Dissertationen zum Thema „Swedish lessons“

This licentiate thesis is concerned with applying the Japanese problem solving oriented (PSO) teaching approach to Swedish mathematics classrooms. The overall aim of my research project is to describe and investigate the viability of PSO as design tool for teaching mathematics. The PSO approach is a variation of a more general Japanese teaching paradigm referred to as “structured problem solving”. These teaching methods aim to stimulate the process of students’ mathematical thinking and have their focus on enhancing the students’ attitudes towards engaging in mathematical activities. The empirical data are collected using interviews, observations and video recordings over a period of nine months, following two Swedish lower secondary school classes. Chevallard’s anthropological framework is used to analyse which mathematical knowledge is exposed in the original Japanese lesson plans and in the lessons observed in the classrooms. In addition, Brousseau’s framework of learning mathematics is applied to analyse the perception of individual students and particular situations in the classroom. The results show that the PSO based lesson plans induce a complex body of mathematical knowledge, where different areas of mathematics are linked. It is found that the discrepancy between the Japanese and Swedish curriculum cause some limitations for the adaptation of the lesson plans, especially in the area of Geometry. Four distinct aspects of the PSO approach supporting the teaching of mathematics are presented.

This is a study that examines Swedish upper secondary school English teachers' attitudes toward notetaking and notetaking teaching during listening lessons to see how current English teachers implement notetaking teaching to help students store data while listening to information in English. The reason for the investigation is that teachers might assume that students already have the physical and cognitive abilities that are required to take notes and therefore just tell students to “take notes”. Since research shows that notetaking can be used in information-transmission situations to e.g., record and recall information but also to aid reflection, teaching in notetaking can help students better their results in school and it can be used in everyday life as well as in later careers. A questionnaire encountered data by five current teachers of English followed by semistructured interviews with four current teachers of English. The findings show that the majority of the participants have a positive attitude towards notetaking and notetaking teaching and believe it is important for students to take notes and know how to take notes during listening lessons. The result also shows that all the participating teachers teach students how to use different notetaking strategies like abbreviations, symbols, chants, and keywords and one teacher also teaches a notetaking method, Outline format, even though 60% only teaches notetaking sometimes. Additionally, teachers who read this essay can increase their awareness of notetaking and its benefits and reflect over how they can align their teaching with the subject syllabus for English by implementing notetaking teaching.

This study examines Swedish upper-secondary English teachers’ attitudes toward authentic materials in listening lessons in order to shed light on whether or not teachers implement authentic material in their listening lessons and if so, the reasons teachers give for including authentic material. The reason for conducting this research is that teachers might rely too extensively on simplified, graded and/or scripted purpose-written materials (i.e. textbooks) in their listening lessons. Since the listening material commonly found in purpose-written materials is different from the language in the “real world”, these materials might do a less than adequate job at preparing learners for conversations and interactions in the “real world” outside the language-learning classroom.Data were gathered through a researcher-developed questionnaire followed by interviews with two practicing teachers of English. The findings reveal that all of the participating teachers in this study (n=10) use authentic material in their listening lessons and that the primary reasons for including it are that teachers find authentic material more interesting and because teachers believe that authentic material can be better aligned with students’ interests, societal lives and future working lives. In addition, teachers reading this essay can increase their awareness of and reflect on why and how they themselves implement authentic materials in listening lessons, which in turn can assist teachers in aligning their teaching and their material choices with the subject syllabus for English better than they could without using authentic materials.

This report forms part of the research project “Sustainable Energy and Climate Strategies – development and potential”, which is financed by the Swedish Energy Agency’s Sustainable Municipality programme. In this research project, case studies of the processes to develop energy strategies in five municipalities were prepared. The five municipalities were participants in the Sustainable Municipality programme’s second phase, which began in 2008, and represent different types of municipality, in terms of geography and population. This report presents analysis of the five case studies, using a policy theoretical perspective to focus on issues including how problems and solutions are identified and formulated, which solutions are proposed, which actors are included or excluded from the process, and which local resources are used or not used in the process. The report reflects on the implications of increasing stakeholder cooperation in energy planning processes and using different types of organisational approaches during the development of energy and climate strategies. Each case study began with an inventory of publically-available documents shaping the context for energy and climate strategies in each municipality. These documents were compiled in time lines showing the documents or decisions influencing energy planning in each municipality. Subsequently, group interviews were held with participants in planning processes in each of the five municipalities. In addition, individual interviews took place with stakeholders who had been active in the processes. Interviews were recorded and then transcribed. The results from the document study and interviews were then compiled in a summary of each municipality’s energy planning process, forming the basis for the analysis in this report. The case studies highlight both similarities and differences with regard to the organisation of work to develop and introduce energy strategies. All municipalities established, at an early stage, internal organisations for the process and throughout the processes, the organisational form, participants and their role, and division of tasks and responsibilities were fairly clear. For example, all five municipalities made use of Steering Groups and Working Groups, although the extent of the roles which these groups played – and the background of their members - varied. Four municipalities had a Reference Group in which external stakeholders were represented. A number of other constellations, including thematic working groups, were present in some but not all municipalities. The municipalities also took different steps in their energy planning processes and identified different drivers stimulating their activities. Participants from one municipality considered the Sustainable Municipality programme as a pivotal moment in their strategic energy work, whereas others felt the programme did not significantly influence their approach or outputs. The report identifies a number of factors influencing the development and implementation of municipal energy strategies, as well as a strategy’s scope and content.<br>Hållbara Energi och klimatstrategier- lärdomar och potential

