Dissertationen: „Swimming – Training“

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Beltz, John D. „Physiological response to interval training“. Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/486191.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of swimming distance and rest interval on the intensity of swimming (relative to VO2 max) and the contributions of the three energy systems (aerobic, anaerobic, and alactic) during these interval sets. Nine male college swimmers performed fourteen different interval training sets. Distances were 25, 50, 100, or 200 yards with rest intervals of 10 seconds, 1, and 3 minutes. During these sets only the distance to be swum and the rest interval for the set was given. No qualitative information from the coach was provided. These interval sets were performed by the swimmers with the influence from timers being kept minimal. Oxygen cost during the swim was determined from the velocity of the swim based on a linear regression for swimming velocity and oxygen uptake for each swimmer. The same interval sets were completed with pace controled where venous blood samples were obtained 1, 3, 5, and 7 minutes after the completion of each training set. 81ood samples were analyzed for lactate accumulation, blood pH, p0.,, pCO2, and hemoglobin. From these values bicarbonate, base excess, and blood oxygen saturation were calculated using equations developed by Siggard-Anderson. The results of this study do indicate that there is a predictable relationship between swimming distance and rest interval on swimming intensity (relative to VO., max). There was a curvilinear L relationship between swimming intensity (relative to VO max) and rest interval for 50, 100, and 200 yard interval sets. The correlation at these distances were r-0.96, 0.93, and 0.94 respectively. There was a linear relationship between intensity and the distance swum for the 10 second, 1, and 3 minute rest intervals. The correlation for these rest intervals were r= 0.99, 0.99, and 1.00 respectively. There was an increase in the relative contribution of aerobic energy as the distance of the swim increased for all three rest intervals. At a given swiming distance there was a greater contribution of non-aerobic energy as the rest interval increased. Contrary to continuous swimming, greater swimming velocity does not directly correspond to greater contributions of anaerobic energy during intermittent swimming. The distance and rest interval during intermittent training greatly effect the relative contributions of the three energy systems. The intensity of the swim and the relative contributions of each energy system should be considered when planning specific training regimens.

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Tanaka, Hirofumi. „Dry-land strength training for competitive swimming : interaction between strength training and swim training“. Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834620.

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In an attempt to determine the value of dry-land weight training on swimming performance, two groups of twenty four intercollegiate male swimmers were equated based upon pre-swimming performance, swim power values, stroke specialities, and collegiate swimming experience. At the start of a swimming season there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the swim training group (SWIM, N=12) and the combined weight and swim training group (COMBO, N=12). Throughout the 13 weeks of their competitive swimming season, both SWIM and COMBO swam together six days a week. In addition, the COMBO engaged in a weight training program three days a week between the third and eleventh weeks (for eight weeks) of the season. The weight training program, using free weights, was intended to simulate arm actions and muscle actions similar to those used during front crawl swimming. Both COMBO and SWIM groups had significant but similar power gains (p<0.05) as measured on the biokinetic swim bench and during a tethered swim. Swimmers in both groups experienced a significant (p<0.05) increase in competitive swim performance from 1991 to 1992 (0.89 ± 0.60% in COMBO and 0.87 ± 0.4Q% in SWIM) whereas no change in distance per stroke (p>0.05) was observed throughout the course of this investigation. Mean total testosterone levels were not altered during the weight training period in either group. No significant (p>0.05) differences were found between the groups in any of the swim power and swimming performance tests. In this investigation, dry-land weight training did not improve swimming performance despite the fact that the COMBO was able to increase the weights used during strength training by 25 to 35%. The lack of positive transfer between dry-land strength gains and swimming propulsive force may be due to the specificity of training.
Human Performance Laboratory

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Slawson, Sian. „A novel monitoring system for the training of elite swimmers“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6292.

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Swimming performance is primarily judged on the overall time taken for a swimmer to complete a specified distance performing a stroke that complies with current regulations defined by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), the International governing body of swimming. There are three contributing factors to this overall time; the start, free swimming and turns. The contribution of each of these factors is event dependent; for example, in a 50m event there are no turns, however, the start can be a significant contributor. To improve overall performance each of these components should be optimised in terms of skill and execution. This thesis details the research undertaken towards improving performance-related feedback in swimming. The research included collaboration with British Swimming, the national governing body for swimming in the U.K., to drive the requirements and direction of research. An evaluation of current methods of swimming analysis identified a capability gap in real-time, quantitative feedback. A number of components were developed to produce an integrated system for comprehensive swim performance analysis in all phases of the swim, i.e. starts, free swimming and turns. These components were developed to satisfy two types of stakeholder requirements. Firstly, the measurement requirements, i.e. what does the end user want to measure? Secondly, the process requirements, i.e. how would these measurements be achieved? The components developed in this research worked towards new technologies to facilitate a wider range of measurement parameters using automated methods as well as the application of technologies to facilitate the automation of current techniques. The development of the system is presented in detail and the application of these technologies is presented in case studies for starts, free swimming and turns. It was found that developed components were able to provide useful data indicating levels of performance in all aspects of swimming, i.e. starts, free swimming and turns. For the starts, an integrated solution of vision, force plate technology and a wireless iii node enabled greater insight into overall performance and quantitative measurements of performance to be captured. Force profiles could easily identify differences in swimmer ability or changes in technique. The analysis of free swimming was predominantly supported by the wireless sensor technology, whereby signal analysis was capable of automatically determining factors such as lap times variations within strokes. The turning phase was also characterised in acceleration space, allowing the phases of the turn to be individually assessed and their contribution to total turn time established. Each of the component technologies were not used in isolation but were supported by other synchronous data capture. In all cases a vision component was used to increase understanding of data outputs and provide a medium that coaches and athletes were comfortable with interpreting. The integrated, component based system has been developed and tested to prove its ability to produce useful, quantitative feedback information for swimmers. The individual components were found to be capable of providing greater insight into swimming performance, that has not been previously possible using the current state of the art techniques. Future work should look towards the fine-tuning of the prototype system into a useable solution for end users. This relies on the refinement of components and the development of an appropriate user interface to enable ease of data collection, analysis, presentation and interpretation.

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Parker, Alison Claire. „An urban historical perspective : swimming a recreational and competitive pursuit 1840 to 1914“. Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3518.

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Over the last three decades or more, there has been a considerable interest in the socio-historical analysis of sport. While a number of historians have examined the development of the major team games and commercial sports in the context of the changing nature of Victorian and Edwardian society, very few have considered the development of individual and more recreational sports, or located the transformation of sport to the process of urbanization. This thesis examines the relationship between growing urbanization and the transformation of swimming from a recreative activity, into an urban recreation and 'modern' competitive sport. Swimming as a recreation and as a competitive sport, developed as a reaction to and consequence of, both the positive and negative features of urbanization. The hypotheses that the greater the urbanization, the more developed and 'modern' sport became, will be supported with evidence from the sport of swimming.

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Hardy, Colin A. „Investigations into the teaching of swimming in secondary schools“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33144.

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The research grew out of the author's interest in the process of learning to swim and his concern about the recent problems faced by schools in providing swimming lessons. 1ST INVESTIGATION. The results of a questionnaire given to 582 fifth year secondary school pupils from six schools in a Midlands local authority showed that nearly all pupils could swim, females did less well than males at swimming, and low ability pupils (those swimming less than 100 metres) were less likely to enjoy and go swimming in their own time, and more likely to have a parent non-swimmer. 2ND INVESTIGATION. As there was a substantial number of pupils who had made little progress during the secondary years, twenty-nine low ability pupils were Interviewed to probe Into the reasons for their lack of progress. The results Indicated that many of their problems emanated from experiences in the swimming pool, and that their lack of confidence or fear of water affected such areas as stroke technique. The background profile of the group indicated that there was not a general rejection of sporting and educational values, but the variations among pupils suggested that teachers need to have a knowledge of individual as well as group characteristics. 3RD INVESTIGATION. The fact that the school was the main agent of Instruction for many low ability pupils and that many of the pupils' worries stemmed from experiences in structured situations, Indicated that the author should focus on the teaching of swimming for the next investigation. The results, based on a mini-experimental teaching unit (ETU) format. showed that an Intervention strategy could increase the pupils' practical Swimming time, that experienced teachers, who spent the majority of their time teaching and not managing, were able to improve the back crawl performance of females and low ability pupils and to leave the pupils with an accurate picture of the skill. 4TH INVESTIGATION. Although the behaviours of successful experienced teachers may provide models for less experienced teachers, the author was aware, as a teacher educator, that the concerns of pre-service teachers were not always the same as those of co-operating teachers and supervisors. Consequently, a content analysis of the non-success features of Swimming lessons Cited in the evaluation reports of pre-service teachers and supervisors was carried out. The results showed that pre-service teachers were particularly concerned with pupil non-compliance and pupil difficulty with the task, whereas supervisors felt that many of the pre-service teachers' problems were related to their presentation and their choosing and organizing of material to their management of pupils and to lack of professional skills. The present study Indicated that differences exist between pre-service teachers and supervisors in their perceptions of the non-success features of swimming lessons, and that conflict could occur between them unless they try and understand each other's perspective.

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Vitelli, Carol A. „Comparison of heart rate to lactate as related to performance of competitive male swimmers“. Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445247.

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Twelve competitive male swimmers were studied for a comparison of lactate/velocity profiles to heart rate/velocity profiles during a season of swim training. Lactate concentration (mM) and post-exercise heart rate (sum of three) after a 200-yard submaximal swim (approximately 90% of maximal attainable velocity) and a maximal swim were determined three times during the season: at the beginning (T1), after two months of training (T2) and after four months of training (T3). Both profiles demonstrated a significant rightward shift at T2 and a smaller, further shift at T3. Both lactate and heart rate significantly decreased at an absolute and relative exercise intensity in response to training. It is concluded that either parameter can be useful in monitoring training progress and for determining optimal training intensities. Because of the expense and difficulty of blood lactate measurements, heart rate/ velocity profiles can provide a practical and non-invasive alternative to blood lactate testing.

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Rinehardt, Karl Fredric. „The effects of a 43% and an 80% carbohydrate diet, consumed during intense swim training, on the ability to enhance swim training intensity /“. The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148733599290227.

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Chambers, Timothy. „Personal constructs on resilience in swimming“. University of Western Australia. School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0023.

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[Truncated abstract] Resilience is a concept that originated from behavioural science; a branch of research aimed at explaining unexpected benign or malignant outcomes associated with human development. It is a psychological construct that encompasses both cognitive and behavioural responses to negative situations and appears to exist at both an individual and group level. As a concept, resilience receives considerable attention from researchers within developmental psychology fields, who primarily identify numerous risk and protective factors. Within sport, however, researchers have demonstrated a preference for the examination of more traditional concepts, such as coping strategies. Moreover, few investigations in either domain employ a cogent theoretical framework to guide the research. Therefore, the present research program utilises Personal Construct Psychology (PCP; Kelly, 1955) principles to direct the proposed research. PCP is a theory about theories that emphasised our underlying ambition to make sense of the world, the events people encounter and themselves. According to Kelly, PCP is guided by the fundamental postulate and 11 corollaries. The PCP research template employed by the current research program promotes the utilisation of multimethod designs (i.e., qualitative and quantitative investigations) in order to understand and facilitate the development of resilience in swimming. Three research investigations are proposed to examine resilience in swimming, and are structured according to PCP. Each investigation is outlined below. Study 1. An interview protocol based upon key elements of Kelly s (1955) psychotherapy retrospective interview protocol was employed to elicit an understanding of resilience in swimming. Fourteen interviews were scheduled with elite Australian swimmers and swimming coaches, utilising the interview schedule. ... Study 3. The aim of this study was to design, implement and evaluate a resilience intervention for youth swimmers. Utilising the data generated from the first study, a resilience enhancement program was designed and delivered to 16 developmental swimmers over a period of three months. Resilience was measured pre, during and post intervention, and three months after the intervention. Resilience was also measured on an age and ability matched control group (n = 20), at the same time points. Results revealed improvements in resilience for the experimental group following the completion of the resilience program. In summary, the present research program employed a PCP (Kelly, 1955) research template to guide the aforementioned studies of resilience. The data collected from the research investigations contributed considerable knowledge to the resilience concept, and the sport psychology field. The qualitative study was the first of its kind to examine the concept in swimming, revealing several elements and process pertaining to resilience that later formed the foundations for the resilience intervention. General conclusions propose that future research combine psychological measurement of resilience and more traditional sport psychology concepts, in addition to the development of a sport specific psychometric measure of resilience.

