at Washington State University. Additionally, a new HAES class has been taught at Saint Mary’s College of California during the last two academic years. Cameron (“Toward a Fat Pedagogy” 28) describes ways in which nearly 30 instructors from five different countries have incorporated fat studies pedagogy into university courses across an array of academic areas. This growing trend is manifested in The Fat Pedagogy Reader (Russell and Cameron) due out later this year. In this article, I describe content and pedagogical strategies that I use in my Fat Studies course. I then share students’ qualitative reactions, drawing upon excerpts from written assignments. During the term reported here, the class was comprised of 17 undergraduate and 5 graduate students. Undergraduate majors included 47% in Psychology, 24% in Women Studies, 24% in various other College of Liberal Arts fields, and 6% in the College of Public Health. Graduate majors included 40% in the College of Public Health and 60% in the College of Education. Following submission of final grades, students provided consent via email allowing written responses on assignments to be anonymously incorporated into research reports. Assignments drawn upon for this report include weekly reading reactions to specific journal articles in which students were to summarise the main points, identify and discuss a specific quote or passage that stood out to them, and consider and discuss applicability of the information in the article. This report also utilises responses to a final assignment in which students were to articulate take-home lessons from the course.Despite the catalogue description, many students enter Fat Studies with a misunderstanding of what the course entails. Some admitted that they thought the course was about reducing obesity and the presumed health risks associated with this alleged pathological condition (Watkins). Others understood, but were somewhat dubious, at least at the outset, “Before I began this class, I admit that I was skeptical of what Fat Studies meant.” Another student experienced “a severe cognitive dissonance” between the Fat Studies curriculum and that of a previous behavioural health class:My professor spent the entire quarter spouting off statistics, such as the next generation of children will be the first generation to have a lower life expectancy than their parents and the ever increasing obesity rates that are putting such a tax on our health care system, and I took her words to heart. I was scared for myself and for the populations I would soon be working with. I was worried that I was destined to a chronic disease and bothered that my BMI was two points above ‘normal.’ I believed everything my professor alluded to on the danger of obesity because it was things I had heard in the media and was led to believe all my life.Yet another related, “At first, I will be honest, it was hard for me to accept a lot of this information, but throughout the term every class changed my mind about my view of fat people.” A few students have voiced even greater initial resistance. During a past term, one student lamented that the material represented an attack on her intended behavioural health profession. Cameron (“Learning to Teach Everybody”) describes comparable reactions among students in her Critical Obesity course taught within a behavioural health science unit. Ward (937) attests that, even in Gender Studies, fat is the topic that creates the most controversy. Similarly, she describes students’ immense discomfort when asked to entertain perspectives that challenge deeply engrained ideas inculcated by our culture’s “obesity epidemic.” Discomfort, however, is not necessarily antithetical to learning. In prompting students to unlearn “the biomedically-informed truth of obesity, namely that fat people are unfit, unhealthy, and in need of ‘saving’ through expert interventions,” Moola at al. recommend equipping them with an “ethics of discomfort” (217). No easy task, “It requires courage to ask our students to forgo the security of prescriptive health messaging in favour of confusion and uncertainty” (221). I encourage students to entertain conflicting perspectives by assigning empirically-based articles emanating from peer-reviewed journals in their own disciplines that challenge mainstream discourses on obesity (e.g., Aphramor; Bombak e60; Tomiyama, Ahlstrom, and Mann 861). Students whose training is steeped in the scientific method seem to appreciate having quantitative data at their disposal to convince themselves–and their peers and professors–that widely held weight-centric beliefs and practices may not be valid. One student remarked, “Since I have taken this course, I feel like I am prepared to discuss the fallacy of the weight-health relationship,” citing specific articles that would aid in the effort. Likewise, Cameron’s (“Learning to Teach Everybody”) students reported a need to read research reports in order to begin questioning long-held beliefs.In addition, I assign readings that provide students with the opportunity to hear the voices of fat people themselves, a cornerstone of Fat Studies. Besides chapters in The Fat Studies Reader authored by scholars and activists who identify as fat, I assign qualitative articles (e.g., Lewis et al.) and narrative reports (e.g., Pause 42) in which fat people describe their experiences with weight and weight bias. Additionally, I provide positive images of fat people via films and websites (Clifford et al. HAES®; Watkins; Watkins and Doyle-Hugmeyer 177) in order to counteract the preponderance of negative, dehumanising portrayals in popular media (e.g., Ata and Thompson 41). In response, a student stated:One of the biggest things I took away from this term was the confidence I found in fat women through films and stories. They had more confidence than I have seen in any tiny girl and owned the body they were given.I introduce “normal” weight allies as well, most especially Linda Bacon whose treatise on thin privilege tends to set the stage for viewing weight bias as a form of oppression (Bacon). One student observed, “It was a relief to be able to read and talk about weight oppression in a classroom setting for once.” Another appreciated that “The class did a great job at analysing fat as oppression and not like a secondhand oppression as I have seen in my past classes.” Typically, fat students were already aware of weight-based privilege and oppression, often painfully so. Thinner students, however, were often astonished by this concept, several describing Bacon’s article as “eye-opening.” In reaction, many vowed to act as allies:This class has really opened my eyes and prepared me to be an ally to fat people. It will be difficult for some time while I try to get others to understand my point of view on fat people but I believe once there are enough allies, people’s minds will really start changing and it will benefit everyone for the better.Pedagogically, I choose to share my own experiences as they relate to course content and encourage students, at least in their written assignments, to do the same. Other instructors refrain from this practice for fear of reinforcing traditional discourses or eliciting detrimental reactions from students (Watkins, Farrell, and Doyle-Hugmeyer 191). Nevertheless, this tack seems to work well in my course, with many students opting to disclose their relevant circumstances during classroom discussions: Throughout the term I very much valued and appreciated when classmates would