Zeitschriftenartikel: „Swertia chirayita“

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Singh, Nilay, Neetu Sharma, Promila Sharma, Bhawana . und Bindu Agarwal. „Review of critically endangered medicinal plant Swertia chirayita for developing conservation strategies“. Journal of medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 11, Nr. 2 (30.03.2022): 4552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v11i2.2074.

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AMedicinal plants always play an important role in pharmaceutical applications. Swertia chirayita is one of the chief plants of the Gentianeace family. It is a potent drug used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Homoeopathy in many formulations and is efficient in the healing of a range of diseases. The foremost emphasis of this assessment is in the direction of evaluating the versatile, multi-potential medicinal use of Swertia chirayita and updating information about pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies. Swertia chirayitais has extensive types of characteristics, such as antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, etc. The current scenario and condition of this plant show that the prevailing number of these species is ebbing at a very great proportion. So, there must be different efficient conservation and sustentation strategies that can be put into effect for the preservation of this plant in its natural ecosystem. If felicitous methods are not augmented and employed, the extinction of these species cannot be ruled out anytime soon in the future. So, at this critical stage, there must be some urgent and active conservation strategies to be implemented at the earliest possible date. Keywords: Swertia chirayita, Gentianaceae, Chemical composition, Amarogentine, Pharmacological.

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Khanal, Supreet, N. Shakya, N. Nepal und D. Pant. „Swertia chirayita: The Himalayan Herb“. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, Nr. 4 (25.12.2014): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i4.11281.

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Swertia chirayita is a native Himalayan herb typically found in the altitude of 1500 to 3100m. Swertia species are commonly used as primary medicines in fever, digestive and enteric diseases; especially S. chirayita is of principal importance. The pharmacological and ethno-medicinal perspective of the plant is well understood traditionally and pharmaceutically. Its secondary metabolites including glycosides and xanthones show promising bioactivity making it a powerful herb. Mixing of Swertia chirayita with its other species is done routinely in chiretta trade. Extensive wild collection and lack of sustainable conservation has led to the vulnerable status of the wild cultivar. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i4.11281 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(4): 389-392

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Qura-Tul-Ain, Sidra Mushtaq, Naveeda Manzoor, Mahreen Akhtar, Anila Errum und Naseem Saud Ahmad. „Comparison of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Effect of Swertia chirayita and Febuxostat in Vitro“. Proceedings 35, Nr. 2 (21.04.2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47489/pszmc784-35-2-18-22.

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Introduction:Plasma uric acid ? 6.5 to 7.0 mg/dl increases the incidence of gout, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, stroke and heart failure. Low purine diet, use of xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol and febuxostat; or uricosuric agent’s probenecid, sulfinpyrazone and Benzbromarone are being used for treatment. Swertia chirayita extract (SCE) being practiced as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant was evaluated for inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Aims & Objectives: To observe the in vitro effect of Swertia chirayita ethanolic extract on xanthine oxidase inhibition and its comparison with medicine febuxostat. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in Pharmacology Department, University of Health Sciences Lahore during June-August 2017. Material & Methods: Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition by ethanolic extract of the herb was compared with febuxostat. Serial dilutions of test compounds ranging from 1.25µg/ml to 100 µg/ml were prepared in absolute ethanol. Fixed volumes of xanthine, xanthine oxidase, phosphate buffer and test compounds were incubated. Uric acid concentration in the reaction mixture was calculated by measuring absorbance at 295nm by using Ultraviolet- Visible Spectrophotometer. Mean values and percent inhibition (± SD) was calculated. EZ Fit Enzyme Kinetic program was also used to calculate inhibitory concentration 50 percent (IC50), Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum rate of reaction (Vmax). Results: At maximum dose, (100 µg/ml) xanthine oxidase inhibition by febuxostat and Swertia chirayita was 98% and 80% percent respectively (p=0.01). Swertia chirayita extract showed IC50 at 9.15± 1.2 µg/ml whereas IC50 of febuxostat was 7.91± 0.9 µg/ml. Conclusion: In the light of XO inhibition, Swertia chirayita has potential to be explored as antihyperuricemic agent.

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Asthana, Rakesh K., Narendra K. Sharma, Dinesh K. Kulshreshtha und Sunil K. Chatterjee. „A xanthone from Swertia chirayita“. Phytochemistry 30, Nr. 3 (Januar 1991): 1037–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85308-m.

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Thapa, Rabindra, und Sanjay Kumar Jha. „Study of fungal diseases on Swertia chirayita from cultivated fields of Dolakha district, central Nepal“. Our Nature 20, Nr. 1 (06.06.2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v20i1.44951.

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Swertia chirayita is a medicinally and economically important herb of the family Gentinaceae. It is one of the highly traded, traditionally important medicinal plants. Fungal Pathogens corrupt the quality and amount of Swertia chirayita development, and production and cause terrible well-being of plants as well as monetary problem to the traders. This study was carried out to identify some diseases associated with S. chirayita cultivated fields in Bigu, Khartal, and Boch regions of Dolakha district. The samples were collected from selected sites and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar media for fungal pathogens. During the investigation, five species of fungal pathogens were identified. Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gleosporioides and Curvularia sp. were isolated from leaf. They caused Alternaria leaf spot, Colletotrichum leaf blight, and Curvularia leaf spot. Similarly, stem possesses canker disease and root had root canker, Fusarium oxysporum causing Fusarium wilt, Rhizoctonia sp. causing Rhizoctonia root rot. The presence of illnesses in S. chirayita shows the need for proper plant care.

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Qura-Tul-Ain, Naseem Saud Ahmad, Sidra Mushtaq, Navida Manzoor, Akfish Zaheer und Faiza Khan. „Anti-hyperuricemic Evaluation of Swertia-chirayita and Febuxostat on Potassium Oxonate Induced Hyperuricemic Animal Model“. Proceedings 38, Nr. 2 (29.04.2024): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47489/szmc.v38i2.509.

