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1
Casullo, Albert. „Analyticity and the A Priori“. Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 18 (1992): 113–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1992.10717300.
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The analytic/synthetic distinction has played a central role in discussions of a priori knowledge throughout the twentieth century. One of the primary reasons for the prominence of this distinction is the widespread influence of the tradition of logical empiricism which endorsed the following principles:(LEl) All analytic propositions are knowable a prioriand(LE2) All propositions knowable a priori are analytic.Hence, proponents of the a priori often argue in support of the contention that the propositions of a particular discipline, say mathematics or logic, are knowable a priori by arguing that it consists solely of analytic propositions. On the other hand, detractors of the a priori often reject such knowledge on the grounds that the analytic/synthetic distinction is not cogent. My primary goal in this paper is to challenge the prevalent acceptance of (LE1).
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Fugate, Courtney David. „‘With a Philosophical Eye’: the role of mathematical beauty in Kant’s intellectual development“. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 44, Nr. 5-6 (Dezember 2014): 759–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2014.974468.
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This paper shows that Kant’s investigation into mathematical purposiveness was central to the development of his understanding of synthetic a priori knowledge. Specifically, it provides a clear historical explanation as to why Kant points to mathematics as an exemplary case of the synthetic a priori, argues that his early analysis of mathematical purposiveness provides a clue to the metaphysical context and motives from which his understanding of synthetic a-priori knowledge emerged, and provides an analysis of the underlying structure of mathematical purposiveness itself, which can be described as unintentional, but also as objective and unlimited.
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Katsur, Ira. „From Monism to Pluralism: Cassirer’s Interpretation of Kant“. RUDN Journal of Philosophy 27, Nr. 3 (15.09.2023): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2023-27-3-556-567.
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Kant’s theory of cognition aimed to explain the possibility of scientific knowledge. Aesthetics and life science were not considered by Kant in the context of cognition. By contrast, Cassirer set himself a philosophical task to extend Kant’s theory of cognition to all forms of culture, including pre-scientific knowledge and aesthetics. The present study demonstrates how Cassirer explained the possibility of different objective forms, named symbolic, by employing and transforming Kant’s theory of cognition. For this goal, Cassirer took the following steps: modified the definitions of a priori synthesis (the act of understanding) and pure intuition (the forms of space and time) - main building blocks of Kant’s cognition; indicated the necessary correlation of intuition and synthesis; characterized a priori synthesis and the intuition as notions which include contradicted meanings. Cassirer called this contradiction “twofold oppositions” as characteristic of a priori synthesis. The first argument of the article is that the possibility of various synthetic acts is rooted in the nature of a priori synthesis which carries together two different meanings: the act of uniting elements and the initial unity. One synthetic act forms the world of nature and is connected to scientific space and time, and the other is the product of immediate perceptional space and time, from which the world of myth and aesthetics appears. Thus, Cassirer expanded the scope of “pure” synthesis. The second argument is that Cassirer specified a priori synthesis and pure intuition as a functional concept. The functional concept belongs to the model of concept as-relation that Cassirer has elaborated. It includes moments that are separated and united simultaneously. This definition of concept breaks the rules of consistency. The concept of as-relation justifies the contradictory characteristics of a priori synthesis and pure intuition, which include both the combination of moments in a synthesizing act and the initial unity of intuition.
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Brook, J. A. „Kant’s A Priori Methods For Recognizing Necessary Truths“. Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 18 (1992): 215–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1992.10717304.
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In the second edition, Kant summarized the question behind the Critique of Pure Reason this way: ‘How are a priori synthetic judgments possible?’ (B19) We can easily understand his interest in synthetic judgments; he thought that analytic ones could not tell us anything new (A5-6=B9). There are only two ways to get judgments that are analytic: by drawing out what is contained in our concepts and by combining the resulting propositions inferentially into arguments. Neither could ever tell us anything not already ‘thought in [the concepts we have used], though confusedly’ (A7=B10-ll), and even if either could, it could not give us anything against which to test it for truth or falsity. ‘In the mere concept of a thing no mark of its existence is to be found’ (A225=B272; cf. Bxvii-xviii). In the search for knowledge, analytic judgments get us nowhere.
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Nedeljković, Mitar. „The problem of justifying inductive reasoning“. Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, Nr. 2 (2021): 387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-30620.
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In this paper, the author considers the classical strategies of defense from Hume's argument against induction, and assesses the extent to which they were found to be successful. Synthetic, linguistic, a priori, pragmatic, and inductive strategies of defending induction are considered, as well as the question of the extent to which the justification of induction is a problem for grounding scientific knowledge. A new argument is introduced for the a priori justification of induction, as well as a critique of the synthetic and inductive defenses of induction by Black and Jacquette.
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Barrotta, Pierluigi. „A Neo-Kantian Critique of Von Mises's Epistemology“. Economics and Philosophy 12, Nr. 1 (April 1996): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100003710.
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More than many other Austrians, Mises tried to found aprioristic methodology on a well defined and developed epistemology. Although references to Kant are scattered rather unsystematically throughout his works, he nevertheless used an unequivocal Kantian terminology. He explicitly defended the existence of ‘a priori knowledge’, ‘synthetic a priori propositions’, ‘the category of action’, and so forth.
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Levin, Georgy. „Anti-realistic and Non-classical Theories of Analysis and Synthesis“. Philosophical anthropology 7, Nr. 2 (2021): 188–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2414-3715-2021-7-2-188-210.
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The article shows that three antirealistic theories of classical analysis and synthesis are logically possible: presentationistic, solipsistic and Kantian, but only the latter is actually being developed. Revealed its specific features and features shared with other, logically possible antirealistic theories. The correlation of the Kantian theory of analysis and synthesis of knowledge with his theory of analysis and synthesis of subjects of knowledge is analyzed. Gnoseological problems that forced Kant to assert that new knowledge is provided only by the synthesis of knowledge, and analysis only clarifies the results of synthesis, are characterized. The Kantian solution to these problems is correlated with their realistic solution. The role that the Kantian "Copernican revolution in philosophy" plays in his interpretation of the analysis and synthesis of subjects of knowledge is investigated. The Kantian theory of analytical and synthetic judgments is considered. It is shown that the Kantian question "how are synthetic judgments a priori possible?" is essentially a question about the nature of theoretical knowledge, which was historically formed in ancient geometry precisely as the unity of analysis and synthesis. A qualitative difference is shown between classical and geometric (by origin) analysis and synthesis. Three historical stages of their formation are described. The assertion of I. Newton that the natural science experiment arose as a result of the extension of the method of geometric analysis and synthesis to the natural sciences is investigated.
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Ullah, AMM Sharif. „Fundamental Issues of Concept Mapping Relevant to Discipline-Based Education: A Perspective of Manufacturing Engineering“. Education Sciences 9, Nr. 3 (29.08.2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030228.
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This article addresses some fundamental issues of concept mapping relevant to discipline-based education. The focus is on manufacturing knowledge representation from the viewpoints of both human and machine learning. The concept of new-generation manufacturing (Industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, and connected factory) necessitates learning factory (human learning) and human-cyber-physical systems (machine learning). Both learning factory and human-cyber-physical systems require semantic web-embedded dynamic knowledge bases, which are subjected to syntax (machine-to-machine communication), semantics (the meaning of the contents), and pragmatics (the preferences of individuals involved). This article argues that knowledge-aware concept mapping is a solution to create and analyze the semantic web-embedded dynamic knowledge bases for both human and machine learning. Accordingly, this article defines five types of knowledge, namely, analytic a priori knowledge, synthetic a priori knowledge, synthetic a posteriori knowledge, meaningful knowledge, and skeptic knowledge. These types of knowledge help find some rules and guidelines to create and analyze concept maps for the purposes human and machine learning. The presence of these types of knowledge is elucidated using a real-life manufacturing knowledge representation case. Their implications in learning manufacturing knowledge are also described. The outcomes of this article help install knowledge-aware concept maps for discipline-based education.
