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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Synthèse HLS“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Synthèse HLS"
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Jovanović, S., und S. Weber. „Modélisation et accélération de réseaux de neurones profonds (CNN) en Python/VHDL/C++ et leur vérification et test à l’aide de l’environnement Pynq sur les FPGA Xilinx“. J3eA 21 (2022): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/j3ea/20220028.
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Nous présentons un ensemble de travaux pratiques qui seront dispensés au sein du Master EEA - Électronique Embarquée à l’université de Lorraine dans le cadre des modules Modélisation SystemC et Conception VLSI. Ces TP sont destinés à initier les étudiants à la compréhension, modélisation et conception des réseaux de neurones convolutifs dans des langages de description de matériel au niveau RTL (VHDL, le module Conception VLSI) et dans un langage de haut niveau (C++/SystemC, le module Modélisation SystemC). Ils sont organisés autour d’un ensemble d’outils de modélisation et de synthèse de Mentor Graphics (Modelsim, Catapult HLS) et spécifiques aux plateformes FPGA Xilinx et à l’environnement Pynq pour la simulation, test et vérification.
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Subramaniam, Prem S., Gang Xie, Tianhui Xia und Roy A. Jensen. „Substrate Ambiguity of 3-Deoxy-d-manno-Octulosonate 8-Phosphate Synthase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Context of Its Membership in a Protein Family Containing a Subset of 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-Heptulosonate 7-Phosphate Synthases“. Journal of Bacteriology 180, Nr. 1 (01.01.1998): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.1.119-127.1998.
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ABSTRACT 3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate (KDOP) synthase and 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase catalyze similar phosphoenolpyruvate-utilizing reactions. The genome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae contains one gene encoding KDOP synthase and one gene encoding DAHP synthase. Of the two nonhomologous DAHP synthase families known, the N. gonorrhoeae protein belongs to the family I assemblage. KDOP synthase exhibited an ability to replace arabinose-5-P with either erythrose-4-P or ribose-5-P as alternative substrates. The results of periodate oxidation studies suggested that the product formed by KDOP synthase with erythrose-4-P as the substrate was 3-deoxy-d-ribo-heptulosonate 7-P, an isomer of DAHP. As expected, this product was not utilized as a substrate by dehydroquinate synthase. The significance of the ability of KDOP synthase to substitute erythrose-4-P for arabinose-5-P is (i) recognition of the possibility that the KDOP synthase might otherwise be mistaken for a species of DAHP synthase and (ii) the possibility that the broad-specificity type of KDOP synthase might be a relatively vulnerable target for antimicrobial agents which mimic the normal substrates. An analysis of sequences in the database indicates that the family I group of DAHP synthase has a previously unrecognized membership which includes the KDOP synthases. The KDOP synthases fall into a subfamily grouping which includes a small group of DAHP synthases. Thus, family I DAHP synthases separate into two subfamilies, one of which includes the KDOP synthases. The two subfamilies appear to have diverged prior to the acquisition of allosteric-control mechanisms for DAHP synthases. These allosteric control specificities are highly diverse and correlate with the presence of N-terminal extensions which lack homology with one another.
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Kameya, Masafumi, Takeshi Ikeda, Miyuki Nakamura, Hiroyuki Arai, Masaharu Ishii und Yasuo Igarashi. „A Novel Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthase from the Hydrogen-Oxidizing Chemoautotrophic Bacterium Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6“. Journal of Bacteriology 189, Nr. 7 (19.01.2007): 2805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01360-06.
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ABSTRACT Glutamate synthases are classified according to their specificities for electron donors. Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthases had been found only in plants and cyanobacteria, whereas many bacteria have NADPH-dependent glutamate synthases. In this study, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, a hydrogen-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterium, was shown to possess a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase like those of phototrophs. This is the first observation, to our knowledge, of a ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in a nonphotosynthetic organism. The purified enzyme from H. thermophilus was shown to be a monomer of a 168-kDa polypeptide homologous to ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthases from phototrophs. In contrast to known ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthases, the H. thermophilus glutamate synthase exhibited glutaminase activity. Furthermore, this glutamate synthase did not react with a plant-type ferredoxin (Fd3 from this bacterium) containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster but did react with bacterial ferredoxins (Fd1 and Fd2 from this bacterium) containing [4Fe-4S] clusters. Interestingly, the H. thermophilus glutamate synthase was activated by some of the organic acids in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, the central carbon metabolic pathway of this organism. This type of activation has not been reported for any other glutamate synthases, and this property may enable the control of nitrogen assimilation by carbon metabolism.
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Nesterov, Semen, Yury Chesnokov, Roman Kamyshinsky, Alisa Panteleeva, Konstantin Lyamzaev, Raif Vasilov und Lev Yaguzhinsky. „Ordered Clusters of the Complete Oxidative Phosphorylation System in Cardiac Mitochondria“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 3 (02.02.2021): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031462.
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The existence of a complete oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) supercomplex including both electron transport system and ATP synthases has long been assumed based on functional evidence. However, no structural confirmation of the docking between ATP synthase and proton pumps has been obtained. In this study, cryo-electron tomography was used to reveal the supramolecular architecture of the rat heart mitochondria cristae during ATP synthesis. Respirasome and ATP synthase structure in situ were determined using subtomogram averaging. The obtained reconstructions of the inner mitochondrial membrane demonstrated that rows of respiratory chain supercomplexes can dock with rows of ATP synthases forming oligomeric ordered clusters. These ordered clusters indicate a new type of OXPHOS structural organization. It should ensure the quickness, efficiency, and damage resistance of OXPHOS, providing a direct proton transfer from pumps to ATP synthase along the lateral pH gradient without energy dissipation.
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Ma, Li-Ting, Pi-Ling Liu, Yang-Tui Cheng, Tz-Fan Shiu und Fang-Hua Chu. „Unveiling Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Taiwania cryptomerioides via Functional Characterization“. Plants 10, Nr. 11 (08.11.2021): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112404.
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Taiwania cryptomerioides is a monotypic species, and its terpenoid-rich property has been reported in recent years. To uncover monoterpene biosynthesis in T. cryptomerioides, this study used transcriptome mining to identify candidates with tentative monoterpene synthase activity. Along with the phylogenetic analysis and in vitro assay, two geraniol synthases (TcTPS13 and TcTPS14), a linalool synthase (TcTPS15), and a β-pinene synthase (TcTPS16), were functionally characterized. Via the comparison of catalytic residues, the Cys/Ser at region 1 might be crucial in determining the formation of α-pinene or β-pinene. In addition, the Cupressaceae monoterpene synthases were phylogenetically clustered together; they are unique and different from those of published conifer species. In summary, this study aimed to uncover the ambiguous monoterpenoid network in T. cryptomerioide, which would expand the landscape of monoterpene biosynthesis in Cupressaceae species.
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Agger, Sean A., Fernando Lopez-Gallego, Thomas R. Hoye und Claudia Schmidt-Dannert. „Identification of Sesquiterpene Synthases from Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 and Nostoc sp. Strain PCC 7120“. Journal of Bacteriology 190, Nr. 18 (25.07.2008): 6084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00759-08.
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ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria are a rich source of natural products and are known to produce terpenoids. These bacteria are the major source of the musty-smelling terpenes geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, which are found in many natural water supplies; however, no terpene synthases have been characterized from these organisms to date. Here, we describe the characterization of three sesquiterpene synthases identified in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 (terpene synthase NS1) and Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 (terpene synthases NP1 and NP2). The second terpene synthase in N. punctiforme (NP2) is homologous to fusion-type sesquiterpene synthases from Streptomyces spp. shown to produce geosmin via an intermediate germacradienol. The enzymes were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, and their terpene products were structurally identified as germacrene A (from NS1), the eudesmadiene 8a-epi-α-selinene (from NP1), and germacradienol (from NP2). The product of NP1, 8a-epi-α-selinene, so far has been isolated only from termites, in which it functions as a defense compound. Terpene synthases NP1 and NS1 are part of an apparent minicluster that includes a P450 and a putative hybrid two-component protein located downstream of the terpene synthases. Coexpression of P450 genes with their adjacent located terpene synthase genes in E. coli demonstrates that the P450 from Nostoc sp. can be functionally expressed in E. coli when coexpressed with a ferredoxin gene and a ferredoxin reductase gene from Nostoc and that the enzyme oxygenates the NS1 terpene product germacrene A. This represents to the best of our knowledge the first example of functional expression of a cyanobacterial P450 in E. coli.
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Eichman, Jennifer. „Intertextual Alliances: Huang Hui’s Synthesis of Confucian and Buddhist Paths to Liberation“. T’oung pao 100, Nr. 1-3 (24.11.2014): 120–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10013p04.
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This article argues for a reconsideration of how we categorize individual attempts at sanjiao heyi-style syntheses and characterize the broader late sixteenth-century milieu that nourished such attempts. In Zeng Zheng Kunyan bieyan 贈鄭昆嚴別言 (Parting Words for Zheng Kunyan), Huang Hui 黃輝 (1555–1612) synthesized a highly selective number of Chan Buddhist and Yangming Confucian ideas to create a path to self-cultivation rooted in the interstitial dialogue between the branch of third-generation Yangming Confucians headed by Zhou Rudeng 周汝登 (1547–1629) and the Buddhist teachings expounded by the monk Zhuhong 袾宏 (1535–1615). Unlike Confucian scholars who wrote polemical sanjiao heyi texts, Huang was an enthusiastic synthesizer intent on benefiting from both Buddhist and Confucian traditions. A close analysis of his work offers one illustration of how such syntheses were constructed while further revealing the broader philosophical discourse generated by Huang’s circle. Cet article invite à reconsidérer la façon dont sont catégorisées les tentatives individuelles de synthèse entre les “trois religions” (sanjiao heyi) et dont on décrit plus généralement le milieu qui produisait ce genre de tentative à la fin du xvie siècle. Dans ses Paroles d’adieu pour Zheng Kunyan (Zeng Zheng Kunyan bieyan 贈鄭昆嚴別言), Huang Hui 黃輝 (1555–1612) synthétise un certain nombre d’idées soigneusement choisies au sein du bouddhisme chan et du confucianisme de l’école de Wang Yangming pour inventer une voie de perfectionnement moral enracinée dans le dialogue interstitiel entre le groupe de la troisième génération des disciples de Wang Yangming mené par Zhou Rudeng 周汝登 (1547–1629) et les enseignements bouddhistes du moine Zhuhong 袾宏 (1535–1615). Contrairement aux lettrés confucéens qui produisaient des textes polémiques sur les trois religions, Huang se révèle un ardent partisan de la synthèse et cherche à tirer parti des deux traditions, bouddhiste et confucéenne. L’examen attentif de son œuvre illustre la façon dont de telles synthèses étaient édifiées, tout en mettant en évidence le discours philosophique plus général émanant du cercle auquel appartenait Huang.