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Introduction: Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in serum uric acid levels. Hyperuricemia can be controlled by low purine diet or drugs like allopurinol and febuxostat; however, the incidence of adverse effects to these drugs, especially on chronic use, is a major clinical problem. Swertia chirayita; a herb from Gentianaceace family, was selected to observe it’s in vivo uric acid lowering effect in white Albino Wistar rats in whom hyperuricemia was induced through potassium oxonate. Febuxostat was used as a standard. Aims and Objectives: To observe the in vivo effect of different doses of Swertia chirayita extract (SCE) on uric acid levels and to compare its effect with the allopathic medicine febuxostat. Place and Duration of study: A randomized controlled study was held at University of Health Sciences Lahore between June- August 2017. Material and Methods: Forty-eight healthy adult Albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group I and II served as negative and positive controls respectively. Hyperuricemia was induced by injecting KO solution (01ml) intraperitoneally on 1st, 3rd and 7th day of study. Group III received febuxostat 5 mg/kg through oral gavage. Group IV, V and VI were experimental groups, treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of Swertia Chirayita extract respectively through oral route, 02 hours after induction by KO once daily for 07 days. Blood samples were collected to record serum uric acid levels on day zero, first, third and seventh days. (SPSS)version 20 was used for data entry and analysis, pvalue ? 0.05 was given statistical importance. Results: In all experimental groups (IV, V, VI), serum uric acid levels were significantly reduced by Swertia chirayita extract (SCE) (p ? 0.001) as compared to hyperuricemic rats (group II). SCE showed dose dependent SUA suppression. Results of both febuxostat and SCE showed that average SUA levels of these groups were markedly less than hyperuricemic rats (Group II) (p < 0.001) Conclusion: In the light of its hypouricemic activity; we conclude that in the future, Swertia chirayita has the potential for newer therapeutic applications in this regard.

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VERMA, PRAWAL PS, NASHRA AFTAB, VAGMI SINGH, KARUNA SHANKER und BIRENDRA KUMAR. „Survival, performance and adaptation of Swertia chirayita genotypes at western Himalayan zone of Uttarakhand“. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 42, Nr. 3 (31.12.2020): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v42i3.verma.

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An experiment was conducted on 5 Swertia chirayita genotypes: Devvan (G1), Yuksom (G2), Sukhia (3), Kaddukhal (G4) and Kalimpong (G5) at three locations in Uttarakhand: Purara, Gwaldam and Kausani of the lower Himalayan range to study the survival, performance and adaptation during October 2018 to January, 2020. Among the studied locations, Gwaldam, Chamoli (Uttarakhand) was found to be the best for growth and performance of all the genotypes, followed by Kausani and Purara. The genotype G5 (Kalimpong) showed a higher survival rate, performance and adaptability compared to others and can be successfully grown to obtain dry herb in Gwaladam. These results suggest that farmers can practice the cultivation of Swertia chirayita at lower altitude areas of the Himalayan zone.

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Phoboo, Susanna, Dipayan Sarkar, Prasanta C. Bhowmik, Pramod Kumar Jha und Kalidas Shetty. „Improving salinity resilience in Swertia chirayita clonal line with Lactobacillus plantarum“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, Nr. 1 (01.02.2016): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0178.

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Plants defense responses to abiotic stresses, including salinity stress, involve stimulation of defense related pathways such as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and induction of endogenous antioxidant enzyme responses. In the present study, a single seed origin clonal line of Swertia chirayita inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) was grown under different salinity levels. Control had no LP inoculation. S. chirayita inoculated with LP showed higher accumulation of proline, low proline dehydrogenase activity, up-regulation of pentose phosphate pathway, down-regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity (Krebs cycle) and low total phenolic content with increased salt concentrations. In comparison, S. chirayita without LP adopted a different biochemical mechanism to counter salt stress (NaCl) by up-regulating both pentose phosphate pathway and Krebs cycle along with stimulation of phenolic biosynthesis. Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity increased with and without LP treatment in response to increasing concentrations of salt. These results indicate that S. chirayita inoculated with LP exhibits a greater salinity stress tolerance than S. chirayita without LP by adopting a more energy efficient defense responses and potentially efficiently partitioning carbon flux between primary and secondary metabolism to counter salt induced oxidative stress.

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Rijal, Dilli Prasad. „Taxonomic study of some medicinally important species of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in Nepal“. Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (15.03.2010): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2906.

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Among 100 species of Swertia reported from the world, Nepal harbors 30 species along with four varieties. In Nepal, species of Swertia are highly exploited as raw materials for different traditional medicines. Among them, S. chirayita, a vulnerable species, has been considered to be superior in medicine and trade. One of the main issues in its trade is adulteration with other species which are considered to be inferior in medicinal quality. Species which are mixed with S. chirayita are S. angustifolia, S. ciliata, S. dilatata, S. paniculata, S. racemosa, etc. There is a need for the selection of most important morphological characteristics for instant identification of different species of Swertia to check illegal trade as well as adulteration. This paper aims to provide the most important identifying characters of eight species of Swertia traded from Nepal on the basis of their morphological studies. Color of the petal, number of floral parts (tetramerous vs. pentamerous) and number of glands in petal are the key characters for the identification of the species. Key-words: adulteration; medicinal plant; morphological characters.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2906 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 18-24

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Raza, Ayesha, Tayyab Ali, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Asim, Fatma Hussain, Zhiye Li und Abdul Nasir. „Biochemical characterization of bioinspired nanosuspensions from Swertia chirayita extract and their therapeutic effects through nanotechnology approach“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 2 (08.02.2024): e0293116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293116.

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Swertia chirayita is used as a traditional medicinal plant due to its pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic. This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of newly synthesized nanosuspensions from Swertia chirayita through nanotechnology for enhanced bioactivities. Biochemical characterization was carried out through spectroscopic analyses of HPLC and FTIR. Results revealed that extract contained higher TPCs (569.6 ± 7.8 mg GAE/100 g)) and TFCs (368.5 ± 9.39 mg CE/100 g) than S. chirayita nanosuspension, TPCs (500.6 ± 7.8 500.6 ± 7.8 mg GAE/100 g) and TFCs (229.5± 3.85 mg CE/100 g). Antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH scavenging assay, and nanosuspension exhibited a lower DPPH free radical scavenging potential (06 ±3.61) than extract (28.9± 3.85). Anti-dabetic potential was assessed throughα-amylase inhibition and anti-glycation assays. Extract showed higher (41.4%) antiglycation potential than 35.85% nanosuspension and 19.5% α-amylase inhibitory potential than 5% nanosuspension. Biofilm inhibition activity against E. coli was higher in nanosuspension (69.12%) than extract (62.08%). The extract showed high cytotoxicity potential (51.86%) than nanosuspension (33.63%). These nanosuspensions possessed enhanced bioactivities for therapeutic applications could be explored further for the development of new drugs.

