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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Svoboda vůle“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Svoboda vůle"
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Košová, Michaela. „Compatibilism and Conscious Will“. FILOSOFIE DNES 7, Nr. 1 (27.12.2015): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/fd.v7i1.184.
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Daniel Dennett’s compatibilism based on redefining free will via broadening the concept of self to include unconscious processes seems to disappoint certain intuitions. As Sam Harris points out, it changes the subject from the free will we seem to intuitively care about – conscious free will. This compatibilism is untenable since conscious will seems to be an illusion. However, if we take Dennett’s idea of “atmosphere of free will” and view conscious will as an important concept or “user illusion” which is one of the atmosphere’s building blocks, we can see how a new compatibilism could be reached. Although from the point of view of scientific thinking conscious will seems illusory, inspired by Wilfrid Sellars’s conception of manifest and scientific images we can start to understand free will as existing on its own conceptual level. The confusion stems from mixing the two frameworks. Kompatibilismus Daniela Dennetta, založený na redefinování svobodné vůle skrze rozšíření konceptu „já“ o nevědomé procesy, se zdá být v nesouladu s jistými intuicemi. Jak upozorňuje Sam Harris, vyhýbá se té svobodné vůli, o kterou nám zřejmě intuitivně jde – vědomé svobodné vůli. Tento kompatibilismus je neudržitelný, protože vědomá vůle se zdá být iluzí. Když ale přijmeme Dennettovu myšlenku „atmosféry svobodné vůle“ a nahlédneme vědomou vůli jako důležitý koncept nebo „uživatelskou iluzi“, která je součástí této atmosféry, můžeme najít cestu k novému kompatibilismu. Ačkoliv se z vědeckého pohledu zdá být vědomá vůle iluzí, inspirováni koncepcí zjevného a vědeckého obrazu Wilfrida Sellarse můžeme porozumět svobodné vůli jako existující na své vlastní konceptuální úrovni. Zmatení přichází právě s mícháním zmiňovaných dvou rámců.
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Havlíček, Ondřej. „Filosofický problém svobodné vůle“. E-LOGOS 20, Nr. 1 (01.06.2013): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.e-logos.343.
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Šedina, Miroslav. „Órigenovo pojednání o svobodě vůle a o smyslu modlitby k bohu (De Oratione, 5–7)“. REFLEXE 2020, Nr. 58 (15.09.2020): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/25337637.2020.25.
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Sousedik, Stanislav. „Kauzalita a kontingentní sebedeterminace?“ FILOSOFIE DNES 13, Nr. 1 (11.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/fd.v13i1.322.
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Petr Dvořák hájí ve své knize Kauzalita činitele libertariánské pojetí svobody lidské vůle. Vůli považuje za duševní schopnost člověka a její svobodu spatřuje v možnosti její sebedeterminace. Tuto tezi autor tohoto příspěvku kritizuje. Dokazuje, že sebedeterminující schopnost je contradictio in terminis. Libertariánsky pojatá svobodná vůle je možná jen, pokud není schopností. Takovou vůlí je pouze vůle Boží (za předpokladu, že Bůh existuje). Autor připojuje historické upozornění, že autorem omylu zaměňujícího lidskou vůli s Boží je renezanční teolog Ludvík Molina, že k jeho stoupencům náležel i René Descartes.
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Peregrin, Jaroslav. „Jak filosofovat o lidské mysli?“ FILOSOFIE DNES 13, Nr. 1 (11.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/fd.v13i1.323.
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Ve své nové knížce Kauzalita činitele Petr Dvořák argumentuje, že svoboda vůle existuje, a tudíž musíme přijmout nějakou formu indeterminismu; a předkládá návrh odpovídajícího pojmového rámce. Já se naproti tomu domnívám, že ač svoboda vůle skutečně existuje, neměli bychom proto opouštět determinismus; hlásím se tedy k určité formě kompatibilismu. Podle mého druhu kompatibilismu tomu ovšem není tak, že by se svoboda vůle dala vtěsnat do deterministického rámce. Domnívám se, že řešení je v přijetí toho, že při výkladu skutečnosti nevystačíme s jediným pojmovým rámcem – konkrétně že na člověka se můžeme dívat jako na organismus (skrze deterministický a fyzikalistický rámec), ale také jako na osobu (skrze rámec, který je „prodchnut normativitou“).
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Dvořák, Petr. „Kauzalita činitele: představení hlavních argumentů knihy“. FILOSOFIE DNES 13, Nr. 1 (11.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/fd.v13i1.327.