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Xu, Meimei, P. Ross Wilderman und Reuben J. Peters. „Following evolution's lead to a single residue switch for diterpene synthase product outcome“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, Nr. 18 (24.04.2007): 7397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611454104.
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There have been few insights into the biochemical origins of natural product biosynthesis from primary metabolism. Of particular interest are terpene synthases, which often mediate the committed step in particular biosynthetic pathways so that alteration of their product outcome is a key step in the derivation of novel natural products. These enzymes also catalyze complex reactions of significant mechanistic interest. Following an evolutionary lead from two recently diverged, functionally distinct diterpene synthase orthologs from different subspecies of rice, we have identified a single residue that can switch product outcome. Specifically, the mutation of a conserved isoleucine to threonine that acts to convert not only the originally targeted isokaurene synthase into a specific pimaradiene synthase but also has a much broader effect, which includes conversion of the ent-kaurene synthases found in all higher plants for gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis to the production of pimaradiene. This surprisingly facile switch for diterpene synthase catalytic specificity indicates the ease with which primary (gibberellin) metabolism can be subverted to secondary biosynthesis and may underlie the widespread occurrence of pimaradiene-derived natural products. In addition, because this isoleucine is required for the mechanistically more complex cyclization to tetracyclic kaurene, whereas substitution with threonine “short-circuits” this mechanism to produce the “simpler” tricyclic pimaradiene, our results have some implications regarding the means by which terpene synthases specify product outcome.
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Antonsson, Bruno E., und Lisa S. Klig. „Candida albicans phosphatidylinositol synthase has common features with both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian phosphatidylinositol synthases“. Yeast 12, Nr. 5 (April 1996): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199604)12:5<449::aid-yea927>3.0.co;2-p.
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Tang, Eva H. C., und Paul M. Vanhoutte. „Gene expression changes of prostanoid synthases in endothelial cells and prostanoid receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells caused by aging and hypertension“. Physiological Genomics 32, Nr. 3 (Februar 2008): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00136.2007.
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The present study was designed to assess whether or not changes in genomic expression of cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and prostanoid synthases in the endothelium and of prostanoid receptors in vascular smooth muscle contribute to the occurrence of endothelium-dependent contractions during aging and hypertension. Gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR using isolated endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMC) from the aorta of Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Genes for all known prostanoid synthases and receptors were present in endothelial cells and SMC, respectively. Aging caused overexpression of eNOS, COX-1, COX-2, thromboxane synthase, hematopoietic-type prostaglandin D synthase, membrane prostaglandin E synthase-2, and prostaglandin F synthase in endothelial cells and COX-1 and prostaglandin E2 (EP)4 receptors in SMC. Hypertension augmented the expression of COX-1, prostacyclin synthase, thromboxane synthase, and hematopoietic-type prostaglandin D synthase in endothelial cells and prostaglandin D2 (DP), EP3, and EP4 receptors in SMC. The increase in genomic expression of endothelial COX-1 explains why in aging and hypertension the endothelium has greater propensity to release cyclooxygenase-derived vasoconstrictive prostanoids. The expression of prostacyclin synthase was by far the most abundant, explaining why the majority of the COX-1-derived endoperoxides are transformed into prostacyclin, substantiating the role of prostacyclin as an endothelium-derived contracting factor. The expression of thromboxane synthase was increased in the cells of aging or hypertensive rats, explaining why the prostanoid can contribute to endothelium-dependent contractions. It is uncertain whether the gene modifications caused by aging and hypertension directly contribute to endothelium-dependent contractions or rather to vascular aging and the vascular complications of the hypertensive process.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Synthèse HLS"
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Vijayaraghavan, Vijay P. „Exploration des liens entre la synthèse de haut niveau (HLS) et la synthèse au niveau transferts de registres (RTL)“. Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0184.
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Le sujet traite dans cette these, concerne les liens entre la synthese de haut niveau et la synthese au niveau transfert de registres (rtl). Il s'agit d'une adaptation de l'architecture resultat de la synthese de haut niveau par transformation en une description rtl acceptee par les outils industriels actuels. Les objectifs vises par cette transformation, sont: accroitre la flexibilite et l'efficacite, permettre la parametrisation de l'architecture finale. A partir d'une description comportamentale decrite dans un language de description de materiel (la synthese de haut niveau) genere une architecture au niveau transfert de registres, comprenant un controleur et un chemin de donnees. Le controleur et le chemin de donnees peuvent etre synthetises par des outils de synthese rtl existant pour realiser un asic ou un fpga. Nous allons dans un premier temps concevoir une methode que nous appelerons personnalisation. Elle permet aux concepteurs d'adapter l'architecture generee aux outils de synthese rtl et a toute structure particuliere requise. Le controleur et le chemin de donnees peuvent etre synthetises par des outils de synthese rtl et logique existant pour realiser un asic ou un fpga. Cependant, pour des raisons d'efficacite, il est preferable de synthetiser le chemin de donnees par un compilateur de chemin de donnees. Ensuite, nous definirons une methode appelee decomposition. Cette derniere fournira un moyen de decomposer un chemin de donnees en plusieurs sous chemins de donnees reguliers, pouvant etre synthetises de maniere efficace par un compilateur de chemin de donnees. Enfin, nous presenterons la generation de chemins de donnees generiques, destines a la realisation d'architectures parametrables au niveau rtl. Cet algorithme a ete implante dans le generateur de code vhdl a partir de la structure de donnees intermediaire utilisee par amical, un outil de synthese de haut niveau
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Payet, Matthieu. „Conception de systèmes programmables basés sur les NoC par synthèse de haut niveau : analyse symbolique et contrôle distribué“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES051/document.
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Les réseaux sur puce (NoC pour «network on chip») sont des infrastructures de communication extensibles qui autorisent le parallélisme dans la communication. La conception de circuits basés sur les NoC se fait en considérant la communication et le calcul séparément, ce qui la rend plus complexe. Les outils de synthèse d'architecture (HLS pour «high level synthesis») permettent de générer rapidement des circuits performants. Mais le contrôle de ces circuits est centralisé et la communication est de type point-à-point (non extensible). Afin d'exploiter le parallélisme potentiel des algorithmes sur des FPGA dont les ressources augmentent constamment, les outils de HLS doivent extraire le parallélisme d'un programme et utiliser les ressources disponibles de manière optimisée. Si certains outils de synthèse considèrent une spécification de type flot de données, la plupart de concepteurs d'algorithmes utilise des programmes pour spécifier leurs algorithmes. Mais cette représentation comportementale doit souvent être enrichie d'annotations architecturales afin de produire en sortie un circuit optimisé. De plus, une solution complète d'accélération nécessite une intégration du circuit dans un environnement de développement, comme les GPU aujourd'hui. Un frein à l'adoption des FPGA et plus généralement des architectures parallèles, est la nécessaire connaissance des architectures matérielles ciblées.Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une méthode de synthèse qui utilise une technique d'analyse symbolique pour extraire le parallélisme d'une spécification algorithmique écrite dans un langage de haut niveau. Cette méthode introduit la synthèse de NoC pendant la synthèse d'architecture. Afin de dimensionner le circuit final, une modélisation mathématique du NoC est proposée afin d'estimer la consommation en ressources du circuit final. L'architecture générée est extensible et de type flot de données. Mais l'atout principal de l'architecture générée est son aspect programmable car elle permet, dans une certaine mesure, d'éviter les synthèses logiques pour modifier l'applicationNetwork-on-Chip (NoC) introduces parallelism in communications and emerges with the growing integration of circuits as large designs need scalable communication architectures. This introduces the separation between communication tasks and processing tasks, and makes the design with NoC more complex. High level synthesis (HLS) tools can help designers to quickly generate high quality HDL (Hardware Description Level) designs. But their control schemes are centralized, usually using finite state machines. To take benefit from parallel algorithms and the ever growing FPGAs, HLS tools must properly extract the parallelism from the input representation and use the available resources efficiently. Algorithm designers are used with programming languages. This behavioral specification has to be enriched with architectural details for a correct optimization of the generated design. The C to FPGA path is not straightforward, and the need for architectural knowledges limits the adoption of FPGAs, and more generally, parallel architecture. In this thesis, we present a method that uses a symbolic analysis technique to extract the parallelism of an algorithmic specification written in a high level language. Parallelization skills are not required from the users. A methodology is then proposed for adding NoCs in the automatic design generation that takes the benefit of potential parallelizations. To dimension the design, we estimate the design resource consumption using a mathematical model for the NoC. A scalable application, hardware specific, is then generated using a High Level Synthesis flow. We provide a distributed mechanism for data path reconfiguration that allows different applications to run on the same set of processing elements. Thus, the output design is programmable and has a processor-less distributed control. This approach of using NoCs enables us to automatically design generic architectures that can be used on FPGA servers for High Performance Reconfigurable Computing. The generated design is programmable. This enable users to avoid the logic synthesis step when modifying the algorithm if a existing design provide the needed operators
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Ribon, Aurélien. „Amélioration du processus de vérification des architectures générées à l'aide d'outils de synthèse de haut-niveau“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14719/document.