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Selvam, A. B. D. „Exomorphic and Endomorphic features of Swertia chirayita“. Pharmacognosy Journal 3, Nr. 19 (Januar 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.19.1.

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Sharma, Vikas, Barkha Kamal, Nidhi Srivastava, Anoop Kumar Dobriyal und Vikash Singh Jadon. „In Vitro Flower Induction from Shoots Regenerated from Cultured Axillary Buds of Endangered Medicinal Herb Swertia chirayita H. Karst.“ Biotechnology Research International 2014 (25.02.2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/264690.

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In vitro flowering and effective micropropagation protocol were studied in Swertia chirayita, an important medicinal plant using axillary bud explants. The Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with benzyl amino purine (BAP) 1.0 mg L-1 and adenine sulfate 70.0 mg L-1 was found optimum for production of multiple shoots. In the present study, incubation of flowering cultures on BAP supplemented medium (during shoot multiplication) was found necessary for flowering (6 weeks). However, concentrations of auxins-like IBA (0–2.0 mg/L) were ineffective to form reproductive buds. Subculture duration, photoperiod, and carbon source type do have influence on the in vitro flowering. The mature purple flowers were observed when the cultures were maintained in the same medium. This is the very first report that describes in vitro flowering system to overcome problems associated with flower growth and development as well as lay foundation for fruit and seed production in vitro in Swertia chirayita.

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Rabgyal, Jimba, Yadunath Bajgai, Karma Pelden, Tshering Tobgay und Sonam Rinchen. „Assessment of Nursery Methods and Manures for Cultivation of Chirayita (Swertia chirayita Buch-Ham.) in Lauri Gewog, Bhutan“. Bhutanese Journal of Agriculture 4, Nr. 1 (24.02.2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55925/btagr.21.4112.

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Chirayita (Swertia chirayita) is a medicinal plant and is native to the temperate Himalayas. It is widely used in traditional and modern medicines with an increased global demand, leading to unsustainable harvesting, causing the decline, and critically endangering the species. Hence, we hypothesized that chirayita could be domesticated and tested this hypothesis at Lauri Gewog in southeastern Bhutan. Four nursery methods and four organic manure treatments were tested using Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. The average seedling density across the four treatments at mid altitude was 2356 seedlings/m2, and that of high altitude was 1202 seedlings/m2. The seedling density at mid altitude was 96% higher compared to that of high altitude; however, there were significant differences between the treatments only in high altitude (P = 0.003) and not in mid altitude. The methods were non-significant at mid altitude, mainly due to the large variability of data. Interestingly, the manure treatments were not significant compared to the control implying that the chirayita could be non-responsive to the application of manures in the study conditions. Fresh weight of chirayita in the control plot was 14, 19 and 29% higher than ‘compost’, ‘FYM’ and ‘compost+FYM (1:1)’ treatment plots. Further, this research provides an alternative low-cost nursery technique for adoption by chirayita farmers while also providing information for policymakers and environmental conservationists in developing strategies for conservation of a critically endangered species like chirayita.

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Shrestha, Sangita, Jaishree Sijapati, Neesha Rana, Diwa Malla, Prabha Regmi und Bhakta Raskoti. „Optimization of RAPD-PCR conditions for the study of genetic diversity in Nepal’s Swertia chirayita (Roxb. Ex Fleming) H. Karst“. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 6, Nr. 8 (28.06.2011): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v6i8.2699.

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Of the 30 species (including five varieties) of the genus Swertia in Nepal, nine have been reported to possess medicinal properties. Among these, S. chirayita is the most valuable species, with high demand in domestic and international markets. Nepal’s S. chirayita and related species are being recklessly exploited for commercial purposes. Two problems that have emerged with this lucrative market are (a) adulteration and fraudulent labeling of S. chirayita, and (b) depletion of S. chirayita and allied species from their natural habitats. To address the problem of adulteration and conservation, we studied molecular genetic diversity in S. chirayita populations and developed a molecular diagnostic tool for the purposes of authentication. We studied intra-specific genetic diversity in S. chirayita using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. As a preliminary step, we identified optimal RAPD-PCR reaction and cycling conditions by varying PCR reaction parameters such as concentration of template DNA, MgCl2, dNTPs, primer, Taq DNA polymerase and RAPD-PCR programs. The optimized PCR reaction and cycling conditions were then used in subsequent RAPD profiling experiments for the study of genetic diversity within S. chirayita populations from various geographical locations. Genetic diversity characterization of S. chirayita populations at the molecular level would furnish information with significant applications in the conservation and sustainable utilization of S. chirayita and its allied species in Nepal. Key words: Polymerase Chain Reaction, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, DNA fingerprinting, genetic diversity DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v6i8.2699 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.6 Issue 8 2010 pp.35-40

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Joshi, P., und V. Dhawan. „Analysis of genetic diversity among Swertia chirayita genotypes“. Biologia plantarum 51, Nr. 4 (01.12.2007): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-007-0156-z.

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Nagalekshmi, R., Aditya Menon, Dhanya K. Chandrasekharan und Cherupally Krishnan Krishnan Nair. „Hepatoprotective activity of Andrographis Paniculata and Swertia Chirayita“. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2011): 3367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.026.

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Samaddar, Tapojita, Sayantika Sarkar und Sumita Jha. „Agrobacterium rhizogenes Mediated Transformation of the Critically Endangered Species, Swertia chirayita“. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 29, Nr. 2 (02.12.2019): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v29i2.44512.

