Zeitschriftenartikel: „Symmetry (Physics)“

1

Iachello, F. „Symmetry in physics“. European Physical Journal A 20, Nr. 1 (April 2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2003-10193-0.

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2

Osborne, I. S. „PHYSICS: Stimulated Symmetry“. Science 317, Nr. 5846 (28.09.2007): 1834d—1835d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.317.5846.1834d.

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3

Barone, M., und A. K. Theophilou. „Symmetry and symmetry breaking in modern physics“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 104 (01.03.2008): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/104/1/012037.

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4

Boi, Luciano. „Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking in Physics: From Geometry to Topology“. Symmetry 13, Nr. 11 (05.11.2021): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112100.

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Symmetry (and group theory) is a fundamental principle of theoretical physics. Finite symmetries, continuous symmetries of compact groups, and infinite-dimensional representations of noncompact Lie groups are at the core of solid physics, particle physics, and quantum physics, respectively. The latter groups now play an important role in many branches of mathematics. In more recent years, we have been faced with the impact of topological quantum field theory (TQFT). Topology and symmetry have deep connections, but topology is inherently broader and more complex. While the presence of symmetry in physical phenomena imposes strong constraints, topology seems to be related to low-energy states and is very likely to provide information about the different dynamical trajectories and patterns that particles can follow. For example, regarding the relationship of topology to low-energy states, Hodge’s theory of harmonic forms shows that the zero-energy states (for differential forms) correspond to the cohomology. Regarding the relationship of topology to particle trajectories, a topological knot can be seen as an orbit with complex properties in spacetime. The various deformations or embeddings of the knot, performed in low or high dimensions, allow defining different equivalence classes or topological types, and interestingly, it is possible from these types to study the symmetries associated with the deformations and their changes. More specifically, in the present work, we address two issues: first, that quantum geometry deforms classical geometry, and that this topological deformation may produce physical effects that are specific to the quantum physics scale; and second, that mirror symmetry and the phenomenon of topological change are closely related. This paper was aimed at understanding the conceptual and physical significance of this connection.

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5

Green, HS. „A Cyclic Symmetry Principle in Physics“. Australian Journal of Physics 47, Nr. 1 (1994): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph940025.

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Many areas of modern physics are illuminated by the application of a symmetry principle, requiring the invariance of the relevant laws of physics under a group of transformations. This paper examines the implications and some of the applications of the principle of cyclic symmetry, especially in the areas of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics, including quantized field theory. This principle requires invariance under the transformations of a finite group, which may be a Sylow 7r-group, a group of Lie type, or a symmetric group. The utility of the principle of cyclic invariance is demonstrated in finding solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation that include and generalize known solutions. It is shown that the Sylow 7r-groups have other uses, in providing a basis for a type of generalized quantum statistics, and in parametrising a new generalization of Lie groups, with associated algebras that include quantized algebras.

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6

HOURI, TSUYOSHI. „KILLING–YANO SYMMETRY IN SUPERGRAVITY THEORIES“. International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 21 (Januar 2013): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513009483.

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Killing–Yano symmetry has played an important role in the study of black hole physics. In supergravity theories, Killing–Yano symmetry is deformed by the presence of the fluxes which can be identified with skew-symmetric torsion. Therefore, we attempt to classify spacetimes admitting Killing-Yano symmetry with torsion. In particular, the classification problem of metrics admitting a principal Killing–Yano tensor with torsion is discussed.

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7

Kosso, Peter. „Symmetry arguments in physics“. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 30, Nr. 3 (September 1999): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-3681(99)00012-6.

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8

Kim, M., Y. Yang, Y. S. Gui und C. M. Hu. „Visualization of synchronization zone on the Bloch sphere through an anti-PT-symmetric electrical circuit“. AIP Advances 12, Nr. 3 (01.03.2022): 035217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081693.

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This work reports an analysis of the anti-parity-time (APT) symmetry system produced by pure dissipative coupled passive electric oscillators. Through spectral and time-domain measurements, the complex eigenfrequencies of the APT-symmetric system were measured. Interesting physics, such as exceptional points, APT-symmetry breaking transitions, and frequency synchronization with explicitly defined phase differences, were observed. Most importantly, we found that synchronous signals span the equator of the Bloch sphere. Therefore, our methodology functions as an analogon understructure to explore APT-symmetric systems.