This thesis examines the state of reporting Lessons Learned in a Swedish company that operates globally and explores the areas of potential improvements through better classification and reporting of Lessons Learned from previous projects. Particularly, it explores which the most effective ways to capture and document Lessons Learned are as well as how a System that supports efficient storage, sharing and retrieval of Lessons Learned can be specified. The research is a case study in a Swedish company and is a mixed-model research as it uses both quantitative and qualitative data from primary sources. Indeed, the data collection was done via interviews, questionnaires, a focus group and the study of the company’s documents. The findings revealed some issues in the Lessons Learned methods used in the company, especially in documentation. Additionally, the need for a Lessons Learned System to manage the knowledge and experience from projects was also identified. The thesis concludes with explicit answers to the research questions and more specific with the suggestion of certain guidelines for the employees, a new template for reporting Lessons Learned and the specifications of a Lessons Learned System that can support efficient storage, sharing and retrieval of Lessons Learned.

The deregulation of the financial markets that started over two decades ago in the developed countries has led to increased house prices and loan to value ratios. Home owners in western countries have over the last two decades steadily decreased their savings and at the same time increased the size of their mortgages and the amount of leverage used to purchase their homes. This development has increased the financial risk for homeowners which recently became clear in the United States when prices on homes started to fall rapidly in 2007. Due to this development Finansinspektionen in Sweden has enforced new regulation on mortgage lending making it more expensive for home owners to use high leverage ratios. Finansinspektionen is responsible for consumer protection in terms of financial products and the new regulation aims to protect mortgage borrowers. Finansinspektionen suggests that an insurance that protects the borrower from loss could be used as an alternative to the regulation restricting the amount of leverage. Finansinspektionen also mentions the Canadian mortgage market as an example where compulsory mortgage insurances are enforced today. In Canada the borrower must take out a mortgage insurance when the mortgage exceeds 80 percent of the house value. However, we find that the Canadian mortgage insurance system would not fulfil the aim of Finansinspektionen’s regulation. The Canadian mortgage insurances are constructed to protect the lender against default and there purpose was initially to increase lending. When examining the basic structure of mortgage and home value insurance products we find that such products and systems are complicated to construct to match the Finansinspektionen requirements and purpose due to issues such as moral hazard, adverse selection, price, willingness to pay and systemic risk.

Abstract: The forest industry plays a key role in global economic development and environmental conservation. The Swedish forest industry has a leading position in world forest clusters. The strategy of the Swedish forest industry is giving the environmental and the production objective the same high priority. On the other hand, China, as the second largest economy in the world, operates the forest sector in a different way. The aim of this paper is first to look at how sustainable the Swedish forest industry is and learn what aspects of it can be possibly applied by China, by making a limited comparison between these two countries. Literature review is the main method, combining with SWOT-analysis and comparative study. After analyzing the environmental economic and social aspects of sustainable development within the forestry sector in both countries, a brief summary is made using SWOT-analysis, which highlights strength, weakness, future potential and threat. The study and analysis shows that a delicate balance between the production and the environmental objective is kept in Sweden. Even though the forest industry is one of the most energy intensive industries, Sweden has accumulated some experience in streamlining production line and enhancing the resilience of forests aiming for climate change mitigation. As the biggest developing country in the world, China’s forestry has developed extensively. China shows limitation in extraction and handling with forest resources, but also potential in the forestry industry. Though limited, this comparison gives some clues on how and what policies and measures could be applied in China. China could draw some experiences from Sweden in forestry development, technology innovation and operation patterns.