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Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation for the establishment of root culture lines was developed successfully in the critically endangered medicinal plant Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. The key factor for the successfull development of hairy root culture lines was the use of whole micropropagated plants as excised explants of any type did not show any response following infection with A. rhizogenes strains. Maximum root induction frequency (25 ± 4.4%) with 2 - 9 roots per node/intermodal cut site was obtained following infection with A. rhizogenes strain LBA9402. Spontaneous regeneration of shoot buds was observed in six 9402-transformed root lines maintained in phytohormone free N/5 basal medium. The shoot buds developed for regenerating whole rooted Ri-transformed plants in phytohormone free basal medium. Integration of rolA, rolB, rolC and rolD genes of TL-DNA was confirmed in Ri-transformed root lines and plants by PCR analysis. Ten fast growing Ri-transformed root lines were screened for production of principal secoiridoids, characteristics of the parent plants. The swertiamerin content varied from 0.042 to 0.207% in the transformed root lines after 4 weeks of culture in N/5 basal medium. Ri-transformed plants showed enhanced accumulation of swertiamerin as compared to non-transformed plants of similar age. This is the first report of swertiamerin production in hairy root cultures and transformed plants of S. chirayita thereby providing new avenue for large-scale production of secondary metabolites of S. chirayita.

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Patel, Bishun Dayal Prasad, Shyam Babu Yadav, Shiv Mangal Prasad, Kanti Shrestha, Narendranath Tiwari und Dhanik Lal Bharkher. „Estimation of Amarogentin content and standardization of different samples of Chirata collected from crude drug markets of Nepal“. Journal of Ayurveda Campus 2, Nr. 1 (06.11.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51648/jac.50.

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Background: Amarogentin is a major chemical constituent of bitter principle found in Swertia chirayita (Roxb.ex Fleming) Karsten; family Gentianaceae. Chirata is an endangered species because of it’s over exploitation for pharmaceutical industries. These species are mainly found in the Himalayas and used for gastritis, diabetes, jaundice, urinary disorders, liver disorders, etc. The bitter principle as a main indicator of the medical herb, Nowadays, other species of Swertia are substituted and traded by the name of Chirata. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to estimate Amarogentin and to standardize Chirata samples collected from different markets of Nepal in 2013 A.D. Method and Materials: Different market samples of the species were analyzed for foreign matter, moisture content, extractive values; and bitter principles i.e. Amarogentin by using UFLC at Pacific Analytical Laboratory and Training Center, Lalitpur, Nepal. Result: The findings revealed that foreign matter, moisture content, extractive values; and bitter principles i.e. Amarogentin content varied with different market samples. Methonolic extraction yielded higher percentage of extracts than that of chloroform extraction. Samples including more root and stem, in general, contained higher Amarogentin than samples containing more leaves. The samples containing higher moisture content were lesser in Amarogentin content. The finding of Amarogentin of sample collected from Charikot, Dolkha was 3mg/100gm.Conclusion: In this study, the findings suggest that sample collected from local market of Charikot, Dolkha district was Swertia chirayita and was the best quality.

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Rehman, Sumbul. „Antimutagenic Effect of Medicinal Plants from Alternative Medicine“. International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 5, Nr. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000216.

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Aqueous extracts of Chirayita (Swertia chirayita Linn.) whole herb, Banafshah (Viola odorata Linn.) leaves and flowers and Mameeran (Coptis teeta Roxb.) rhizome were tested for their anti-mutagenic potential by Ames Salmonella Histidine point mutation assay of Maron, et al. with partial modifications as described by Kaur, et al. At a dose of 50 μg/plate, crude drug extracts exhibited the inhibition of His+ revert ants from 36.59% to 96% against direct acting mutagen sodium azide (NaN3) which induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA97a, TA98 and TA100. However, at concentrations (5 and 25 µg/ plate) of the plant extracts, a significant decrease in anti-mutagenic activity was recorded. In the present findings, herbal drug extracts at tested concentrations showed no sign of mutagenicity to the tester strains. Potent anti-mutagenic activity of Banafshah was observed followed by Chirayita and Mameeran. Linear regression analysis of the data shows dose dependent anti-mutagenic activity of the extracts. Qualitative analysis reveals the presence of active phytochemical as amarogentin, mangiferin (Chirayita), Cyclotides (Banafshah), Berberine (Mameeran) along with other phyto-constituents flavonoids, phenols in the tested extracts which are responsible for their anti-mutagenic activity.

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Zhou, Ning-Jia, Chang-An Geng, Xiao-Yan Huang, Yun-Bao Ma, Xue-Mei Zhang, Ju-Le Wang und Ji-Jun Chen. „Anti-hepatitis B virus active constituents from Swertia chirayita“. Fitoterapia 100 (Januar 2015): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.011.

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Dey, Pinaki, Joginder Singh, Jagadish Kumar Suluvoy, Kevin Joseph Dilip und Jayato Nayak. „Utilization of Swertia chirayita Plant Extracts for Management of Diabetes and Associated Disorders: Present Status, Future Prospects and Limitations“. Natural Products and Bioprospecting 10, Nr. 6 (28.10.2020): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13659-020-00277-7.

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Abstract Diabetes mellitus is referred as common metabolic abnormalities characterized as hyperglycemia, mainly caused due to insufficient production of insulin at cellular level or/and defects in insulin action. Such an endocrine disorder is responsible for serious health problems and its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing. Common management of diabetes by oral administration of drugs without creating any side effects is still considered a challenging task and increasing cost of conventional medicine in developing countries is another matter of concern. To address these issues, traditional preparations of herbal plant extracts in the form of medicines already gained immense attention. Swertia chirayita is one among such plants which is known for its hypoglycemic potential. Numerous chemical constituents with promising pharmacological properties have been identified from such plant extracts but still, such compounds have not been well characterized, specifically against human application. Hence, more research efforts are necessitated to understand exact mechanism of such compounds and to develop overall safety of such plant formulations. Present review clearly represents antidiabetic properties of Swertia chirayita extract, strategies to be taken to strengthen its safety application on humans and biotechnological interventions that ensure conservation of such endangered species to promote its future application in modern medicine. Graphic Abstract

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Gupta, Rolika, und Hemant Sood. „Emerging Technologies for the Production of In Vitro Raised Quality Rich Swertia chirayita by Using LED Lights“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 2 (16.01.2023): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021714.