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Článek shrnuje základní argumenty v knize P. Dvořáka Kauzalita činitele. Úvod do analytické diskuse o svobodě vůle (Togga 2020). Kniha obhajuje jednu dílčí teorii, tzv. kauzalitu činitele, coby nejlépe schopnou uchovat naše běžné intuice týkající se významu pojmu svoboda vůle a důsledků pro morální odpovědnost. V první části kniha uvádí základní pojmy a klíčový argument pro inkompatibilismus. Hlavního rivala, kompatibilismus v podobě tzv. standardní teorie (D. Davidson), odmítá ve třetí části. Hlavní teze, která leží v pozadí v obhajované hájené kauzality činitele, spočívá v tom, že kontingentní (sebe-)determinace představuje určitý střed mezi deterministickou a indeterministickou kauzalitou. Druhá část knihy pak hraje pomocnou úlohu: hájí nějaký typ dualismu (ať už vlastností či substanční dualismus) proti nereduktivnímu fyzikalismu tím, že se zaměřuje na tzv. problém vyloučení.
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Peroutka, David. „Volitelova sebedeterminace v kompatibilistické verzi“. FILOSOFIE DNES 13, Nr. 1 (11.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/fd.v13i1.324.
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V reakci na knihu Petra Dvořáka Kauzalita činitele. Úvod do analytické diskuse o svobodě vůle hájím určitý typ kompatibilismu. Dvořák upozorňuje, že pokud bylo něčí rozhodnutí predeterminováno od něj odlišnými příčinami, pak onomu jedinci za jeho volbu nepřisuzujeme morální odpovědnost. Mým návrhem je však „asymetrické“ řešení otázky. V oblasti predeterminovaných voleb připouštím nepřítomnost odpovědnosti v případě všech morálně zlých voleb, nikoli však v případě všech voleb hodnocených jako morálně dobré. Existují totiž takové dobrovolné volby, při kterých sice nejsme s to – např. na základě silných morálních důvodů – volit jinak, avšak přesto vnímáme své rozhodnutí jako svobodné. Navíc platí, že i kdybychom se při tom dověděli, či uvěřili, že daná volní nutnost není důsledkem naší minulé „libertariánské“ sebeformace, stěží by nám takové mínění zabránilo cítit se ve své volbě svobodnými. Způsoby, jakými svobodu vůle prožíváme, bychom ovšem měli jakožto filosofové respektovat.
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Punčochář, Vít. „Jak je možná svobodná volba v deterministickém světě“. FILOSOFIE DNES 13, Nr. 1 (11.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/fd.v13i1.325.
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V tomto článku předkládám některé důvody proti Dvořákovu nedeterministickému pojetí svobodné vůle, které vyložil ve své nedávno publikované knize Kauzalita činitele. Zejména se zabývám Dvořákovým řešením problému náhody, podle kterého je akt svobodné vůle náhodný do té míry, do jaké se nepodřizuje deterministickým zákonům, a do této míry také nemůže být předmětem morálního hodnocení. Proti Dvořákově koncepci stavím vlastní pojetí svobodné vůle, které je variací na to, co Dvořák označuje jako „standardní teorie“. Z hlediska tohoto pojetí je svobodná vůle možná i v deterministickém světě. Analyzuji, v čem spočívá volba mezi alternativními možnostmi, a argumentuji, že je možné mít kontrolu nad vlastním jednáním, i když nemáme kontrolu nad minulostí, která toto jednání jednoznačně determinuje. Zároveň vysvětluji, proč se v ostrém rozporu s Dvořákovou koncepcí domnívám, že člověk v deterministickém světě může nést odpovědnost za své činy.
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Šimáčková, Kateřina. „Experimentální filosofie o otázce kompatibility svobodné vůle s determinismem“. Pro-Fil, 31.12.2014, 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/pf15-3-997.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Svoboda vůle"
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Havlíček, Ondřej. „Svoboda vůle a přístup k informacím o vlastních intencích“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124792.