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Lutula, Antonio. „Resisted Sprint Training in Swimming : A Quasi-Experimental Study on Swedish National Level Swimmers“. Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5860.

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Aim The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of resisted sprint training in swimming on maximal swimming velocity and performance characteristics. The aim was also to examine how maximal swimming velocity is related to maximal swim power and maximal dry-land power. Method Eighteen competitive national level swimmers (9 male and 9 female; age: 18.3 ± 2.3 years, body mass: 72 ± 8.3 kg, height: 177.2 ± 4.6 cm, mean ± SD) were recruited to this study. Subjects were assigned to either resisted sprint training (RST) or unresisted sprint training (UST). Sprint training was performed two times per week during 6 weeks as 8x15m with a 2min send-off interval. RST performed sprint training using individualized load corresponding 10% of maximum drag load (L10), UST performed sprint training with no added resistance. A test-battery including dry-land strength assessment; maximal strength (MxS) and explosive strength (ExS), a timed 25m front-crawl swim and in-water force-velocity profiling was performed prior and following the training intervention. Maximal swim power (Pmax), maximum drag load (F0), theoretical maximum velocity (v0) and slope of force-velocity curve (SFv) was computed though force-velocity profiling. Results No significant within group differences occurred in neither RST nor UST following the 6-week intervention period in: swimming velocity, MxS, ExS, Pmax, F0, v0, and SFv. Strong correlations were found between swimming velocity and MxS (r = 0.75), ExS (r =0.82) and Pmax (r = 0.92). Conclusion Resisted sprint training in swimming using L10 did in the present study not elicit any improvements in maximal swimming velocity or examined performance characteristics. Resisted sprint training does not appear to be a superior method of improving swimming performance compared to unresisted sprint training. MxS, ExS and Pmax can be used as robust predictors of swim performance, however only Pmax was found to be casually related to swimming velocity.

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Hardt, Julie E. „Optimization of the competitive swimming track start based on lower limb asymmetry“. University of Western Australia. School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0192.

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The swimming track start is a complex motor skill that utilizes asymmetric lower limb action. The purpose of this study was to explore whether it could be optimized by applying the commonly accepted view that there are asymmetries in the function and behaviors of the lower limbs. Initially, the study aimed to examine the relationship between various measures of lower limb asymmetry and the swimmers' preferences for forward foot placement in the swimming track start. Participants underwent a 7 week training period whereby both the left foot forward (LFF) and the right foot forward (RFF) track starts were practiced. The philosophy behind this training protocol was to ensure that participants received equal practice with the preferred and non-preferred stance so that a dominant stance, if it existed, could emerge. Consequently, the relationships between the dominant track start stance and the lower limb asymmetry measures could be determined more accurately. Participants were male (N=11) and female (N=11) swimmers, aged 12-16 years, from the UWA-Uniswim National Age Squad. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected for the track start prior to and following the 7 week training intervention. The intervention was finished when a participant had completed approximately 14 dive sessions where both the LFF and RFF track starts were practiced. The performance criterion measure was time to 5 m. Despite significant differences in vertical force and velocity contributions following the intervention, time to 5 m did not improve for either the LFF or the RFF track start. Four different measures of lower limb asymmetry were collected, including footedness, the preferred track start stance, and the dominant take-off limb for the unilateral and bilateral counter-movement jump (CMJ). Sixteen of 22 participants displayed changes in their dominant track start stance. Eleven participants showed biases for one stance (6 for the LFF & 5 for the RFF), and 11 participants remained or became more symmetrical. Results indicated that the preferred track start stance was the only measure of asymmetry that was significantly related to track start performance (x2[2]= 6.71, p=.04 for pre-intervention & x2[2]=7.77, p=.02 for post-intervention). All other measures of lower limb asymmetry were shown to be unrelated to track start preference and performance. It was suggested that the 7 week training intervention did not provide a sufficient amount of time to see conclusive effects on 5 m time or to make conclusive comparisons between the dominant track start stance and measures of asymmetry. Since the preferred track start corresponded with better performance less than 50% of the time, it was suggested that swimmers and coaches experiment with different dive techniques to find the start which is most effective for them and spend more time on them during training.

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Jull, Stephanie. „Staff training for community swimming instructors : supporting children with autism in local recreation settings“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42923.

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Previous research indicates that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) participate in lower levels of physical activity in general and community-based recreation activities in particular than their typically-developing peers (Lang et al., 2010; King et al., 2003). Swimming is a particularly valuable activity because of its health, safety, and social benefits (Rogers, Hemmeter & Wolery, 2003). To date, no research has examined the effectiveness of a training approach designed to teach swimming instructors in community-based recreation settings to support children with ASD in swim lessons. Using a quasi-experimental time series design, his study examined the impact of training package that consisted of a workshop and in-pool coaching on the instructional skill acquisition of six swim instructors. Effects of the training on child cooperation and skill acquisition were also examined across eight children with ASD. Results indicated gains for the majority of instructors and children immediately following completion of the training. In addition, social validity ratings by parents, instructor, and aquatics coordinators were uniformly high. The results and limitation of the study was discussed with reference to the behavioral literature on instruction and generalization, with implications for future research. This study provides preliminary support for the effectiveness of a simple instructional package for teaching recreation staff to teach swimming to children with autism in community pools.

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Peyrebrune, Michael C. „Effect of training strategies and creatine supplementation on performance and metabolism during sprint swimming“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6809.

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Many scientific studies have considered physiological aspects of swimming, but largely in the areas of endurance or strength and power. This thesis includes six studies that attempt to provide more information about the metabolic responses to single and repeated sprint swimming and the physiological mechanisms behind the limitation to sprint swimming performance. The first experimental chapter describes the metabolic responses to single and repeated sprinting in male and female swimmers. Peak blood lactate (male 18.7 and female 14.4 mmol 1-1;P <0.01) and ammonia (male 232.0 and female 154.3 ýtmol 1-1;P <0.05) values following repeated swimming (8 x 50 yards) were almost double those measured during a single 50 yards sprint and were significantly higher in males than females. It is likely that differences in body dimensions and composition between male and female swimmers account for the majority of the -12% performance differences and higher metabolic response in males than females. Energy contribution to single and repeated tethered swimming sprints was examined in chapter V. Determination of energy contribution by an accumulated oxygen deficit test found estimated anaerobic contribution of -67% in 30 s sprinting and -74%, -53%, -51% and -47% during four 30 s sprint bouts. These were much lower than values estimated previously and recommended to coaches and swimmers in popular swimming texts. Energy contribution to 55 s maximal tethered swimming in chapter VI found anaerobic contributions of -30-40%. Metabolic responses to Controlled frequency breathing (CFB) have been studied previously in endurance swimming, but not in splint swimming (chapter VI). There was increased hypercapnia, but no significant reduction in performance during 55 s maximal sprint tethered swimming between self-selected breathing and breathing every 10 strokes. Differences in metabolic responses (higher extraction of oxygen from inspired air and lower ventilation, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and respiratory exchange ratio) suggest a greater efficiency during swimming with CFB. Swimmers who can train to overcome the urge to breath should not compromise performance, but benefit from avoiding an increase in drag resistance while turning the head to breath. Active recovery following intense swimming has been suggested to increase the speed of recovery and improve subsequent performance. Chapter VII illustrates that the timing and intensity of active recovery is crucial when prescribing repeated sets of repeated sprint training. Lower blood lactate was matched by a tendency for poorer performance in the trial using active recovery between repetitions. This demonstrates that the blood lactate concentration does not reflect the metabolic state of the muscle and therefore the ability to perform subsequent sprint swims. Chapters VIII and IX consider the effects of creatine supplementation on sprint swimming. No differences in single sprint swimming performance were found, but creatine supplementation improve times in a typical training set of 8x 50 yards by -4 s. Faster times recorded in the creatine group support the hypothesis that increasing resting levels of creatine and phosphocreatine will enhance recovery during repeated sprints. Supplementing with 3g creatine day-' for 22-27 weeks had no additional benefit to race performance than just 'loading' before the training period and immediately prior to the major swimming race of the year. It is likely that any enhanced training adaptation would have to be from creatine supplementation allowing swimmers to perform more training rather than just supplementation per se. The studies in this thesis describe the physiological and metabolic responses of elite male and female swimmers to single and repeated sprint swimming in detail for the first time. By manipulating breathing frequency during sprinting, metabolism altered but without compromising performance. Active recovery was successful in reducing blood lactate concentration, but performance was poorer. The blood metabolite and respiratory response to sprint training following interventions of this type allow us to determine the mechanisms behind the limitation to swimming performance. Creatine supplementation enhances repeated sprint swimming performance, but not training for success in competition. Results of this thesis suggest that phosphocreatine availability or energy supply are not limitations to sprint swimming training performance.

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Alqallaf, Ahmad Salman. „Examining the interactive effects of mental toughness, self-regulated training behaviors, and personality in swimming“. Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/examining-the-interactive-effects-of-mental-toughness-selfregulated-training-behaviors-and-personality-in-swimming(8649a3b5-feb8-4731-863e-de0603df40b5).html.

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The thesis contains five chapters that attempt to extend our understanding of Mental Toughness (MT) in relation to personality, swimming performance, training behaviours and MT behaviours. The thesis focuses predominantly on swimming environments, which can be very stressful and often require athletes to train long hours and perform under intense pressure. As such, it provides a useful context to investigate MT. Chapter 1 critically reviews some of the previous MT research in the domains of qualitative research and quantitative research. The Chapter introduces personality as a possible trait explanation of MT and proposes that, even though training behaviours has been indicated as an important source of MT, it is yet relatively unexplored. The Chapter then sets out a series of questions upon which the thesis is based. Chapter 2 focused on three aims. First, an informant rating of MT in swimming was developed (Coach Rated MT). Second, to replicate previous findings (Hardy, Bell, & Beattie, 2014), revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (McNaughton & Gray, 2000) was used to predict coach rated MT behaviour. Our findings supported that of Hardy et al. (2014), that is, when reward sensitivity is low, increasing levels of punishment sensitivity positively related to MT behaviour; but when reward sensitivity was high, increasing levels of punishment sensitivity negatively relate to MT behaviour. Third, the thesis set out to investigate whether punishment and reward sensitivities could actually predict swimming performance. Our findings showed there was a significant punishment sensitivity and reward sensitivity interaction. That is, when reward sensitivity was low, as punishment sensitivity increased, swimming times improved. However, with high reward sensitivity as punishment sensitivity increased, swimming times reduced. However, findings showed that there was no significant correlation between coach assessed MT and actual swimming performance. 6 Chapter 3 examined the mediating role of training behaviours on self-report MT and MT behaviour in swimming. In this chapter swimmers completed three self-report MT measurements; the Psychological Performance Inventory-Alternative (PPI-A; Golby, Sheard, & van Wersch, 2007); the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ; Sheard, Golby, Wersch, 2009); and the Mental Toughness Index (MTI; Gucciardi, Hanton, Gordon, Mallett, &Temby, 2014). Swimmers and coaches also completed a measure of Self-Regulated Training Behaviours (SRTB) and the coach completed the Swimming MT Inventory (SMTI) to assess MT behaviour. Findings supported our hypothesis that self-regulated training behaviours (coach and self-rated) had a positive relationship with coach and self-rated MT. Further, training behaviours mediated the relationship between self-report MT and coach rated MT behaviour. Chapter 4, examined three main personality profiles of psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism in relation to MT and training behaviours. To assess the swimmer’s personality profiles we utilized the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised Short version (EPQR-S; Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985). Coaches completed the MT behaviour measure (CRTB) and the Quality of Training Inventory consisting of distractibility and coping with adversity. Findings revealed that swimmers characterized by high levels of both psychoticism and MT skills displayed higher levels of training and MT behaviours. That is, self-rated MT only had a positive relationship with training and MT behaviour when psychoticism was high. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis. More specifically, the chapter provides a summary and integrated discussion of the thesis findings, implications, limitations, strengths and avenues for future research.