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The major bioactive compounds in S. chirayita are amarogentin (most bitter compound) and mangiferin, which contribute to its medicinal value due to its antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial and antimalarial properties. In this study, we developed a light emitting diode (LED)–based culture setup as an alternative to the existing white fluorescent lamps (WFL) used as a light source in the tissue culture conditions of the plants. The in-vitro raised plants of S. chirayita cultivated under LED lights showed a higher accumulation of shoot biomass and secondary metabolites as compared with plants growing under WFL. In the LED lights experiment, red LED accounted forthe maximum biomass accumulation (3.56 ± 0.04 g L−1), and blue LED accounted for the accumulated maximum content of amarogentin (8.025 ± 0.04 µg mg−1 DW), total phenolics (22.33 ± 1.05 mg GA g−1 DW), total flavonoids (29 ± 1.03 mg QE g−1 DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (50.40 ± 0.16%) in comparison with other light conditions. From the findings, we propose LED lightning as a more sustainable, eco-friendly and reliable source for the enormous production of quality rich secondary metabolites in shoot cultures of S. chirayita than the traditionally used fluorescent lights.

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Bhattarai, Krishna Ram. „Ethnobotanical study of plants used by Thami community in Ilam District, eastern Nepal“. Our Nature 16, Nr. 1 (31.12.2018): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v16i1.22123.

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An ethnobotanical survey was carried out on the utilization of plants by Thami communities in Gorkhe, Jogmai and Nayabazar areas of Ilam by interviewing traditional herbalists and different age groups of men and women in June 2016. A total of 30 plants belonging to 24 families and 29 genera have been documented. These plants were used for food, fodder, firewood, medicine and in rituals. The documented medicinal plants were used to treat various human ailments of 12 categories; with the highest number of species being used for gastro-intestinal disorders (15 spp.) followed by ENT problems (14 spp.). Most of the medicines were prepared from underground parts in the form of paste and used orally. Informant Consensus Factor (Fic) ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 with an average of 0.82. Dermatological disorders have the highest Fic (0.90) and other categories have the lowest (0.6). Aconitum palmatum, Begonia picta, Bergenia ciliata, Astilbe rivularis, Swertia chirayita, Drymaria cordata and Remusatia pumila have the highest fidelity level (100% each) and Galium asperifolium has the lowest FL (16%). According to the use value, Swertia chirayita (UV=2.83) was the most important with uses against 6 ailments and Hypericum cordifolium has the least (UV=0.08), used in only one ailment. A variation in ethnobotanical knowledge was found according to age, gender and occupation in this community.

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Hoq, Dr MD Obydul. „Medicinal importance of Swertia chirayita in Unani system of medicine“. International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine 2, Nr. 2 (01.04.2018): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/2616454x.2018.v2.i2a.33.

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R, Rastogi. „An Analytical Study of Kalmegh (Andrographis Paniculata) and Kiratikta (Swertia Chirayita): An Economic Substitution for Metro Cities in Global Pandemic with Healthcare 4.0“. Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine 6, Nr. 2 (29.04.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000346.

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Ayurveda has always been a treasure of knowledge. During Covid pandemic when humans were forced to suffer and no cure seemed to exist to end this suffering, the Ayurvedic medicine system once again proved its viability and brought our sufferings to the end. Many Ayurvedic herbs showed a wondrous effect in the treatment of Covid. One of those is S. chirayita, It is famous formulation Sudarshan Ghan Vati and AYUSH-64 were found very effective in Covid treatment. It is very unfortunate for us that such a potent herb has now become endangered. In this manuscript the core idea is to substantiate that the Andrographis paniculata, another indigenous herb, can be a wellfounded substitute for Swertia chirayita. The authentic quality of A. paniculata can be fetched from the market with economic prices having the substitutable pharmacological effect as compared with S. chirayita, however the authenticity of S. chirayita is doubtful due to the endangered status of this herb. In this work, authors have made a comparative study between both drugs. For this, a systematic review of literature and a pharmacogonostical study was done. On investigation, it was found that both drugs are almost similar in qualitative phytochemical analysis and qualities as par Ayurvedic pharmacology. It was also observed that most of the therapeutic actions of both drugs are similar. Graphical and tabular representation of the different parameters gives more insight to the readers. Use of pictures has also been done to heighten the interest of readers. Background: Along with the abundant erudition of medicines Ayurveda also provides to us vast fields for research purposes. Kiratatikta i.e. Swertia chirayita found in the Himalayan regions had been frequently described in the Ayurvedic literature because of it is unique viability as a medicinal herb. On the other hand Andrographis paniculata commonly known as kalmegh is found in the plain regions of the Indian subcontinent. The respective drug had been used therapeutically for ages by the indigenous people of Asian and European countries. Swertia chirayita (Kiratatikta) and Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegha) both are widely used herbs with high medicinal value. These are being used by Ayurvedic physicians in different diseases, such as (jvara) fever, (Krimi) worm infestation, (Vrana) wound, and (Kushtha) skin diseases. Modern studies have also explicitly revealed that both these herbs have a wide range of pharmacological actions such as antipyretic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and immune stimulator. Sudarshan Ghan Vati and AYUSH-64 which were found very effective in Covid-19 treatment are famous formulations of S. chirayita. Recently A. paniculata also has been very popular among pharmaceuticals. During the pandemic, it has been found effective in the treatment of Covid-19. The aim of this work is to compare both the drugs through literary review and pharmacogonostical analysis so that we can assess whether A. paniculata can be used as a substituent drug to S. chirayita or not. Because S. chirayita is not only very costly but also an endangered species making its availability harder for common use. On the other hand, Kalmegh i.e. A. paniculata not only is cheap and cost- effective but can also be grown anywhere easily just like a weed making it much more feasible. A detailed study is provided in the manuscript, describing elaborate analysis. Organization of the Paper: This study, first of all, gives a general idea of global health in today's time and the adverse effects of modern medicine to manage covid-19 pandemic. The author team explained about Ayurveda and its holistic approach. For the endorsement of the study, the author team initially did a literary survey and reviewed research papers of concerned drugs and various Ayurvedic texts like Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtang Samgrah, Raj Nighantu, Bhavprakash nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Priya nighantu, Adarsh nighantu, Dravyaguna Vigyan, etc. This literary survey provides deep knowledge about both drugs i.e. Kiratatikta and Kalmegha. The author team has described the methodology in which they have represented the methods used for the study. This study has been divided into two sections, the first was a literature review and the second was a pharmacogonostical screening of both plant samples. After critical analysis of pharmacognostical screening results were presented. The manuscript presents all data in graphical and tabular form as well. In the recommendation section, which is one of the most important parts of the research studies, suggestions for specific interventions to address the issues and constraints identified in the assessment have been presented. The novelty section refers to elements that are new in the research. In the last, the conclusion section represents the final assessment and describes the overall findings of the study. Motivation of the Study: In the terrifying time of COVID pandemic, when the whole of mankind was looking for a miracle, Ayurveda proved to be a boon for our survival. Formulations like Sudarshan Ghan Vati and AYUSH-64, gave positive results against Covid-19. The main ingredient of this formulation is Kiratatikta i.e. S. chirayita. The main motivation of this study is to find an economical substitute for S. chirayita and as well as preservation of S. chirayita, as it is a critically endangered medicinal herb now.