The global emission of greenhouse gases is perceived as one of the most prominent threats to the world today and a socio-technological transformation (STT) of the energy industry is considered essential for long term sustainability. Organisations’ decisions to participate in the diffusion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES-E) are deemed essential for achieving the transformation. Governments have therefore introduced support systems promoting RES-E, and since 2003 a radable green certificate (TGC) system has been used to support increased diffusion. However, there are a number of uncertainties regarding investments in onshore wind power which may, or may not demotivate investors to take further part in the diffusion of the technology. Understanding the magnitude and impact of uncertainties is of interest as they can act as barriers for achieving STT. This thesis contributes to the understanding of uncertainties in the Swedish-Norwegian TGC system by exploring two groups of uncertainties; technology uncertainty and volume uncertainty. Evaluation of the technology and volume uncertainty in the Swedish-Norwegian TGC system has been performed by statistically investigating the relationship between technological development of onshore wind power and the certificate price, as well as the accumulated surplus of certificates and the certificate price. The surplus of certificates accumulated on the Swedish-Norwegian TGC market has also been tracked to its source of origin. In addition, the financial results of previous onshore wind power investments have been estimated. The results have been validated by interviews with Swedish wind power investors. The results indicate that both the technology development of onshore wind power in Sweden and the accumulated surplus on the market have impacted the price of certificates, and thus also the profitability of investors in the system. The technology development of onshore wind power has been difficult to forecast, resulting in a considerable technology uncertainty perceived by investors. Regarding volume uncertainty, of the total accumulated surplus of certificates at the end of 2014, 70 % can be derived from forecast errors of quota obliged electricity production by the Swedish Energy Agency. In addition, there is a possible relationship between lower costs of onshore wind power and the accumulated surplus of certificates on the Swedish-Norwegian TGC market. The major implication of these uncertainties is that previous investors choose to delay or refrain from further onshore wind power investments. If actors choose not to participate in further diffusion of the technology, this could potentially harm the STT of the energy industry in Sweden. Introduction of long term contracts, more frequent quota adjustments and a record of RES-E investment decisions could potentially reduce the uncertainties perceived by investors.<br>De globala utsläppen av växthusgaser anses av många vara samtidens stora utmaning och en socioteknisk omställning av energisektorn framhålls som en nödvändighet för en hållbar framtidsutveckling. Elproducenters deltagande i utbyggnad och utveckling av förnyelsebar elproduktion förespråkas som en viktig del av denna omställning. I led med den politiska agendan har flertalet stödsystem utvecklats vars mål är att stödja utbyggnaden av förnyelsebar elproduktion. I Sverige introducerades 2003 ett stödsystem med gröna elcertifikat vars mål är att främja utbyggnaden av förnyelsebar elproduktion i landet. Stödsystemet till trots är investeringar i landbaserad vindkraft i Sverige fortfarande  associerat med stor osäkerhet i form av teknologins och marknadens framtida utveckling. Dessa osäkerheter kan hämma fortsatt utbredning av förnyelsebar elproduktion vilket kan leda till fördröjning eller stagnation av den nödvändiga omställningen mot en hållbar energisektor. Denna examensuppsats bidrar med kunskap kring de osäkerheter som råder inom det svensk-norska certifikatsystemet genom att undersöka två huvudsakliga osäkerheter; teknikutveckling samt överskott av certifikat på marknaden. Osäkerheten kring teknologins utveckling har undersökts genom att statistiskt utforska ett möjligt samband mellan teknologins kostnadsutveckling och marknadspriset av elcertifikat. Volymosäkerheten på marknaden har undersökts på ett liknande sätt där ett möjligt samband mellan överskottet av elcertifikat och marknadspriset av elcertifikat har utforskats statistiskt. Vilka faktorer som bidrar till överskottet av elcertifikat på markanden och från vilka källor dagens ackumulerade överskott härstammar har identifierats. Vidare har lönsamheten för tidigare investeringar i landbaserad vindkraft i Sverige uppskattats och analyserats. Resultaten antyder att såväl teknikutveckling som överskott av elcertifikat har haft en  etydande påverkan på marknadspriset av elcertifikat. Detta har i sin tur påverkat lönsamheten för investerare i systemet. Teknikutvecklingen har varit svår att förutse vilket resulterat i att investerare upplever stor osäkerhet kring framtida lönsamhet. Vidare visar resultaten att 70 % av det totala överskottet av elcertifikat på marknaden vid slutet av 2014 har sitt ursprung i Energimyndighetens felaktiga prognoser av kvotpliktig elanvändning. Det är även troligt att det finns ett samband mellan teknikutvecklingen och det överskott av elcertifikat på som genererats på marknaden. Innebörden av de två analyserade osäkerheterna är att investerare potentiellt fördröjer eller helt avstår från fortsatta  investeringar. Detta är problematiskt då det kan hämma utbredningen av förnyelsebar  lproduktion och verka som ett hinder för omställningen mot en mer hållbar energisektor i Sverige. Genom att introducera långtidskontrakt för handel med elcertifikat, mer frekventa kvotjusteringar samt etablera ett register över investeringsbeslut kan den osäkerhet som investerare i systemet upplever idag minskas.