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L'augmentation de la capacité d'intégration des circuits a permis le développement des systèmes de plus en plus complexes. De cette complexité sont nés des besoins conséquents quant aux méthodes de conception et de vérification. Les outils de synthèse de haut-niveau (HLS) sont une des réponses à ces besoins. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour cadre l'amélioration du processus de vérification des architectures matérielles synthétisées par HLS. En particulier, ils proposent une méthode pour la transformation des assertions booléennes spécifiées dans la description algorithmique d'une application en moniteurs matériels pour la simulation. Une deuxième méthode est proposée. Elle cible la synthèse automatique d'un gestionnaire d'erreurs matériel dont le rôle est d'archiver les erreurs survenant dans un circuit en fonctionnement réel, ainsi que leurs contextes d'exécutionThe fast growing complexity of hardware circuits, during the last three decades, has change devery step of their development cycle. Design methods evolved a lot, and this evolutionwas necessary to cope with an always shorter time-to-market, mainly driven by the internationalcompetition.An increased complexity also means more errors, harder to find corner-cases, and morelong and expensive simulations. The verification of hardware systems requires more andmore resources, and is the main cost factor of the whole development of a circuit. Since thecomplexity of any system increases, the cost of an error undetected until the foundry stepbecame prohibitive. Therefore, the verification process is divided between multiple stepsinvolved at every moment of the design process : comparison of models behavior, simulationof RTL descriptions, formal analysis of algorithms, assertions usage, etc. The verificationmethodologies evolved a lot, in order to follow the progress of design methods. Somemethods like the Assertion-Based Verification became so important that they are nowwidely adopted among the developers community, providing near-source error detection.Thus, the work described here aims at improving the assertion-based verification process,in order to offer a consequent timing improvment to designers. Two contributions aredetailed. The first one deals with the transformation of Boolean assertions found in algorithmicdescriptions into equivalent temporal assertions in the RTL description generatedby high-level synthesis (HLS) methodologies. Therefore, the assertions are usable duringthe simulation process of the generated architectures. The second contribution targets theverification of hardware systems in real-time. It details the synthesis process of a hardwareerror manager, which has to save and serialize the execution context when an error isdetected. Thus, it is easier to understand the cause of an error and to find its source. Theerrors and their contexts are serialized as reports in a memory readable by the system ordirectly by the designer. The behavior of a circuit can be analyzed without requiring anyprobe or integrated logic analyzer
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Diakité, Daouda. „High-level synthesis (HLS) on FPGA for inverse problems : application to tomography and radioastronomy“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG080.
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Le besoin croissant de puissance de calcul imposé par la complexité des algorithmes de traitement et la taille des problèmes nécessite l'utilisation d'accélérateurs matériels pour répondre aux contraintes de temps et d'énergie. Les architectures FPGA sont connues pour être parmi les plateformes les plus économes en énergie, notamment pour les systèmes embarqués à travers les langages de description matérielle. L'apparition des nouveaux outils de synthèse de haut niveau a été un facteur majeur dans la prise en compte des FPGAs pour les applications complexes, comme c'est le cas avec les processeurs manycores. Les outils de synthèse de haut niveau génèrent une conception de description matérielle à partir de langages de haut niveau tels que C, C++ ou OpenCL. Les derniers FPGAs sont équipés de plusieurs unités de calcul à virgule flottante capables de répondre aux exigences de précision d'un large éventail d'applications. Cependant, l'exploitation du plein potentiel de ces architectures a toujours été une préoccupation majeure. Cette thèse vise à explorer les méthodologies d'accélération des algorithmes de problèmes inverses mal posés sur les architectures FPGA grâce à de nouveaux outils de synthèse de haut niveau appliqués à la reconstruction tomographique et à la radioastronomie. En effet, de nombreux algorithmes pour ces applications sont limités par la mémoire. Une architecture sur-mesure dérivée d'une méthodologie d'adéquation algorithme-architecture a été proposée pour surmonter le goulot d'étranglement de la mémoire. Nous avons appliqué cette méthodologie à l'opérateur de rétroprojection 3D dans le contexte de la reconstruction itérative. L'architecture du rétroprojecteur 3D tire parti d'une stratégie d'accès à la mémoire pour atteindre un débit de calcul élevé. Ensuite, nous prenons en compte la parallélisation de l'algorithme d'optimisation complet sur FPGA. Nous discutons également de la place des FPGAs en radioastronomie, notamment pour le système d'imagerie du pipeline SKAThe increasing need for computing power imposed by the complexity of processing algorithms and the size of problems requires using hardware accelerators to meet time and energy constraints. FPGA architectures are known to be among the most power-efficient platforms, especially for embedded systems using hardware description languages. The appearance of the new high-level synthesis tools has been a major factor in the consideration of FPGAs for complex applications, as is the case with the manycores processors. The high-level synthesis tools generate a hardware description design from high-level languages such as C, C++, or OpenCL. The recent FPGAs are equipped with several floating-point computing units capable of meeting the precision requirements of a wide range of applications. However, exploiting the full potential of these architectures has always been a major concern. This thesis aims to explore methodologies for accelerating inverse problem algorithms on FPGA architectures through new high-level synthesis tools applied to tomographic reconstruction and radioastronomy. Indeed, many algorithms for these applications are memory-bound. A custom architecture derived from an algorithm-architecture co-design methodology has been proposed to overcome the memory bottleneck. We applied this methodology to the 3D back-projection operator in the context of iterative reconstruction. The 3D back-projector architecture takes advantage of a custom memory access strategy to reach a full computational throughput. Then we consider the parallelization of the complete optimization algorithm on FPGA. We also discuss the position of FPGAs in radio astronomy, particularly for the SKA pipeline imaging system
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Thievenaz, Hugo. „Scalable Trace-based Compile-Time Memory Allocation“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0108.
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Cette thèse, intitulée “Compilation d'allocation mémoire par analyse de trace avec passage à l'échelle”, étudie l’utilisation de l’analyse dynamique pour en déduire des réductions de trace mémoire. Le but plus large est d’exploiter les informations du programme qui sont disponibles à l’éxecution pour aller plus vite que les techniques d’analyses statiques tradictionnelles, car elles ne parviennent pas à passer à l’échelle pour des noyaux de programmes qui sont plus lourds en termes de nombres d’instructions et qui sont de dimension élevée.La méthodologie de recherche a été d’étudier l’état de l’art des méthodes de “contraction de tableau”, une optimisation de compilation qui consiste à réduire la mémoire allouée; Puis, reconstruire la théorie et la pratique de ces méthodes, en donnant des preuves pour des nouveaux algorithmes et en les implémentant pour quantifier leurs performances en terme de temps d’analyse mais aussi de facteur de réduction de mémoire. Les programmes utilisés pour mesurer les performances sont des exemples adaptés provenant de la collection de programmes “PolyBench”. Les modifications sont généralement les facteurs de parallélisation, le tuilage, et l’ajustement du padding.Les contributions clés de ces travaux sont la création de deux nouvelles méthodes d’analyse pour l’optimization de “contraction de tableau”. La première a pour but de donner des tailles constantes pour les tableaux temporaires, ce qui importe grandement dans le contexte des canaux de communications des applications de Calcul Haute-Performance. La seconde méthode est une approche plus générale qui reconstruit plusieures itérations d’une structure de données qui décrit les cases de tableau utilisées, et produit des tailles paramétriques pour les tableaux.Cette thèse a mené à l’implémentation d’un outil nommé PoLa qui comporte environ 4000 lignes de code en C++This thesis, titled “Scalable trace-based compile-time memory allocation”, studies the use of dynamic analysis to infer memory footprint reductions. The broader goal is to use program information at run-time as a way to outpace traditional static analysis techniques, because the latter often fail to scale for kernels of high dimensions and many statements.The research methodology involved studying state-of-the-art methods in “array contraction”, a compilation optimization that aims to reduce the allocated storage space; Then, rebuilding them both theoretically and in practice, by constructing proofs of the new algorithms and their implementations to quantify performance in analysis time but also memory reduction. The example programs used for performance measurement were variations of the well-known benchmark suite “PolyBench”. The variations are most often parallelism factor, tiling, and adjustment of padding.Key contributions of this thesis are the design of two new methods of analysis for the “array contraction” optimization. The first one focuses on yielding constant sizes for temporary arrays, which is relevant in the context of communication buffer sizing for High-Performance Computing applications. The second method is a more general approach to memory allocation which reconstructs several iterations of a data structure describing the arrays’ used cells, to produce parametric sizes for the arrays.This research lead to the implementation of a tool named PoLa that totals around 4000 lines of C++ code
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Badier, Hannah. „Transient obfuscation for HLS security : application to cloud security, birthmarking and hardware Trojan defense“. Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789700.
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La mondialisation croissante de la chaîne d'approvisionnement des semi-conducteurs, ainsi que la complexité et la diversité croissantes des flux de conception de matériel, ont entraîné une recrudescence des menaces de sécurité : risques de vol et de revente de propriété intellectuelle, de rétro-ingénierie et d'insertion de code malveillant sous la forme de chevaux de Troie pendant la fabrication et au moment de la conception ont fait l'objet d'une recherche croissante ces dernières années. Cependant, les menaces lors de la synthèse de haut niveau (HLS), où une description algorithmique est transformée en une implémentation matérielle de niveau inférieur, n'ont été envisagées que récemment, et peu de solutions ont été proposées jusqu'à présent. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la sécurisation des conceptions lors de la synthèse comportementale à l'aide d'un outil HLS basé sur le cloud ou interne, mais non fiable. Nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode de protection au moment de la conception appelée offuscation, où le code source de haut niveau est obscurci à l'aide de techniques basées sur des clés, et désobscurci après HLS au niveau du transfert de registre. Cette méthode en deux étapes garantit une fonctionnalité de conception correcte et une faible surcharge de conception. Nous proposons trois façons d'intégrer l'offuscation transitoire dans différents mécanismes de sécurité. Tout d'abord, nous montrons comment il peut être utilisé pour empêcher le vol de propriété intellectuelle et la réutilisation illégale dans un scénario HLS basé sur le cloud. Ensuite, nous étendons ce travail au filigranes numériques, en exploitant les effets secondaires de l'offuscation transitoire sur les outils HLS pour identifier les conceptions volées. Enfin, nous montrons comment cette méthode peut également être utilisée contre les chevaux de Troie matériels, à la fois en empêchant l'insertion et en facilitant la détectionThe growing globalization of the semiconductor supply chain, as well as the increasing complexity and diversity of hardware design flows, have lead to a surge in security threats: risks of intellectual property theft and reselling, reverse-engineering and malicious code insertion in the form of hardware Trojans during manufacturing and at design time have been a growing research focus in the past years. However, threats during highlevel synthesis (HLS), where an algorithmic description is transformed into a lower level hardware implementation, have only recently been considered, and few solutions have been given so far. In this thesis, we focus on how to secure designs during behavioral synthesis using either a cloud-based or an internal but untrusted HLS tool. We introduce a novel design time protection method called transient obfuscation, where the high-level source code is obfuscated using key-based techniques, and deobfuscated after HLS at register-transfer level. This two-step method ensures correct design functionality and low design overhead. We propose three ways to integrate transient obfuscation in different security mechanisms. First, we show how it can be used to prevent intellectual property theft and illegal reuse in a cloud-based HLS scenario. Then, we extend this work to watermarking, by exploiting the side-effects of transient obfuscation on HLS tools to identify stolen designs. Finally, we show how this method can also be used against hardware Trojans, both by preventing insertion and by facilitating detection
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Ben, Jmaa Chtourou Yomna. „Implémentation temps réel des algorithmes de tri dans les applications de transports intelligents en se basant sur l'outil de synthèse haut niveau HLS“. Thesis, Valenciennes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019VALE0013.