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Kumar, Vijay, Shailesh Singh, Rajib Bandopadhyay, Madan Sharma und Sheela Chandra. „In vitro organogenesis secondary metabolite production and heavy metal analysis in Swertia chirayita“. Open Life Sciences 9, Nr. 7 (01.07.2014): 686–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-014-0300-7.

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AbstractAn efficient protocol of plant regeneration through direct and indirect organogenesis in Swertia chirayita was developed. Explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.5 mg L−1) with combination of Kinetin (0.5 mg L−1) showed the highest frequency (84%) of callusing and 1.0mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) in combination with (100 mg L−1) Adenine sulphate (Ads) + (0.1 mg L−1) Indole acetic acid (IAA) was excellent for maximum adventitious shoot (12.69 ± 1.30) formation in four week of culture. A maximum number of (7.14 ± 0.99) shoots were developed per leaf explants through direct organogenesis. The highest frequency of rooting (11.46 ± 1.56) was observed on MS medium augmented with IAA (1.0 mg L−1). Well-rooted shoots transferred to plastic pots containing a soilrite: sand mix and then moved to the greenhouse for further growth and development. Four major secondary metabolites were analyzed and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Amount of secondary metabolites was found significantly higher, in in vitro plantlets compared to in vivo plantlets and callus raised from S. chirayita. Higher heavy metal accumulation in in vitro as compared to in vivo plantlets correlates higher secondary metabolite production supporting that they play regulatory role in influencing the plant secondary metabolism.

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Menon, Aditya, R. Nagalekshm, Dhanya K. Chandra und Cherupally Krishnan Krishnan N. „Radiotherapeutic Potential of the Extracts of Andrographis paniculata and Swertia chirayita“. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 7, Nr. 1 (15.12.2011): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jpt.2012.20.28.

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Negi, Jagmohan S., Pramod Singh, M. S. M. Rawat und Geeta J. nee Pant. „Study on the Trace Elements in Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karsten“. Biological Trace Element Research 133, Nr. 3 (07.07.2009): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-009-8446-2.

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Kshirsagar, Parthraj, Suraj Umdale, Jaykumar Chavan und Nikhil Gaikwad. „Molecular Authentication of Medicinal Plant, Swertia chirayita and its Adulterant Species“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 87, Nr. 1 (01.07.2015): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0556-3.

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Shi, GaoFeng, RunHua Lu, YunShang Yang, ChunLei Li, AiMei Yang und LiXiang Cai. „Crystal structure of 1,5,8-trihydroxyl-3-methoxy xanthone from Swertia chirayita“. Journal of Chemical Crystallography 35, Nr. 2 (Februar 2005): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10870-005-2802-7.

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Kamble, Pramod Ananda, und Manju Phadke. „Determination of Antioxidant and Anti quorum Sensing Activity of Aegle marmelos Picrorrhiza kurroa and Swertia chirayita“. Defence Life Science Journal 7, Nr. 3 (13.09.2022): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.7.17890.

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From the ancient period, humans have been fighting pathogenic microorganisms for survivalpurposes and in this context, man has developed antibiotics as a powerful weapon to treat various infections caused by pathogens. Nevertheless, the need to discover new antimicrobial agents is increasing at an alarming rate. This is because the microorganisms have developed various mechanisms to resist the action of antibiotics. One such mechanism is the production of biofilm. Infections caused by biofilm-forming pathogenic microorganisms are very difficult to treat, even using potent antibiotics. However, in folk medicine, many plants are found to be helpful to treat certain infectious diseases. This is because of the synthesis of a variety of bioactive compounds by plants with high medicinal value. Hence, in the present study, three different plants were used viz Aegle marmelos, Picrorrhiza kurroa, and Swertia chirayita to determine their antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activities. According to the literature, antioxidants delay the oxidation process and nullify the effect of free radicals that cause damage and accelerate aging. Quorum sensing is the chemical way of communication between biofilm-forming microorganisms. Among the alcoholic extracts, the methanolic extract of P. kurroa showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 82.11%. All the plant extracts under investigation exhibited anti-quorum sensing activity against the standard culture of Chromobacterium violaceum MTCC 2656; however, the plant extracts of A. marmelos were found to be more potent as compared to P. kurroa and S. chirayita. Plant extracts P. kurroa and S. chirayita showed almost similar anti-quorum sensing activity. This confirms the pharmaceutical importance of plant materials of interest, which might prove to be useful to treat damage caused by free radicals and biofilm-related infections, after due consideration of clinical trials for safety issues.

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Chapagain, Arjun. „Swertia chirayita in Nepal Himalayas: Cultivation and Cross Border Trade to China“. HIMALAYA 40, Nr. 2 (15.11.2021): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/himalaya.2021.6583.