On the 15th of March 2019, more than 1.6 million students have protested in 125 countries against the climate change effects, as part of the Fridays for Future movement. The manifestations represented the biggest day of global climate action ever taken, according to media outlets. At the core of this movement stands Greta Thunberg, a Swedish 16-year old climate activist and a Nobel Prize nominee, whose actions and speeches serve as inspiration for both students and adults.  With a focus on environmental communication and climate activism, this research aims to find how the teenager addressed climate change topics and how she succeeded in conveying her ideas to audiences. It discusses how the rhetoric was constructed within her speeches, and which of the argumentative elements gave Greta Thunberg the ability to convince the public. The study combines frame and rhetoric analysis with a focus on the text of the speeches that Greta Thunberg delivered in three major international events. The purpose is to observe and understand the nature of Greta Thunberg’s activism by analyzing how the high school student used the linguistic tools and tactics in her public speeches, and to explore a few theories within the text: the issue framing of the climate crisis; the argumentative and discursive techniques that helped her to gain media and public attention.  The thesis concludes that the evolution of Greta Thunberg’s climate activism, from ‘no attention’ to global reputation, is based on grassroots activism, particular personality features, and efficient use of rhetoric devices combined with moral purpose argumentation.<br><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p><p>I take the opportunity to thank my Master thesis supervisor professor Paola Sartoretto, from Stockholm University, for the valuable professional support that she offered. Additionally, I thank professor Mia Verhoeff Friman from Jönköping University, for her useful remarks and input during this 2-year Master’s Program.</p><p>Last but not least, I want to express my gratitude for all the encouragement I received in my efforts to attend this program and to address special thanks to my mother Otilia for her continuous guidance and love, for always believing in me, and for being my role model as a mother, woman, teacher, and respected professional.</p>

<p>Arbetet syftar till att analysera Förvarsmaktens övergripande process rörande erfarenhetshantering ifallet Kosovo mellan 2007 och nutid samt granska hur denna process tar sin utgångspunkt i organisationsteori och metod. Detta är de ingångsvärden som använts i den intervjustudie som genomförts. I denna studie kan två organisationsmodeller påvisas i tidsspannet som arbetet behandlat, en med början 2007 och en senare som i skrivande stund är under implementering, dessa har i olika grad påvisat kopplingar till modellrapporten från FOI 1998. Metodrapporten i sig baseras på Sarv respektive Garvin´s tankar om lärande organisationer och dess bakomliggande tankar är därför genomskinliga. Det teoretiska materialet ger fyra utgångspunkter för analys, mål, flexibilitet och dynamik samt medinflytande. Under dialog och mål finns få anknytningspunkter till FOI´s modell, flexibilitet och dynamik samt medinflytande å andra sidan påvisar tydligt att tankar mot detta funnit men brister i implementeringeni modellen. För att vidare sammanfoga modellen och dessa tankar anser författaren att tydligare direktiv, styrningar och förklaringar behövs. Författaren påtalar även behovet av vidare forskning på området och specifikt hur processen ser ut efter att den nya organisationsmodellen till fullo implementerats i organisationen.</p><br><p>The study aims to analyse the Swedish Armed Forces process for lessons learned, as it was in Kosovobetween 2007 and present date and examine whether this process is based on organizational theory or not. These were the initial values for the interviews that followed. In answers from the interviews, two organizational models can be found within the given time span, one beginning in 2007 and the later one is as of now being implemented. These models have shown a varying degree of connection to the model developed by FOI in 1998. The model itself is based on the organizational theories of Sarv and Garvin and its ideas can therefore be seen as translucent. The theoretical material gives us four starting points for analysis, dialogue, goal orientation, flexibility and dynamics and finally participation. Under the headings dialogue and goal orientation there are few connecting factors to the FOI model, under the headings flexibility and dynamics and participation on the other hand there are clearly formed thoughts surrounding these issues but the writer found shortcomings in the implementations of these. In order to further merge the model and these bulletpoints the author believes that clearer directives, guidance and explanations are needed. The author also highlights the need for further research within this field to show the outcome of the implementation of the new organizational model.</p>