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Les systèmes de transports intelligents jouent un rôle important dans la minimisation des accidents, embouteillage, et la pollution d’air. Parmi ces systèmes, nous citons le domaine avionique qui utilise dans plusieurs cas les algorithmes de tri qui sont l’une des opérations importante pour des applications embarquées temps réels. Cependant, l’évolution technologique tend vers des architectures de plus en plus complexes pour répondre aux exigences applicatives. À cet égard, les concepteurs trouvent leur solution idéale dans l’informatique reconfigurable, basée sur des architectures hétérogènes CPU/FPGA qui abritent des processeurs multi-core (CPU) et des FPGAs qui offrent de hautes performances et une adaptabilité aux contraintes temps-réel de l’application. L’objectif principal de mes travaux est de développer une implémentions matérielle des application de transports intelligents (algorithme de planification de plan de vol A*)et les algorithmes de tri sur l’architecture hétérogène CPU/FPGA en utilisant l’outil de synthèse haut niveau pour générer le design RTL à partir de la description comportementale. Cette étape nécessite des efforts supplémentaires de la part du concepteur afin d'obtenir une implémentation matérielle efficace en utilisant plusieurs optimisations avec différents cas d’utilisation : logiciel, matérielle optimisé et non optimisé et aussi pour plusieurs permutations/vecteurs générer à l’aide d’un générateur de permutation basé sur Lehmer. Pour améliorer les performances, nous avons calculés le temps d’exécution, l’écart type et le nombre de ressource utilisé pour les algorithmes de tri en considérant plusieurs tailles de données varient entre 8 et 4096 éléments. Finalement, nous avons comparé les performances de ces algorithmes. Cet algorithme sera intégrer les applications d’aide à la décision, planification du plan de volIntelligent transport systems play an important role in minimizing accidents, traffic congestion, and air pollution. Among these systems, we mention the avionics domain, which uses in several cases the sorting algorithms, which are one of the important operations for real-time embedded applications. However, technological evolution is moving towards more and more complex architectures to meet the application requirements. In this respect, designers find their ideal solution in reconfigurable computing, based on heterogeneous CPU / FPGA architectures that house multi-core processors (CPUs) and FPGAs that offer high performance and adaptability to real-time constraints. Of the application. The main objective of my work is to develop hardware implementations of sorting algorithms on the heterogeneous CPU / FPGA architecture by using the high-level synthesis tool to generate the RTL design from the behavioral description. This step requires additional efforts on the part of the designer in order to obtain an efficient hardware implementation by using several optimizations with different use cases: software, optimized and nonoptimized hardware and for several permutations / vectors generated using the generator pf permutation based on Lehmer method. To improve performance, we calculated the runtime, standard deviation and resource number used for sorting algorithms by considering several data sizes ranging from 8 to 4096 items. Finally, we compared the performance of these algorithms. This algorithm will integrate the applications of decision support, planning the flight plan
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Ben, Hammouda Mohamed. „A design flow to automatically Generate on chip monitors during high-level synthesis of Hardware accelarators“. Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0115/document.
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Les systèmes embarqués sont de plus en plus utilisés dans des domaines divers tels que le transport, l’automatisation industrielle, les télécommunications ou la santé pour exécuter des applications critiques et manipuler des données sensibles. Ces systèmes impliquent souvent des intérêts financiers et industriels, mais aussi des vies humaines ce qui impose des contraintes fortes de sûreté. Par conséquent, un élément clé réside dans la capacité de tels systèmes à répondre correctement quand des erreurs se produisent durant l’exécution et ainsi empêcher des comportements induits inacceptables. Les erreurs peuvent être d’origines naturelles telles que des impacts de particules, du bruit interne (problème d’intégrité), etc. ou provenir d’attaques malveillantes. Les architectures de systèmes embarqués comprennent généralement un ou plusieurs processeurs, des mémoires, des contrôleurs d’entrées/sorties ainsi que des accélérateurs matériels utilisés pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique et les performances. Avec l’évolution des applications, le cycle de conception d’accélérateurs matériels devient de plus en plus complexe. Cette complexité est due en partie aux spécifications des accélérateurs matériels qui reposent traditionnellement sur l’écriture manuelle de fichiers en langage de description matérielle (HDL).Cependant, la synthèse de haut niveau (HLS) qui favorise la génération automatique ou semi-automatique d’accélérateurs matériels à partir de spécifications logicielles, comme du code C, permet de réduire cette complexité.Le travail proposé dans ce manuscrit cible l’intégration d’un support de vérification dans les outils de HLS pour générer des moniteurs sur puce au cours de la synthèse de haut niveau des accélérateurs matériels. Trois contributions distinctes ont été proposées. La première contribution consiste à contrôler les erreurs de comportement temporel des entrées/sorties (impactant la synchronisation avec le reste du système) ainsi que les erreurs du flot de contrôle (sauts illégaux ou problèmes de boucles infinies). La synthèse des moniteurs est automatique sans qu’aucune modification de la spécification utilisée en entrée de la HLS ne soit nécessaire. La deuxième contribution vise la synthèse des propriétés de haut niveau (ANSI-C asserts) qui ont été ajoutées dans la spécification logicielle de l’accélérateur matériel. Des options de synthèse ont été proposées pour arbitrer le compromis entre le surcout matériel, la dégradation de la performance et le niveau de protection. La troisième contribution améliore la détection des corruptions des données qui peuvent modifier les valeurs stockées, et/ou modifier les transferts de données, sans violer les assertions (propriétés) ni provoquer de sauts illégaux. Ces erreurs sont détectées en dupliquant un sous-ensemble des données du programme, limité aux variables les plus critiques. En outre, les propriétés sur l’évolution des variables d’induction des boucles ont été automatiquement extraites de la description algorithmique de l’accélérateur matériel. Il faut noter que l’ensemble des approches proposées dans ce manuscrit, ne s’intéresse qu’à la détection d’erreurs lors de l’exécution. La contreréaction c.à.d. la manière dont le moniteur réagit si une erreur est détectée n’est pas abordée dans ce documentEmbedded systems are increasingly used in various fields like transportation, industrial automation, telecommunication or healthcare to execute critical applications and manipulate sensitive data. These systems often involve financial and industrial interests but also human lives which imposes strong safety constraints.Hence, a key issue lies in the ability of such systems to respond safely when errors occur at runtime and prevent unacceptable behaviors. Errors can be due to natural causes such as particle hits as well as internal noise, integrity problems, but also due to malicious attacks. Embedded system architecture typically includes processor (s), memories, Input / Output interface, bus controller and hardware accelerators that are used to improve both energy efficiency and performance. With the evolution of applications, the design cycle of hardware accelerators becomes more and more complex. This complexity is partly due to the specification of hardware accelerators traditionally based on handwritten Hardware Description Language (HDL) files. However, High-Level Synthesis (HLS) that promotes automatic or semi-automatic generation of hardware accelerators according to software specification, like C code, allows reducing this complexity.The work proposed in this document targets the integration of verification support in HLS tools to generate On-Chip Monitors (OCMs) during the high-level synthesis of hardware accelerators (HWaccs). Three distinct contributions are proposed. The first one consists in checking the Input / Output timing behavior errors (synchronization with the whole system) as well as the control flow errors (illegal jumps or infinite loops). On-Chip Monitors are automatically synthesized and require no modification in their high-level specification. The second contribution targets the synthesis of high-level properties (ANSI-C asserts) that are added into the software specification of HWacc. Synthesis options are proposed to trade-off area overhead, performance impact and protection level. The third contribution improves the detection of data corruptions that can alter the stored values or/and modify the data transfers without causing assertions violations or producing illegal jumps. Those errors are detected by duplicating a subset of program’s data limited to the most critical variables. In addition, the properties over the evolution of loops induction variables are automatically extracted from the algorithmic description of HWacc. It should be noticed that all the proposed approaches, in this document, allow only detecting errors at runtime. The counter reaction i.e. the way how the HWacc reacts if an error is detected is out of scope of this work
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Rubattu, Claudio. „Response time analysis of parameterized dataflow applications on heterogeneous SW/HW systems“. Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ISAR0005.
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Les fortes contraintes de réactivité et de consommation énergétique des systèmes embarqués et cyber-physiques nécessitent l’utilisation croissante de systèmes de calculs parallèles et fortement hétérogènes. La nature de ces systèmes parallèles implique une énorme complexité dans la compréhension et la prévision des performances en termes de temps de réponse. En effet, le temps de réponse dépend de nombreux facteurs associés aux caractéristiques à la fois de la fonctionnalité implémentée et de l’architecture cible. Les méthodes d’optimisation système actuelles dérivent le temps de réponse du système en examinant les opérations requises par chaque tâche, tant pour le traitement que pour l’accès aux ressources partagées. Cette procédure est souvent suivie par l’ajout ou l’élimination des interférences potentielles dues à la concurrence entre tâches. Cependant, de telles approches nécessitent une connaissance avancée des détails du logiciel et du matériel, rarement disponible en pratique lors du dimensionnement du système. Cette thèse propose une stratégie alternative "top-down" visant à étendre les cas dans lesquels le temps de réponse matériel et logiciel peut être analysé et prédit. La stratégie proposée s’appuie sur des représentations d’applications par des modèles flux de données et se concentre sur l’estimation du temps de réponse d’applications reconfigurables exécutées par des unités de calcul à la fois générales et spécialiséesIn contexts such as embedded and cyber-physical systems, the design of a desired functionality under constraints increasingly requires a parallel execution of different tasks on heterogeneous architectures. The nature of such parallel systems implies a huge complexity in understanding and predicting performance in terms of response time. Indeed, response time depends on many factors associated with the characteristics of both the functionality and the target architecture. State-of-the art strategies derive response time by examining the operations required by each task for both processing and accessing shared resources. This procedure is often followed by the addition or elimination of potential interferences due to task concurrency. However, such approaches require an advanced knowledge of the software and hardware details, rarely available in practice. This thesis provides an alternative "topdown" strategy aimed at extending the cases in which hardware and software response times can be analyzed and predicted. The proposed strategy leverages on dataflow-based application representations and focuses on the response time estimation of reconfigurable applications mapped on both general-purpose and specialized processing elements
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Ye, Haixiong. „Impact des transformations algorithmiques sur la synthèse de haut niveau : application au traitement du signal et des images“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01061200.