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For ethnic inhabitants in the rural areas, medicinal plants are not only the cultural, sacred medicinal ingredients of traditional medicine, part of traditional belief and biodiversity but also an important cash crop to support their livelihood. With the commercialization of traditional medicine and medicinal plant-based industries worldwide, Nepalese medicinal plants are in high demand. This photo essay presents the various steps from the cultivation to the cross-border trade of Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst., a traditional valuable medicinal plant, and a beautiful landscape of Nepal-China border. The essay contains fourteen photographs each described with captions in detail with the information collected during field work. The ethnographic study on cross border trade of medicinal plants was conducted in 2020 at Bhotkhola routes in the northeastern Nepal. Bhotkhola-Tibet border control in 2008 has politically ruptured the original link of traditional exchange among people, goods, and ideas by displacing the community from its everyday borderlands. However, the cross border trade is performed by traditional networks of Bhotiya communities such as rural ethnic inhabitants, farmers, small budget dealers, and traditional practitioners through formal and informal supply chains. The government authorities from both the countries are responsible for regulating, monitoring, and permitting medicinal plants supply from harvesters to cross-border traders.

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Bhattarai, Khem Raj. „Effect of different concentrations on phytohormones on seed germination of Swertia chirayita“. Banko Janakari 7, Nr. 2 (28.08.2017): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v7i2.18117.

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BHATT, ARVIND, R. S. RAWAL und UPPEANDRA DHAR. „Ecological features of a critically rare medicinal plant, Swertia chirayita, in Himalaya“. Plant Species Biology 21, Nr. 1 (April 2006): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2006.00150.x.

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Bazracharza, Abijit, Ajay Tripathi und Archana Tiwari. „Ethnic Extraction Practices of Swertia chirayita in Eastern Himalaya: A Spectroscopic Approach“. Advanced Science Letters 21, Nr. 8 (01.08.2015): 2561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6420.

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KP, Manjunatha, Sathyanarayana ML, Shesha Rao und Mohan HV. „Antidiabetic efficacy of Swertia chirayita extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar rats“. Pharma Innovation 12, Nr. 3 (01.01.2023): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2023.v12.i3a.19611.

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Karigar, Dr Shivananda B., und Dr Praveen Kumar K. M. „A Review on Ayurvedic Bitter Herb - Kiratatikta (Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst.)- A Plant of Immense Medicinal Value“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, Nr. 6 (30.06.2023): 2255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54015.

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Abstract: Kiratatikta (Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst.) is a herb with diverse medicinal properties. Name of the plant itself signifies that it is more of bitter taste and this bitterness is due to presence of different active principles like Amarogentin, Swertiamarin and Mangiferin etc. By these active principles it has shown pharmacological activities like Anticancer, and CNS depressant Antiviral activity. Kiratatikta is popularly known for its traditional uses in Jwara, Raktapitta, pidaka and many more. As this herb is now endangered species, another herb called Kalamegha (Androghaphis paniculata) which is having similar properties like Kiratatiktha is being used as substitute. Some authors mention it as adulteran

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Patel, Kanika, Vikas Kumar, Amita Verma, Mahfoozur Rahman und Dinesh K. Patel. „Amarogentin as Topical Anticancer and Anti-Infective Potential: Scope of Lipid Based Vesicular in its Effective Delivery“. Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery 14, Nr. 1 (21.10.2019): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574891x13666180913154355.

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There is a need for the development of liposomes based nanomedicines formulation for better efficacy and safety of the available drugs in the market. Liposomes have various applications in the field of pharmaceutical and medical field for their drug target potential, diagnostic importance and imaging techniques. Natural plant based drugs and their derivatives have been used in the medicine, nutraceuticals, perfumery, cosmetic and beverages industry. More than half of the prescribed drugs in the worldwide are mainly derived from different natural sources. Development of plant derived product is an emerging field of food, pharmaceutical and health industries. Plants belonging to the Gentianaecae family are well known for their bitter taste and Swertia chirata is one of best plants among them. Various active phytochemical of Swertia chirata are bitter secoiridoids like gentiopicroside, amarogentin, swertiamarin, isovitexin and isogentisin. People use different species of Swertia in the form of decoction, infusion, paste and juice for the treatment of fever and enteric diseases. Swertia chirata possesses anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antihepatotoxic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Amarogentin, a bitter secoiridoid glycoside present in Swertia chirata plant is an activator of human bitter taste receptor. Pharmacologically, amarogentin has antibacterial, antihepatitis, anticholinergic and chemopreventive activities, moreover, amarogentin has been proven for their anti-lieshmanial activity. Other studies also suggested that amarogentin acts on liver carcinogenesis, skin carcinogenesis and reduced tumour progression. In the present review, we have collected and compiled the data regarding biological sources, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, anticancer and anti-infective potential of amarogentin. For better understanding of various aspects of amarogentin, we have also discussed Swertia chirayita in a very concise manner. Further data related to various patents on amarogentin have also been discussed in this manuscript. However, we also admit that new advance biological research will also increase the medicinal and pharmacological value of amarogentin. Information regarding the chemistry of amarogentin, its biological sources, bioavailability as a pharmacological agent for the treatment and management of skin disorders and various forms of cancers will be beneficial to the scientists in the medicinal field.

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Malik, Tabarak, Priyanka Roy, FatimaI Abdulsalam, DK Pandey, Aniruddha Bhattacharjee und NaveenReddy Eruvaram. „Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of two traditional medicinal plants of India: Swertia cordata and Swertia chirayita“. Pharmacognosy Research 7, Nr. 5 (2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.157997.

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KUMAR, Manoj, und Manoranjan Prasad SINHA. „Green Nanotechnology: Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Swertia chirayita“. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 9, Nr. 3 (30.09.2017): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb9310107.

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In the present study the synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by aqueous leaf extracts of Swertia chirayita is reported. Nanoparticles are particles having diameters below 100 nm. The nanoparticles formed were characterized using Uv-Vis spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope, Ft-IR and light scattering & Zeta potential analysis. A Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak was observed at 450 nm in Uv-Vis analysis. SEM analysis showed that the particles were spherical and cuboidal in shape and had diameter from 85-120 nm. The FT-IR analysis spectra peak were observed at 3,610.74 cm-1, 3,089.96 cm-1, 2,125.56 cm-1, 166.50 cm-1 and 864.11 cm-1, which corresponds to the presence of capping agents such as primary and secondary amines, hydroxyl compounds, flavonoids, alcoholic and phenolic compounds. The results of light scattering analysis also confirmed the formation of nanoscale particles. The zeta potential analysis showed a peak of -25 mV which demarcates the stability of the synthesized nanoparticles.