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Bartlett, Michelle. „Intense training in sport monitoring the effects on immune function and mood state /“. Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4902.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 96 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Thow, Jacqueline Laura. „Application of 2-dimensional video analysis by competitive swimming coaches to monitor fatigue in breaststroke technique during training“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20453.

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In swimming, technical performance is a vital indicator of successful performance; however, during phases of high-intensity training, technique can be negatively influenced by fatigue. Advances in video technology have made it possible to increase coaches’ capacity to monitor athletes’ technical performances during training. Yet research examining the biomechanical responses that occur with fatigue using video methods, which are applicable and relevant to coaches during training, is scarce. The limited research to date that has examined the biomechanical responses that occur with fatigue has been restricted to examining fatigue during race-like situations and have used technology which is not available for use by coaches during training. Whilst this research indicates that changes occur during races, it does not apply to coaches for use during training. As fatigue, and its management, is a vital component of the training process, identifying a method of monitoring fatigue during training, which is applicable to coaches, is essential for athlete development. This research is therefore intended to address this by exploring the implications of 2-dimensional (2-D) video analysis in the management of fatigue, during training, by competitive swimming coaches. To explore this, this thesis comprises of four studies. The aim of the first study was to investigate whether 2-D video analysis methods currently used by coaches can measure data validly and reliably. To achieve this, the accuracy, precision, reliability and validity of thirty-five variables (thirty-four technical measures and swim time) were calculated using Dartfish Pro Suite motion analysis software, version 6.0 (Dartfish Ltd, Fribourg, Switzerland) and compared to the smallest worthwhile change. By calculating and comparing these measures, only those technical variables which can be measured with accuracy and precision could be determined objectively. A series of fifteen variables (fourteen technical measures and swim time) were found to be precise, valid and reliable when measured using Dartfish Pro Suite motion analysis software, version 6.0. Using the previously established technical measures, the aim of the second study was to assess if these measures can determine whether technical changes can occur during a high-intensity training session. To achieve this, a group of seventeen elite breaststroke swimmers completed a standard swim set. This involved repeating maximal effort 100m swims on a limited swim-rest time, designed to induce a fatigued state representative of high-intensity training conditions. To determine whether technical changes as a result of fatigue could be detected, the fourteen kinematic technique variables and swim time (fifteen dependent variables in total) were recorded and analysed using 2-D Dartfish Pro Suite motion analysis software, version 6.0 from video recordings of the first and last 100m swim of each swimmer. In addition, 95% confidence intervals were determined to investigate any commonalities or individual differences among swimmers in changes in technical parameters. It was found that during one high-intensity session, technical changes can occur in a group of elite swimmers. The largest changes were shown in leg glide duration (64.6%), swim time (33.2%), stroke rate (35.3%), stroke length (-29.2%), and average velocity (-10.2%) and were shown to have statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between the first and last 25m of the swim set. These changes were also shown to be common amongst all swimmers and occurred early in the swim set. To evaluate coaches understanding of fatigue and its management during training, the aim of the third study was to assess coaches’ current practices and knowledge regarding fatigue during training. To achieve this, a questionnaire was distributed to over 370 coaches throughout the UK. The questionnaire was separated into multiple sections which assessed: coaches’ current understanding of the topic of fatigue; the methods coaches’ employ to monitor fatigue during a training session; and the processes used to manage fatigue during the training process. It was found that up to 98% of the coaches consider fatigue, its effect and management important in the development of their swimmers. Despite this, there is a lack of consistency in knowledge and methods used by coaches to monitor this. As a result, coaches are continuing to use traditional methods to monitor their athletes which are quick and reliable, specifically stopwatches (100%) and visual observation (98%). Due to the predominant use of visual observation to monitor fatigue, and the identification of technical changes with fatigue, the aim of the fourth study was to assess whether coaches could visually identify changes in the previously established technical markers and whether this could be improved through education of fatigue and video analysis methods. To achieve this, two groups of ten competitive swimming coaches observed a series of videos of three swimmers taken pre- and post- training, and were asked to identify any technical factors which they perceived to change. One group underwent an intervention using Dartfish Pro Suite motion analysis software, version 6.0 and underwater analysis to assess whether this improved their ability to visually observe fatigue in elite swimmers. The remaining group of coaches acted as a control group and received no feedback. Following the one hour intervention, the coaches’ observations slightly improved, however this improvement was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) nor retained after 4 weeks. Although the coaches’ perceptions of fatigue during training varied, they did show a keen interest in further training and education on fatigue and 2-D video analysis. The results from this research indicate that 2-D video analysis is an effective and useful tool, which has practical applications: in monitoring fatigue during a training session; guiding training programmes to maximise training potential; and developing coaches’ identification and management of fatigue during training through education programmes.

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Telles, Thiago 1986. „A influência de palmares e parachute na coordenação dos nados“. [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275032.

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Orientador: Orival Andries Júnior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:38:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telles_Thiago_M.pdf: 3424694 bytes, checksum: 76e3b04e93e0b07cc9e21073e480eca7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A natação é uma modalidade esportiva que, ao longo dos anos, sofreu modificações, atingindo um alto nível de exigência, o que é refletido nas sessões de treinamentos e nas pesquisas sobre a modalidade. Sendo assim, para otimizar o deslocamento nos nadadores pode-se otimizar a força propulsora. Para isso, pode-se utilizar palmares e parachute. Os palmares tem como função promover o aumento artificial da área da mão, desta maneira, aumenta-se a área frontal da mão do sujeito em contato perpendicular com o fluxo d'água, aumentando a propulsão. O parachute atua no aumento do arrasto dos nadadores, assim, estes tem que reorganizar o recrutamento neuromotor para que possam superar esse aumento da resistência externa. Assim sendo, durante o uso dos palmares existe diminuição da frequência e aumento do comprimento de braçadas enquanto com parachute ocorre o oposto, em ambas as variáveis. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o comportamento das variáveis coordenativas no uso destes implementos, desta forma, este estudo tem por objetivo verificar a influência de palmares e parachute na coordenação dos nados borboleta e crawl. Participaram do estudo 21 nadadores de nível estadual, estes eram especialistas em nado borboleta e crawl, com experiência no treinamento com palmares e parachute. O protocolo foi composto por 4 tiros de 25 metros: nado sem equipamentos, com palmares, com parachute e com palmares mais parachute. Todos os nadadores foram filmados (60 quadros por segundo e shutter speed de 1/1000) por um trolley que se deslocava paralelamente aos nadadores. Foram mensuradas velocidade média, frequência e comprimento de braçadas, fases de braçada, fases das pernadas, índice de coordenação específico do nado. Os principais resultados apontam que a velocidade de nado de acordo com o tipo de sobrecarga, diminuição com sobrecarga resistiva e mista enquanto aumento na propulsiva. A frequência de braçadas diminuiu com todos os implementos enquanto o comprimento aumentou apenas na condição com utilização de palmares. Nenhuma fase da braçada e da pernada foi modificada em nenhum dos nados. O índice de coordenação no nado borboleta sofreu grandes modificações, de acordo com a condição experimental enquanto para o nado crawl a sobrecarga parece diminuir os intervalos não propulsivos. Concluiu-se que o uso dos implementos deve estar programado tanto na sessão de treino quanto ao longo da temporada, visto que mais estudos são necessários para mapeamento dos efeitos da utilização longitudinal
Abstract: Swimming is a sport that has achieved high levels of demand, which is reflected on training sessions and researches. So, to optimize the displacement in swimmers can optimize the propulsive force. For this, can be used hand paddles and parachutes. The hand paddle enlarge the artificial area of the swimmers hand. The parachutes enlarge the drag on swimmers, so, they have to reorganize the neuromotor recruitment to overcome this increase on external resistance. Thus, during use of hand paddles there is decrease of stroke rate and during use of parachutes there is increase of stroke length, while the opposite occurs in both variables during use of both implements. However, on literature has few studies about coordenatives variables on overload in swimming, therefore, the aim of this study is investigate the influence of hand paddles and parachute on coordination of butterfly and front crawl swims. 21 estate level swimmers were the subjects of this study. They were specialized on butterfly swimming or front crawl swimming, all with experience in training with use of hand paddles and parachute. The tests protocol was four maximal-intensity conditions: without equipment, with hand paddles, with parachute, and with both hand paddles and parachute. All swimmers were filmed (60 frames per second, 1/1000 of shutter speed) from a moving sagittal view, with the aid of a trolley pulled by an operator at the same velocity as that of the swimmer. Swimming velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke phase and leg kicking duration and index of coordination for each swim style were analyzed from videos. To according the overload, changed the speed of swimming. The stroke rate decreased with all implements. Stroke length increased only on hand paddles condition. No one stroke phase neither leg kicking were modify, for butterfly and front crawl swimming. The according for the experimental condition the index of coordination of butterfly swimming was modify while the index of coordination of front crawl swimming on overload appears to decrease the lag time of propulsive continuity. The implements use must programmed for training session and periodization. So, many researches are necessary for understanding the longitudinal effects of these implements
Mestrado
Biodinamica do Movimento e Esporte
Mestre em Educação Física

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Carpenter, Tegan Laura. „Uneasy bedfellows : amateurism and coaching traditions in twentieth century British sport“. Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2012. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/337080/.

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Amateurism acted as the guiding principle for the many sporting clubs and governing bodies that were created and developed by the late Victorian middle-classes. While some forms of coaching and training were tolerated, many organisations, such as the Amateur Rowing Association, expressed a preference for amateur honorary coaches rather than professionals. Through the use of archival material, oral history interviews, and ongoing case studies in athletics and swimming, this thesis traces the trajectory of the less than harmonious relationship between amateurism and professional coaching in Britain throughout the twentieth century. In the pre and interwar period, a number of proposals for coaching schemes emerged, especially after poor Olympic performances, but continuing resistance within the amateur establishment meant that these initiatives were uncoordinated and experienced short life-spans. Even in the post-war period, characterised by an increasing number of centralised coaching schemes and the appointment of national coaches, amateur officials sought to maintain strict control over their appointments. A reluctance to accept advice from professional coaches, coupled with a struggling economy and a government determined to remain distant from sport, contributed to a further decline in international sporting performance. British athletes had long proved unable to compete with the Americans and the emergence of another sporting superpower at the 1952 Olympics, the Soviet Union, finally prompted a number of responses, including the 1960 Wolfenden Report. The government subsequently took a more active role in sport, resulting in an inevitable shift towards greater specialisation as centralised funding became inextricably linked with targets and results. Although this encouraged a more widespread utilisation of professional coaches and improved the integration of sports science, the ethos of amateurism proved farreaching, even at elite levels. The evidence suggests that, while it is no longer considered a guiding principle, its legacy continues to impact on the working lives of many British coaches.

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Mudėnas, Gediminas. „Treniravimo veiksnių įtaka sportiniam rezultatui plaukime: jėgos komponentai“. Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140619_114001-92068.