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This diploma thesis deals with the problem of free will and the reliability of an introspective access to action intentions. The traditional questions of free will, responsibility and determinism are currently receiving a lot of attention due to the advances in cognitive sciences. Because of various scientific findings, many authors claim that free will is just an illusion. The purpose of this study is to discuss traditional conceptualization of this topic and point out its problems. As an alternative, I am trying to suggest a compatibilistic theory of freedom and responsibility, which is internally coherent and compatible with scientific evidence. The core of my thesis is a replication and modification of a recent experimental study, investigating voluntary decision-making and an introspective access to one's own intentions. The participants of the experiment performed reflexive actions which they misjudged as intentional. The goal of the theoretical part of my thesis has been accomplished on the basis of examining a voluminous foreign literature. The method involves a philosophical analysis of concepts with an emphasis on contemporary scientific findings. In the empirical part of my work, results were obtained in a cognitive-psychological experiment involving reaction time and evoked potential data acquisition and their analysis. First, a discussion of concepts relevant to the problem of free will is undertaken. An explication of the most significant experiments that question traditional intuitions about the human mind and free will is then given. A detailed description of my experiment follows, including its results and implications. Finally, conclusions about the nature of free will and responsibility are made together with certain suggestions for both the criminal justice system and everyday situations. Although I base the theoretical part of my thesis on the results of many authors, I contribute to it to a substantial degree with my own opinions and arguments. The empirical study is the most significant contribution of mine as its realization demanded i.a. a development of a stimulus presentation software, execution of the experimental tasks with a relatively large number of subjects and a mathematical and statistical evaluation of the acquired data.
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Novák, Jakub. „Vůle, svoboda, událost. Studie k pojetí jednání u Hannah Arendtové“. Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-287554.
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The study attempts to present a certain interpretation of Hannah Arendt's theory of action. It mainly focuses on the question of what precedes action and what follows it. Therefore, it primarily concentrates on two phenomena: the phenomenon of human will as "the spring of action" and the phenomenon of historical event, which "remains" in the world after action has come to pass. The concluding part of the study relates these topics to Arendt's analysis of totalitarianism.
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Schubertová, Zuzana. „Autonomie vůle v soukromém právu“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329852.
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68 Abstract The principle of autonomy of will is a fundamental principle of private law. It is impossible to imagine the functioning of private law without it. The principle is primarily based on the principles of equality and freedom, the key principles on which the foundations of a democratic legal system and free society are built. The aim of my thesis is to define the autonomy of will, compare the principle of autonomy of will with other fundamental doctrines and principles from which it arises and/or principles which are closely related to. I believe that most of the legal relationships based on private law are founded on the principle of autonomy of will, therefore, I decided to describe some of these institutes in more detail in my dissertation as well. The thesis is divided into a general part and a specific part. In the general part I deal predominantly with the inclusion of the principle of autonomy of will into the principles of private law. This part also contains some theoretical concepts and is closely linked to constitutional law, the Bill of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and the principles on which the Civil Code is built. I further deal with the interpretation of certain terms, then the principle of autonomy of will itself and how it is perceived by several authors. In addition to that, I...
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Buchtová, Kateřina. „Zákaz diskriminace a svoboda jednotlivce“. Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-354044.
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This work examines the compatibility of prohibition of discrimination in private law and the principle of autonomy of will which is the leading principle of private law. For this purpose, the work analyses both principles and their limits, examines their conflict and possible coexistence. First of all, this work deals with the prohibition of discrimination in private relationships and the extend of its effect. This extend is limited by the scope of the Antidiscrimination Act as well as by certain exceptions from equal treatment. Considering the fact that antidiscrimination law does not have a long tradition in the Czech Republic, this work uses international law and EU law, as well as relevant case law, to interpret the norms of antidiscrimination law. Further, this work focuses on the principle of autonomy of will which is the fundamental prerequisite for realization of the will of individuals in private law. Besides the content of the principle of autonomy of will, this work analyses its limitations given by private law acts, especially Civil Code and Labour Code. The conflict of prohibition of discrimination and the autonomy of will is can be perceived from different perspectives. Some of them are mentioned in this work. In essence, this conflict is a conflict of two fundamental rights, equality...
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Šustková, Lucie. „Svoboda a odpovědnost dítěte ve výchovném procesu“. Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298103.
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v anglickém jazyce Thesis on "Freedom and responsibility of the child in the educational process" to capture the development of "freedom" and "responsibility" of historical first. It is crucial to how these therms are understood todey, both generally and in the philosophical and pedagogical sense. The work si focused in theory, the charter entitled "Freedom of the child in school and families" attempts to outline the practical actions that can direct the child correctly and to assist them in thein correct perception of freedom and responsibility. The thesis is devided into eight chapters, the chapter "Freedom and responsibility from the perspective of philosophy and education" is just a recapitulation of the development of two basic concepts of "freedom" and "responsibility". The following chapter tries to find the basic approaches to education, each has a different view of freedom and responsibility, but all three approaches are negligible in the educational process. The following chapter dealing with decision-making process, which is an integral part of properly conceived freedom of will and responsibility for their actions. Other chapters describe the different approaches to family and school education, and strives to capture what takes place in the world of a man who is aware of its freedom and...