share their experiences. I love listening and hearing to others experiences and I think that is a great way to understand the material and learn from one another.It really helped to read different articles and hear classmates discuss and share stories that I was able to relate to. The idea of hearing people talk about issues that I thought I was the only one who dealt with was so refreshing and enlightening.The structure of this class allowed me to learn how this information is applicable to my life and made it deeper than just memorising information.Thus far, across three terms, no student has described iatrogenic effects from this process. In fact, most attribute positive transformations to the class. These include enhanced body acceptance of self and others: This class decreased my fat phobia towards others and gave me a better understanding about the intersectionality of one’s weight. For example, I now feel that I no longer view my family in a fat phobic way and I also feel responsible for educating my brother and helping him develop a strong self-esteem regardless of his size.I never thought this class would change my life, almost save my life. Through studies shown in class and real life people following their dreams, it made my mind completely change about how I view my body and myself.I can only hope that in the future, I will be more forgiving, tolerant, and above all accepting of myself, much less others. Regardless of a person’s shape and size, we are all beautiful, and while I’m just beginning to understand this, it can only get better from here.Students also reported becoming more savvy consumers of weight-centric media messages as well as realigning their eating and exercise behaviour in accordance with HAES: I find myself disgusted at the television now, especially with the amount of diet ads, fitness club ads, and exercise equipment ads all aimed at making a ‘better you.’ I now know that I would never be better off with a SlimFast shake, P90X, or a Total Gym. I would be better off eating when I’m hungry, working out because it is fun, and still eating Thin Mints when I want to. Prior to this class, I would work out rigorously, running seven miles a day. Now I realise why at times I dreaded to work out, it was simply a mathematical system to burn the energy that I had acquired earlier in the day. Instead what I realise I should do is something I enjoy, that way I will never get tired of whatever I am doing. While I do enjoy running, other activities would bring more joy while engaging in a healthy lifestyle like hiking or mountain biking.I will never go on another diet. I will stop choosing exercises I don’t love to do. I will not weigh myself every single day hoping for the number on the scale to change.A reduction in self-weighing was perhaps the most frequent behaviour change that students expressed. This is particularly valuable in that frequent self-weighing is associated with disordered eating and unhealthy weight control behaviours (Neumark-Sztainer et al. 811):I have realised that the number on the scale is simply a number on the scale. That number does not define who you are. I have stopped weighing myself every morning. I put the scale in the storage closet so I don’t have to look at it. I even encouraged my roommate to stop weighing herself too. What has been most beneficial for me to take away from this class is the notion that the number on the scale has so much less to do with fitness levels than most people understand. Coming from a numbers obsessed person like myself, this class has actually gotten me to leave the scales behind. I used to weigh myself every single day and my self-confidence reflected whether I was up or down in weight from the day before. It seems so silly to me now. From this class, I take away a new outlook on body diversity. I will evaluate who I am for what I do and not represent myself with a number. I’m going to have my cake this time, and actually eat it too!Finally, students described ways in which they might carry the concepts from Fat Studies into their future professions: I want to go to law school. This model is something I will work toward in the fight for social justice.As a teacher and teacher of teachers, I plan to incorporate discussions on size diversity and how this should be addressed within the field of adapted physical education.I do not know how I would have gone forward if I had never taken this class. I probably would have continued to use weight loss as an effective measure of success for both nutrition and physical activity interventions. I will never be able to think about the obesity prevention movement in the same way.Since I am working toward being a clinical psychologist, I don’t want to have a client who is pursuing weight loss and then blindly believe that they need to lose weight. I’d rather be of the mindset that every person is unique, and that there are other markers of health at every size.Jones and Hughes-Decatur (59) call for increased scholarship illustrating and evaluating critical body pedagogies so that teachers might provide students with tools to critique dominant discourses, helping them forge healthy relationships with their own bodies in the process. As such, this paper describes elements of a Fat Studies class that other instructors may choose to adopt. It additionally presents qualitative data suggesting that students came to think about fat and fat people in new and divergent ways. Qualitative responses also suggest that students developed better body image and more adaptive eating and exercise behaviours throughout the term. Although no students have yet described lasting adverse effects from the class, one stated that she would have preferred less of a focus on health and more of a focus on issues such as fat fashion. Indeed, some Fat Studies scholars (e.g., Lee) advocate separating discussions of weight bias from discussions of health status to avoid stigmatising fat people who do experience health problems. While concerns about fostering healthism within the fat acceptance movement are valid, as a behavioural health professional with an audience of students training in these fields, I have chosen to devote three weeks of our ten week term to this subject matter. Depending on their academic background, others who teach Fat Studies may choose to emphasise different aspects such as media representations or historical connotations of fat.Nevertheless, the preponderance of positive comments evidenced throughout students’ assignments may certainly be a function of social desirability. Although I explicitly invite critique, and in fact assign readings (e.g., Welsh 33) and present media that question HAES and Fat Studies concepts, students may still feel obliged to articulate acceptance of and transformations consistent with the principles of these movements. As a more objective assessment of student outcomes, I am currently conducting a quantitative evaluation, in which I remain blind to students’ identities, of this year’s Fat Studies course compared to other upper division/graduate Psychology courses, examining potential changes in weight bias, body image and dieting behaviour, adherence to appearance-related media messages, and obligatory exercise behaviour. I postulate results akin to those of Humphrey, Clifford, and Neyman Morris (143) who found reductions in weight bias, improved body image, and improved eating behaviour among college students as a function of their HAES course. 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