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La thèse porte sur l'impact d'optimisations algorithmiques pour la synthèse automatique HLS pour ASIC. Ces optimisations algorithmiques sont des transformations de haut niveau, qui de part leur nature intrinsèque restent hors de porter des compilateurs modernes, même les plus optimisants. Le but est d'analyser l'impact des optimisations et transformations de haut niveau sur la surface, la consommation énergétique et la vitesse du circuit ASIC. Les trois algorithmes évalués sont les filtres non récursifs, les filtres récursifs et un algorithme de détection de mouvement. Sur chaque exemple, des gains ont été possibles en vitesse et/ou en surface et/ou en consommation. Le gain le plus spectaculaire est un facteur x12.6 de réduction de l'énergie tout en maitrisant la surface de synthèse et en respectant la contrainte d'exécution temps réel. Afin de mettre en perspective les résultats (consommation et vitesse), un benchmark supplémentaire a été réalisé sur un microprocesseur ST XP70 avec extension VECx, un processeur ARM Cortex avec extension Neon et un processeur Intel Penryn avec extensions SSE.
Bücher zum Thema "Synthèse HLS"
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Sendai, Shoichiro. La synthèse des arts de Le Corbusier: Le Corbusier's Artistic Space : his thought processes as seen in the NMWA plans. Tokyo: National Museum of Western Art, 2017.
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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence und Mizumura Kazue, Hrsg. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.
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Luckner, John L. Research Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.003.0015.
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Current educational policies provide a mandate for the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in school-based practices. However, the field of deaf education has a paucity of experimental and quasi-experimental research addressing educational practices that have been tested and demonstrated as being effective with this population. This lack of sufficient, high-quality research to determine EBP for working with deaf students is frustrating for teachers and administrators. Consequently, there is a need to conduct research syntheses pertaining to the effectiveness of educational interventions and to create summaries of the evidence that can be used to improve practices and outcomes. This chapter provides (1) a rationale for conducting research syntheses; (2) a description of procedures for conducting and reporting research syntheses; (3) examples of research syntheses that have been published; and (4) common practices in the field of deaf education that research syntheses indicate have little evidence to support their use.
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(Editor), Ghita Holmström-Hintikka, Sten Lindström (Editor) und R. Sliwinski (Editor), Hrsg. Collected Papers of Stig Kanger with Essays on his Life and (Synthese Library). Springer, 2001.
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(Editor), Ghita Holmström-Hintikka, Sten Lindström (Editor) und R. Sliwinski (Editor), Hrsg. Collected Papers of Stig Kanger with Essays on his Life and (Synthese Library). Springer, 2001.
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Collected Papers of Stig Kanger with Essays on his Life and Work Volume I (Synthese Library). Springer, 2001.
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(Editor), Ghita Holmström-Hintikka, Sten Lindström (Editor) und R. Sliwinski (Editor), Hrsg. Collected Papers of Stig Kanger with Essays on his Life and Work Volume I (Synthese Library). Springer, 2001.
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Jordan, Robert B. Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Systems. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195301007.001.0001.
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This third edition retains the general level and scope of earlier editions, but has been substantially updated with over 900 new references covering the literature through 2005, and 140 more pages of text than the previous edition. In addition to the general updating of materials, there is new or greatly expanded coverage of topics such as Curtin-Hammett conditions, pressure effects, metal hydrides and asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts, the inverted electron-transfer region, intervalence electron transfer, photochemistry of metal carbonyls, methyl transferase and nitric oxide synthase. The new chapter on heterogeneous systems introduces the basic background to this industrially important area. The emphasis is on inorganic examples of gas/liquid and gas/liquid/solid systems and methods of determining heterogeneity.
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Barkin, J. Samuel, und Laura Sjoberg. International Relations' Last Synthesis? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190463427.001.0001.
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Many scholars, intentionally or unintentionally, have entangled constructivisms and critical theories in problematic ways, either by assigning a critical-theoretical politics to constructivisms or by assuming the appropriateness of constructivist epistemology and methods for critical theorizing. This book makes the argument that these connections mirror the grand theoretical syntheses of International Relations (IR) in the 1980s and 1990s, and have similar constraining effects on the possibilities of International Relations theory. These connections have been made without adequate reflection, in contradiction to the base assumptions of each theoretical perspective, and to the detriment of both knowledge accumulation about global politics and theoretical rigor in disciplinary International Relations. It is not that constructivisms and critical theories have no common ground but instead that the overstatement of their common ground that has become routine among International Relations scholars is counterproductive to the discovery and utilization of their potential dialogues. To that end, this book argues that scholars using the two in conjunction should be cognizant of, rather than gloss over, the tensions between them as approaches and the different tools they have to offer. Along these lines, the book uses the concept of affordances to look at what each has to offer the other, and to argue for a modest, reflective, specified return to (constructivist and critical) International Relations theorizing that has the potential to revive International Relations theorizing by rejecting its oversimple syntheses.
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Briddon, Anthony. Approach to the Patient with Hyperhomocysteinemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0079.
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Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHC) may occur as a result of a variety of inherited and acquired conditions ranging from mild and benign to severe and life threatening, and there is a higher probability that they will first manifest during early adulthood rather than infancy, with acquired forms commonly presenting into old age. Milder forms of HHC may exist without homocystinuria, and screening tests relying on the presence of homocystine in the urine will give a false negative result. Methylcobalamin is an essential cofactor for methionine synthase, a key enzyme in the homocysteine remethylation pathway: consequently, investigation for inherited abnormalities of intracellular B12 metabolism forms an integral part of the biochemical investigation of HHC. Additionally, there are acquired forms of HHC, notably those involving vitamin B12 deficiency and malabsorption. Mild to moderate HHC has also been associated with alcohol abuse, excessive caffeine intake, hypothyroidism, and poor renal function.
Buchteile zum Thema "Synthèse HLS"
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Meskhidze, Helen. „(What) Do We Learn from Code Comparisons? A Case Study of Self-Interacting Dark Matter Implementations“. In Synthese Library, 171–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26618-8_10.
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AbstractThere has been much interest in the recent philosophical literature on increasing the reliability and trustworthiness of computer simulations. One method used to investigate the reliability of computer simulations is code comparison. Gueguen, however, has offered a convincing critique of code comparisons, arguing that they face a critical tension between the diversity of codes required for an informative comparison and the similarity required for the codes to be comparable. Here, I reflect on her critique in light of a recent code comparison investigating self-interacting dark matter in two computer simulation codes. I argue that the informativeness of this particular code comparison was due to its targeted approach and narrow focus. Its targeted approach (i.e., only the dark matter modules) allowed for simulation outputs that were diverse enough for an informative comparison and yet still comparable. Understanding the comparison as an instance of eliminative reasoning narrowed the focus: we could investigate whether code-specific differences in implementation contributed significantly to the results of self-interacting dark matter simulations. Based on this case study, I argue that code comparisons can be conducted in such a way that they serve as a method for increasing our confidence in computer simulations being, as Parker defines, adequate-for-purpose.
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Piecha, Thomas. „Karl Popper on Deduction“. In Synthese Library, 301–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51406-7_14.
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AbstractWe outline Karl Popper’s theory of deduction, which he developed in the 1940s. In his theory it is assumed that a consequence relation is given or otherwise constructed by postulation. Logical operations, which may be available in this consequence relation, are then characterized by means of relational definitions, and logical operators are introduced as names for these operations by means of inferential definitions. Using logically structured sentences thus introduced, the inference laws for them are immediately obtained from the inferential definitions.
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Abelson, Shannon Sylvie. „Simulation and Experiment Revisited: Temporal Data in Astronomy and Astrophysics“. In Synthese Library, 187–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26618-8_11.
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AbstractThe ongoing debate in philosophy of science over whether simulations are experiments has so far operated at too high a level of generality. I revisit this discussion in the context of simulation in astronomy and astrophysics, arguing that a specific subclass of simulations that include a significant amount of empirically obtained temporal data count as experiments. This subclass will be a small one, as the majority of simulations in astronomy and astrophysics will still suffer from a sparseness of data. But it remains the case that there exist examples of simulations that are experiments.
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Kadowaki, Kevin. „Simulation Verification in Practice“. In Synthese Library, 151–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26618-8_9.
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AbstractWith the increased use of simulations as investigative tools in various scientific fields, the question naturally arises as to how these simulations are epistemically justified. One natural approach is to insist that the numerical aspects of simulation justification be performed separately from the physical aspects, but Winsberg (2010) has argued that this is impossible for highly complex simulations. Based on a survey and close examination of a range of astrophysical MHD codes and their attendant literature, I argue that insisting on a strict separation of these aspects of simulation justification is neither epistemically necessary nor advisable.
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Wigner, M. Wheeler, und E. P. Wigner. „The Scientist: His Increased Responsibilities“. In Historical and Biographical Reflections and Syntheses, 272–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07791-7_42.
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Allzén, Simon. „Extragalactic Reality Revisited: Astrophysics and Entity Realism“. In Synthese Library, 277–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26618-8_15.
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AbstractAstrophysics is a scientific field with a rich ontology of individual processes and general phenomena that occur in our universe. Despite its central role in our understanding of the physics of the universe, astrophysics has largely been ignored in the debate on scientific realism. As a notable exception, Hacking (Philos Sci 56(4):555–581, 1989) argues that the lack of experiments in astrophysics forces us to be anti-realist with respect to the entities which astrophysics claim inhabit the universe. In this paper, I investigate the viability of astrophysical realism about black holes, given other formulations of entity realism, specifically Cartwright’s (How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford University Press, 1983), and Chakravartty’s (A Metaphysics for Scientific Realism: Knowing the Unobervable. Cambridge University Press, 2007) versions of entity realism. I argue that on these accounts of entity realism, you cannot be a realist with respect to black holes, and likewise, if you want to be a realist about black holes, you cannot be an entity realist of these particular strands.
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Gueguen, Marie. „A Crack in the Track of the Hubble Constant“. In Synthese Library, 33–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26618-8_3.