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de Boer, Karin. „Kant’s Response to Hume’s Critique of Pure Reason“. Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 101, Nr. 3 (01.10.2019): 376–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2019-3003.
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Abstract In this article I argue that Kant considered Hume’s account of causality in the Enquiry to be primarily relevant because it undermines proofs for the existence of God and, moreover, that this interpretation is plausible and text-based. What the Prolegomena calls ‘Hume’s problem’ is, I claim, the more general question as to whether metaphysics can achieve synthetic a priori knowledge of objects at all. Whereas Hume denied this possibility, I show how the solution Kant develops in the Critique of Pure Reason is in agreement with Hume’s critique of dogmatic metaphysics, but salvages the synthetic a priori principles he takes to be constitutive of empirical cognition.
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Castillo, Jesus Martinez del. „Linguistics as a Theory of Knowledge“. Education and Linguistics Research 1, Nr. 2 (27.09.2015): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v1i2.8368.
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<p>A theory of knowledge is the explanation of things in terms of the possibilities and capabilities of the human way of knowing. The human knowledge is the representation of the things apprehended sensitively either through the senses or intuition. A theory of knowledge concludes about the reality of the things studied. As such it is <em>a priori</em> speculation, based on synthetic <em>a priori</em> statements. Its conclusions constitute interpretation, that is, hermeneutics. Linguistics as the science studying real language, that is, the language spoken, reverts to human subjects in as much as they speak, say and know. Language thus must be studied as a theory of knowledge.</p><p>This article deals with the study of language as the human activity of speaking, saying and knowing. It analyzes the possibilities of a scientific theory, its characteristics and pre-requisites to see if language can be studied. The fact of language reverting to the individual speaking subject makes linguists to consider the peculiarities of language study as a human science. Since human subjects are free, creative and absolute, human facts cannot be but interpreted. This article concludes about the character of linguistics and the key points it must study and be based on.</p>
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Judycki, Stanisław. „Descartes, Kant, and Swinburne on Human Soul“. Roczniki Filozoficzne 69, Nr. 1 (18.03.2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf21691-5.
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This paper addresses two issues in Richard Swinburne’s book Are We Bodies or Souls? I interpret Swinburne’s modal argument as an example of a priori synthetic knowledge. Swinburne’s thesis that every person possesses “thisness” is compared with Kant’s distinction between the empirical character and the intelligible character.
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Luttrell, S. P., und C. J. Oliver. „Prior knowledge in synthetic-aperture radar processing“. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 19, Nr. 3 (14.03.1986): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/19/3/006.
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Rocca, Claudio La. „How are Synthetic a priori Judgments possible? The Conditions and Process of Empirical Knowledge in Kant“. Quaestio 4 (Januar 2004): 265–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.quaestio.2.300144.
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Cai, Bin, Xiaolong Hao, Li Chen, Jia Liang, Tianhao Cheng und Ying Luo. „A Priori Knowledge Based Ground Moving Target Indication Technique Applied to Distributed Spaceborne SAR System“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 9 (08.05.2023): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092467.
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Through formation flying, the distributed spaceborne SAR(synthetic aperture radar) system can increase the number of spatial degree of freedoms (DOFs) and provide flexible multi-baselines for SAR-GMTI (ground moving target indication), which improves the system performance. This paper proposes an a priori knowledge-based adaptive clutter cancellation and moving target detection technique applied to the distributed spaceborne SAR-GMTI systems. Firstly, the adaptive clutter cancellation technique is exploited to suppress the ground clutter. A priori knowledge, such as road network information, is integrated to the adaptive clutter cancellation processor to reduce any moving target steering vector mismatch. Secondly, adaptive matched filter (AMF) and adaptive beamformer orthogonal rejection test (ABORT) are exploited as adaptive detection techniques for moving target detection. Due to the dense road network, the moving target steering vector estimation may be ambiguous for the different position and orientation of the roads. The multiple hypothesis testing (MHT) technique is proposed to detect the moving targets and resolve the potential ambiguities. A scheme is exploited to detect, classify, and relocate the moving targets. Finally, simulation experiments and performance analysis have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique.
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Arıcı, Burak. „The Nature of Human Knowledge in Light of Empiricism After a Critique of Kantian Epistemology“. Dianoia: The Undergraduate Philosophy Journal of Boston College 9, Nr. 1 (01.06.2022): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/dupjbc.v9i1.15479.
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This philosophical study attempts to provide a cogent solution to the debate between rationalism and empiricism by defending the empiricist standpoint. Although Kantian conception of knowledge, in a way, proposes a reconciliation of these two schools of philosophy by rendering human mind a prominent element in the formation of knowledge along with sensory data acquired from the external world on the grounds of an elucidation within the a priori-a posteriori and analytic-synthetic dichotomies, this understanding, indeed, brings about groundless ideas and contradictory results after observing the emergence of the incompatibility between the suggestions of this theory and some occurrences in the world. Yet, analyticity and the knowledge of the self, seemingly, jeopardize our conclusions that are in favor of empiricism by indicating the self-evident existence of a priori knowledge in the way they are known. Nevertheless, after ascertaining that analyticity which fundamentally resides in the realm of logic, in fact, stems from syntheticity like other principles of logic, and that the knowledge of the self arises in the presence of experience, these aspects that cause difficulty in our investigation can be resolved: after all, we can argue that analyticity and a priority are not possible, and hence, the philosophy which represents the only way to have knowledge is empiricism in the existence of syntheticity and a posteriority. In parallel, it can be concluded that the knowledge of the external world possessed through common-sense appears as self-evident in accordance with the self-evident property of the self, and all laws of nature and all logical or mathematical laws, rules, and principles, in the absence of analyticity and a priority, can be known within the synthetic a posteriori framework through the scientific method in which the principle of unfalsifiability is used in congruence with an examined structure or scale of reality.
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Natheif, Aysheh R. „Kant on the Limits of Human Knowledge“. Jordan Journal of Social Sciences 15, Nr. 2 (29.09.2022): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjss.v15i2.487.
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This paper tackles Kant’s theory of knowledge. The authors explain Kant’s answer to the questions he put forward, i.e. What can I know? What and how senses and understanding know? And what part of knowledge is a priori? And what is posteriori? To answer these questions, Kant wrote his great book ‘Critique of Pure Reason’ on which the authors depend in this paper. The main idea Kant start with is “though all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience”. In Kant’s view, knowledge arises from the combination of sense intuitions which are the manifold of representations of things as they appear to us, with the pure concepts of the understanding, i.e., categories, under what Kant called “the synthetic unity of apperception” i.e., the “I think” which must accompany all our representations. Kant used the faculty of imagination which creates schemata to facilitate the employment of the pure concepts of the understanding, i.e., categories to the manifold of sense intuitions. The authors concluded with Kant that our knowledge is limited to the scope of experience.
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Curtsmith, Phillip. „The Principle of Implicit Ignorance“. Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 5, Nr. 1 (12.09.2012): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.5.1.63-73.