The purpose of the research reported in this monograph has been twofold. First, it aims at contributing to an inquiry of the ways in which language and context are intertwined. Second, it aims at giving a characterization of a specific communicative event, second language teaching. The study starts out from a broad social-theoretical perspective, inspired by language game theory and ethnomethodology, as well as Goffman's (1974) 'frame analysis' and the work of Ragnar Rommetveit (1974, 1987). Levinson's (1979) notion 'activity type' is used in exploring how relevance criteria and frames of interpretation vary with the context of the activity in which language is used. The empirical material for the study consists of eight dyadic lessons of Swedish as a second language in grades 4-6 of the Swedish comprehensive, compulsory school. As material for comparison, the pupils, 10-12 year old boys from the Middle East, also participate in two non-didactic conversations around tasks defined by the research team, one together with his teacher of Swedish, one together with a class-mate of his. The first of the three empirical studies is a qualitative, discursive analysis of salient dialogue processes in language teaching activities. Abrupt shifts and breaks in the dialogue, misunderstandings, and lack of tuning between the conversational parties are interpreted as results of a tension between language at two levels in the language lesson. The dialogue in the language lessons of the corpus is characterized by an ambivalence between two perspectives on language, the ordinary, everyday perspective on language as a means for constructing and conveying messages versus the 'level 2 perspective', where language is seen as anabstract system of decontextualized linguistic items. The two other empirical studies are quantitatively oriented. In the first of these, important differences in dialogue processes, concerning dynamics, coherence and fluency are found between the lessons and the non-didactic conversations, as well as between different activities within the confines of a lesson. One of the most important results is that the teacher's interactional dominance seems to be systematically related to the content of lesson activities. The results of the last study suggest that in lessons, and especially language lessons proper, the pupil is givenfewer opportunities for talking and, also, that he refrains from taking the opportunities actually given to him. The main significance of the research is the demonstration of the dynamic character of linguistic communication and of the way in which linguistic meaning is the product of utterances being embedded in activities on which activity-specific premisses for communication are brought to bear. Also, the second language teaching situation is characterized as connected with particular communicative practices that are imbued with a certain degree of ambivalence and ambiguity.

The overall aim of this study is to investigate how and why teachers in the subjects of English and Modern Languages use group work in their lessons. This has been done with the help of a survey and interviews. The results indicate that all teachers in the study use at least some group work. Group work is often used to help the students practise their verbal skills as well as in teaching them to work together. The study has also shown that teachers find some parts of using group work in their lessons problematic.

I grundlärarutbildningen för förskoleklass och årskurs 1–3 undervisas om musikens positiva inverkan och hur musik kan användas som ett pedagogiskt verktyg i svenska. Trots detta upplever jag att musik och rytm användas enbart i gruppstärkande syfte under den verksamhetsförlagda utbildningen. Det tvåfaldiga syftet med denna studie är dels att bidra med kunskap om hur lärare i F-3 uppfattar och beskriver arbetsmetoder med musik och rytm som ett medierande och språkutvecklande verktyg, dels hur lärare uppfattar och beskriver sig ha verktyg och kompetens för att använda musik och rytm i undervisningen. Syftet avsågs besvaras genom forskningsfrågorna: Hur uppfattar och beskriver lärare att de arbetar med musik och rytm i klassrummet som ett språkutvecklande verktyg under svenskundervisningen? Hur uppfattar och beskriver lärare att de har verktyg och/eller kompetens för att använda musik och rytm i undervisningen? Studien utgår från det sociokognitivistiska perspektivet och genom teorin redogörs för hur musik och rytm kan användas som ett verktyg för språkutveckling. Undersökningen använder en kvalitativ dataanalys och semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer. Resultatet visar att lärarna uppfattar och beskriver musik och rytm som ett medierande verktyg för språkutveckling i svenskundervisningen samt huruvida lärarna anser sig ha kompetens att använda musik och rytm som ett språkutvecklande verktyg i svenskundervisningen. Studiens informanter var två förskollärare, två grundskollärare med inriktning 1–7 samt två grundskollärare med behörighet att undervisa i musik och svenska. Alla lärare är verksamma i grundskolans förskoleklass till årskurs 3. Resultatet visar att lärarna till stor del använder sig av rytm och musik men på olika sätt utifrån vad lärarna själva beskriver att de är bekväma med.<br>In the basic teacher education for preschool class and grades 1-3, the positive impact of music is taught and how music can be used as a pedagogical tool in Swedish. Despite this, music and rhythm are perceived to be used only for group strengthening purposes during the company-based training. The twofold purpose of this study was partly to contribute knowledge about how teachers in F-3 perceive and describe working methods with music and rhythm as a mediating and language development tool, and partly how teachers perceive and describe themselves as having tools and skills to use music and rhythm in teaching. The purpose was intended to be answered through the research questions: How do teachers perceive and describe that they work with music and rhythm in the classroom as a language development tool during Swedish teaching? How do teachers perceive and describe that they have the tools and / or competence to use music and rhythm in teaching? The study is based on the sociocognitivist perspective, and the theory describes how music and rhythm can be used as a tool for language development. The survey uses a qualitative data analysis, and based on semi-structured focus group interviews. The results show how teachers perceive and describe music and rhythm as a tool for language development in Swedish teaching and whether the teachers consider themselves competent to use music and rhythm as a language development tool in Swedish teaching. The informants in the study were two preschool teachers, two primary school teachers with a focus on 1–7 and two primary school teachers with the right to teach music and Swedish. All teachers are active in the compulsory school pre - school class for year 3. The results show that the teachers largely use rhythm and music, but in different ways according to what the teachers themselves describe that they are comfortable with.