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9

Hu, Zhou, Zhao-Yun Zeng, Jia Tang und Xiao-Bing Luo. „Quasi-parity-time symmetric dynamics in periodically driven two-level non-Hermitian system“. Acta Physica Sinica 71, Nr. 7 (2022): 074207. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20220270.

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<sec>In recent years, there have been intensive studies of non-Hermitian physics and parity–time (PT) symmetry due to their fundamental importance in theory and outstanding applications. A distinctive character in PT-symmetric system is phase transition (spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking), i.e. an all-real energy spectrum changes into an all-complex one when the non-Hermitian parameter exceeds a certain threshold. However, the conditions for PT-symmetric system with real energy spectrum to occur are rather restrictive. The generalization of PT-symmetric potentials to wider classes of non-PT-symmetric complex potentials with all-real energy spectra is a currently important endeavor. A simple PT-symmetric two-level Floquet quantum system is now being actively explored, because it holds potential for the realization of non-unitary single-qubit quantum gate. However, studies of the evolution dynamics of non-PT-symmetric two-level non-Hermitian Floquet quantum system are still relatively rare.</sec><sec></sec><sec>In this paper, we investigate the non-Hermitian physics of a periodically driven non-PT-symmetric two-level quantum system. By phase-space analysis, we find that there exist so-called pseudo fixed points in phase space representing the Floquet solutions with fixed population difference and a time-dependent relative phase between the two levels. According to these pseudo fixed points, we analytically construct a non-unitary evolution operator and then explore the dynamic behaviors of the non-PT-symmetric two-level quantum system in different parameter regions. We confirm both analytically and numerically that the two-level non-Hermitian Floquet quantum system, although it is non-parity-time-symmetric, still features a phase transition with the quasienergy spectrum changing from all-real to all-complex energy spectrum, just like the PT symmetric system. Furthermore, we reveal that a novel phenomenon called quasi-PT symmetric dynamics occurs in the time evolution process. The quasi-PT symmetric dynamics is so named in our paper, in the sense that the time-evolution of population probabilities in the non-PT-symmetric two-level system satisfies fully the time-space symmetry (PT symmetry), while time-evolution of the quantum state (containing the phase) does not meet such a PT symmetry, due to the fact that time-evolution of the phases of the probability amplitudes on the two levels violates the requirement for the PT symmetry.</sec>

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10

Eltschka, Christopher, und Jens Siewert. „Optimal class-specific witnesses for three-qubit entanglement from Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger symmetry“. Quantum Information and Computation 13, Nr. 3&4 (März 2013): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic13.3-4-3.

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Recently, a new type of symmetry for three-qubit quantum states was introduced, the so-called Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) symmetry. It includes the operations which leave the three-qubit standard GHZ state unchanged. This symmetry is powerful as it yields families of mixed states that are, on the one hand, complex enough from the physics point of view and, on the other hand, simple enough mathematically so that their properties can be characterized analytically. We show that by using the properties of GHZ-symmetric states it is straightforward to derive optimal witnesses for detecting class-specific entanglement in arbitrary three-qubit states.

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11

Koch, Volker. „Aspects of Chiral Symmetry“. International Journal of Modern Physics E 06, Nr. 02 (Juni 1997): 203–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301397000147.

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This article is an attempt to a pedagogical introduction and review into the elementary concepts of chiral symmetry in nuclear physics. Effective chiral models such as the linear and nonlinear sigma model will be discussed as well as the essential ideas of chiral perturbation theory. Some applications to the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions will be presented.

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12

Ferrando, Albert, und Miguel Ángel García-March. „Symmetry in Electromagnetism“. Symmetry 12, Nr. 5 (26.04.2020): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12050685.

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13

Petitjean, Michel. „Symmetry, Antisymmetry, and Chirality: Use and Misuse of Terminology“. Symmetry 13, Nr. 4 (04.04.2021): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040603.

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We outline the need for rigorous and consensual definitions in the field of symmetry, in particular about chirality. We provide examples of confusing use of such terminology in the mathematical literature and in the physics literature. In particular, we prove that an antisymmetric function is symmetric for a wide class of metrics. It may be either direct-symmetric or achiral or both direct-symmetric and achiral.

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14

Faraoni, Valerio. „Turnaround physics beyond spherical symmetry“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, Nr. 1 (01.12.2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012017.

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Abstract The concept of turnaround radius in an accelerating universe is generalized to arbitrarily large deviations from spherical symmetry, as needed by astronomy. As a check, previous results for small deviations from spherical symmetry are recovered.