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The following is a foundationalist exercise based upon a single observation or postulate distinguishing one’s knowledge of information versus one’s knowledge of one’s former unknowing of that information. This postulate is titled the “principle of implicit ignorance.” Utilizing this postulate, several theorems are constructed including the equivalence to Hume’s thesis regarding the absence of knowledge of a necessary connection. The postulate is then negated, demonstrating equivalence to Kant’s thesis regarding the presence of synthetic a priori statements. The final result is a single general epistemic postulate that brokers between the two respective positions. Because both systems are the result of this general principle, rejecting the results of one system necessarily forces one into the contrary position.
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Akins, Franklin H., und William Kuperman. „Low signal-to-noise ratio localization exploiting through-the-sensor in situ environmental information“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, Nr. 3_supplement (01.03.2023): A346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019103.
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Drifting sensors/arrays typically may not have detailed information of the environment. A combination of modal-MUSIC [JASA Exp. Lett. 2(7), 074802 (2022) ] and synthetic aperture matched field processing [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150(1), 270–289 (2021)] provides a method to localize a weak source in a shallow water environment without a priori knowledge of the bottom geoacoustic parameters. The success of the method hinges on its ability to extract the bottom geoacoustic information from noise. The technique is relevant for low-frequency (<500 Hz) localization with a drifting vertical line array. Localization of a quiet source without a priori geoacoustic information is demonstrated on data from the SWellEx-96 experiment. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
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Brodtkorb, André R., Anna Benedictow, Heiko Klein, Arve Kylling, Agnes Nyiri, Alvaro Valdebenito, Espen Sollum und Nina Kristiansen. „Estimating volcanic ash emissions using retrieved satellite ash columns and inverse ash transport modeling using VolcanicAshInversion v1.2.1, within the operational eEMEP (emergency European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) volcanic plume forecasting system (version rv4_17)“. Geoscientific Model Development 17, Nr. 5 (04.03.2024): 1957–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1957-2024.
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Abstract. Accurate modeling of ash clouds from volcanic eruptions requires knowledge about the eruption source parameters including eruption onset, duration, mass eruption rates, particle size distribution, and vertical-emission profiles. However, most of these parameters are unknown and must be estimated somehow. Some are estimated based on observed correlations and known volcano parameters. However, a more accurate estimate is often needed to bring the model into closer agreement with observations. This paper describes the inversion procedure implemented at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute for estimating ash emission rates from retrieved satellite ash column amounts and a priori knowledge. The overall procedure consists of five stages: (1) generate a priori emission estimates, (2) run forward simulations with a set of unit emission profiles, (3) collocate/match observations with emission simulations, (4) build system of linear equations, and (5) solve overdetermined systems. We go through the mathematical foundations for the inversion procedure, performance for synthetic cases, and performance for real-world cases. The novelties of this paper include a memory efficient formulation of the inversion problem, a detailed description and illustrations of the mathematical formulations, evaluation of the inversion method using synthetic known-truth data as well as real data, and inclusion of observations of ash cloud-top height. The source code used in this work is freely available under an open-source license and is able to be used for other similar applications.
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Hanna, Robert. „Essentially Embodied Kantian Selves and The Fantasy of Transhuman Selves“. Studies in Transcendental Philosophy 3, Nr. 3 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s271326680021060-6.
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By “essentially embodied Kantian selves,” I mean necessarily and completely embodied rational conscious, self-conscious, sensible (i.e., sense-perceiving, imagining, and emoting), volitional or willing, discursive (i.e., conceptualizing, judging, and inferring) animals, or persons, innately possessing dignity, and fully capable not only of free agency, but also of a priori knowledge of analytic and synthetic a priori truths alike, with egocentric centering in manifestly real orientable space and time. The basic theory of essentially embodied Kantian selves was spelled out by Kant over the course of slightly less than two decades, between 1768 and 1787, but above all, it flows from an empirical realist and metaphysical reading of the “Refutation of Idealism” that Kant inserted into the Postulates of Empirical Thought section in the 1787 edition of the first Critique. In my opinion, all rational but also “human, all-too-human” creatures like us are, synthetic a priori necessarily, essentially embodied Kantian selves. Let’s call that the essentially embodied Kantian selves thesis, or for short, EEKST. If EEKST is true, then it’s synthetic a priori impossible for the selves of creatures like us to exist independently of our own living organismic animal bodies or beyond the deaths of those bodies, whether temporarily or permanently, by any means whatsoever. Indeed, the very ideas of disembodied selves, their survival after death, and of human immortality, while minimally logically consistent, are in fact conceptually empty and incoherent, even over and above the synthetic a priori impossibility of such things, since the term “myself” indexically picks out an essentially embodied Kantian self, all of whose core features require grounding in a particular living organismic animal body. According to the recent and contemporary movement of transhumanism, the selves of creatures like us can not only exist independently of our bodies, as functional systems of representational content that are inherently able to be implemented or realized in digital-mechanical technology and uploadable to servers, but also to survive accidental or natural human death in server-limbo, then be downloaded into technologically enhanced partially mechanical humanoid bodies or even into wholly artificially-created completely mechanical non-humanoid bodies, survive in these new implementations or realizations for an indefinitely long time, repeat that process, and possibly even become immortal. Transhumanism is in fact metaphysically equivalent to Swedenborgianism, which Kant so effectively criticizes and wittily derides in his 1766 book, Dreams of a Spirit-Seer Elucidated by Dreams of Metaphysics. Moreover, and more importantly, if EEKST is true, then, just like Swedenborgianism, transhumanism is not only conceptually empty and incoherent, but also synthetic a priori impossible. And what’s more, it’s also existentially and morally reprehensible. In short, then, the belief in transhuman selves is nothing but a reprehensible noumenal fantasy or Hirngespinst.
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Cordua, Knud Skou, Thomas Mejer Hansen und Klaus Mosegaard. „Monte Carlo full-waveform inversion of crosshole GPR data using multiple-point geostatistical a priori information“. GEOPHYSICS 77, Nr. 2 (März 2012): H19—H31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0170.1.
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We present a general Monte Carlo full-waveform inversion strategy that integrates a priori information described by geostatistical algorithms with Bayesian inverse problem theory. The extended Metropolis algorithm can be used to sample the a posteriori probability density of highly nonlinear inverse problems, such as full-waveform inversion. Sequential Gibbs sampling is a method that allows efficient sampling of a priori probability densities described by geostatistical algorithms based on either two-point (e.g., Gaussian) or multiple-point statistics. We outline the theoretical framework for a full-waveform inversion strategy that integrates the extended Metropolis algorithm with sequential Gibbs sampling such that arbitrary complex geostatistically defined a priori information can be included. At the same time we show how temporally and/or spatiallycorrelated data uncertainties can be taken into account during the inversion. The suggested inversion strategy is tested on synthetic tomographic crosshole ground-penetrating radar full-waveform data using multiple-point-based a priori information. This is, to our knowledge, the first example of obtaining a posteriori realizations of a full-waveform inverse problem. Benefits of the proposed methodology compared with deterministic inversion approaches include: (1) The a posteriori model variability reflects the states of information provided by the data uncertainties and a priori information, which provides a means of obtaining resolution analysis. (2) Based on a posteriori realizations, complicated statistical questions can be answered, such as the probability of connectivity across a layer. (3) Complex a priori information can be included through geostatistical algorithms. These benefits, however, require more computing resources than traditional methods do. Moreover, an adequate knowledge of data uncertainties and a priori information is required to obtain meaningful uncertainty estimates. The latter may be a key challenge when considering field experiments, which will not be addressed here.
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Sikora, Todd D., George S. Young und Nathaniel S. Winstead. „A Novel Approach to Marine Wind Speed Assessment Using Synthetic Aperture Radar“. Weather and Forecasting 21, Nr. 1 (01.02.2006): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf904.1.