Syftet med denna studie var att öka kunskapen om de vanligaste läromedlen som verksamma lärare inom svenskämnet för grundskolans årskurser 1–3 använder. Studien blev uppdelad i två delar, där den första delen innefattade att insamla information kring de tre mest förekommande läromedlen i undervisningen. I denna del användes webbenkät som metod. Andra delen av studien behandlade en innehållsanalys av läromedlen i förhållande till läroplanen. Studien genomfördes genom användandet utav teorierna positivistiska perspektivet och hermeneutik. Resultatet av den första delen av studien presenterade de tre mest förekommande läromedlen som lärare väljer till sin läs- och skrivundervisning. Det presenterades även resultat kring varför de väljer just dessa läromedel. Den andra delen av studien resulterade i att läromedlen lärare använder som innefattar både läs- och skrivböcker korrelerar med fler innehållspunkter i läroplanen än vad läsförståelseläromedlen gör. Att hitta läromedel som passar läraren och dess krav, kräver att läraren kritiskt granskar läromedlet i förhållande med läroplanen.<br>The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge of the most common teaching aids used by active teachers in the Swedish subject for compulsory school grades 1-3. The study was divided into two parts, where the first part consists of collecting information about the three main teaching materials in the education. In this part, online surveys were used as a method. The second part of the study dealt with a content analysis of the teaching materials in relation to the curriculum. To carry out the study, the theories positivist perspective and hermeneutics were used. The results of the first part of the study present the three most common teaching aids that teachers choose for their reading and writing lessons. Results are also presented about why they choose these particular teaching materials. The second part of the study resulted in the teaching aids used by teachers, which include both reading and writing books, correlate with more content points in the curriculum than the reading comprehension teaching aids do. Finding teaching materials that suit the teacher and its requirements, requires the teacher to critically examine the teaching material in relation to the curriculum.

Outdoor education may be quite a well-known conception but still unsettled in the Slovenian pedagogical context. The Scandinavian – Swedish conceptual tradition in the thesis provides a framework for analysing the Slovenian curriculum; the lesson plans for the compulsory school from an outdoor education perspective. The main characteristics of outdoor education, gathering around experience, place and method/activities, are found also in the Slovenian context, exactly in the formal education documents. The perspective of outdoor education would therefore lie in introducing the Swedish concept of outdoor education as an opportunity to reflect upon an existent outdoor teaching and learning practice and inherent teacher education.<br>Utomhuspedagogik må vara ett välkänt begrepp men är fortfarande okänt i den slovenska pedagogiska kontexten. Den skandinavisk-svenska traditionella uppfattningen i denna uppsats bildar ett ramverk för att analysera de slovenska kursplanerna och läroplanerna för den obligatoriska grundskolan, ur ett utomhuspedagogiskt perspektiv. Det som huvudsakligen karaktäriserar utomhuspedagogik, och som rör sig kring erfarenhet, plats och metod/aktiviteter, finns också i den slovenska kontexten, och mera exakt i de formella utbildningshandlingarna. Det utomhuspedagogiska perspektivet skulle därför kunna skapas genom att introducera den svenska uppfattningen om utomhuspedagogik som en möjlighet att reflektera kring en befintlig pedagogik och lärandepraktik samt kring lärarutbildningen.