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Tyrimo objektas – jėgos rodikliai įtakojantys sportinį rezultatą plaukime. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti kai kurių jėgos komponentų įtaką sportiniam rezultatui plaukime. Uždaviniai: 1. Identifikuoti plaukikų raumenų aktyvavimo ir jėgos pasireiškimo ypatybes plaukimo judesiuose. 2. Nustatyti ir palyginti skirtingo meistriškumo moterų plaukikių peties išorinio ir vidinio sukimo jėgos komponentus esant kampiniui greičiui 60 ° / s. 3. Nustatyti ir palyginti skirtingo meistriškumo vyrų plaukikų peties išorinio ir vidinio sukimo jėgos komponentus esant kampiniui greičiui 60 ° / s. 4. Išaiškinti skirtingo meistriškumo plaukikų raumenų disbalanso rodiklius. Hipotezė - didelio meistriškumo plaukikų dinaminių (jėga, galingumas) charakteristikų rezultatai yra aukštesni nei vidutinio meistriškumo plaukikų. Išvados: 1. Mokslininkai tyrinėję raumenų funkcijas plaukimo metu išskiria šias ypatybes: 1.1 Plaukiko judesių visumoje išskiriami 48 labiausiai reikšmingi raumenys, kurių tarpe pagrindinės raumenų grupės padedančios plaukikui judėti į priekį yra kaklo, rankų, liemens bei kojų raumenys, kurių funkciniam parengtumui turi būti skiriama daugiausia dėmesio. 1.2 Plaukime yra išskiriamos 4 plaukimo jėgos pasireiškimo formos: maksimalioji jėga, staigioji jėga, greitumo jėga bei ištvermės jėga. Kiekvienoje atskirai paimtoje plaukimo distancijoje šių jėgos parsireiškimo formų reikšmingumas yra savitas. 2. Didesnio meistriškumo moterų plaukikių peties išorinio ir vidinio sukimo jėgos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Research object – strength factors that have influence on the sport results in swimming. The aim of the research – to examine some of the strength components which have an influence on the results in swimming. Tasks: 1. Identify the swimmer's muscle activation and the force characteristics in the swimming movements. 2. To identify and compare the different levels of swimmers shoulder external and internal rotation force components at angular speed of 60 °/s. 3. To identify and compare the different levels of swimmers shoulder external and internal rotation force components at angular speed of 60 °/s. 4. To clarify the different levels of swimmers muscles imbalance rates. Hypothesis – Higher skill swimmers dynamic (force, power) characteristics are better than the lower - skill swimmers. Conclusions: 1. Researchers have explored muscle function at swimming movements distinguishes these features: 1.1 In swimmer’s movements there are 48 most important muscles groups, including: neck, arms, torso and leg muscles which help swimmer’s to move forward. 1.2 Swimming distinguished 4 swimming force application forms: peak strength, explosive power, speed and strength endurance strength. Those forces have different impact on every different swimming distance. 2. Higher level women swimmers shoulder external and internal rotation strength ratios are better than lower-skill swimmers. 3. Higher level men swimmers shoulder external and internal rotation strength ratios are better than... [to full text]

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Parra, Sergio Alencar. „Treinamento a longo prazo de nadadores“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-11082008-103604/.

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Os objetivos desta pesquisa, descritiva com delineamento transversal, foram verificar como ocorre o processo de formação de jovens nadadores brasileiros, sob diferentes aspectos: organização, estrutura e quantificação do treinamento; especialização do atleta; seleção de talentos e as funções da competição nas categorias de base na perspectiva do Treinamento a Longo Prazo - TLP, e ainda propor um modelo de TLP para a natação brasileira. Foram selecionados nove clubes classificados entre os 10 primeiros do \"Ranking\" pela Confederação de Desportos Aquáticos Brasileiros - CBDA, no mês de julho de 2005. Os técnicos foram entrevistados quanto aos aspectos do treinamento de formação nas categorias de base na natação: mirim, petiz, infantil, juvenil e júnior (de 08 a 17 anos). As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas de acordo com o método de análise de conteúdo proposto por Bardin (1977). Os resultados revelaram que os clubes brasileiros seguem o modelo por categorias de competições propostas pela CBDA. Alguns aspectos importantes foram evidenciados, tais como: a especialização precoce, o direcionamento para competições de alto nível em curto prazo. Sendo assim, os jovens nadadores são pressionados para que realizem resultados ótimos. O TLP não é realizado dentro das estruturas dos clubes brasileiros entrevistados. Formulou-se um modelo de TLP para a natação brasileira. Como sugestão, recomenda-se que os dirigentes e técnicos devem realizar maiores reflexões sobre o sistema de treinamento infanto-juvenil e de competição de natação no país
This cross-designed and descriptive research meant to verify the process of formation of young Brazilian swimmers under different aspects: organization, structure and load of training; the athlete\'s specialization; selection of talents and the functions of the competition in base categories under the perspective of Long-Term Training - LTT. It also meant to propose a LTT model for the Brazilian swimming. Nine clubs ranking top 10 by the CBDA - the Brazilian Confederation of Aquatic Sports were selected in the month of July 2005. The coaches were interviewed regarding the training aspects for the formation of base categories swimmers aged 08 to 17. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to the method proposed by Bardin (1977). The results revealed that the Brazilian clubs follow the model of categories as proposed by CBDA. Such relevant aspects as early specialization and the orientation to short-term achievement to high level competitions were evidenced. Thus, young swimmers are pushed to achieve optimal results. The Brazilian clubs, subject of this research, do not hold their LTT inside their facilities. A LTT model was prepared for the Brazilian swimming. It is suggested that club directors and coaches reflect upon their infant-juvenile training and swimming competitions nationwide

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Celik, Ozgur. „The Effect Of Different Impact Exercise Training On Deformational Behavior And Functional Adaptation Of Articular Cartilage“. Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611551/index.pdf.

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The objective of the present study was to investigate deformational behavior and functional adaptation of articular cartilage by comparing the changes of biochemical osteoarthritis markers&rsquo
concentrations due to 30-min exercise after 12-weeks of regular high impact, impact or non-impact exercise. Blood samples were drawn from 44 healthy sedentary males immediately before, immediately after and 0.5 h after a 30-min moderate walking exercise. Osteoarthritis biomarkers&rsquo
(Serum COMP and CTX-I) concentrations were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After the first measurements, participants were randomly assigned to running, cycling, swimming, and control groups. All groups except for control group trained for 12 weeks. After 12-weeks, post tests were applied. Multivariate tests indicated a significant fatigue and resting effect on serum COMP concentration in all groups at pre- and post-tests. Therefore, pair wise comparisons were conducted in order to assess the differences across all groups and conditions. Results indicated significant differences in post-test measurements among phases of groups except for running group. However, fatigue or resting did not change the concentration of serum CTX-I in any groups during the tests. According to results, moderate walking activity has an influence on the increase of serum COMP concentrations of young sedentary men. However, 12 weeks regular weight-bearing high impact physical exercise decreases the deformational effect of walking activity by functional adaptation of articular cartilage to specific environmental requirements.

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Хало, П. В., und Д. Я. Авдеенко. „Обучение плаванию дошкольников на основе дифференцированного подхода“. Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/79247.

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Одним из эффективных средств укрепления здоровья, гармонического развития и физического совершенствования человека является плавание. Во всем мире плаванию уделяют большое внимание, так что трудно переоценить его спортивное и прикладное значение. Плавание входит в олимпийскую программу и является одним из основных видов спорта, представленных на чемпионатах мира, континентов и государств. Наряду с этим, проведенные исследования во многих странах мира свидетельствуют о том, что от 30 до 70 % людей не могут воспользоваться благоприятным оздоровительным влиянием плавания, так как не умеют плавать (А.А. Остальцова и др., 2015) [2, с. 139]. Подобная негативная тенденция существует и в России. По данным «Всероссийского общества спасания на водах» ежегодно погибают на воде в РФ от 10–15 тысяч человек. В настоящее время преобладает установка на обучение детей плаванию в условиях мелкого и глубокого бассейнов. В основе этой установки лежит положительный накопленный, опыт, обусловленный достаточно длительной работой по обучению детей плаванию. Однако остается недостаточно раскрытым вопрос о последовательности изучения спортивных способов плавания, влияние особенностей телосложения на процесс обучения плаванью, гендерных особенностей и др.

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Sleeper, Mark D. „The effect of an equi-intensity treadmill running and swimming training protocol on the adipocyte insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in the rat“. Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/482304.

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Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly separated into one of three experimental groups: Run-Trained (RT), Swim-Trained (SW), or Control (CON). The runners were further separated into 2 groups: Good-runners (RT1), or Poor-runners (RT2) according to their performance on the treadmill. All of the trained groups were endurance trained at approximately 80% V02 max for two hours per day, five days per week in the appropriate mode of exercise. After nine weeks of equi-intensity training, the perimetrial fat pads were removed and the calls isolated. The adipocytes from the trained animals were significantly smaller in volume and diameter than the adipocytes from the controls. Adipocytes from all of the trained groups were significantly more sensitive to insulin than the CON group according to the definition by Kahn (60). The cells from the RT1 and SW groups were significantly more responsive to insulin than both the RT2 and CON groups. The adipocytes from the RT1 group were also significantly more responsive to insulin than the SW group. The differences in cell responsiveness to insulin were highly correlated to the average size of the cells studied. From the data presented in this study threeconclusions were drawn: 1) Both running and swimming at the reported intensity, duration, and frequency have a significant effect on the morphology and metabolism of the isolated adipocyte, 2) Adipocyte morphology, insulin sensitivity, and insulin responsiveness are dependent on the frequency, intensity, and duration of a given exercise training protocol, and 3) Each type of exercise training has its own drawbacks: with swimming, the rats may experience some hypoxia which may alter their metabolic fuel utilization, and during running not all of the animals may be capable or willing to complete the run.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

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Neal, Craig M. „Training intensity distribution, physiological adaptation and immune function in endurance athletes“. Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9299.

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Exercise intensity and its distribution is probably the most important and most heavily debated variable of endurance training. Training induces adaptation but also induces stress responses. Controlling the training-intensity distribution may provide a mechanism for balancing these two effects. It has been reported that elite endurance athletes train with a high volume and load, relative to the sport. These athletes spend the vast majority (>80%) of training time at relatively low intensities (lower than the lactate threshold, zone one), and therefore <20% of training time above the lactate threshold (zones two and three). Experimental studies support the beneficial effects of a high training volume in zone one, and show detrimental effects of replacing zone one training with training in zone two. This is likely due to enhanced recovery from training in zone one compared with training in zone two. The acute recovery following training sessions in zones two and three has been reported to not be different, but the recovery following training in zone one has been reported to be faster. Improvements in physiological adaptation and endurance performance have been reported to be greater following training programmes with higher exercise intensities. Therefore, it has been suggested that a polarised training model, which includes ~80% of training in zone one with ~20% of training in zone three is more beneficial than a threshold training model, with the majority of training in zone two. However, research into an optimal training-intensity distribution is limited. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were to assess the effectiveness of training-intensity distribution on the improvements in physiological adaptation, endurance performance and assess if manipulating training-intensity distribution had an effect on immune function. Study one revealed that the lactate threshold, the lactate turnpoint and maximal performance measures in swimming, cycling and running, assessed using the methods outlined in the study, are reproducible in trained endurance athletes. These tests can therefore be used by trained endurance athletes as part of a physiological testing programme to assess not only endurance performance, but also to demarcate training intensity zones for exercise intensity prescription and monitor moderate to large adaptations to training. Practitioners should take care when deciding on the duration between tests to test for adaptations from training, as adaptations need to be greater than these detected test-retest variations to be considered physiologically meaningful. To the best of the author’s knowledge, study two was the first study to have assessed training-intensity distribution in a group of multisport athletes. Training was monitored over a 6-month period, and testing took place every two months to assess the effect of the training on physiological adaptation. Although speculative due to the number of variables involved, the results suggest that a greater proportion of training time spent in zone one and a lower proportion of training time spent in zone two is beneficial to physiological adaptation. However, given the number of variables associated with assessing the training-intensity distribution in multisport athletes, it is not easy to draw conclusions as to the effectiveness of the training in the different disciplines on the key measures of adaptation in the different disciplines. Study two highlighted the need for future research to focus on experimental manipulation of training-intensity distribution and thus improve our understanding of its impact on the training-induced adaptations in endurance athletes. Study three manipulated the training-intensity distribution in trained endurance athletes in just one discipline, to reduce the number of variables involved. A polarised training model was compared to a threshold training model on the effectiveness to improve physiological adaptation and endurance performance. Results revealed that a polarised training model is recommended for trained cyclists wishing to maximally improve performance and physiological adaptation over a short-term (six week) training period. The first part of study four assessed the effect of a polarised and a threshold training model on immune function markers in trained cyclists. Both endurance training programmes had similar volume, and were sufficient to induce improvements in performance and physiological adaptation. However, despite likely differences in recovery, both training programmes had no effect on the proportion of low or high differentiated or senescent CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells in blood. Therefore, training adaptation was achieved at no cost to this particular aspect of immune function. From these results and evidence from previous studies, it seems likely that athletes need to be overreached to induce any change in immune function following a period of intensified training. The second part of study four assessed the impact of an ironman triathlon race on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) antibody titres and the frequency of low and high differentiated and senescent blood T-cells in trained endurance athletes. Previous work has revealed that an ironman triathlon race increases the proportion of senescent CD4+ T cells and decreases the proportion of naive CD4+ T cells, and thus induces changes the immune space which could leave an individual at a greater risk of infection. This study however, did not find any changes in the proportions of these T cell subsets following an ironman triathlon race. The mean results of this study suggest that there is no relationship between EBV and VZV-specific antibody concentrations and the proportion of senescent, low and highly differientiated T cells. However, on analysis of individual subject data, it seems possible that subjects with a high antibody titre for EBV or VZV 3 wks before a competition might be more at risk of infection post race. A greater subject number would be needed in order to make a more conclusive statement about this relationship. The results of this thesis suggest that future research is required in the area of training-intensity distribution. Firstly, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms responsible for the effectiveness of a polarised training model in trained endurance athletes is limited, and thus studies should attempt to address this issue. Our current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying a blunted T cell response following strenous exercise is also limited. A change in the immune space to a greater proportion of senescent T cells and a lower proportion of naive T cells might contribute to this blunted response. In the current thesis however, the proportions of these T cell markers were unchanged following the training/racing interventions. It is possible that with a higher training load, there could be changes in these markers, and thus this is an exciting area that could have potential implications on athlete health. Finally, testing for antibody titres in endurance athletes is possibly an avenue to detect individuals at the greatest risk of infection if subjected to a large physical and/or mental stress. This could have implications on maintaining athlete health and therefore, allowing athletes to train consistently.