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Abstract This paper describes a product that allows one to assess the lower and upper bounds on synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based marine wind speed. The SAR-based wind speed fields of the current research are generated using scatterometry techniques and, thus, depend on a priori knowledge of the wind direction field. The assessment product described here consists of a pair of wind speed images bounding the wind speed range consistent with the observed SAR data. The minimum wind speed field is generated by setting the wind direction field to be directly opposite to the radar look direction. The maximum wind speed field is generated by setting the wind direction field to be perpendicular to the radar look direction. Although the assessment product could be generated using any marine SAR scene, it is expected to be most useful in coastal regions where the large concentration of maritime operations requires accurate, high-resolution wind speed data and when uncertainty in the a priori knowledge of the wind direction precludes the generation of accurate SAR-based wind speed fields. The assessment product is demonstrated using a case in the northern Gulf of Alaska where synoptic-scale and mesoscale meteorological events coexist. The corresponding range of possible SAR-based wind speed is large enough to have operational significance to mariners and weather forecasters. It is recommended that the product become available to the public through an appropriate government outlet.
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CORDELLA, L. P., C. DE STEFANO und F. FONTANELLA. „EVOLUTIONARY PROTOTYPING FOR HANDWRITING RECOGNITION“. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 21, Nr. 01 (Februar 2007): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001407005351.
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A new prototyping method based on the evolutionary computation paradigm and on the concept of Vector Quantization is proposed. It uses a specifically devised evolutionary algorithm for evolving a set of prototype feature vectors and does not require any a priori knowledge about either the actual number of prototypes or the statistical properties of the input data. Experiments performed by using both synthetic data and handwritten digits randomly extracted from the NIST database have confirmed the effectiveness of the approach.
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Stern, Robert. „Kreines on the Problem of Metaphysics in Kant and Hegel“. Hegel Bulletin 39, Nr. 1 (17.10.2016): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hgl.2016.29.
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AbstractThis article offers a discussion of James Kreines’s book Reason in the World: Hegel’s Metaphysics and Its Philosophical Appeal. While broadly sympathetic to Kreines’s ‘concept thesis’ as a conceptual realist account of Hegel, the article contrasts two Kantian arguments for transcendental idealism to which Hegel’s position may be seen as a response—the argument from synthetic a priori knowledge and the argument from the dialectic of reason—and explores the implications of Kreines’s commitment to the latter over the former.
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Galhotra, Sainyam, Karthikeyan Shanmugam, Prasanna Sattigeri und Kush R. Varshney. „Interventional Fairness with Indirect Knowledge of Unobserved Protected Attributes“. Entropy 23, Nr. 12 (25.11.2021): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121571.
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The deployment of machine learning (ML) systems in applications with societal impact has motivated the study of fairness for marginalized groups. Often, the protected attribute is absent from the training dataset for legal reasons. However, datasets still contain proxy attributes that capture protected information and can inject unfairness in the ML model. Some deployed systems allow auditors, decision makers, or affected users to report issues or seek recourse by flagging individual samples. In this work, we examine such systems and consider a feedback-based framework where the protected attribute is unavailable and the flagged samples are indirect knowledge. The reported samples are used as guidance to identify the proxy attributes that are causally dependent on the (unknown) protected attribute. We work under the causal interventional fairness paradigm. Without requiring the underlying structural causal model a priori, we propose an approach that performs conditional independence tests on observed data to identify such proxy attributes. We theoretically prove the optimality of our algorithm, bound its complexity, and complement it with an empirical evaluation demonstrating its efficacy on various real-world and synthetic datasets.
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Gugushvili, Shota, Frank van der Meulen, Moritz Schauer und Peter Spreij. „Bayesian wavelet de-noising with the caravan prior“. ESAIM: Probability and Statistics 23 (2019): 947–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ps/2019019.
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According to both domain expert knowledge and empirical evidence, wavelet coefficients of real signals tend to exhibit clustering patterns, in that they contain connected regions of coefficients of similar magnitude (large or small). A wavelet de-noising approach that takes into account such a feature of the signal may in practice outperform other, more vanilla methods, both in terms of the estimation error and visual appearance of the estimates. Motivated by this observation, we present a Bayesian approach to wavelet de-noising, where dependencies between neighbouring wavelet coefficients are a priori modelled via a Markov chain-based prior, that we term the caravan prior. Posterior computations in our method are performed via the Gibbs sampler. Using representative synthetic and real data examples, we conduct a detailed comparison of our approach with a benchmark empirical Bayes de-noising method (due to Johnstone and Silverman). We show that the caravan prior fares well and is therefore a useful addition to the wavelet de-noising toolbox.
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de Boer, Karin. „Transformations of Transcendental Philosophy: Wolff, Kant, and Hegel“. Hegel Bulletin 32, Nr. 1-2 (2011): 50–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200000161.
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Kant's philosophy is generally known as transcendental philosophy or transcendental idealism, terms often thought to describe the inquiry into the subjective conditions of empirical knowledge carried out in theCritique of Pure Reason. On this conception of transcendental philosophy Kant is seen to pursue a project very different from both Wolffian metaphysics and Hegelian speculative science. This view is confirmed by scholars who compare Kant's conception of transcendental philosophy to the Scholastics' conception of ‘transcendentals’ such as unity, truth, and perfection. On their account, there remains a puzzling gap between, on the one hand, the scholastic conception of the most general determinations of all beings and, on the other hand, Kant's investigation into the conditions of possibility of experience.In this article I want to challenge this common view of Kant's transcendental philosophy for two reasons. The first reason concerns the question of how theCritique of Pure Reasonitself should be read. I take the view that in the firstCritiqueKant's primary aim is to determine the conditions of synthetic a priori knowledge rather than to identify the a priori conditions of empirical knowledge. Since metaphysics was traditionally considered to be the discipline that possessed a priori knowledge of things, this view makes good sense of Kant's presentation of theCritique of Pure Reasonas a work intended to transform metaphysics into a science. In this article I hope to clarify the nature of this transformation by determining the elements which Kant's transcendental philosophy has in common with Wolff's ontology, as well as the respects in which Kant turns against Wolff. I thus hope to solve some of the riddles posed by Kant's use of the term ‘transcendental philosophy’ in theCritique of Pure Reason.
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Back, Andrew D., und Janet Wiles. „Estimating Sentence-like Structure in Synthetic Languages Using Information Topology“. Entropy 24, Nr. 7 (22.06.2022): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24070859.
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Estimating sentence-like units and sentence boundaries in human language is an important task in the context of natural language understanding. While this topic has been considered using a range of techniques, including rule-based approaches and supervised and unsupervised algorithms, a common aspect of these methods is that they inherently rely on a priori knowledge of human language in one form or another. Recently we have been exploring synthetic languages based on the concept of modeling behaviors using emergent languages. These synthetic languages are characterized by a small alphabet and limited vocabulary and grammatical structure. A particular challenge for synthetic languages is that there is generally no a priori language model available, which limits the use of many natural language processing methods. In this paper, we are interested in exploring how it may be possible to discover natural `chunks’ in synthetic language sequences in terms of sentence-like units. The problem is how to do this with no linguistic or semantic language model. Our approach is to consider the problem from the perspective of information theory. We extend the basis of information geometry and propose a new concept, which we term information topology, to model the incremental flow of information in natural sequences. We introduce an information topology view of the incremental information and incremental tangent angle of the Wasserstein-1 distance of the probabilistic symbolic language input. It is not suggested as a fully viable alternative for sentence boundary detection per se but provides a new conceptual method for estimating the structure and natural limits of information flow in language sequences but without any semantic knowledge. We consider relevant existing performance metrics such as the F-measure and indicate limitations, leading to the introduction of a new information-theoretic global performance based on modeled distributions. Although the methodology is not proposed for human language sentence detection, we provide some examples using human language corpora where potentially useful results are shown. The proposed model shows potential advantages for overcoming difficulties due to the disambiguation of complex language and potential improvements for human language methods.