Älander, Eva (2011): De nationella proven i svenska – hur påverkar de undervisningen i årskurs 9? Examensarbete i didaktik. Lärarprogrammet. Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi. Högskolan i Gävle.   Sammanfattning Detta är en studie om det nationella provet i svenska för årskurs 9. Arbetets syfte har varit att undersöka hur några lärare uppfattar att de nationella proven påverkar de prioriteringar som de gör runt ämnets innehåll. Med andra ord: hur de nationella proven påverkar undervisningen i svenska i årskurs 9. Leder proven till att den dagliga undervisningen fokuserar vissa mål på bekostnad av andra mål? Eller är det snarare så att provens existens hjälper till att ställa kursplanens innehåll i fokus på ett sätt som gynnar elevernas måluppfyllelse? Undersökningen genomfördes i form av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fem stycken lärare som i dagsläget undervisar i svenska. Dessa lärare har varit involverade i genomförande och bedömning av nationella prov mellan två och femton gånger. Den intervjuguide som användes berörde två stycken teman; de nationella proven samt kursplanen i svenska och dess skrivningar om ämnets centrala innehåll i årskurs 7-9. Årligen genomför cirka 100 000 elever de tre delprov som ingår i det nationella provet i svenska för årskurs 9. Trots att proven inte mäter alla kursplanens mål är de mycket viktiga redskap för lärarnas bedömning och betygssättning. Lärarna i denna studie ser provresultaten som ett mått på (och garant för) sin egen bedömningsnivå, att de hamnat rätt i sin helhetsbedömning av elevens måluppfyllelse. Under en längre tid har det konstateras relativt stora avvikelser mellan elevernas provbetyg och deras samlade terminsbetyg. En sådan avvikelse behöver inte alltid vara ett problem, men den kan också visa på att lärares bedömning inte är likvärdig över landet. Problematiken blir extra tydlig när långa texter ska bedömas och bedömningsanvisningarna lämnar stort tolkningsutrymme till den enskilde läraren. Ett arbetssätt som rekommenderas för att råda bot på likvärdighetsproblematiken är sambedömning. Sambedömning problematiseras i denna studies resultat utifrån risken för att skolkulturer skapas samt de tendenser till skillnader i villkor som anas mellan lärare på kommunala respektive fristående skolor. Det blir tydligt i denna studies resultat att det nationella provet påverkar undervisningen i relativt stor utsträckning, inte minst genom de grundliga förberedelser som genomförs inför provet. Detta väcker frågor om var gränsen går mellan att ge eleverna så goda förutsättningar som möjligt och att förbereda dem så pass mycket att provresultatet inte säger något om elevens kunskaper utan snarare är en produkt utav en längre tids strategiska förberedelser? Nyckelord: bedömning, kursplan, lektionsinnehåll, måluppfyllelse, nationella prov, svenska, årskurs 9 Keywords: assessment, course syllabi, goal attainment, lesson planning, national tests, Swedish, year 9

Reading and writing difficulties and dyslexia affect how a student performs at school and, thus, their future lives (Borodkin &amp; Faust 2014). This has been known and researched for the past decades (Fletcher 2009). Considerable studies have been carried out regarding dyslexia and first language acquisition, though dyslexia in second language is comparatively underrepresented. This underrepresentation, in turn, means that dyslexia and second language is less researched, and consequently, less known. This is problematic as there is then less knowledge on how to help students with dyslexia in a second language. This case study investigates how an upper secondary school in Sweden works with defining and diagnosing dyslexia, and which provisions students with dyslexia receive. To answer these questions the Head teacher, Special Needs Education teacher, English teachers and a dyslexia test analyst have been interviewed. The results showed that dyslexia is described differently by the people interviewed, it is diagnosed with a software called LOGOS and the provision depends on the student having (or not having) a diagnosis. The conclusion is that English teachers and special needs teachers must work closer together. It is therefore suggested that cooperation between the teachers and special needs department should put each student in the centre and develop methods and strategies based on the individual student. It is hypothesised that the school has many unidentified students with dyslexia and in those cases additional adjustments in the classroom are vital. This would allow the student a better chance of performing according to their abilities in school and thus expanding the limits of their world ensuring they become fulfilled, employed democratic citizens.

Eva Dahlbeck was one of Sweden’s most respected and popular actresses from the 1940s to the 1960s and is now remembered for her work with Ingmar Bergman, who allegedly nicknamed her “Pansarskeppet kvinnligheten” (“H.M.S. Femininity”). However, Dahlbeck had already established herself as a star long before her collaborations with Bergman. The popularity of Bergman’s three comedies (Waiting Women (Kvinnors väntan, 1952), A Lesson in Love (En lektion i kärlek, 1954), and Smiles of a Summer Night (Sommarnattens leende, 1955)) suggests that they catered to the Swedish audience’s desire to see the star Dahlbeck. To explore the interrelation between Swedish post-war popular film culture and the auteur Bergman, this thesis examines the stardom of Dahlbeck, who can, as inter-texts between various films, bridge the gap between popular film and auteur film. Focusing on the decade from 1946 to 1956, the process whereby her star image was created, the aspects that constructed it, and its relation to her characters in three Bergman titles will be analysed. In doing so, this thesis will illustrate how the concept “Pansarskeppet kvinnligheten” was interactively constructed by Bergman’s films, the post-war Swedish film industry, and the media discourses which cultivated the star cult as a part of popular culture.