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15

Bahri, C., J. Draayer und S. Moszkowski. „Pseudospin symmetry in nuclear physics“. Physical Review Letters 68, Nr. 14 (April 1992): 2133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.68.2133.

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16

Koptsik, V. A. „Generalized symmetry in crystal physics“. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 16, Nr. 5-8 (1988): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(88)90231-3.

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17

Gross, David J. „Symmetry in Physics: Wigner's Legacy“. Physics Today 48, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1995): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.881480.

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18

Shuryak, E. V. „Physics of chiral symmetry breaking“. Nuclear Physics A 527 (Mai 1991): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(91)90147-x.

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19

Bagnato, Vanderlei S., Rashid G. Nazmitdinov und Vyacheslav I. Yukalov. „Symmetry in Many-Body Physics“. Symmetry 15, Nr. 1 (27.12.2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15010072.

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20

Tishchenko, I. Yu, D. Yu Tishchenko, S. A. Zavgorodny und S. A. Berezhanskaya. „SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KLEIN —GORDON REAL FIELD“. Chronos 7, Nr. 5(67) (13.08.2022): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-67-5-18.

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This scientific work examiner symmetry in nature and physics, its mathematical description. The spontaneous breaking of the Klein—Gordon real field is considered. The role of symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking in the development of physics is shown.

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21

Schlatter, Andreas. „On the Role of Unitary-Symmetry for the Foundation of Probability and Time in a Realist Approach to Quantum Physics“. Symmetry 10, Nr. 12 (10.12.2018): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10120737.

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We show that probabilities in quantum physics can be derived from permutation-symmetry and the principle of indifference. We then connect unitary-symmetry to the concept of “time” and define a thermal time-flow by symmetry breaking. Finally, we discuss the coexistence of quantum physics and relativity theory by making use of the thermal time-flow.

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22

Mannheim, Philip D. „Symmetry and spontaneously broken symmetry in the physics of elementary particles“. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 12, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1986): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(86)90149-5.

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23

Shi, Zeyun, Jinkeng Lin, Jiong Chen, Yao Jin und Jin Huang. „Symmetry Based Material Optimization“. Symmetry 13, Nr. 2 (14.02.2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020315.

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Many man-made or natural objects are composed of symmetric parts and possess symmetric physical behavior. Although its shape can exactly follow a symmetry in the designing or modeling stage, its discretized mesh in the analysis stage may be asymmetric because generating a mesh exactly following the symmetry is usually costly. As a consequence, the expected symmetric physical behavior may not be faithfully reproduced due to the asymmetry of the mesh. To solve this problem, we propose to optimize the material parameters of the mesh for static and kinematic symmetry behavior. Specifically, under the situation of static equilibrium, Young’s modulus is properly scaled so that a symmetric force field leads to symmetric displacement. For kinematics, the mass is optimized to reproduce symmetric acceleration under a symmetric force field. To efficiently measure the deviation from symmetry, we formulate a linear operator whose kernel contains all the symmetric vector fields, which helps to characterize the asymmetry error via a simple ℓ2 norm. To make the resulting material suitable for the general situation, the symmetric training force fields are derived from modal analysis in the above kernel space. Results show that our optimized material significantly reduces the asymmetric error on an asymmetric mesh in both static and dynamic simulations.

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24

Kudryashova, Olga B. „Dispersed Systems: Physics, Optics, Invariants, Symmetry“. Symmetry 14, Nr. 8 (04.08.2022): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081602.

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25

Yavahchova, Mariya S., und Dimitar Tonev. „Example for symmetry in nuclear physics“. Symmetry: Culture and Science 32, Nr. 2 (2021): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26830/symmetry_2021_2_294.

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26

Gaponov, Y. V., D. M. Vladimirov und J. Bang. „Spin-isospin symmetry in nuclear physics“. Acta Physica Hungarica A) Heavy Ion Physics 3, Nr. 3-4 (August 1996): 189–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03053666.

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27

Villain, J. „Symmetry and group theory throughout physics“. EPJ Web of Conferences 22 (2012): 00002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20122200002.

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28

El-Ganainy, Ramy, Konstantinos G. Makris, Mercedeh Khajavikhan, Ziad H. Musslimani, Stefan Rotter und Demetrios N. Christodoulides. „Non-Hermitian physics and PT symmetry“. Nature Physics 14, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys4323.

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29

Baker, David John. „Symmetry and the Metaphysics of Physics“. Philosophy Compass 5, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2010): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2010.00361.x.