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Wendland, Michał. „Epistemologia Kanta jako rozwiązanie sporu empiryzmu z racjonalizmem“. Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna 1, Nr. 2 (31.07.2018): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fped.2012.1.2.11.
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The article concerns some of the most important elements of I. Kant’s epistemology and its connections with earlier epistemological ideas, namely rationalism and empiricism. The history of dispute between rationalism (Descartes, Leibniz) and empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) is hereby shortly presented while Kant’s own philosophical achievements are suggested to be both alternative and synthesis of these. The main core of this paper is summary of basis of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason; some most important categories are described: apriorism, synthetic and analytical judgements, knowledge a priori and a posteriori, main ideas of transcendental esthetics (two forms of pure intuition: time and space), main ideas of transcendental logic (forms of judgement and twelve categories). Also the meaning of Kant’s „copernican revolution” is presented as a turning point for classical German philosophy as well as for whole modern epistemology.
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Hilton, Dan, Mark Davidson und Tim Scott. „Seasonal Predictions of Shoreline Change, Informed by Climate Indices“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, Nr. 8 (17.08.2020): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080616.
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With sea level rise accelerating and coastal populations increasing, the requirement of coastal managers and scientists to produce accurate predictions of shoreline change is becoming ever more urgent. Waves are the primary driver of coastal evolution, and much of the interannual variability of the wave conditions in the Northeast Atlantic can be explained by broadscale patterns in atmospheric circulation. Two of the dominant climate indices that capture the wave climate in western Europe’s coastal regions are the ‘Western Europe Pressure Anomaly’ (WEPA) and ‘North Atlantic Oscillation’ (NAO). This study utilises a shoreline prediction model (ShoreFor) which is forced by synthetic waves to investigate whether forecasts can be improved when the synthetic wave generation algorithm is informed by relevant climate indices. The climate index-informed predictions were tested against a baseline case where no climate indices were considered over eight winter periods at Perranporth, UK. A simple adaption to the synthetic wave-generating process has allowed for monthly climate index values to be considered before producing the 103 random waves used to force the model. The results show that improved seasonal predictions of shoreline change are possible if climate indices are known a priori. For NAO, modest gains were made over the uninformed ShoreFor model, with a reduction in average root mean square error (RMSE) of 7% but an unchanged skill score. For WEPA, the gains were more significant, with the average RMSE 12% lower and skill score 5% higher. Highlighted is the importance of selecting an appropriate index for the site location. This work suggests that better forecasts of shoreline change could be gained from consideration of a priori knowledge of climatic indices in the generation of synthetic waves.
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Bösch, Tim, Vladimir Rozanov, Andreas Richter, Enno Peters, Alexei Rozanov, Folkard Wittrock, Alexis Merlaud et al. „BOREAS – a new MAX-DOAS profile retrieval algorithm for aerosols and trace gases“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, Nr. 12 (21.12.2018): 6833–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6833-2018.
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Abstract. We present a new MAX-DOAS profiling algorithm for aerosols and trace gases, BOREAS, which utilizes an iterative solution method including Tikhonov regularization and the optimal estimation technique. The aerosol profile retrieval is based on a novel approach in which the absorption depth of O4 is directly used in order to retrieve extinction coefficient profiles instead of the commonly used perturbation theory method. The retrieval of trace gases is done with the frequently used optimal estimation method but significant improvements are presented on how to deal with wrongly weighted a priori constraints and for scenarios in which the a priori profile is inaccurate. Performance tests are separated into two parts. First, we address the general sensitivity of the retrieval to the example of synthetic data calculated with the radiative transfer model SCIATRAN. In the second part of the study, we demonstrate BOREAS profiling accuracy by validating the results with the help of ancillary measurements carried out during the CINDI-2 campaign in Cabauw, the Netherlands, in 2016. The synthetic sensitivity tests indicate that the regularization between measurement and a priori constraints is insufficient when knowledge of the true state of the atmosphere is poor. We demonstrate a priori pre-scaling and extensive regularization tests as a tool for the optimization of retrieved profiles. The comparison of retrieval results with in situ, ceilometer, NO2 lidar, sonde and long-path DOAS measurements during the CINDI-2 campaign always shows high correlations with coefficients greater than 0.75. The largest differences can be found in the morning hours, when the planetary boundary layer is not yet fully developed and the concentration of trace gases and aerosol, as a result of a low night-time boundary layer having formed, is focused in a shallow, near-surface layer.
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Mendez Dominguez, E., D. Henke, D. Small und E. Meier. „HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE SAR IMAGE CHANGE DETECTION IN URBAN AREAS WITH SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT ACQUISITION GEOMETRIES“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W2 (10.03.2015): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w2-127-2015.
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Before applying change detection, high resolution SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery benefits from advanced denoising mechanisms to preserve details and minimize speckle. We propose a change detector based on a MCA (Morphological Components Analysis) of a difference image (DI). With MCA, the data is decomposed into image features utilizing sparse representations of the image content. By introducing <i>a priori</i> knowledge of the content of the scenes, and exploiting shape information corresponding to the changes provided by MCA, we can significantly improve performance under adverse conditions, such as inconsistent acquisition geometries.
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Melekhin, Vladimir, und Mikhail Khachumov. „Planning polyphase behavior of autonomous intelligent mobile systems in uncertain environments“. Information and Control Systems, Nr. 4 (13.09.2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2021-4-28-36.
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Introduction: We discuss the modern ways of developing intelligent problem solvers, focusing on their shortcomings in terms of the efficiency of their application for planning purposeful behavior of autonomous mobile intelligent systems in a priori undescribed conditions of a problem environment. Purpose: Developing a model of knowledge representation and processing which would provide the ways to organize purposeful activity of autonomous intelligent mobile systems in uncertain environment. Methods: Synthesis of frame-like behavior scenarios in the form of polyvariable conditionally dependent predicates whose structure includes complex variables as well as related variables of types “object”, “event” and “relationship”; synthesis of heuristic rules for knowledge representation in the process of purposeful behavior planning. In order to represent complex variables in polyvariable conditionally dependent predicates, fuzzy semantic networks are used which can represent knowledge of variously purposed intelligent systems without regard to particular knowledge domains, being adaptable to a priori undescribed operational conditions. Results: We have proposed a structure of various polyvariable conditionally dependent predicates. On their base, an autonomous intelligent mobile system can organize various activities in a priori undescribed and unstable problem environments. Specially developed knowledge processing tools allow such a system to automatically plan its purposeful behavior in a space of subtasks during the fulfilment of tasks formulated for it. Practical relevance: The obtained results can be efficiently used in building intelligent problem solvers for autonomous intelligent mobile systems of various purpose, capable of performing complex tasks in a priori undescribed operational conditions.
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Xu, Jian, Lanlan Rao, Franz Schreier, Dmitry S. Efremenko, Adrian Doicu und Thomas Trautmann. „Insight into Construction of Tikhonov-Type Regularization for Atmospheric Retrievals“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 10 (01.10.2020): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101052.