Extreme weather events and effects of climate change are threats to the transport sector’s functionality and safety. Risk management in this context implies a necessity to focus on the connection between near-term experiences and coping strategies on one hand, and long-term adaptation analyses on the other. How learning from past events and subsequent knowledge sharing can be adopted is a question that needs to be explored, discussed and tested. A systematic approach to lessons learned calls for measures of investigation, reporting, planning, implementation and evaluation. A qualitative case study approach was used in this thesis. In the first paper the practices of accident investigation in operation and maintenance were inventoried within the Swedish Transport Administration (STA). Three accident investigation methods were applied and tested on a cloudburst event, causing flooding in a railway tunnel in Sweden. In the second paper, semi-structured interviews, documents, and archival records were used as means for penetrating deeper into the attitudes and understanding of lessons learned concerning extreme weather events within a procured public-private partnership. The results of the two studies showed weak signals of feedback on lessons learned. Partly, these weak signals could be traced back to weak steering signals. Various obstacles impeded learning curves from lessons learned. The obstacles were of both hard and soft values, e.g. resources in time and equipment, systematic investigation methods, incentives for lessons learned, education and knowledge, values, norms and attitudes towards how and why identified problems should be solved. Successful knowledge sharing requires that close attention is paid to such obstacles and that an adaptive approach is adopted.<br>Den pågående och framtida klimatförändringen sätter press på aktörer att möta risker som associeras med klimatförändring. Syftet med denna avhandling är att bidra med kunskap om lärande och kunskapsöverföring inom offentlig förvaltning av landtransportinfrastruktur. Eftersom lärande och kunskapsöverföring är grundläggande för planering och beslutsfattande om strategier och åtgärder som främjar ett robust transportsystem. Målet för detta arbete är att belysa lärande och kunskapsöverföring inom och mellan olika organisationer i det svenska samhället. Det socio-tekniska systemperspektivet - som används som analysram i båda studierna ger en djupare förståelse för bakomliggande faktorer. En kvalitativ ansats, som omfattar intervjuer, deltagande observationer och dokumentanalys, har används i detta licentiatarbete. I den första studien belyses möjligheten att använda sig av industriella utredningsmetoder på naturolyckor i en svensk kontext av en översvämning i en järnvägstunnel. De industriella utredningsmetoderna visade sig vara användbara för utredning av konsekvenser efter skyfall, med olika metodologiska fördelar och nackdelar. Den andra studien utforskar hur Trafikverkets verksamhetsområde Underhåll arbetar med lärande kopplat till väderextremer; hur de fångar upp erfarenheter och kunskap som finns hos kontrakterade entreprenörer, samt hur entreprenörerna uppfattar att lärande och erfarenhetsåterföring sker. Resultatet från båda studierna visar på både svaga styrsignaler och svaga återkopplingssignaler, vilket medför svaga lärandekurvor. Olika hinder sågs ligga bakom med svaga styr- och återkopplingssignaler bl.a. resurser i tid och processer, systematik i utredning av naturolyckor, incitament att lära av varandra, utbildning och kunskap, värderingar normer och attityder till hur och varför identifierade problem ska lösas. Ett adaptivt förhållningssätt innebär att man behöver ta hänsyn till dessa hinder på ett systematiskt sätt.<br>The agreement in Paris in 2015 was an historic manifestation that society has to work with both mitigation and adaptation to achieve a reduction of the adverse effects of climate change. One way to achieve adaptation is through the integration of present coping strategies. A first step is to study the existing processes and routines that support short-term coping. This licentiate thesis targets different aspects of learning as a strategy for coping and building adaptive capacity. Road infrastructure and maintenance in relation to extreme weather are used as the physical context and the Swedish Transport Administration as a case to study. Paper I shows the possibility to apply industrial accident investigation methods to an extreme weather event and get useful insights into underlying root causes. Paper II shows the intra- and interrelated patterns that exist in public-private partnerships (PPP) in Sweden. The paper describes a parallel of systems with infrequent overlaps regarding lessons learned.  In both papers the socio-technical perspective approach was used to highlight aspects of learning from and investigating damage due to extreme weather at different tiers in society. The socio-technical perspective provides an understanding of how decisions and legislation that affect our actions and behavior today may have been taken in different time and space settings. This thesis contributes to concept and theory building regarding the socio-technical system approach.<br><p>Paper 2 ingick i licentiatuppsatsen som manuskript, nu publicerat.</p>