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Martinho, Ulisses Guimarães. „Efeito do treinamento e competição no bem estar subjetivo, autoestima, estado de humor, ansiedade físico social e busca pela musculatura em nadadores brasileiros de alto nível“. [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/274690.

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Orientador: Maria da Consolação Gomes Cunha Fernandes Tavares
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física
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Resumo: A psicologia do esporte é o campo de estudo que analisa as bases e efeitos psíquicos das ações esportivas, considerando a análise de processos psíquicos básicos: a cognição, motivação e emoção. Essa área apresenta diversos temas, dentre os quais se destacam a busca por um possível perfil de personalidade do atleta de alto rendimento e sua influência no desempenho esportivo. A Imagem Corporal engloba todas as formas pelas quais uma pessoa experiencia e conceitua seu próprio corpo, e nessa perspectiva, os aspectos sociais, fisiológicos, psicológicos e ambientais se conectam de forma integrada em experiências de percepção desse corpo como um todo. O presente estudo avaliou traços da dimensão atitudinal da Imagem Corporal de treze nadadores de elite brasileiros do sexo masculino (21,23 ± 2,24 anos; 181,46 ± 6,62 cm de altura; 9,95 ±0,90 % gordura da massa corporal total; 11,46 ± 3,35 anos de carreira esportiva) em três momentos distintos de um macrociclo de treinamento: ao final do Período Preparatório Geral (PPG), ao final do Período Preparatório Específico (PPE) e logo após a competição alvo (PC). A satisfação com a vida, autoestima, busca pela musculatura, ansiedade físico social e estados de humor foram, através de questionários, avaliadas e relacionadas às variáveis antropométricas e informações pertinentes ao treinamento. Foi realizada estatística descritiva e inferencial para análise de variância e das associações das variáveis do estudo, bem como em relação ao desempenho na competição alvo. Os resultados indicaram tendência à estabilidade das variáveis antropométricas e alteração das variáveis atitudinais, principalmente em PPE. Observou-se um aumento significante da fadiga em PPE e da tensão ao longo das três avaliações, enquanto a variável vigor decresceu em PPE e aumentou em PC. Concluiu-se que as cargas de treinamento de PPE, caracterizadas majoritariamente pela intensidade, influenciaram os traços atitudinais da Imagem Corporal dos atletas, sendo esse um período importante do macrociclo que deve ser cuidadosamente acompanhado a fim de garantir o desempenho esperado dos atletas ao final da temporada
Abstract: The sport psychology is a field of study that examines the foundations and psychological effects of sports actions, considering the analysis of basic psychological processes: cognition, motivation and emotion. This area has several themes, among which stands out the search for a possible personality profile of the high performance athlete and its influence on sport performance. The Body Image encompasses all the ways in which a person experiences and conceptualizes his own body, and in this perspective, the social, physiological, psychological and environmental aspects connect seamlessly in perception experiments of that body as a whole. The present study evaluated attitudinal dimension traits of Body Image in Brazilian elite swimmers (21,23 ± 2,24 years; 181,46 ± 6,62 cm height; 9,95 ±0,90 % of total body fat mass; 11,46 ± 3,35 years of sport career) at three different times of a season: end of General Preparatory Period (GPP), end of Specified Preparatory Period (SPP) and just after the main competition (AC). The satisfaction, self-esteem, drive for muscularity, social physical anxiety and mood were evaluated and related to anthropometric variables and relevant training information. Descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics were performed for the variance and association of the variables of the study and compared to the performance in target competition. The results indicated a tendency toward stabilization of anthropometric variables while the attitudinal variables tended to variation, especially in SPP. There was a significant increase in fatigue in SPP and tension along the three evaluations, while vigor decreased in SPP and increased AC. It was concluded that the SPP training loads, characterized mainly by its intensity, influenced attitudinal traits of body image. SPP is, then, an important period of the training program that needs to be carefully monitored to ensure expected performance at the end of the season
Doutorado
Atividade Fisica Adaptada
Doutor em Educação Física

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Pelarigo, Jailton Gregório. „Coordenação da ação dos braços no nado crawl analisada em diferentes intensidades, nos exercícios contínuo e intermitente /“. Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87395.

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Orientador: Camila Coelho Greco
Banca: Idico Luiz Pellegrinotti
Banca: Paulo Cezar da Silva Marinho
Resumo: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a resposta do lactato sanguíneo e a coordenação dos braços no nado crawl durante o exercício contínuo e intermitente realizado na máxima fase estável de lactato sanguíneo (MLSSC e MLSSI, respectivamente) e acima dessa intensidade (ACIMA MLSSC e ACIMA MLSSI, respectivamente). Participaram deste estudo nove nadadores de meio-fundo e fundo (idade = 18,56 ± 2,13 anos, massa corporal = 68,06 ± 6,48 Kg, estatura = 176,00 ± 6,36 cm e envergadura = 181,42 ± 9,68 cm) do sexo masculino, com pelo menos cinco anos de experiência na modalidade. Os indivíduos realizaram os seguintes testes em diferentes dias: 1) Testes máximos nas distâncias de 200 e 400 m (V200 e V400) para a determinação da velocidade crítica (VC); 2) 2 a 4 tentativas de até 30 min para a determinação da MLSSC, e; 3) De 2 a 4 tentativas de 12 repetições de 150 s com 30s de recuperação passiva para a determinação da MLSSI. A freqüência de braçada (FB) foi calculada por meio do tempo para realizar cinco braçadas. O comprimento de braçada (CB) foi calculado dividindo-se a velocidade pela FB. As fases da braçada e o índice de coordenação (IdC) foram determinados por meio de filmagens externa e subaquática. A velocidade correspondente à MLSSI (1,26 ± 0,06 m.s-1) foi significantemente maior do que a MLSSC (1,23 ± 0,05 m.s-1). No entanto, a concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([La]) (3,53 ± 1,34 mM e 3,22 ± 0,99 mM, respectivamente) foi similar. Houve aumento significante entre o 10o e o 30o min da FB nas condições MLSSC (30,66 ± 3,61 e 31,73 ± 3,58 ciclos.min-1), ACIMA MLSSC (30,98 ± 3,44 e 32,26 ± 3,56 ciclos.min-1), MLSSI (30,36 ± 2,36 e 31,25 ± 2,51 ciclos.min-1) e ACIMA MLSSI (32,66 ± 3,42 e 33,85 ± 2,84 ciclos.min-1). Para o CB, houve redução significante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to analyze the blood lactate response and arm coordination in front crawl swimming crawl during the continuous and intermittent exercise at maximal lactate steady state (MLSSC and MLSSI, respectively) and above this intensity (ABOVE MLSSC and ABOVE MLSSI, respectively). Nine male swimmers (age = 18.56 ± 2.13 years, body mass = 68.06 ± 6.48 Kg, stature = 176.00 ± 6.36 cm and arm span = 181.42 ± 9.68 cm), specialized in middle- and long-distance events, with at least five years of experience participated of this study. The subjects performed the following tests on different days: 1) Maximal tests in the distances of 200 and 400 m (V200 and V400) to determine the critical speed (CS), 2) 2 to 4 repetitions with a maximal duration of 30 minutes to determine the continuous maximal steady state blood lactate (MLSSC), and 3) 2 to 4 trials of 12 repetitions of 150 s with 30 s of passive recovery between repetitions to determine the intermittent maximal lactate steady state (MLSSI). The stroke frequency (SF) was calculated using the time necessary to perform five strokes. The stroke length (SL) was calculated dividing the speed by the SF. The stroke phases and the stroke coordination index (SCI) were determined trough external and subaquatic recordings. The speed corresponding to MLSSI (1.26 ± 0.06 m.s-1) was significantly higher than MLSSC (1.23 ± 0.05 m.s-1). However, the blood lactate concentration ([La]) (3.53 ± 1.34 mM and 3.22 ± 0.99 mM, respectively) was similar between these conditions. There was a significant increase of SF between 10th and 30th min at the conditions MLSSC (30.66 ± 3.61 and 31.73 ± 3.58 ciclos.min-1), ABOVE MLSSC (30.98 ± 3.44 and 32.26 ± 3.56 cycles.min-1), MLSSI (30.36 ± 2.36 and 31.25 ± 2.51 cycles.min-1) and ABOVE MLSSI (32.66 ± 3.42 and 33.85 ± 2.84 cycles.min-1). For SL, there was a significant reduction... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Faria, Christiane Carvalho. „A influência do treinamento muscular inspiratório na performance de nadadores de elite“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104142.