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In atmospheric science we are confronted with inverse problems arising in applications associated with retrievals of geophysical parameters. A nonlinear mapping from geophysical quantities (e.g., atmospheric properties) to spectral measurements can be represented by a forward model. An inversion often suffers from the lack of stability and its stabilization introduced by proper approaches, however, can be treated with sufficient generality. In principle, regularization can enforce uniqueness of the solution when additional information is incorporated into the inversion process. In this paper, we analyze different forms of the regularization matrix L in the framework of Tikhonov regularization: the identity matrix L0, discrete approximations of the first and second order derivative operators L1 and L2, respectively, and the Cholesky factor of the a priori profile covariance matrix LC. Each form of L has its intrinsic pro/cons and thus may lead to different performance of inverse algorithms. An extensive comparison of different matrices is conducted with two applications using synthetic data from airborne and satellite sensors: retrieving atmospheric temperature profiles from microwave spectral measurements, and deriving aerosol properties from near infrared spectral measurements. The regularized solution obtained with L0 possesses a reasonable magnitude, but its smoothness is not always assured. The retrieval using L1 and L2 produces a solution in favor of the smoothness, and the impact of the a priori knowledge is less critical on the retrieval using L1. The retrieval performance of LC is affected by the accuracy of the a priori knowledge.
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Koulakov, Ivan, Tatiana Stupina und Heidrun Kopp. „Creating realistic models based on combined forward modeling and tomographic inversion of seismic profiling data“. GEOPHYSICS 75, Nr. 3 (Mai 2010): B115—B136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3427637.
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Amplitudes and shapes of seismic patterns derived from tomographic images often are strongly biased with respect to real structures in the earth. In particular, tomography usually provides continuous velocity distributions, whereas major velocity changes in the earth often occur on first-order interfaces. We propose an approach that constructs a realistic structure of the earth that combines forward modeling and tomographic inversion (FM&TI). Using available a priori information, we first construct a synthetic model with realistic patterns. Then we compute synthetic times and invert them using the same tomographic code and the same parameters as in the case of observed data processing. We compare the reconstruction result with the tomographicimage of observed data inversion. If a discrepancy is observed, we correct the synthetic model and repeat the FM&TI process. After several trials, we obtain similar results of synthetic and observed data inversion. In this case, the derived synthetic model adequately represents the real structure of the earth. In a working scheme of this approach, we three authors used two different synthetic models with a realistic setup. One of us created models, but the other two performed the reconstruction with no knowledge of the models. We discovered that the synthetic models derived by FM&TI were closer to the true model than the tomographic inversion result. Our reconstruction results from modeling marine data acquired in the Musicians Seamount Province in the Pacific Ocean indicate the capacity and limitations of FM&TI.
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FLONTA, MIRCEA. „O A DOUA CRITICĂ A RAȚIUNII TEORETICE? CONCEPTUL CUNOAȘTERII ÎN TRACTATUS“. Revista Română de Filosofie Analitică 14, Nr. 1/2020 (10.01.2024): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.62229/rrfaxiv-1/1.
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Is there a relationship between the goals pursued and presented in the Critique of Pure Reason and in Tractatus logico-philosophicus? This text argues that such a relationship will be ascertained if we will compare Kant’s answer to the question “How are synthetic a priori judgments possible?” with the Tractarian answer to the question “How are propositions of natural science possible?”. Based on this comparison, the Tractatus may be deemed to be a “new critique of theoretical reason”. As in the case of the critique of theoretical reason undertaken by Kant, the object of Tractarian investigation is constituted by ascertaining internal requirements for possessing knowledge of the world.
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Tzeng, Stephany Y., Kisha K. Patel, David R. Wilson, Randall A. Meyer, Kelly R. Rhodes und Jordan J. Green. „In situ genetic engineering of tumors for long-lasting and systemic immunotherapy“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 8 (07.02.2020): 4043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916039117.
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Cancer immunotherapy has been the subject of extensive research, but highly effective and broadly applicable methods remain elusive. Moreover, a general approach to engender endogenous patient-specific cellular therapy, without the need for a priori knowledge of tumor antigen, ex vivo cellular manipulation, or cellular manufacture, could dramatically reduce costs and broaden accessibility. Here, we describe a biotechnology based on synthetic, biodegradable nanoparticles that can genetically reprogram cancer cells and their microenvironment in situ so that the cancer cells can act as tumor-associated antigen-presenting cells (tAPCs) by inducing coexpression of a costimulatory molecule (4-1BBL) and immunostimulatory cytokine (IL-12). In B16-F10 melanoma and MC38 colorectal carcinoma mouse models, reprogramming nanoparticles in combination with checkpoint blockade significantly reduced tumor growth over time and, in some cases, cleared the tumor, leading to long-term survivors that were then resistant to the formation of new tumors upon rechallenge at a distant site. In vitro and in vivo analyses confirmed that locally delivered tAPC-reprogramming nanoparticles led to a significant cell-mediated cytotoxic immune response with systemic effects. The systemic tumor-specific and cell-mediated immunotherapy response was achieved without requiring a priori knowledge of tumor-expressed antigens and reflects the translational potential of this nanomedicine.
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Kim, Cheolsun, Dongju Park und Heung-No Lee. „Compressive Sensing Spectroscopy Using a Residual Convolutional Neural Network“. Sensors 20, Nr. 3 (21.01.2020): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030594.
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Compressive sensing (CS) spectroscopy is well known for developing a compact spectrometer which consists of two parts: compressively measuring an input spectrum and recovering the spectrum using reconstruction techniques. Our goal here is to propose a novel residual convolutional neural network (ResCNN) for reconstructing the spectrum from the compressed measurements. The proposed ResCNN comprises learnable layers and a residual connection between the input and the output of these learnable layers. The ResCNN is trained using both synthetic and measured spectral datasets. The results demonstrate that ResCNN shows better spectral recovery performance in terms of average root mean squared errors (RMSEs) and peak signal to noise ratios (PSNRs) than existing approaches such as the sparse recovery methods and the spectral recovery using CNN. Unlike sparse recovery methods, ResCNN does not require a priori knowledge of a sparsifying basis nor prior information on the spectral features of the dataset. Moreover, ResCNN produces stable reconstructions under noisy conditions. Finally, ResCNN is converged faster than CNN.
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Fang, Gongfan, Kanya Mo, Xinchao Wang, Jie Song, Shitao Bei, Haofei Zhang und Mingli Song. „Up to 100x Faster Data-Free Knowledge Distillation“. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, Nr. 6 (28.06.2022): 6597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i6.20613.
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Data-free knowledge distillation (DFKD) has recently been attracting increasing attention from research communities, attributed to its capability to compress a model only using synthetic data. Despite the encouraging results achieved, state-of-the-art DFKD methods still suffer from the inefficiency of data synthesis, making the data-free training process extremely time-consuming and thus inapplicable for large-scale tasks. In this work, we introduce an efficacious scheme, termed as FastDFKD, that allows us to accelerate DFKD by a factor of orders of magnitude. At the heart of our approach is a novel strategy to reuse the shared common features in training data so as to synthesize different data instances. Unlike prior methods that optimize a set of data independently, we propose to learn a meta-synthesizer that seeks common features as the initialization for the fast data synthesis. As a result, FastDFKD achieves data synthesis within only a few steps, significantly enhancing the efficiency of data-free training. Experiments over CIFAR, NYUv2, and ImageNet demonstrate that the proposed FastDFKD achieves 10x and even 100x acceleration while preserving performances on par with state of the art. Code is available at https://github.com/zju-vipa/Fast-Datafree.
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Palmquist, Stephen R. „Twelve Basic Philosophical Concepts in Kant and the Compound Yijing“. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 42, Nr. 1-2 (03.03.2015): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0420102010.