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AbstractMeasuring the rate at which the universe expands at a given time–the ‘Hubble constant’– has been a topic of controversy since the first measure of its expansion by Edwin Hubble in the 1920s. As early as the 1970s, Sandage and de Vaucouleurs have been arguing about the adequate methodology for such a measurement. Should astronomers focus only on their best indicators, e.g., the Cepheids, and improve the precision of this measurement based on a unique object to the best possible? Or should they “spread the risks”, i.e., multiply the indicators and methodologies before averaging over their results? Is a robust agreement across several uncertain measures, as is currently argued to defend the existence of a ‘Hubble crisis’ more telling than a single 1% precision measurement? This controversy, I argue, stems from a misconception of what managing the uncertainties associated with such experimental measurements require. Astrophysical measurements, such as the measure of the Hubble constant, require a methodology that permits both to reduce the known uncertainties and to track the unknown unknowns. Based on the lessons drawn from the so-called Hubble crisis, I sketch a methodological guide for identifying, quantifying and reducing uncertainties in astrophysical measurements, hoping that such a guide can not only help to re-frame the current Hubble tension, but serve as a starting point for future fruitful discussions between astrophysicists, astronomers and philosophers.
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Dukas, H., B. Hoffman und E. P. Wigner. „Review of “Albert Einsein, The Human Side: New Glimpses from His Archives”“. In Historical and Biographical Reflections and Syntheses, 518–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07791-7_89.
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Boutry, Marc, Ferenc Nagy und Nam-Hai Chua. „The Beta Subunit of a Plant Mitochondrial ATP Synthase has a Presequence Involved in Mitochondrial Targeting“. In Plant Molecular Biology, 127–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7598-6_12.
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Aizen, Marcelo A., und Carolina L. Morales. „Impacts of non-native plants on plant-pollinator interactions.“ In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 241–55. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0241.
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Abstract There has been growing interest in the consequences of invasive non-native plants for the plant-pollinator mutualism, most likely because of its relevance for the maintenance of terrestrial biodiversity and food production. However, the development of this research field has been thematically uneven and the overall evidence inconclusive. Many studies have focused on how non-native plants interact with native plants via pollinator sharing, which have allowed meta-analytical syntheses, whereas several others have looked at how frequently non-native plants integrate into native plant-pollinator webs and how they affect network structure. However, relatively few studies have addressed the consequences of invasive plants for pollinators. Overall, the research approach in this area has been predominantly phenomenological rather than mechanistic, which has hindered our understanding of apparently contradictory evidence. One key characteristic of invasive non-native plants that seems to mediate negative effects on the pollination mutualism is the high relative abundance that they reach at late stages of invasion. This high dominance is apparently the main trigger of all the disruptive direct and indirect effects that are discussed in this chapter. Finally, we identify several intriguing questions on the ecological and evolutionary consequences of invasive plants for the plant-pollinator mutualism waiting to be answered.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Synthèse HLS"
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Chacón, José Luis. „El lugar del arte en arquitectura. Los “lieux porte-voix, porte-paroles, haut-parleurs” de Le Corbusier en su discurso del Convegno Volta, 1936“. In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.810.
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Resumen: En 1936 se celebró en Roma el Convegno Volta dedicado a la relación entre arquitectura y las artes figurativas. Entre los participantes estaba Le Corbusier quien presentó una ponencia donde claramente explica los fundamentos del lugar del arte en arquitectura, aspecto clave de su posterior Synthèse des arts. Luego de un manifiesto sobre la Arquitectura Moderna, Le Corbusier afirma que en ocasiones excepcionales puede darse la “colaboración” entre arquitectura y arte con el fin de “aumentar el placer de los hombres”. Dirige su atención a la pintura, la escultura y el diseño; y plantea como respuesta la policromía y los puntos “precisos y matemáticos” donde el artista “fuerte y digno” puede hablar y hacer sentir su discurso. Estos lugares del arte son comunicantes: “lieux porte-voix, porteparoles, haut-parleurs”; aun inexistentes entonces pero que se verán realizados años después, en la idea de la Synthèse des arts. Abstract: In 1936 the Convegno Volta took place in Rome and it was dedicated to discuss the relationship between architecture and the figurative arts. Among the participants there was Le Corbusier, who presented a speech where he clearly establishes the fundamentals of the place of art in architecture, a key point in his later Synthèse des arts. After a manifesto of Modern Architecture, Le Corbusier states that in certain exceptional cases there can be “collaboration” between architecture and art, with the scope of “increasing human pleasure”. His attention is placed upon painting, sculpture and design; and as a response he proposes polychromy and “precise and mathematic points” where a “strong and worthy” artist can speak and let his discourse be felt. These places are communicative: “lieux porte-voix, porte-paroles, haut-parleurs”. Although inexistent then, they will be materialized years later in the way of the idea of the Synthèse des arts. Palabras clave: Arte, Arquitectura, Convegno Volta, Le Corbusier, Síntesis de las artes. Keywords: Art, architecture, Convego Volta, Le Corbusier, Synthesis of the arts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.810
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Strieth, S., BP Ernst, S. Becker, RH Stauber, I. Schmidtmann, R. Meuser und UR Heinrich. „Cochleäre Expressionsmuster der endothelialen Stickstoffmonoxid-Synthase nach Lärmexposition von Meerschweinchen“. In Abstract- und Posterband – 90. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Digitalisierung in der HNO-Heilkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1686288.
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Papakonstantinou, E., M. Christopoulou, M. Tamm und D. Stolz. „Circulating levels of hyaluronic acid synthase-2 (HAS-2) are associated with COPD exacerbations of different etiology“. In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.3276.
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Klinnikova, A. A., G. A. Danilova und N. P. Aleksandrova. „The role of neuronal NO synthase in the respiratory effects of TNF-α“. In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-115-118.
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It was shown that an increase level of proinflammatory cytokines has a modulating effect on the reflex control of respiration. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the mechanisms of the influence of an increased level of Tumor necrosis factor – α (TNF-α) on the hypoxic ventilatory response. To achieve this goal, experiments were carried out on urethane anesthetized rats with intravenous administration of TNF-α before and after pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole specific nNOS inhibitor. The hypoxic ventilation response was assessed by rebreathing with a hypoxic gas mixture before and after administration of TNF-α. We found that TNF-α decreased the ventilatory response to hypoxia. Pretreatment with nNOS inhibitor reduced respiratory effects of TNF-α.
Key words: cytokines, TNF-α, hypoxia, chemoreflex, respiration, ventilation, neuronal nitric oxide synthase.
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Strieth, S., BP Ernst, S. Becker, RH Stauber, I. Schmidtmann, R. Meuser und UR Heinrich. „Cochlear expression patterns of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in guinea pigs after loud noise“. In Abstract- und Posterband – 90. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Digitalisierung in der HNO-Heilkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1686517.
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Ponta, Radu Tudor. „Entre les lignes ou de bouche à l'oreille. Le Corbusier en roumain“. In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.770.
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Résumé: L'article construit l'image de l'auteur de livres Le Corbusier inversée dans le miroir de la culture architecturale roumaine telle que ces éclats permettent de le voir dans une littérature professionnelle qui semble l'avoir obstinément évité. Ainsi la version roumaine de l'auteur Le Corbusier sera le résultat de l'adition de trois images partielles: celle que forme la réflexion des idées corbuséennes dans les œuvres écrites des architectes modernes roumains de l'entre-deux-guerres; celle que propose l'anthologie de textes écrits par Le Corbusier, traduits et édités par Marcel Melicson en 1971 et, en suite, celle avancée par l'exposition de 1987, consacrée à célébrer le centenaire de la naissance de l'architecte. Ensemble ces trois tableaux font preuve des formes insolites que les idées de Le Corbusier assument dans l'histoire récente de la littérature professionnelle roumaine, et montrent les légers déplacements de substance que ces "traductions" engagent. Abstract: The paper focuses on Le Corbusier as author of books and looks at his inverted image such as it is developed in the Romanian architecture culture. The idea arises from the curious fact that the professional literature seems to have programmatically avoided him. In this paper, the Romanian author Le Corbusier will be the uneven sum of three partial images: the first is provided by the reflection of corbusean ideas in the writings of Romanian modern architects between the two World Wars. The second is given by the collection of Le Corbusier's writings, translated and edited by Marcel Melicson in 1971. And finally the third is that of the 1987 centennial exhibition hosted by the Bucharest architecture school. Together these three images testify to the peculiar shapes that Le Corbusier's ideas take in the recent Romanian professional literature and also to the subtle displacement of meaning that these "translations" suggest. Mots-clés: traductions de Le Corbusier en roumain; affinités personnelles/modèles interdits; circulation et interprétations des idées; synthèses éloignées. Keywords: translations of Le Corbusier in Romanian; personal affinities/forbidden models; circulation and interpretation of ideas; distant syntheses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.770
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Modis, Katalin, Manjit Maskey, Paul Johnson, Csaba Szabo, Mark R. Hellmich und Celia Chao. „Abstract 2980: Cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS)-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) supports proliferation, migration and bioenergetics in colon cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)“. In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-2980.
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Bordet, J. C., M. Guichardant und M. Lagarde. „PEROXIDE STIMULATION OF PGI3 AND DIHOMO-PGI2 IN ENDOTHELIUM“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643366.
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Human umbilical endothelial cell (EC) monolayers incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) produce small amounts of prostaglandin E3 (PGI3). We have previously shown that this metabolite is markedly enhanced in EC supernatant by co-incubating EPA with arachidonic acid (AA) (BBRC 135, 403, 1986). Moreover we found that PGF3a and PGE3 were similarly enhanced, and we concluded that such a stimulation occured at the cyclooxygenase rather than at the prostacyclin synthase level. It is generally assumed that cyclooxygenase is a peroxide-dependent enzyme and the present study shows that the potentiating effect of AA on EPA cyclooxygenation may be due to its hydroperoxy derivative, 15-HPETE. This has been established by measuring prostanoids of the trienoic series from (14-C)EPA and by detection of their metoxy-pentafluorobenzyl-trimethyl silyl derivatives from unlabelled EPA by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The potentiating effect of n-6 hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid (13-HPODE) was even higher than that of 15-HPETE. In addition, the cyclooxygenation of docosatetraenoic acid (DTA) or adrenic acid, was found to be also potentiated by 15-HPETE and 13-HPODE, but higher concentrations were required for the efficient synthesis of dihomo-PGI2. Concentrations of peroxides required for such potentiations were however far lower (−2μM) than those inhibiting prostacyclin synthase (≥100μM under our conditions). EPA and DTA, as competitive inhibitors of AA cyclooxygenation, appeared to need a higher peroxide tone than AA for their own metabolism. The biological relevance of DTA is not proved at this day, and dihomo-PGI2 has been found less active than PGI2. In contrast, PGI3 has been assumed to exhibit similar antiaggregatory effect than PGI2. EPA may then beneficially enhance the prostacyclin potential of vascular endothelium especially in conditions where a high peroxide tone is suspected like ageing or diabetes
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Takamatsu, Yusuke. „Synthese als Modus der Prozessualität bei Schubert: Sein spezifisches Wiederholungsprinzip im langsamen Satz“. In Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung 2019. Paderborn und Detmold. Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar der Universität Paderborn und der Hochschule für Musik Detmold, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25366/2020.73.