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Introdução: A respiração é um importante processo fisiológico, onde a musculatura inspiratória tem papel fundamental no desempenho de atletas nadadores. O aumento da resistência e força muscular inspiratória, adquiridos a partir do treinamento, tem sido associado a um melhor desempenho em diversas modalidades esportivas. Sendo assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever parâmetros de função pulmonar, teste de desempenho, espessura do diafragma e metaborreflexo muscular, suas correlações entre os nadadores de elite e suas especificidades nas modalidades de natação e analisar o efeito de um programa de doze semanas de treinamento muscular inspiratório(TMI), avaliando parâmetros de função pulmonar, espessura do diafragma e teste de desempenho em nadadores de elite. Desenho dos Estudos: Estudo transversal e quase experimento Métodos: 24 nadadores de elite, 16 homens e 8 mulheres, com idade (18±2 anos) entre velocistas, meio-fundistas e fundistas foram selecionados para mensuração de pressões inspiratórias, espessura de diafragma por ultrassonografia, testes de funções pulmonares, metaborreflexo inspiratório e número de respirações durante o teste. Os dados foram comparados entre os diferentes tipos de nadadores e suas diferentes provas natatórias. Para avaliar o efeito do Treinamento muscular inspiratório(TMI), foram recrutados 12 nadadores de elite. Os nadadores realizaram o TMI durante 12 semanas e foram repetidos os testes após TMI, a fim de averiguar as possíveis diminuição nos tempos nas provas de 50m e 200m, na espessura do diafragma e nos testes de função pulmonar. Resultados: O metaboreflexo muscular inspiratório não foi ativado durante 60% da pressão inspiratória máxima nos atletas. Os nadadores apresentaram força do volume expirado no 1s (VEF1s) e capacidade vital observada (CVF) superiores às estimativas de indivíduos não treinados; e as pressões respiratórias máximas (PI e PE) se correlacionaram com VEF1s e CVF destes atletas. Além disso, foi observado que, no teste de 50 metros, o menor número de respirações estava associado a uma maior pressão inspiratória, maior CVF e uma maior espessura diafragmática na posição deitada. Os velocistas apresentavam uma capacidade vital e a espessura do diafragma maior quando comparados a meio-fundistas e fundistas. Diferenças significativas foram observadas na avaliação após o TMI: aumento da capacidade funcional (p ≤0,005); aumento do VEF1s (p =0,019); e aumento do volume corrente (p ≤0,004). O TMI não alterou significativamente a espessura do diafragma. Também foi observada diminuição no número de respirações durante o teste de 50m após o TMI (p≤ 0,002). Já na avaliação do tempo de prova, não foram observadas diferenças após o treinamento. Conclusão: O TMI parece melhorar parâmetros de função pulmonar, o que foi evidenciado pelo menor número de respirações durante o teste de desempenho na prova de 50m de atletas submetidos ao TMI. A fadiga inspiratória (metaborreflexo inspiratório) não foi ativada durante 60% da carga da PIMáx dos nadadores. Nossos achados sugerem que o diafragma e os músculos inspiratórios acessórios podem ser relacionados com a melhora de desempenho de nadadores. Portanto, o treinamento muscular inspiratório poderia ser um recurso ergogênico útil a ser usado em modalidades esportivas, como parte importante a ser acrescentada no treinamento de atletas de elite em períodos pré-competitivos.
Introduction: Breathing is an important physiological process, where the inspiratory muscles has a fundamental role in the performance of swimmers. Increased endurance and muscle strength, acquired from training, has been associated with better performance in several sports. Thus, the objectives of this study were to describe pulmonary function parameters, performance testing, and thickness of the diaphragm muscle metaboreflex, their correlations among elite swimmers and their specificities in terms of swimming and analyze the effect of a twelve-week program inspiratory muscle training (IMT) evaluated pulmonary function parameters, thickness of the diaphragm and test performance in elite swimmers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study and experiment almost. Methods: 24 elite swimmers, 16 men and 8 women, aged (18 ± 2 years), between sprinters and distance runners, and runners were selected for measurement of airway pressures, diaphragm thickness by ultrasound, pulmonary function tests, inspiratory metaboreflex and number of breaths during the test. Data were compared between the different types of swimming, and different their swim tests. To evaluate the effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT), 12 elite swimmers were recruited. The swimmers performed IMT for 12 weeks and the tests were repeated after TMI, to ascertain the possible decrease in time in the 50m and 200m evidence, the thickness of the diaphragm and lung function tests. Results: The inspiratory muscle metaboreflex was not activated for 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure in athletes. The swimmers showed strength of expiratory volume in 1s (VEF1s) and higher observed vital capacity (FVC) estimates of untrained subjects; and maximal respiratory pressures (PI and PE) correlated with FVC and VEF1s these athletes. Furthermore, it was observed that in the 50-meter test, the minimum number of breaths were associated with a higher inspiratory pressure and higher FVC increased diaphragm thickness in the lying position. The sprinters had a vital capacity and increased diaphragm thickness as compared to the middle and bottom runners. Significant differences were observed in the evaluation after the TMI: increased functional capacity (p ≤0,005); VEF1s increased (p = 0.019); and increased tidal volume (p ≤0,004). The IMT did not significantly alter the thickness of the diaphragm. Was also observed decrease in the number of breaths during the test 50m after IMT (p ≤ 0.002). Already at the time of trial, no differences were observed after training. Conclusion: The TMI seems to improve pulmonary function parameters, which was evidenced by the lower number of breaths during the performance test in the test of 50m of athletes submitted to TMI. The inspiratory fatigue (inspiratory metaboreflex) was not activated for 60% of the burden of MIP swimmers. Our findings suggest that diaphragm and accessory inspiratory muscles may be related to the improved performance of swimmers. Therefore, inspiratory muscle training, could be a useful ergogenic aid to be used in sports as important to be added in elite athletes training at periods of pre-competitive.

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Pereira, Bernardo Maia Farage. „Efeito do destreinamento sobre variáveis cinemáticas relacionadas ao desempenho do nado crawl com diferentes estratégias de respiração“. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6118.

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Sabe-se que o destreinamento acarreta em perda das adaptações do sistema cardiorrespiratório e neuromuscular adquiridas com o treinamento físico, inclusive na natação. Apesar de diversos estudos terem investigado o efeito do destreinamento do ponto de vista fisiológico, ainda não foi encontrado na literatura estudos que tenham investigado o efeito do destreinamento em variáveis cinemáticas durante o nado. Sabendo disso esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivo de verificar se há efeito do destreinamento sobre variáveis cinemáticas no desempenho do nado crawl com diferentes estratégias de respiração. Para isso foi utilizada uma metodologia baseada em cinemetria para obter as variáveis cinemáticas (tempo do nado, velocidade média do nado, frequência de braçada, comprimento de braçada e velocidade de braçada) em diferentes estratégias de respiração (apneia voluntaria, respiração unilateral para o lado preferido, respiração unilateral para o lado não preferido e respiração bilateral) durante o nado crawl, antes e depois do período de destreinamento. Os dados mostraram que após cinco semanas de destreinamento o tempo do nado aumentou significativamente, a velocidade média do nado e a frequência de braçada diminuiram significativamente, exceto na estratégia de respiração bilateral. Ainda foi percebido que o tempo de braçada aumentou significativamente e a velocidade de braçada diminuiu significativamente na estratégia de apnéia voluntária e respiração para o lado preferido, por outro lado o comprimento de braçada aumentou significativamente apenas na estratégia de respiração para o lado preferido. Portanto esses achados indicam que há efeito prejudicial do destreinamento sobre variáveis cinemáticas relacionadas ao desempenho do nado crawl com diferentes estratégias de respiração
It is known that detraining leads to the loss of cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular systems adaptations, once acquired with physical training, including swimming. Although several studies have been investigated the effect of detraining, through a physiological concept, it have not yet been found in the literature a study that have investigated the effect of detraining in kinematic variables during swimming. Knowing that, this work was developed in order to verify the detraining effect on kinematic variables in front crawl stroke performance with different breathing patterns. For this, we used a methodology based on video analysis for kinematic variables (swim time, stroke velocity, stroke rate, stroke length and hand velocity) in different breathing patterns (no breathing, breathing to the preferred side, breathing to the non-preferred side and bilateral breathing) during front crawl stroke, before and after the detraining period. The data showed that, after five weeks of detraining the swim time was increased, the swim velocity and stroke rate was lower, except for bilateral breathing. Although, the stroke time was increased and stroke velocity was lower in no breathing pattern and breathing to the preferred side, on the other hand, the stroke length was increased just in breathing to the preferred side. Therefore, these findings indicate that there are adverse effects of detraining on kinematic variables related to swimming front crawl stroke perfomance with various breathing pattern

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Marques, Ana Paula Braga. „Modelação do crescimento do desempenho na natação pura desportiva portuguesa : Um Novo instrumento de medida para a avaliação e formulação de objectivos (sexo masculino)“. Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 2000. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29231.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Desporto para Crianças e Jovens, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto

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Machado, Marcus Vinicius. „Efeito de onze semanas de treinamento sobre a velocidade critica e o limiar anaerobio em nadadores“. [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/274790.

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Orientador: Orival Andries Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
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Resumo: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) avaliar o efeito de 12 semanas de treinamento sobre a velocidade crítica (VC) e o limiar anaeróbio (LAn) em nadadores; b) verificar a correlação da VC com o máximo estado estável do lactato (MEEL) de nadadores adolescentes de elite; c) verificar a influência da utilização de diferentes combinações de distâncias sobre os valores da VC e CTAn (capacidade de trabalho anaeróbio) em nadadores. Participaram do estudo 33 nadadores com idades entre 13 a 21 anos. A VC foi determinada através do coeficiente angular da reta de regressão linear entre a distância e o tempo obtido em cinco tiros máximos (50, 100, 200, 400 e 800m). Para a determinação do LAn foram realizadas três séries de quatro repetições de 400m (3 x 4 x 400m) a 98, 100 e 102% da VC, com pausa de 45 s entre os tiros e intervalo de 48 hs entre as séries. Foram coletados 25 ?l de sangue da ponta dos dedos durante o repouso e ao final de cada tiro. O LAn foi definido como a mais alta intensidade de nado na qual ocorra um platô no lactato sanguíneo. Os testes para a determinação da VC e do LAn foram repetidos após 12 semanas de treinamento. Para a comparação da VC entre os momentos utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon. O teste t de Student foi utilizado na comparação entre os tiros máximos nos dois momentos. A correlação linear de Pearson foi empregada na comparação entre a VC e o MEEL. A ANOVA one-way foi utilizada para comparar a concentração de lactato sanguíneo nos tiros de 400m nas três intensidades (98, 100 e 102%) e na comparação entre as diferentes combinações de tiros e o Post Hoc de Tukey quando P<0,05. A VC obtida no momento pós doze semanas de treinamento foi significativamente maior quando comparada com o momento pré (1,45 ± 0,10 vs 1,41 ± 0,11 m/s-1). No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças significativas no LAn entre os momentos pré e pós (1,41 ± 0,10 vs 1,43 ± 0,10 m/s-1). Observou-se também uma diminuição na concentração média de lactato entre os momentos. A VC superestimou o MEEL dos nadadores jovens (1,32 ± 0,06 vs 1,29 ± 0,05), sendo que o MEEL foi observado na intensidade de 98% da VC no grupo analisado. Observou-se também que nas diferentes combinações de tiros, as distâncias menores (50, 100 e 200m) proporcionaram maiores valores da VC (1,47 ± 0,13), causando com isso uma diminuição na CTAn (11,91 ± 2,61). A utilização de tiros de média e longa distância proporcionou valores mais baixos para a VC (1,38 ± 0,10, 1,34 ± 0,09 e 1,36 ± 0,09) quando comparados com os tiros curtos, respectivamente para 100, 200 e 400m; 200, 400 e 800m; 50, 100, 200, 400 e 800m. Através dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que: a) 12 semanas de treinamento foram suficientes para promover um aumento na VC. O mesmo comportamento não foi observado com o MEEL, entretanto, a diminuição da concentração média de lactato no momento pós-experimental demonstrou uma adaptação ao treinamento e a maior eficiência do sistema aeróbio; b) a VC pode não corresponder ao MEEL em nadadores adolescentes de elite. Entretanto, a alta correlação encontrada entre os métodos sugerem a utilização da VC de forma fidedigna na prescrição e monitoramento do treinamento desses atletas; c) a distância dos tiros possui grande influência sobre os valores da VC e da CTAn, podendo com isso superestimar ou subestimar a velocidade correspondente à máxima fase estável do lactato.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were: a) verify the effect of 12 weeks of training on the critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic threshold (AT) in swimmers; b) verify the correlation between CV and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in teenagers elite swimmers; c) the influence of using different combinations of distances on the values of CV and anaerobic work capacity (AWC) in swimmers. Study participants were thirty-three swimmers aged 13 to 21 years. The CV was determined by the slope of the linear regression between the distance and time in five maximum shots (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800m). To determine the AT subjects were submitted to three sets with four repetitions of 400 meters (3 x 4 x 400m) at 98, 100 and 102% of CV, with break of 45 seconds between shots and 48-hour interval between series. We collected 25 ?l of blood from fingertips during rest and at the end of each shot. The AT was defined as the highest intensity of swimming in which a plateau appears in blood lactate curve. The tests for determining the CV and AT were repeated after 12 weeks of training. For comparison between CV and the distinct moments Wilcoxon test was used. With Student t test we compare the maximum shots in two periods. The linear Pearson correlation was used in the comparison between the CV and MLSS. The one-way ANOVA compared the concentration of lactate in the firing of 400m for three intensities (98, 100 and 102%) and the different combinations of shots with the Post Hoc Tukey when P <0.05. The CV obtained at the time after twelve weeks of training was significantly higher when compared with the previous moment (1.45 ± 0.10 vs. 1.41 ± 0.11 m/s-1, P <0.05). However, no significant differences were seen in AT between the moment before and after (1.41 ± 0.10 vs. 1.43 ± 0.10 m/s-1, respectively). There was also a decrease in the average concentration of lactate between times. The CV overestimated the MLSS of young swimmers (1.32 ± 0.06 vs. 1.29 ± 0.05 respectively), while MLSS was observed in the intensity of 98% of CV in the group analyzed. It was also observed that on different combinations of fire, the shorter distances (50, 100 and 200m) provided higher values of VC (1.47 ± 0.13), which caused a decrease in AWC (11.91 ± 2, 61). The use of medium and long distance fires lead to lower values for CV (1.38 ± 0.10, 1.34 ± 0.09 and 1.36 ± 0.09) when compared with the short shots, respectively, for 100, 200 and 400 meters; 200, 400 and 800meters; 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800m. With the results obtained, it is concluded that: a) 12 weeks of training was sufficient to promote an increase in CV. However, although it has not promoted a significant increase in AT between times, the decrease in average concentration of lactate at post-trial demonstrated greater efficiency for the aerobic capacity, promoting a lower wear of athletes during the tests; b) CV does not correspond to the MLSS in adolescents of elite swimmers. However, the high correlation found between the methods suggest the use of CV in a reliable manner in prescribing and monitoring training of these athletes, c) Shot distance has great influence on the values of CV and AWC, and could underestimate or overestimate the speed corresponding to the maximum steady state of lactate.
Mestrado
Biodinamica do Movimento Humano
Mestre em Educação Física