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This is the third in a series of articles that correlates Kant’s architectonic with the Yijing’s sixty-four hexagrams (gua 卦). Previous articles explained “architectonic” reasoning, introduced four levels of the “Compound Yijing,” consisting of 0+4+12+(4 × 12=48) gua, and suggested correlating the fourth level’s four sets of twelve to the four “faculties” in Kant’s model of the university. This third paper examines the philosophy faculty, assessing whether the twelve proposed gua meaningfully correlate with twelve basic philosophical concepts that Kant introduces in his three Critiques. A key difference emerges: Kant’s architectonic method aims to produce synthetic a priori knowledge, while the Yijing’s architectonic method aims to produce analytic a posteriori belief.
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Muir, Jack B., und Victor C. Tsai. „Geometric and level set tomography using ensemble Kalman inversion“. Geophysical Journal International 220, Nr. 2 (21.10.2019): 967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz472.
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SUMMARY Tomography is one of the cornerstones of geophysics, enabling detailed spatial descriptions of otherwise invisible processes. However, due to the fundamental ill-posedness of tomography problems, the choice of parametrizations and regularizations for inversion significantly affect the result. Parametrizations for geophysical tomography typically reflect the mathematical structure of the inverse problem. We propose, instead, to parametrize the tomographic inverse problem using a geologically motivated approach. We build a model from explicit geological units that reflect the a priori knowledge of the problem. To solve the resulting large-scale nonlinear inverse problem, we employ the efficient Ensemble Kalman Inversion scheme, a highly parallelizable, iteratively regularizing optimizer that uses the ensemble Kalman filter to perform a derivative-free approximation of the general iteratively regularized Levenberg–Marquardt method. The combination of a model specification framework that explicitly encodes geological structure and a robust, derivative-free optimizer enables the solution of complex inverse problems involving non-differentiable forward solvers and significant a priori knowledge. We illustrate the model specification framework using synthetic and real data examples of near-surface seismic tomography using the factored eikonal fast marching method as a forward solver for first arrival traveltimes. The geometrical and level set framework allows us to describe geophysical hypotheses in concrete terms, and then optimize and test these hypotheses, helping us to answer targeted geophysical questions.
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Villani, M. G., P. Bergamaschi, M. Krol, J. F. Meirink und F. Dentener. „Inverse modeling of European CH<sub>4</sub> emissions: sensitivity to the observational network“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, Nr. 5 (06.10.2009): 21073–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-21073-2009.
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Abstract. Inverse modeling is widely employed to provide "top-down" emission estimates using atmospheric measurements. Here, we analyze the dependence of derived CH4 emissions on the sampling frequency and density of the observational surface network, using the TM5-4DVAR inverse modeling system and synthetic observations. This sensitivity study focuses on Europe. The synthetic observations are created by TM5 forward model simulations. The inversions of these synthetic observations are performed using virtually no knowledge on the a priori spatial and temporal distribution of emissions, i.e. the emissions are derived mainly from the atmospheric signal detected by the measurement network. Using the European network of stations for which continuous or weekly flask measurements are available for 2001, the synthetic experiments can retrieve the "true" annual total emissions for single countries such as France within 20%, and for all North West European countries together within ~5%. However, larger deviations are obtained for South and East European countries due to the scarcity of stations in the measurement network. Upgrading flask sites to stations with continuous measurements leads to an improvement for central Europe in emission estimates. For realistic emission estimates over the whole European domain, however, a major extension of the number of stations in the existing network is required. We demonstrate the potential of an extended network of a total of ~60 European stations to provide realistic emission estimates over the whole European domain.
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Villani, M. G., P. Bergamaschi, M. Krol, J. F. Meirink und F. Dentener. „Inverse modeling of European CH<sub>4</sub> emissions: sensitivity to the observational network“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, Nr. 3 (05.02.2010): 1249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1249-2010.
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Abstract. Inverse modeling is widely employed to provide "top-down" emission estimates using atmospheric measurements. Here, we analyze the dependence of derived CH4 emissions on the sampling frequency and density of the observational surface network, using the TM5-4DVAR inverse modeling system and synthetic observations. This sensitivity study focuses on Europe. The synthetic observations are created by TM5 forward model simulations. The inversions of these synthetic observations are performed using virtually no knowledge on the a priori spatial and temporal distribution of emissions, i.e. the emissions are derived mainly from the atmospheric signal detected by the measurement network. Using the European network of stations for which continuous or weekly flask measurements are available for 2001, the synthetic experiments can retrieve the "true" annual total emissions for single countries such as France within 20%, and for all North West European countries together within ~5%. However, larger deviations are obtained for South and East European countries due to the scarcity of stations in the measurement network. Upgrading flask sites to stations with continuous measurements leads to an improvement for central Europe in emission estimates. For realistic emission estimates over the whole European domain, however, a major extension of the number of stations in the existing network is required. We demonstrate the potential of an extended network of a total of ~60 European stations to provide realistic emission estimates over the whole European domain.
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Minasyan, Larisa Artavazdovna, und Ol'ga Aleksandrovna Leshcheva. „Kant's approach to understanding space from the perspective of modern natural science“. Философская мысль, Nr. 3 (März 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2022.3.37549.
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The logical-historical subtext of Kant's definition of space and time as pure forms of sensory knowledge is investigated. The author analyzes the thinker's revision of the concept of a priori, his assertion of the existence of a priori synthetic judgments that serve as the basis for the formulation of the problem of the possibility of a priori forms of sensuality. In the center of the consideration is Kant's correlation of the categories of substance and form, matter and form, spatial incongruence as justifications of transcendental aesthetics. Special emphasis is placed on the differentiation, even the opposition of the categories of matter and form, substance and form by the thinker. The main method is hermeneutical reinterpretation of Kant's legacy from the standpoint of achievements and problems of modern cosmology. The main conclusions of this study are: 1) The formulation of the problem of the human dimension of our Universe in Kant's philosophy, which echoes the anthropic principle widely discussed in physics and testifies to the enduring projective significance of the philosopher's creativity.2) In this regard, it is permissible to attribute a priori forms of sensuality to the innate features of the human body. The three-dimensionality of the form of human sensory perception in the models of eleven-dimensional space-time discussed in modern science determines the very fact of the possibility of its existence. 3) In Kantian philosophy, the question is not raised how the form is attached to the essence. The development of modern elementary particle physics and cosmology in geometrodynamic content has come close to this priority issue.
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Chikurel, Idit. „Analysis and Necessity in Arithmetic in Light of Maimon’s Concept of Number as Ratio“. Kant-Studien 114, Nr. 1 (08.03.2023): 33–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant-2023-2011.
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Abstract The article examines how Salomon Maimon’s concept of number as ratio can be used to demonstrate that arithmetical judgments are analytical. Based on his critique of Kant’s synthetic a priori judgments, I show how this notion of number fulfills Maimon’s requirements for apodictic knowledge. Moreover, I suggest that Maimon was influenced by mathematicians who previously defined number as a ratio, such as Wallis and Newton. Following an analysis of the real definition of this concept, I conclude that within the framework of Maimon’s philosophy, arithmetical judgments cannot be analytical, nor is arithmetic an objectively necessary science, but rather only subjectively necessary. We should also cast doubt on his claim that we can create real objects from pure concepts of the understanding.
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Hase, Nils, Scot M. Miller, Peter Maaß, Justus Notholt, Mathias Palm und Thorsten Warneke. „Atmospheric inverse modeling via sparse reconstruction“. Geoscientific Model Development 10, Nr. 10 (10.10.2017): 3695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3695-2017.