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30

Kaneko, Toshiaki, und Hirotaka Sugawara. „Broken S3 symmetry in flavor physics“. Physics Letters B 697, Nr. 4 (März 2011): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.02.017.

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31

Rosen, Joe. „Fundamental manifestations of symmetry in physics“. Foundations of Physics 20, Nr. 3 (März 1990): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00731694.

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32

Shirkov, D. V. „Imagery of symmetry in current physics“. Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 170, Nr. 2 (Februar 2012): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11232-012-0026-5.

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33

Ahmed, Zafar. „PT-symmetry in conventional quantum physics“. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 39, Nr. 32 (26.07.2006): 9965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/39/32/s01.

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34

Iachello, F. „Symmetry and supersymmetry in nuclear physics“. La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 19, Nr. 7 (Juli 1996): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02757355.

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35

Kreinovich, Vladik, und Luc Longpré. „Unreasonable effectiveness of symmetry in physics“. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 35, Nr. 7 (Juli 1996): 1549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02084960.

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36

Tselnik, F. „Platonic solids symmetry in particle physics“. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 12, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2007): 1427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2006.03.016.

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37

BELYAEV, SPARTAK T. „MANY-BODY PHYSICS AND SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, Nr. 19 (30.07.2006): 2579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206035059.

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38

Chaubey, Yogendra P., Govind S. Mudholkar und M. C. Jones. „Reciprocal symmetry, unimodality and Khintchine’s theorem“. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, Nr. 2119 (15.02.2010): 2079–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0482.

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The symmetric distributions on the real line and their multi-variate extensions play a central role in statistical theory and many of its applications. Furthermore, data in practice often consist of non-negative measurements. Reciprocally symmetric distributions defined on the positive real line may be considered analogous to symmetric distributions on the real line. Hence, it is useful to investigate reciprocal symmetry in general, and Mudholkar and Wang’s notion of R-symmetry in particular. In this paper, we shall explore a number of interesting results and interplays involving reciprocal symmetry, unimodality and Khintchine’s theorem with particular emphasis on R-symmetry. They bear on the important practical analogies between the Gaussian and inverse Gaussian distributions.

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39

Englert, François. „Broken Symmetry and Yang–Mills Theory“. Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter 03, Nr. 01 (Februar 2014): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251158x14000101.

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From its inception in statistical physics to its role in the construction and in the development of the asymmetric Yang–Mills phase in quantum field theory, the notion of spontaneous broken symmetry permeates contemporary physics. This is reviewed with particular emphasis on the conceptual issues.

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40

Zhong, Ming, Li Wang, Pengfei Li und Zhenya Yan. „Spontaneous symmetry breaking and ghost states supported by the fractional PT-symmetric saturable nonlinear Schrödinger equation“. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 33, Nr. 1 (Januar 2023): 013106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128910.

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We report a novel spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomenon and ghost states existed in the framework of the fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with focusing saturable nonlinearity and [Formula: see text]-symmetric potential. The continuous asymmetric soliton branch bifurcates from the fundamental symmetric one as the power exceeds some critical value. Intriguingly, the symmetry of fundamental solitons is broken into two branches of asymmetry solitons (alias ghost states) with complex conjugate propagation constants, which is solely in fractional media. Besides, the dipole and tripole solitons (i.e., first and second excited states) are also studied numerically. Moreover, we analyze the influences of fractional Lévy index ([Formula: see text]) and saturable nonlinear parameters (S) on the symmetry breaking of solitons in detail. The stability of fundamental symmetric soliton, asymmetric, dipole, and tripole solitons is explored via the linear stability analysis and direct propagations. Moreover, we explore the elastic/semi-elastic collision phenomena between symmetric and asymmetric solitons. Meanwhile, we find the stable excitations from the fractional diffraction with saturation nonlinearity to integer-order diffraction with Kerr nonlinearity via the adiabatic excitations of parameters. These results will provide some theoretical basis for the study of spontaneous symmetry breaking phenomena and related physical experiments in the fractional media with [Formula: see text]-symmetric potentials.

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41

Antoine, Jean-Pierre. „Group Theory: Mathematical Expression of Symmetry in Physics“. Symmetry 13, Nr. 8 (26.07.2021): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081354.