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Marques, Ana Paula Braga. „Modelação do crescimento do desempenho na natação pura desportiva portuguesa : Um Novo instrumento de medida para a avaliação e formulação de objectivos (sexo masculino)“. Master's thesis, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/10111.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Desporto para Crianças e Jovens, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto

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Silva, António José Rocha Martins da. „The importance of the velocity of the body center of mass in breaststroke“. Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UTAD-Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29478.

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Ming, Liang Yen, und 梁衍明. „Methods of Competitive Swimming Training“. Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64654288031324591812.

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碩士
國立體育學院
教練研究所
89
Abstract The thesis "The Methods of Competitive Swimming Training" is the concretized concept developed by my devotion to the competitive swimming training for tens years and the support from related documentation. The structure of the thesis is as following: 1. Introduction: To describe the development, evolution, techniques and methods of the competitive swimming training. 2. The contribution of the sports training science towards the competitive swimming: The theories of the exercise physiology, sports psychology and sports biomechanics are applied to aid the competitive swimming training. 3. The key points of the competitive swimming techniques and the training methods: Due to the water resistance and the specific characteristics of the competitive swimming, the technical training is the point that all swimmers have to build up. It is necessary for a swimming coach to not only recognize the technical points, but also have the ability for correcting and improving the skills of swimmers. 4. The auxiliary training of the competitive swimming. 5. The new development of monitoring the training plans. Conclusions: There are several critical factors for the swimming training plans: the muscular strength, technique, the degree of training volume and intensity, and the ability to get recovery after each competition. The only way to get the training steps efficient is that a coach made the proper training plans according to these factors.

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Hsu, Wei Min, und 許衞銘. „Effects of Crosscore Training On Swimming Performance“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02434162575568380473.

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碩士
正修科技大學
運動健康與休閒所
101
Background: Elite athletes must possess excellent physical condition. It has become a prerequisite outstanding of performance that fitness training increases swimming performance by scientific intervention and the varied training methods. Objective: To study the effects of dynamic crosscore training on physical fitness and swimming performance. Methods: 26 adolescent swimmers were collected. They completed 6 weeks dynamic cosscore training programs (CT), fixed TRX training programs (T) or traditional weight training programs (WT). Before and after experimental training programs, we recorded isokinetic muscular strength, lower limb power and swimming performance (stroke frequency, distance per stroke, and swimming speed). Results: (1) There were significantly increased in elbow strength extension relative peak torque (76%), elbow strength endurance flexion relative peak torque (53%) and hip strength extension relative peak torque (12.2%). (2) There were significantly increased in lower limb power output including squat jump (12%), counter movement jump (11.8%) and continuous jumps bent knee (9.9%) in CT. (3) No significant change were found on swimming performance. Conclusions: Dynamic crosscore -training might enhance the core strength and lower limb performance for swimmer. Keyword: Swimming, Performance, Dynamic crosscore–training, Core strength

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Tseng, Yu-Chen, und 曾語震. „The Influence of Single Swimming Training on Swimming Contestants’ Muscle Hemokinesis and Glucose Tolerance“. Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46288047384425363142.

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碩士
臺北巿立體育學院
運動科學研究所
94
This study aims to investigate regular swimming athletes’ hemokinesis recovery afer single training,to compare the relationships among hemokinesis, blood pressure and SaO2 before and after swimming training , and to know athletes’ glucose absoption ability after training. Hence, the participants of this study are eight outstanding swmming athelets with an average age of 20. They have received long-term training for more than five hours per day, and ranked within the top-20 nationwide. The hemokinesis in femoral artery of each participant has to be tested before and after the training. Besides, each participant has to take 75 grams of glucose immediately after the swimming training so that their glucose absoption ability can be tested.After exercise, the replenishment of saccharide may have a great relationship with the increase of glycogen storage capacity. However, when to replenish saccharide after exercise is still uncertain, so hemokinesis plays an essential role in human metabolism. Usually, when exercise intensity exceeds maximal oxygen uptake, lactate begins to accumulate in the blood, which often serves as the indicator of lactacid anaerobic metabolism. By means of blood vessel dilatation, acute anoxia increases the blood reflux of muscles, which speeds up the clearance of lactate. After exercise, peripheral blood vessels will dilate to refrigerate and enhance hemokinesis. The possible reason is because the energy has been used up. Therefore, more emphasis has been put on the issue of when to replenish energy. This study has verified that the best time to replenish saccharide is within 30 munites after exercise, which has significant help for training and competing.

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Mandilas, G. „The cross-training effect between swimming and running“. Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/23329.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Medicine (Exercise Science) Johannesburg, 1997
This investigation examined the cross- training effect of swim training on middle distance running performance. Eight, healthy, untrained subjects (mean age + SD = 24.63 + 2.77 yrs) participated in a 12 week. swim training program. Before and immediately following the training period, measurements were made of: maximal oxygen consumption (V03 max.) (treadmill); anaerobic capacity (Wingate test); knee and shoulder muscle strength (isokinetic dynamometer); 100m and 200m swim time- trials; and 400m and 800m run time-trials. VO- max. increased from a mean of 42.06 + 5.1 ml/kg/min. to 45.39 + 5.05 ml/kg/min. (8.137. ; p< 0.005). The 100m, 200m swim times and the 400m, 800m run times improved significantly in response to the swimming training (p< 0.0001). Dynamometry showed significant inc reases in power and work during knee flexion at an angular velocity of 60 °/sec; knee extension at 245 °/sec; and during shoulder f1 ex ion and extension at 195 and 245 °/sec. The Wingate test however, did not show any changes after the training period. A cross-training effect by swim training on running performance was attained among the untrained, non- competitive swimmers of this study. While mode of activity was non- specific, a training response was attained by keeping the intensity and volume of the swim training specific to middle distance run training.
IT2017

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Chen, Meng-Cheng, und 陳孟政. „A Study of Training Effectiveness on Swimming Club Employee“. Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12886853045109378449.

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碩士
康寧大學
休閒管理研究所
99
Due to the urbanization, nowadays, the space for exercising outdoors has been decreasing massively. Thus places for indoor sports have become the first choices for the majority of the social community. Among all the places, the industries regarding swimming clubs are more favorable for the social community. Additionally, the compound-type of way for developing has made necessary to add SPA facilities and gym in the space besides from the basic swimming pool. Under this kind of multi-ways of developments, the professional qualities of employees have also become fairly important; thus most of the companies in the industries use staff training to increase the professional qualities of their employees. Thus, the purpose of this research is to find out the effectiveness of staff trainings; mainly through questionnaires regarding the effectiveness of staff trainings. Moreover, using this way to examine whether there’s any correspondence between the staff and the staff training courses, and meanwhile using the results to give suggestions and provide recommendations to this industry. This research instrument was made and compiled by referencing related research instruments. It’s made from three dimensions which are “the degree of satisfaction regarding the staff training”, “the degree of increased individual capabilities”, and “work utilization”. The population for the research is employees of private swimming pools in the southern Taiwan. The number of questionnaires distributed was 279 with 192 usable samples. The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA. The results are: 1. To the effectiveness of staff trainings, different background variables of the employees shows that the “Gender”, “Age”, “Years of work”, and “Working positions” with significant differences. 2. To the effectiveness, “different kinds of trainings” shows that training before work with significant difference on “the degree of increased individual capabilities”. 3. The influence caused by interactions between staff attributes and training methods on the effectiveness appear no significant differences when analyzed by two- way ANOVA. Key words: swimming clubs, staff training, effectiveness of the training, human resources

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Hung, Chia-Ming, und 洪嘉銘. „“Systematic Scientific Training”：Narrative Inquiry of a Swimming Coach“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77607681933668999548.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
體育學系碩士班
101
In 2013, there were only three Taiwanese swimmers admitted to the London Olympics: Xu Zhijie, Cheng Wanrong, and Chen Yijuan. However, after trial matches, they didn’t succeed to the semi-final. Compared with top swimmers in the world, Taiwanese swimmers generally receive the same amount of training, but unfortunately they don’t score too well in competition. This study aims to examine a systematic scientific training model developed by a Taiwanese swimming coach called Tommy, who is himself the research subject that also participated in this study. A close interview with him shows how his own swimming experience (as a swimmer and as a coach) relates to the training model. According to research, the type of training received by Tommy when he was a swimmer at school was not fully based on theories of sports science. This is why, after a long period of time, the training only generated a sense of fatigue in him. Thus, after entering college, he gradually stopped receiving any training. It was until later he graduated and went to a graduate school to study theories of sports science that he began to recognize the importance of combining theories with swimming training. Based upon the theories of sports science learned at graduate school, Tommy modified the swimming skills he acquired in the past, and teaches them to young swimmers. He used the energy system within the body as a basis to design a special training schedule, in order to improve the swimming skills of his swimmers in a more precise manner. As a volunteer coach at the Oasis High School in Taipei, Tommy used his training model to efficiently enhance the overall performance of these swimmers within limited training time. This training model based on sports biomechanics, physiology, and psychology, is incorporated with Tommy’s own training principles and helps the swimmers, who swim 3000 meters a day, remain competitive in the National High School Games. The purpose of this study is not only to shed light on Tommy’s training model, but also to contribute to the field of swimming in Taiwan. Therefore, the author hopes that this study can serve as an effective training guidebook that helps swimmers in Taiwan to develop more promising capabilities for winning medals.

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chia-fang, chang, und 張嘉峰. „The Anthropometry Study of Swimming Training in Elementary Students“. Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71342223838053499775.

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碩士
臺北市立師範學院
國民教育研究所
90
The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry variables between competition and non-competition athletes. 34 competition and 63 non-competition athletes in Keelung municipal zhong-xing elementary school serve as subjects. The anthropometric measure included limb length, width, girth, and body index. All of the data from field measure that use t-test on grade,、genders,、and then compare the results. The results showed that: 1. The length and width of the limbs and chest circumference measurement of competition students are more than non-competition students, and the difference above the significance(p<.05). 2. The anthropometric variances of competition students, such as height, weight,、 the average are less than the non-competition students; body fat and body composition, the average are more than the non-competition students, but the difference doesn''t significantly(p>.05).

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Butlion, Mornay Saul. „Fluid balance during swim training“. Thesis, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24250.