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Abstract. Many applications in atmospheric science involve ill-posed inverse problems. A crucial component of many inverse problems is the proper formulation of a priori knowledge about the unknown parameters. In most cases, this knowledge is expressed as a Gaussian prior. This formulation often performs well at capturing smoothed, large-scale processes but is often ill equipped to capture localized structures like large point sources or localized hot spots. Over the last decade, scientists from a diverse array of applied mathematics and engineering fields have developed sparse reconstruction techniques to identify localized structures. In this study, we present a new regularization approach for ill-posed inverse problems in atmospheric science. It is based on Tikhonov regularization with sparsity constraint and allows bounds on the parameters. We enforce sparsity using a dictionary representation system. We analyze its performance in an atmospheric inverse modeling scenario by estimating anthropogenic US methane (CH4) emissions from simulated atmospheric measurements. Different measures indicate that our sparse reconstruction approach is better able to capture large point sources or localized hot spots than other methods commonly used in atmospheric inversions. It captures the overall signal equally well but adds details on the grid scale. This feature can be of value for any inverse problem with point or spatially discrete sources. We show an example for source estimation of synthetic methane emissions from the Barnett shale formation.
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Schmid, Lino, Jürg Schweizer, John Bradford und Hansruedi Maurer. „A synthetic study to assess the applicability of full-waveform inversion to infer snow stratigraphy from upward-looking ground-penetrating radar data“. GEOPHYSICS 81, Nr. 1 (01.01.2016): WA213—WA223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0152.1.
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Snow stratigraphy and liquid water content are key contributing factors to avalanche formation. Upward-looking ground-penetrating radar (upGPR) systems allow nondestructive monitoring of the snowpack, but deriving density and liquid water content profiles is not yet possible based on the direct analysis of the reflection response. We have investigated the feasibility of deducing these quantities using full-waveform inversion (FWI) techniques applied to upGPR data. For that purpose, we have developed a frequency-domain FWI algorithm in which we additionally took advantage of time-domain features such as the arrival times of reflected waves. Our results indicated that FWI applied to upGPR data is generally feasible. More specifically, we could show that in the case of a dry snowpack, it is possible to derive snow densities and layer thicknesses if sufficient a priori information is available. In case of a wet snowpack, in which it also needs to be inverted for the liquid water content, the algorithm might fail, even if sufficient a priori information is available, particularly in the presence of realistic noise. Finally, we have investigated the capability of FWI to resolve thin layers that play a key role in snow stability evaluation. Our simulations indicate that layers with thicknesses well below the GPR wavelengths can be identified, but in the presence of significant liquid water, the thin-layer properties may be prone to inaccuracies. These results are encouraging and motivate applications to field data, but significant issues remain to be resolved, such as the determination of the generally unknown upGPR source function and identifying the optimal number of layers in the inversion models. Furthermore, a relatively high level of prior knowledge is required to let the algorithm converge. However, we feel these are not insurmountable and the new technology has significant potential to improve field data analysis.
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Zhang, Yi, Chengyi Wang, Jingbo Chen und Futao Wang. „Shape-Constrained Method of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Marine Raft Aquaculture Areas on Multitemporal Synthetic Sentinel-1 Imagery“. Remote Sensing 14, Nr. 5 (03.03.2022): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051249.
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Large-scale and periodic remote sensing monitoring of marine raft aquaculture areas is significant for scientific planning of their layout and for promoting sustainable development of marine ecology. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an important tool for stable monitoring of marine raft aquaculture areas since it is all-weather, all-day, and cloud-penetrating. However, the scattering signal of marine raft aquaculture areas is affected by speckle noise and sea state, so their features in SAR images are complex. Thus, it is challenging to extract marine raft aquaculture areas from SAR images. In this paper, we propose a method to extract marine raft aquaculture areas from Sentinel-1 images based on the analysis of the features for marine raft aquaculture areas. First, the data are preprocessed using multitemporal phase synthesis to weaken the noise interference, enhance the signal of marine raft aquaculture areas, and improve the significance of the characteristics of raft aquaculture areas. Second, the geometric features of the marine raft aquaculture area are combined to design the model structure and introduce the shape constraint module, which adds a priori knowledge to guide the model convergence direction during the training process. Experiments verify that the method outperforms the popular semantic segmentation model with an F1 of 84.52%.
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Michele, Marsonet. „Language and Idealism“. Academicus International Scientific Journal 23 (Januar 2021): 156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2021.23.10.
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In the philosophical inquiry adopted by logical empiricists, analysis of scientific language becomes something similar to a metaphysical endeavor which is meant to establish the bounds of sense, and this stance may be easily traced back to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. On the other hand, the analytic tradition transferred this conception to the analysis of ordinary language, and this move, eventually, was able to restore the confidence of many philosophers in their own work. After all they were doing something important and worthwhile, that is to say, something no one else was doing, since linguists are certainly concerned with language, but from quite a different point of view. At this point we may well ask ourselves: What is wrong with this kind of approach, given the present crisis of the analytic tradition and the growing success of the so-called postanalytic thought? At first sight it looks perfectly legitimate and, moreover, it produced important results, as anybody can verify just reading the masterpieces of contemporary analytic philosophy. To answer the question: What is wrong?, we must first of all take into account language itself and check what it is meant to be within the analytic tradition. This will give our question a clear answer. We have to verify, furthermore, what kind of knowledge philosophy needs to be equipped with if it wants to preserve its autonomy. The logical positivists clearly claimed in their program that there is no synthetic a priori knowledge such as the one envisioned by Immanuel Kant. There is, however, an analytic and a priori knowledge which is supplied by mathematics and logic alone. Within this field, the techniques of contemporary formal logic are exalted because they allow us to build artificial languages which - at least theoretically - eliminate the ambiguities of everyday speech.
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Rozin, Vadim. „“Critique of Pure Reason” by I. Kant: Sources of Historical Influence and Features of Discourse“. Ideas and Ideals 16, Nr. 1-1 (26.03.2024): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2024-16.1.1-11-28.
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The article presents the experience of methodological and cultural-historical reconstruction of one of the main works of I. Kant “Critique of Pure Reason”. The author outlines the problems associated with difficulties in understanding this work: what is the general idea of “Critique of Pure Reason”, how to understand reason, different sources of knowledge, things in themselves, and finally, a combination of rational and sacred arguments. The author shows that Kant relies on the pictures of reality of Aristotle and Nicholas of Cusa, rethinking them, and also analyzes the works of Galileo, which made it possible to make a conviction in the priority of a priori ideas. A hypothesis is formulated about how Kant understood the mind: culturally, following the Enlightenment. The main strategies of thought are outlined, with the help of which Kant creates “Critique of Pure Reason”, while his ideas are compared with the views of Aristotle and Nicholas of Cusa. These include: rethinking transcendental ideas (not similarities and mathematics like those of Nicholas of Cusa), but thinking through the conditions of conceivability, reflection of the foundations of knowledge (this is the critique of reason); the introduction of schematisms of thinking, as explaining the connection between a priori ideas and intuitions; a special interpretation of mind and reason, allowing them to include rules, categories and ideas; projection of the rethought ways of thinking of philosophers onto the mind (for example, Kant transfers to the mind the ability to build a system of scientific knowledge, which he borrowed from E.B. de Condillac); elucidation of the conditions of conceivability, they allowed Kant to find the mind as a whole and to find out the condition of contemplation and action of the mind (according to Kant, these are “self-consciousness” or the idea of the “synthetic unity of apperception”).