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The present article reviews the multiple applications of group theory to the symmetry problems in physics. In classical physics, this concerns primarily relativity: Euclidean, Galilean, and Einsteinian (special). Going over to quantum mechanics, we first note that the basic principles imply that the state space of a quantum system has an intrinsic structure of pre-Hilbert space that one completes into a genuine Hilbert space. In this framework, the description of the invariance under a group G is based on a unitary representation of G. Next, we survey the various domains of application: atomic and molecular physics, quantum optics, signal and image processing, wavelets, internal symmetries, and approximate symmetries. Next, we discuss the extension to gauge theories, in particular, to the Standard Model of fundamental interactions. We conclude with some remarks about recent developments, including the application to braid groups.

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42

Chruściński, Dariusz, und Andrzej Kossakowski. „Rotationally Invariant Multipartite States“. Open Systems & Information Dynamics 14, Nr. 01 (März 2007): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11080-007-9026-6.

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We construct a class of multipartite states possessing rotational SO (3) symmetry — these are states of K spin-jA particles and K spin-jB particles. The construction of symmetric states follows our two recent papers devoted to unitary and orthogonal multipartite symmetry. We study basic properties of multipartite SO (3) symmetric states: separability criteria and multi-PPT conditions.

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43

Ellison, Tyler D., Kohtaro Kato, Zi-Wen Liu und Timothy H. Hsieh. „Symmetry-protected sign problem and magic in quantum phases of matter“. Quantum 5 (28.12.2021): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-12-28-612.

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We introduce the concepts of a symmetry-protected sign problem and symmetry-protected magic to study the complexity of symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases of matter. In particular, we say a state has a symmetry-protected sign problem or symmetry-protected magic, if finite-depth quantum circuits composed of symmetric gates are unable to transform the state into a non-negative real wave function or stabilizer state, respectively. We prove that states belonging to certain SPT phases have these properties, as a result of their anomalous symmetry action at a boundary. For example, we find that one-dimensional Z2×Z2 SPT states (e.g. cluster state) have a symmetry-protected sign problem, and two-dimensional Z2 SPT states (e.g. Levin-Gu state) have symmetry-protected magic. Furthermore, we comment on the relation between a symmetry-protected sign problem and the computational wire property of one-dimensional SPT states. In an appendix, we also introduce explicit decorated domain wall models of SPT phases, which may be of independent interest.

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44

Hargittai, István, Clifford A. Pickover und Jean‐François Sadoc. „Fivefold Symmetry and Spiral Symmetry“. Physics Today 46, Nr. 8 (August 1993): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2809012.

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45

Richey, M. P., und C. A. Tracy. „Symmetry group for a completely symmetric vertex model“. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 20, Nr. 10 (11.07.1987): 2667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/20/10/010.

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46

Alcocer, Giovanni. „Mass Symmetry“. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 06, Nr. 01 (2022): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2022.6108.

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There is symmetry in the nature. Then, there should also be symmetry in physics since physics describes the phenomena of nature. In fact, it occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics as for example: a particle has positive or negative charges, spins up or down, north or south magnetic poles. In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass symmetry can be corroborated in the experiments of the hydrogen spectrum, the Bohr model and the solution of the Schrödinger equation. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which is determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation. For the proton, part of the mass of the uncharged proton is distributed in the orbital or mass cloud around the mass that contains the positive charge. Thus, the positive charge in the proton is concentrated in its mass nucleus with an uncharged mass cloud around its nucleus distributed in the orbitals. For the electron, part of the mass of the uncharged electron is distributed in the orbital or mass cloud around the mass that contains the negative charge. Thus, the negative charge in the electron is concentrated in its mass nucleus with an uncharged mass cloud around its nucleus distributed in the orbitals. For example, in the formation of the hydrogen atom, a part of the mass cloud of the proton interacts with the mass cloud of the electron, and the total mass energy lost in this interaction is transformed into electromagnetic energy according to Einstein's equation: E=mc2 and the variant mass formula discovered and developed by myself. Then, the two particles join together due to this interaction and the electrostatic force between the two particles. Therefore, the electron and proton are bound together in the hydrogen atom by the mass cloud of the electron and proton with some mass cloud lost in the interaction and converted to electromagnetic energy or photons. Then, it is right this mass symmetry, since the electron and the proton in the interaction of the mass cloud lose mass but do not lose electric charge. In this form, it is justified the existence of a mass cloud. In the formation of the Hydrogen atom, the electron-proton system when approaching gains a potential energy of 27.2 eV (13.6 eV*2) but then when the electron bond occurs in the shell with quantum state n =1, energy of 13.6 eV is emitted as electromagnetic energy or photons and the remaining 13.6 eV remains as kinetic energy of the electron. Then, the Hydrogen atom has 13.6 eV of additional energy/mass than the sum of the energy/mass of the proton plus the electron. Therefore, 13.6 eV is needed to ionize the Hydrogen atom and expel the electron from the atom. The mass/energy reduction of the proton and electron is 13.6/2 eV for each particle due the emission of 13.6 eV as electromagnetic energy. Therefore, the main function of the mass cloud is the binding energy. The mass cloud interaction generates binding energy between the electrons and the nucleus in the atom through the protons and between the nucleons in the nucleus: protons with protons, neutrons with neutrons, and protons with neutrons. The nuclear force between two nucleons is characterized by being strong and short-range. Also, it can be justified by the existence of the mass cloud: the mass clouds of nucleons within the nucleus interact with each other without any effect on the proton charge. This scientific research presents evidence of the existence of the mass symmetry based in the Einstein's equation and in the Variant Mass formula for the Electron in the atom discovered and demonstrated by myself where experimental results are detailed.