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In contrast to Beethoven’s music, Schubert’s music has been described through the concept of “a-finality” (Fischer 1983), employing the same elements repeatedly. In this sense, Schubert’s music seems incompatible with the kind of “processual” thinking which is typical for Beethoven’s music. This paper addresses such incompatibility through a comparison of the slow movements of Schubert’s piano sonata D 840 with those of Beethoven’s piano sonata No. 8 (op. 13) which is one of the possible precursors for D 840. The second movement of D 840 features an ABABA structure in which the themes of the first part A and the first part B become integrated into the second part A. This kind of integration differs fundamentally from the design of Beethoven’s op. 13, insofar as the two themes are combined while they also maintain their initial form. This mode of combination suggests Schubert’s own type of synthetic or “processual” thinking.
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Lumley, P., E. W. Collington, P. Hallett, E. J. Hornby, p. PA Humphrey, C. J. Wallis, D. Jack und R. T. Brittain. „THE EFFECTS OF GR32191, A NEW THROMBOXANE RECEPTOR BLOCKING DRUG,ON PLATELETS AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE IN VITRO“. In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643754.
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The effect of a new thromboxane receptor blocking drug GR32191 ([1R-[1α(Z),2β,3β,5α]]-(+)-7-[5-[[(1,1"-biphenyl)-4-yl]methoxy] -3-hydroxy-2-(l-piperidinyl)cyclopentyl]-4-heptenoic acid,hydrochloride) has been examined upon platelets and vascular smooth muscle. In human platelet-rich plasma (PRP), aggregation to thromboxane(Tx) A2, PGH2, arachidonic acid, collagen andU-46619 was antagonised by GR32191 (IC50 range 2-36 nM).Primary aggregation (PRP treated with aspirin 10 pM) to ADP, 5-HT and adrenaline were unaffected by concentrations of GR32191 up to 10 pM. In human PRP, U-46619-induced aggregation and 5-HT release were antagonised by GR32191(10-100 nM). In contrast, in theabsence of aspirin, ADP-induced 5-HT release,but not aggregation, was antagonised by the compound implicating a role for TXA2 in the release process. In human PRP GR32191 (up to 30μM) did not itself induce aggregation or, in the presence of EGTA (4 mM), induce detectable shape change. Up to 10 μM GR32191 was without effect upon the inhibitory activity of PGI2 or PGD2 and at 1μMhad no significant inhibitory activity upon fatty acid cyclooxygenase, thromboxane synthase, prostacyclin synthase, 12-lipoxygenase orphosphodiesterase. The effect of GR32191was quantified further in human platelets suspended in whole blood or physiological salt solution. Aggregation to U-46619 was antagonised byGR32191 with a pA2 (slope of the Schild regression) of 8.2 (1.3) in whole blood and 8.8 (1.3) in resuspended platelets. The compound competitively and specifically antagonised the contractions of strips of human isolatedpulmonary blood vessels and rat and guinea-pig aortic strips produced by U-46619 with pA2 (slope) values of 8.2 (1.1), 7.9 (0.9) and 8.7(0.9) respectively. In contrast contractions induced by KC1 and 5-HT (rat) orKC1and histamine (guinea-pig) were unaffectedbyconcentrations of GR32191 up to 30 μM.Thus GR32191 is a potent and specific thromboxane receptor blocking drug on platelets and vascular smooth muscle in vitro. It is orally active and long lasting in man (Thomas, M et al.,this meeting).
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Synthèse HLS"
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Delmer, Deborah P., und Prem S. Chourey. The Importance of the Enzyme Sucrose Synthase for Cell Wall Synthesis in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, Oktober 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568771.bard.
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The goal of this work was to understand the role of the enzyme sucrose synthase (SuSy) in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. The work resulting from the this grant leads to a number of conclusions. SuSy clearly plays diverse roles in carbon metabolism. It can associate with the plasma membrane of cells undergoing rapid cellulose deposition, such as cotton fibers, developing maize endosperm, gravistimulated pulvini, and transfer cells of the cotton seed. It is also concentrated at sites of high callose deposition (tapetal cells; cell plates). When SuSy levels are lowered by mutation or by anti-sense technology, cell walls undergo degeneration (maize endosperm) and show reduced levels of cellulose (potato tubers). In sum, our evidence has very much strengthened the concept that SuSy does function in the plasma membrane to channel carbon from sucrose via UDP-glucose to glucan synthase complexes. Soluble SuSy also clearly plays a role in providing carbon for starch synthesis and respiration. Surprisingly, we found that the cotton seed is one unique case where SuSy apparently does not play a role in starch synthesis. Current evidence in sum suggests that no specific SuSy gene encodes the membrane-associated form, although in maize the SS 1 form of SuSy may be most important for cell wall synthesis in the early stages of endosperm development. Work is still in progress to determine what does control membrane localization - and the current evidence we have favors a role for Ca2+, and possibly also protein phosphorylation by differentially regulated protein kinases. Finally, we have discovered for the first time, a major new family of genes that encode the catalytic subunit of the cellulose synthase of plants - a result that has been widely cited and opens many new approaches for the study of this important plant function.
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Lewinsohn, Efraim, Eran Pichersky und Shimon Gepstein. Biotechnology of Tomato Volatiles for Flavor Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575277.bard.
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The main objectives of the research project were: 1. The manipulation, by genetic engineering techniques, of the terpenoid pathway in tomato fruit. Specifically, to test the hypothesis whether overexpression of linalool synthase in tomato fruits will result in the diversion of intermediates of the carotene biosynthetic pathway to linalool, demonstrating that linalool synthase is a key regulatory enzyme, and possibly improving tomato flavor. 2. The elucidation of the biochemical pathway leading to eugenol and methyl eugenol, and the manipulation of this pathway to determine key enzymes and to improve flavor in tomato. Background, conclusions and implications The different proportions of volatile components present in foods often determine their flavor properties. Two of the ten most important flavor compounds in tomatoes, linalool and eugenol, are emitted by the flowers of Clarkia breweri, (Onagraceae), a plant native to California, and are also present in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae). We have studied the key enzymes and genes involved in the production of these flavorants. Linalool synthase, the key enzyme in linalool biosynthesis and its corresponding gene were isolated and characterized from Clarkia breweri. The gene was coupled to a fruit-specific tomato promotor (E8) and was used to transform tomatoes. The transgenic tomatoes produced S-linalool and 1-hydroxylinalool, compounds absent from the fruits of controls. The transgenesis did not adversely affect the overall appearance of the plants nor the levels of other terpenoids present such as carotenoids and vitamin E. Our work has proven that the terpenoid pathway in tomatoes can be modified by the introduction and expression of foreign genes coding for the enzymes controlling the production of monoterpenoid flavor compounds. We have also isolated novel enzymes and genes that are involved in the formation of eugenol and methyl eugenol from Clarkia breweri and basil. An EST library of basil glandular trichomes (the site of eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis) was prepared. More than 1,200 genes have been preliminary characterized and a few of them have been confirmed by functional expression, to be involved in eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis. These genes have augmented the still small repertoire of genes that are available to modify the aroma of agricultural produce by genetic engineering.
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Zhang, Yanji, Wei Huang, Jiajie Wang, Hongjie Xia und Zhongyu Zhou. Acupuncture for weight loss: Protocol for a scoping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0098.
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Review question / Objective: The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the evidence from systematic reviews of acupuncture and intervention types for weight loss and to evaluate the breadth and methodological quality of them. Condition being studied: Acupuncture is one of the traditional therapies of Chinese medicine. As its effectiveness and safety, it has been widely used in clinical practice in China. Acupuncture is also used and frequently advocated for the treatment of obesity. A few clinical research, systematic review, or meta-analyses has proved its effectiveness and safety, but there are no comprehensive syntheses among these evidence.
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Alwagdani, Abdullah. Review Of mPGES-1 Inhibitors Based On The Benzoxazole And Its Isostere Scaffold For The Treatment Of Inflammatory Diseases. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Juni 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2024.0021.
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The vital role of the prostanoid pathway in inflammation, pain, cancer, Alzheimer’s and many other diseases has attracted the drug discovery community to discover targets for therapeutic development. Although existing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibiting cyclooxygenases (COX) are widely used, the side effects of these NSAIDs limit the ling time medication. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an attractive target that is overexpressed during inflammations, and it could be a safe alternative to NSAIDs for treating inflammatory diseases.Since the discovery of mPGES-1 in 1997, many inhibitors have been developed since 2001. Only a few compounds were able to make it to clinical trials, and only two molecules are in phase II clinical trials. Among the mPGES-1 inhibitors, benzoxazole, indole, and benzimidazole are the most explored chemical scaffolds, especially benzimidazole. One of the two inhibitors in the clinical trials is based on this scaffold. Here, we provide a review of mPGES-1's role in inflammation and inhibitors based on these scaffolds that are reported in the literature.
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Dudley, J. P., und S. V. Samsonov. Système de traitement automatisé du gouvernement canadien pour la détection des variations et l'analyse des déformations du sol à partir des données de radar à synthèse d'ouverture de RADARSAT-2 et de la mission de la Constellation RADARSAT : description et guide de l'utilisateur. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329134.
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Remote sensing using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) offers powerful methods for monitoring ground deformation from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Advanced analysis techniques such as Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR), change detection, and Speckle Offset Tracking (SPO) provide sensitive measures of ground movement. With both the RADARSAT-2 and RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) SAR satellites, Canada has access to a significant catalogue of SAR data. To make use of this data, the Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) has developed an automated system for generating standard and advanced deformation products from SAR data using both DInSAR and SPO methods. This document provides a user guide for this automated processing system.