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Joshi, P., und V. Dhawan. „Assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated Swertia chirayita plantlets by ISSR marker assay“. Biologia plantarum 51, Nr. 1 (01.03.2007): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10535-007-0005-0.

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Singh, Pradeep Pratap, Ambika und Shive Murat Singh Chauhan. „Activity-guided isolation of antioxidant xanthones from Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karsten (Gentianaceae)“. Natural Product Research 26, Nr. 18 (10.10.2011): 1682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.592836.

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Lad, Harsha, und Deepak Bhatnagar. „Amelioration of oxidative and inflammatory changes by Swertia chirayita leaves in experimental arthritis“. Inflammopharmacology 24, Nr. 6 (14.10.2016): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-016-0290-3.

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Fan, Gang, Wei-Zao Luo, Shang-Hua Luo, Yan Li, Xian-Li Meng, Xiang-Dong Zhou und Yi Zhang. „Metabolic discrimination of Swertia mussotii and Swertia chirayita known as “Zangyinchen” in traditional Tibetan medicine by 1H NMR-based metabolomics“. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 98 (September 2014): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.014.

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Gupta, Rolika, und Hemant Sood. „Artificial Seed Production and Cryopreservation by Encapsulation Dehydration for Medicinal Herb of Himalayan Region, Swertia Chirayita“. Cryoletters 43, Nr. 5 (01.09.2022): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.54680/fr22510110612.

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BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation of germplasm in liquid nitrogen is an ideal technique for the longer term storage of plant genetic material, including medicinal species. OBJECTIVE: To develop a somatic embryo production system for the medicinal species Swertia chirayita and to evaluate their potential for storage in liquid nitrogen (- 196˚C). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An efficient protocol of somatic embryogenesis was developed for the first time using leaves of in-vitro grown shoots of S. chirayita . Somatic embryos were then encapsulated in 3% sodium alginate, 0.85 M sucrose and 100 mM calcium chloride for synthetic seed production and subjected to cryopreservation. Marker medicinal compounds were determined by RP-HPLC analysis. RESULTS: A medium containing 1 mg/L 2,4-D+ 0.5 mg/L BAP+ 0.5 mg/L TDZ was found to stimulate the highest callus induction. Somatic embryos were recovered after 5 weeks, when cultured on the same media. Synthetic seeds were dehydrated and immersed in liquid nitrogen for 1 h. Cryopreserved synthetic seeds were successfully revived and germinated on MS media supplemented with 1 mg/L IBA+ 2 mg/L KN + 3 mg/L GA3 in which 93.3% somatic embryos differentiated into shoots. One month old in-vitro grown shoots from cryopreserved somatic embryos had similar marker medicinal compounds, such as amarogentin (4.72 ± 0.11 μg/mg) and mangiferin (14.54 ± 0.05 μg/mg), as control material. CONCLUSION: This protocol offers vast scope for multiplying material of an endangered medicinal herb and subsequent cryopreservation.

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Shailja, Shailja. „A mini review on in vitro propagation of Swertia chirayita an endangered medicinal plant“. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 10, Nr. 1 (25.01.2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/10.1/2.

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Sharma, Seema, Yash Pal Sharma, Chitra Bhardwaj und Aruna Mehta. „Quantification of Amaroswerin and Amarogentin in Different Parts of Swertia chirayita by Chromatographic Analysis“. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 17, Nr. 4 (04.02.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2018/47081.

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Chen, Yue, Bo Huang, Jingsheng He, Li Han, Yichao Zhan und Youwei Wang. „In vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract of Swertia chirayita“. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 136, Nr. 2 (Juni 2011): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.058.

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Cunningham, A. B., J. A. Brinckmann, U. Schippmann und D. Pyakurel. „Production from both wild harvest and cultivation: The cross-border Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) trade“. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 225 (Oktober 2018): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.033.

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Santra, Sourav, Sasti Gopal Das, Suman Kumar Halder, Kuntal Ghosh, Amrita Banerjee, Amiya Kumar Panda und Keshab Chandra Mondal. „Structure-based assortment of herbal analogues against spike protein to restrict COVID-19 entry through hACE2 receptor: An in-silico approach“. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 64, Nr. 2 (10.04.2021): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/abs.2020.2.159-171.

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On-going global pandemic COVID-19 has spread all over the world and has led to more than 1.97 million deaths till date. Natural compounds may be useful to protecting health in this perilous condition. Mechanism of shuttle entry of SARS-COV-2 virus is by interaction with viral spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor. To explore potential natural therapeutics, 213 important phytochemi-cals of nine medicinal plants Aconitum heterophyllum, Cassia angustifolia, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon martinii, Nux vomica, Phyllanthus urinaria, Swertia chirayita, Justicia adhatoda, Vetiveria zizanioides were selected for in-silico molecular docking against the spike protein of SARS-COV-2 and compared with recently prescribed drug chloroquine, ramdesivir, lopinavir and hydroxychloroquine. Results revealed that rhamnocitrin of P. urinaria, 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone of S. chirayita and laevojunenol of V. zizanioides potentially binds with the receptor binding site of SARS-COV-2 spike glycoprotein and more robustly destabilized the RBD-ACE-2 binding over chloroquine, ramdesivir, lopinavir and hydroxychloroquine. It was also found that laevojunenol, rhamnocitrin, and 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone qualiﬁed the criteria for drug-likeness as per Lipinski rule. After attachment of the selected phytochemical with the spike protein the aﬃnity of the later towards ACE-2 was minimized and the eﬀect of 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone and laevojunenol was superior. Hence, rhamnocitrin of P. urinaria, 1,5-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone of S. chirayita and laevojunenol of V. zizanioides, are potential therapeutic molecules for SARS-COV-2, which upon binding with spike protein changes the aﬃnity of the spike towards ACE-2 and therefore restrict the entry of the virus into a human cell. Subsequent clinical validation is needed to conﬁrm these phytochemicals as drugs to combat COVID-19.

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