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Kralj, Samo, und Robert Repnik. „PATTERNS IN SYMMETRY BREAKING TRANSITIONS“. Problems of Education in the 21st Century 46, Nr. 1 (01.10.2012): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/12.46.74.

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It is now well accepted that we all have amazing capabilities in recognizing faces in a fraction of a second. This specific pattern recognition ability could be by appropriate training transferred to some other field of expertise. At the same time pattern recognition skills are becoming increasingly important “survival” strategy in the modern competitive world which faces information overload. In the paper we demonstrate an example of pattern-recognition type of lecturing modern physics. By using already absorbed knowledge and analogies we exploit our innate pattern recognition brain capabilities for more effective learning of new concepts in physics. Key words: pattern recognition, universalities, liquid crystals, cosmology.

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Weidemann, Sebastian, Mark Kremer, Stefano Longhi und Alexander Szameit. „Topological triple phase transition in non-Hermitian Floquet quasicrystals“. Nature 601, Nr. 7893 (19.01.2022): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04253-0.

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AbstractPhase transitions connect different states of matter and are often concomitant with the spontaneous breaking of symmetries. An important category of phase transitions is mobility transitions, among which is the well known Anderson localization1, where increasing the randomness induces a metal–insulator transition. The introduction of topology in condensed-matter physics2–4 lead to the discovery of topological phase transitions and materials as topological insulators5. Phase transitions in the symmetry of non-Hermitian systems describe the transition to on-average conserved energy6 and new topological phases7–9. Bulk conductivity, topology and non-Hermitian symmetry breaking seemingly emerge from different physics and, thus, may appear as separable phenomena. However, in non-Hermitian quasicrystals, such transitions can be mutually interlinked by forming a triple phase transition10. Here we report the experimental observation of a triple phase transition, where changing a single parameter simultaneously gives rise to a localization (metal–insulator), a topological and parity–time symmetry-breaking (energy) phase transition. The physics is manifested in a temporally driven (Floquet) dissipative quasicrystal. We implement our ideas via photonic quantum walks in coupled optical fibre loops11. Our study highlights the intertwinement of topology, symmetry breaking and mobility phase transitions in non-Hermitian quasicrystalline synthetic matter. Our results may be applied in phase-change devices, in which the bulk and edge transport and the energy or particle exchange with the environment can be predicted and controlled.

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Schindler, Moses A., Stella T. Schindler und Michael C. Ogilvie. „PT symmetry, pattern formation, and finite-density QCD“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2038, Nr. 1 (01.10.2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2038/1/012022.

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Abstract A longstanding issue in the study of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is its behavior at nonzero baryon density, which has implications for many areas of physics. The path integral has a complex integrand when the quark chemical potential is nonzero and therefore has a sign problem, but it also has a generalized PT symmetry. We review some new approaches to PT -symmetric field theories, including both analytical techniques and methods for lattice simulation. We show that PT -symmetric field theories with more than one field generally have a much richer phase structure than their Hermitian counterparts, including stable phases with patterning behavior. The case of a PT -symmetric extension of a φ4 model is explained in detail. The relevance of these results to finite density QCD is explained, and we show that a simple model of finite density QCD exhibits a patterned phase in its critical region.

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Odintsov, Sergei D. „Editorial for Special Issue Feature Papers 2020“. Symmetry 15, Nr. 1 (20.12.2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15010008.

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This issue of featured papers from 2020 is related to the study of symmetry phenomena in various different fields, but mainly in theoretical physics. It is well known that symmetry plays a fundamental role in physics and mathematics [...]

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