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Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Ron Porat und Dumitru Macarisin. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Tritrophic Interactions in Postharvest Biocontrol Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7594390.bard.
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To elucidate the role of ROS in the tri-trophic interactions in postharvest biocontrol systems a detailed molecular and biochemical investigation was undertaken. The application of the yeast biocontrol agent Metschnikowia fructicola, microarray analysis was performed on grapefruit surface wounds using an Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. the data indicated that 1007 putative unigenes showed significant expression changes following wounding and yeast application relative to wounded controls. The expression of the genes encoding Respiratory burst oxidase (Rbo), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), G-proteins, chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). In contrast, three genes, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were down-regulated in grapefruit peel tissue treated with yeast cells. The yeast antagonists, Metschnikowia fructicola (strain 277) and Candida oleophila (strain 182) generate relatively high levels of super oxide anion (O2−) following its interaction with wounded fruit surface. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy we observed that the application of M. fructicola and C. oleophila into citrus and apple fruit wounds correlated with an increase in H2O2 accumulation in host tissue. The present data, together with our earlier discovery of the importance of H₂O₂ production in the defense response of citrus flavedo to postharvest pathogens, indicate that the yeast-induced oxidative response in fruit exocarp may be associated with the ability of specific yeast species to serve as biocontrol agents for the management of postharvest diseases. Effect of ROS on yeast cells was also studied. Pretreatment of the yeast, Candida oleophila, with 5 mM H₂O₂ for 30 min (sublethal) increased yeast tolerance to subsequent lethal levels of oxidative stress (50 mM H₂O₂), high temperature (40 °C), and low pH (pH 4). Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was used to identify genes expressed in yeast in response to sublethal oxidative stress. Transcript levels were confirmed using semi quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Seven antioxidant genes were up regulated. Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist Candida oleophila with glycine betaine (GB) increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. ROS production is greater when yeast antagonists used as biocontrol agents are applied in the wounds. Compared to untreated control yeast cells, GB-treated cells recovered from the oxidative stress environment of apple wounds exhibited less accumulation of ROS and lower levels of oxidative damage to cellular proteins and lipids. Additionally, GB-treated yeast exhibited greater biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, and faster growth in wounds of apple fruits compared to untreated yeast. The expression of major antioxidant genes, including peroxisomal catalase, peroxiredoxin TSA1, and glutathione peroxidase was elevated in the yeast by GB treatment. A mild heat shock (HS) pretreatment (30 min at 40 1C) improved the tolerance of M. fructicola to subsequent high temperature (45 1C, 20–30 min) and oxidative stress (0.4 mol-¹) hydrogen peroxide, 20–60 min). HS-treated yeast cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than non-treated cells in response to both stresses. Additionally, HS-treated yeast exhibited significantly greater (P≥0.0001) biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and a significantly faster (Po0.0001) growth rate in wounds of apple fruits stored at 25 1C compared with the performance of untreated yeast cells. Transcription of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1) was up regulated in response to HS and trehalose content also increased.
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Pehrsson, S. J., N. Wodicka, J A Percival und N. Rogers. Introduction et sommaire. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332494.
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The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program was funded between 2008 and 2020 with the aim of advancing geological knowledge of the North to reduce risk for mineral exploration and inform land-use decisions and future management of the North. Twenty-one regional activities were undertaken across Canada's northern shield, spanning northern Prairie Provinces, northern Quebec, Labrador, along with much of Nunavut and Northwest Territories. A further five activities were thematic in nature. Bulletin 612 presents results from 12 of these endeavours, including integrated regional bedrock geoscience studies, geophysical surveys, and basin analyses, as well as thematic thermochronology, geochemistry and large igneous province syntheses. The results highlight that GEM has contributed to new era of understanding of the northern Canadian Shield, expanding its framework substantially and developing an increasingly complex model of Archean cratons, Archean/Proterozoic microcontinents, and juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust that highlights the existence of a dozen new pericratonic to exotic ribbon microcontinents within a mosaic once considered as mostly large cratonic masses welded by Paleoproterozoic orogens. This emerging picture brings additional questions for future northern studies - particularly in the granularity of subdivision of the largest blocks, the impact of enigmatic earliest Paleoproterozoic orogens, and dynamics of assembly of exotic and little-known terranes.
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Pehrsson, S. J., N. Wodicka, J A Percival und N. Rogers. Introduction and Summary. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332493.
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The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program was funded between 2008 and 2020 with the aim of advancing geological knowledge of the North to reduce risk for mineral exploration and inform land-use decisions and future management of the North. Twenty-one regional activities were undertaken across Canada's northern shield, spanning northern Prairie Provinces, northern Quebec, Labrador, along with much of Nunavut and Northwest Territories. A further five activities were thematic in nature. Bulletin 612 presents results from 12 of these endeavours, including integrated regional bedrock geoscience studies, geophysical surveys, and basin analyses, as well as thematic thermochronology, geochemistry and large igneous province syntheses. The results highlight that GEM has contributed to new era of understanding of the northern Canadian Shield, expanding its framework substantially and developing an increasingly complex model of Archean cratons, Archean/Proterozoic microcontinents, and juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust that highlights the existence of a dozen new pericratonic to exotic ribbon microcontinents within a mosaic once considered as mostly large cratonic masses welded by Paleoproterozoic orogens. This emerging picture brings additional questions for future northern studies - particularly in the granularity of subdivision of the largest blocks, the impact of enigmatic earliest Paleoproterozoic orogens, and dynamics of assembly of exotic and little-known terranes.
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Sadka, Avi, Mikeal L. Roose und Yair Erner. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Citric Acid Accumulation in Citrus Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, März 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573071.bard.
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The acid content of the juice sac cells is a major determinant of maturity and fruit quality in citrus. Many citrus varieties accumulate acid in concentrations that exceed market desires, reducing grower income and consumer satisfaction. Pulp acidity is thought to be dependent on two mechanisms: the accumulation of citric acid in the vacuoles of the juice sac cells, and acidification of the vacuole. The major aim of the project was to direct effort toward understanding the mechanism of citric acid accumulation in the fruit. The following objectives were suggested: Measure the activity of enzymes likely to be involved in acid accumulation and follow their pattern of expression in developing fruit (Sadka, Erner). Identify and clone genes which are associated with high and low acid phenotypes and with elevated acid level (Roose, Sadka, Erner). Convert RAPD markers that map near a gene that causes low acid phenotype to specific co dominant markers (Roose). Use genetic co segregation to test whether specific gene products are responsible for low acid phenotype (Roose and Sadka). Objective 1 was fully achieved. Most of the enzymes of organic acid metabolism were cloned from lemon pulp. Their expression was studied during fruit development in low and high acid varieties. The activity and expression of citrate synthase, aconitase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were studied in detail. The role that each enzyme plays in acid accumulation and decline was evaluated. As a result, a better understanding of the metabolic changes that contribute to acid accumulation was achieved. It was found that the activity of the mitochondrial aconitase is greatly reduced early in high-acid fruits, but not in acidless ones, suggesting that this enzyme plays an important role in acid accumulation. In addition, it was demonstrated that increases in the cytosolic forms of aconitase and NADP-IDH towards fruit maturation play probably a major role in acid decline. Our studies also demonstrated that the two mechanisms that contribute to fruit acidity, vacuolar acidification and citric acid accumulation, are independent, although they are tightly co-regulated. Additional, we demonstrated that sodium arsenite, which reduce fruit acidity, causes a transient inhibition in the activity of citrate synthase, but an induction in the gene expression. This part of the work has resulted in 4 papers. Objective 3 was also fully achieved. Using bulked segregant analysis, three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified as linked to acitric, a gene controlling the acidless phenotype of pummelo 2240. One of them, which mapped 1.2 cM from acitric was converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR marker, and into co dominant restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) marker. These markers were highly polymorphic among 59 citrus accessions, and therefore, they should be useful for selecting seedling progeny heterozygous for acitric in nearly all crosses between pummelo 2240 and other citrus genotypes. This part of the project resulted in one paper. Objective 4 was also fully achieved. Clones isolated by the Israeli group were sent to the American laboratory for co segregation analysis. However, none of them seemed to co segregate with the low acid phenotype. Both laboratories invested much effort in achieving the goals of Objective 2, namely the isolation of genes that are elevated in expression in low and high acid phenotypes, and in tissue cultures treated with arsenite (a treatment which reduces fruit acidity). However, conventional differential display and restriction fragment differential display analyses could not identify any differentially expressed genes. The isolation of such genes was the major aim of a continuation project, which was recently submitted.
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Levesque, Justine, Jordan Babando, Nathaniel Loranger und Shantel Johnson. COVID-19 prevalence and infection control measures at homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries: a scoping review. The Homeless Hub, York University, Dezember 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/10315/38850.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted homeless populations and service workers, especially within homeless shelter/hostel settings. To date, there have been few evidence syntheses examining outbreaks of COVID-19 among both homeless shelters residents and service workers, nor has there been a critically engaged summary of relevant infection control and prevention (IPAC) measures. This scoping review offers a timely and much-needed synthesis of COVID-19 prevalence within homeless shelters and a review of current and pertinent IPAC measures. Methods: We conducted a scoping review in June 2021 that synthesized academic and grey literature published from March 2020 to July 2021 pertaining to 1) the prevalence of COVID-19 among both residents and staff in homeless shelters and hostels in high-income countries, and 2) COVID-19 IPAC strategies applied in these settings. Two reviewers independently screened the results of the literature search of several databases that included MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and the WHO’s COVID-19 Global Health Portal. All the extracted data was mapped, categorized, and thematically discussed. Results: Thematic analysis of included literature revealed five key themes: 1) the demographics of COVID-19 in homeless shelters, 2) asymptomatic spread, 3) pre-existing vulnerability of the homeless and shelters, 4) the limited application of IPAC, and 5) IPAC effectiveness. Conclusion: This review offers a useful glimpse into the landscape of COVID-19 outbreaks in homeless shelters/hostels and the major contributing factors to these events. The scoping review revealed that there is no clear indication of generally accepted IPAC standards for homeless populations and shelter care workers. This review also illustrated a great need for future research to establish IPAC best practices as well as additional resources for shelter systems to protect residents and staff at homeless shelters/hostels in high-income countries. Finally, the findings from this review reaffirm that homelessness prevention is a key to limiting disease outbreaks, and the associated negative health outcomes in shelter populations.