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A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment for the degree of M.Sc.(Med)
During a typical swimming training session, the volume of fluid lost via sweat is not evident which may contribute to a swimmer not replacing fluid loss effectively. This study investigates fluid balance during a typical swim training session. The physiological responses measured included fluid loss, fluid gain and plasma lactate concentrations
IT2018

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hsüan, Li chia, und 李嘉軒. „Implementing a monitoring system for swimming training by using RFID“. Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80203453676874071808.

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碩士
亞洲大學
資訊工程學系碩士班
95
An efficient training monitoring system has been proposed in this research to meet the swimming training management and the demanding of recording the training process. At present most of the coaches in the beginning level training still use paper, notes to record the contesters down to the seconds. It may take three months for swimming training course, and daily recording by paper or notes will cause inaccuracy, inefficiency, and waste of man power. It will take a lot of time and manpower to adjust training program based on the records of each individual contender in the period of training. Therefore, it is very important completely to record the training process for each individual. The main purpose in this research is to implement a swimming training monitoring system by using RFIS. When the RFID-tagged contesters are trained in the RFID-READER installed swimming water lane, the training records of contesters will be sent to the host computer by wireless network. Therefore the database will be used to record the training result and monitor the rest time of contesters, and therefore reduce the burden of coaches. In this blooming era of digital technology, using computerized stewardships of operational procedures has become a trendy fashion. This research mainly uses the RFID system. Using the method of incorporated notebook and database, the trainer can be able to multitask. The researcher presents the characteristics of RFID in the need of monitoring time in a swimming training program. And, through the incorporated techniques of Internet and data bank, a system, which the training time can be monitored, will be constructed. The monitoring system reminds the athlete and monitors the exercise period and the recess period of the athletes will help athletes reach the efficiency of training. The system saves man power and records all the details.

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Wu, Tzung-Yen, und 吳綜晏. „The Effect of Swimming Visual Pacing Training System-Case Study“. Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70118599458479114616.

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碩士
國立屏東大學
體育學系碩士班
104
The purpose of this study was to probe the practical benefits of Swimming Visual Pacing Training System [SVPTS]. The participants were 3 male swimmers. The average age and training seniority were 16.6 years and 6.3 years. To utilize the SVPTS to progress the training programs and the training duration was 8 weeks. The training effect and Satisfaction tests were progressed before and after the training. The training effect parameters were the time of 1500m, the speed of each section, stroke length, stroke frequency. The describe static was used to analyze and probe the data. The results are as follows: 1. After using SVPTS, the time of 1500m front crawl was reduced that is the faster speed. 2. The SVPTS has practicability, convenience, which can achieve the purpose of pacing of swimming training, but also enhance self-confidence and sense of water.

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42

Wylegala, Juli A. „The effect of respiratory muscle training on swimming endurance in divers“. 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3169114.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 6, 2005) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Luc E. Gosselin. Includes bibliographical references.

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Santos, Paulo Jorge Oliveira dos. „Effect of a swimming training session on the exhaled breath temperature“. Dissertação, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/74317.

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44

Wang, Shao-Cyuan Ye, und 葉王紹筌. „Effects of swimming exercise training on chronic postthoracotomy pain in rats“. Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2s4bbu.

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45

Li, Chien-Hua, und 李建樺. „The Effects of Swimming Training on Heart Rate Variability in Adolescents“. Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80930589866128343273.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系
93
Heart rate can be used to estimate performance, and to monitor exercise intensity,and recovery. It can also be used as an indication of training status.Heart rate is regulated by the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and the variation is the heart rate variability (HRV). Purpose ：To examine the effects of swimming training on heart rate variability in adolescents（age 12～17）. Methods： Subjects were 64 healthy adolescents who volunteered to participate in the study. Among them, 42 trained swimmers were divided into the short-distance group（SD,n=18）, the medium-distance group（MD,n=17） and the long-distance group（LD,n=7）. The other 22 subjects were the age-matched control group. The HRV data were calculated for 5 minutes for very low-frequency power (VLFP), low-frequency power ratio (LF%), high-frequency power ratio (HF%), and total power (TP). The swimmers were ranked by their best performance for the last 6 months. The results were converted into a relative score for their performance. The sympathetic activity of the heart with LF% and the parasympathetic activity with HF% was estimated. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA（SPSS 10.0）. Pearson，s product-moment correlation was used to obtain coefficient in order to compare the differences. Results: In R-R interval and VLFP, there is little difference between the long-distance group and the general group, but a significant difference (p＜.05) was observed between the short-distance group and the medium-distance group. There is not much difference among the 4 groups in LF% and HF%; In TP, there is little difference between the short and the long-distance groups and the general group, but a significant difference (p＜.05) between medium-distance group and general group was seen, Little differences were shown between swimming performance and HRV. Conclusion: For adolescents, there is no evident change in the sympathetic activity and the parasympathetic activity of the heart after swimming training; The medium-distance swimming has a evident effect on HRV, and swimming performance has no relation to HRV.

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Lien, Kuo-Lin, und 連國霖. „The Design and Simulation of Swimming Training Device on Freestyle Stroke“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73254998482403009026.

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碩士
國立交通大學
機械工程系所
102
Swimming is a quite healthy sport, but there are many problems needed to overcome during the learning process. If we can let people familiar with the movements of swimming through a training mechanism in advance, people can have better efficiency in learning swimming in water. In freestyle swimming, there are 70% of main propulsive forces is applied by arms. Through the analysis of the swimming movements of many excellent athletes, we found that most of them use S-shape stroke and I-shape stroke, and the S-shape stroke is more beneficial to bring efficient force in sculling process, but hard to control. This study reports the standard sculling trajectory and the assessments by biomechanics method, and the design of a functional training mechanism for the novices or redressing the posture for swimmers. This study is consist of four main subject, respectively are: (1) Editing 3D trajectory in animation software 3ds Max、(2) simulating tension of muscle in biomedicine software OpenSim、(3)designing sculling training mechanism and (4) deriving mechanism kinetics. We employ animation software to editing 3D trajectory, and refer to the trajectory of the freestyle champion to establish standard trajectory. Then, we use biomedicine software to calculate the static tension of muscle in moving process, and verify if the established movement in animation software is appropriate or not. According to designing process of this study, we complete the mechanism conforming to expectation of standard swimming posture by controlling the trajectory of the forearm. This study assesses the samples of S-shape stroke and I-shape stroke. In the analysis of mechanism, we check and remove the interferences by institutional dynamic simulation. We calculate the displacement angles by Inverse kinematics, verify the degree of freedom of the mechanism, and afford the applications of drive controller and plan by the displacement angles.

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Chen, Shu-Ting, und 陳舒婷. „The effects of different training methods on performance of freestyle swimming“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95945857710135570848.

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博士
國立體育大學
競技與教練科學研究所
103
The elements of freestyle stroke were stroke rate and stroke length. The dry-land swimming ergometer was used to train for stroke rate group and stroke length group in order to investigate the influences of different training methods on swimming performance of freestyle. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different training methods (swimming combine ergometer training emphasizing on stroke rate, swimming combine ergometer training emphasizing on stroke length, and only swimming-in-water training for contrast group) through five weeks on swimming performance and retention effects for freestyle. Twenty-four novice collegiate male participated voluntarily in this study, who randomly divided into three groups. The subjects were trained with 80 minutes each time, twice a week for five weeks. There were three digital cameras to collect stroke video of 25 meter swimming and Kwon3D 3.1 Motion System was used to analyze data. The mixed design two-way ANOVA was used to determine the variables among three groups at three testing sections. An one-way ANOVA was used to compare three training group on the progress after training. The Scheffe¢s method was both used as post-hoc analysis. The results of this study were found: (1)There were significant differences between pre-training and post-training for all subjects in stroke rate, swimming velocity, 25m performance, duration of the glide phase, duration of the pull phase and total duration of the stroke; absolute displacement of the hand in longitudinal axis during the glide phase, in lateral axis during the pull phase, in vertical axis during the push phase, and relative displacement of the hand in lateral axis, in vertical axis during the push phase; relative peak velocity of the hand in longitudinal axis during the pull phase, absolute peak velocity of the hand in longitudinal axis during the push phase. (2)There were no significant differences on the performance progress rate (△25mT, △SL, △SV) among three groups, but in 25m performance. And the retention effects following one-week detraining were existed for kinematics characteristics and stroke skills. (3)The training effects of dry-land swimming ergometer was similar to the only swimming-in-water training. Therefore, the dry-land swimming ergometer can be an effective training option for swimming training.

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48

Santos, Paulo Jorge Oliveira dos. „Effect of a swimming training session on the exhaled breath temperature“. Master's thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/74317.

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49

Tai, Yao-Chung, und 戴堯種. „Study on the Changes in Plasma Catecholamines during Different Swimming Training Phases“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89880842591907076717.

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博士
國立體育大學
教練研究所
98
The purpose of this study was to investigate the phases of swimming training induced catecholamines responses including plasma epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and E/NE in adolescent elite swimmers. Twelve high school swimmers, age between 15-18 years old, participated in seventeen weeks of swimming training for National High School Swimming Games. Training phases were divided into eight weeks of prepare training (PT), six weeks of intense training (IT) and three weeks of tapering training (TT). Subjects were assigned to swim 10×100m freestyle swimming test in the last day of each period, while blood biochemical parameters were measured 30min pre-training and 3min post-test. GC-MS were used to analyze those plasma data. The results indicated that E was significantly increased during PT (47.08 ± 14.62 to 70.17 ± 25.28 pg/ml, p<.01) and decreased during IT (70.17 ± 25.28 to 38.92 ± 12.35 pg/ml, p<.01), it proves that E is increased following the training intensity. NE was significantly decreased during IT (217.83 ± 88.65 to 175.50 ± 69.35 pg/ml, p<.01). E/NE was significantly different during PT and IT, but the performance of freestyle confirmed that the E/NE was not used to predict central fatigue. After 10×100m freestyle swimming test, E was increased in TT (38.92 ± 12.35 to 72.08 ± 14.13 pg/ml, p<.01), NE were significantly increased in all the training phases, E/NE was significantly decreased in IT (0.35 ± 0.12 to 0.20 ± 0.01, p<.01). In conclusion, the results suggest that training volume of PT and IT is not balance, to adjust the IT volume or nutritional supplement is necessary. E/NE was used to predict central fatigue should be considered. NE is more sensitive than E to active the sympatho-adrenergic to intense exercise, but the effect factors such as age, training intensities, training durations, exercise types, sport specificity, subjects of training level, blood sampling times remain more studies to clarify.

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Lin, Chi-Mau, und 林祺貿. „Constructing a Screening Model of Freestyle Swimming Lactate Tolerance Training for Adolescence“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39493862655775276348.

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碩士
國立臺灣體育學院
休閒運動管理研究所
93
The objective of the study was to construct a screening model of freestyle swimming lactate tolerance training by integrating Pearson product-moment correlation, Multivariate Analysis, such as regression analysis, and discriminant analysis, in order to improve the screening accuracy of freestyle lactate tolerance training. The subjects were 40 training athletes from Taichung City, who were middle school and high school students that have received two years of continuous training. Experiments were conducted to test the competency indices of the subjects. The data were analyzed with SPSS FOR WINDOWS10.0. The results were as follows: 1. Adolescence of different genders and ages showed correlation in the blood lactate, stroke length, 100m freestyle swimming crawl performance, 100m freestyle swimming kicking performance with 100m freestyle swimming performance, and the mutual effect of the frequency and length of strokes was correlated with the 100m freestyle swimming performance. 2. The frequency and length of strokes ; 100m freestyle swimming crawl performance ; 100m freestyle swimming crawl performance and blood lactate ; 100m freestyle swimming crawl performance, blood lactate and 100m freestyle swimming kicking performance could predict the 100m freestyle swimming performance. 3. Use of the blood lactate level, stroke length, stroke frequency, 100m freestyle swimming crawl performance, 100m freestyle swimming kicking performance, and 100m freestyle swimming performance could construct the screening model of freestyle swimming lactate tolerance training for adolescence.

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