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Stanková, Eva. „Filosofická a psychologická problematika svobodné vůle. Svobodná vůle a odpovědnost“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326668.
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The question of free will, determinants of free action and responsibility is one of the most thrilling questions of the mankind. Moreover, the free will problem is closely connected to regulation and hindsight judgement of man behaviour so the law is concerned with the problem as well. However, a legal concept of free will is missing in the Czech law or legal theory. The author is therefore concerned with the fact that there is no satisfactory legal definition of free will even though legal responsibility is impliedly based on free action and free will. The Czech law defines just the freedom of action in negative terms, i.e. as an action of will free from circumstances limiting or precluding legal responsibility. The aim of the thesis is to summarize knowledge of social psychology regarding free will and assess whether the Czech law does impose the right standard of freedom of will in comparison to scientific experiments and findings. Furthermore, there are philosophical theories of free will introduced in the thesis and consequently these theories are questioned and examined for the purpose of defining legal concept of free will. At the end of the psychological part of the thesis one comes to the conclusion that the social determinants such as peer pressure, conformity and obedience to authority...
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Kasalová, Aneta. „Filosofická a psychologická problematika svobodné vůle; svobodná vůle a odpovědnost“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327253.
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Philosophical and Psychological Issues of Free Will; Free Will and Responsibility My thesis is dealing with the issues of free will and legal responsibility. I have chosen this topic because it is one of the questions that many people, including me, keep asking very often, but no one really knows the answer. The aim of my thesis is to show that whether free will exists or not, the law as we know it has to admit its existence anyway. My thesis is composed of three main parts. The first and the second part are introduction to a philosophical and psychological discourse related to free will. Whether free will exists or not has been debated throughout history from antic until today and the opinions are very different. The brightness of the opinions between hard determinism (there is no free will) and libertarianism (our will is completely free) is what I tried to point out. The third part of my thesis focuses on the link between free will and legal responsibility. I chose to concentrate myself at the criminal responsibility and at those parts of the Criminal Codex assuming human's free will - as paragraphs referring to sanity, and also those parts which excludes criminal responsibility because the free will was missing - as the paragraphs concerned with necessity defense etc. Another issue related to...
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Kolda, Jakub. „Filosofická a psychologická problematika svobodné vůle; svobodná vůle a odpovědnost“. Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332037.
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1 ABSTRACT Presented thesis deals with different approaches and methods of research on the free will issue and with the comparison of these approaches and methods. First part comprises of description of the philosophical discourse of free will. This part is divided into four sections. First section includes those free will concepts that can be called hard- deterministic, as they hold the laws of physical determination to be true and they believe that there is no such a thing as a free will in this world. Compatibilist theories whose authors claim that the laws of determination and free will are able to coexist are included in the second section. Third section encompasses those free will theories that claim that free will is not possible both in deterministic and non-deterministic world. These theories are called impossibilist. Libertarian theories which claim that in fact there exists free will in a non-deterministic universe constitute the last section. Content of the second part of the thesis is based upon neurological studies and praxis of legal experts in the field of psychiatrics and psychology in the Czech Republic. Opening section consists of three divisions. The first one is devoted to the description of the physiological correlates of will processes and to the cases of disruptions in these...
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Juřicová, Kateřina. „Limity smluvní svobody v občanském právu“. Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-438301.
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OF DISSERTATION IN ENGLISH Doctoral Student: JUDr. Kateřina Juřicová Topic of Dissertation: Limitations on Freedom of Contract in the Civil Law Supervisor of Dissertation: Prof. JUDr. Jan Dvořák, CSc. Doctoral Programme of Study: Theoretical Legal Sciences - Civil Law, Univerzita Karlova, Právnická fakulta, katedra občanského práva Date of Closing of Dissertation: 31.12.2019 The dissertation covers the limitations on freedom of contract in civil law and provides with the summary and following analysis of both general and specific limitations on freedom of contract in civil law. The general limitations consist of mandatory rules and stipulations prohibited by law. As part of the analysis of the general limitations both character and distinction between mandatory and non-mandatory rules are analyzed, as well as the criteria for the provisions to be designated as mandatory such as statutory prohibition, stipulations contrary to good morals, public order or the law concerning the status of persons, including the right to protection of personality rights. Similarly, the list of specific limitations on self-authorship describes legal relationships between landlord and tenant, employer and employee or consumer and entrepreneur, various cases in the community property of spouses or contracts with minors,...
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Kobylka, Vít. „Problém svobody a tvořivosti u Nietzscheho“. Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313359.
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The Thesis aims to explore the problem of Freedom and Creativity in Nietzsche. It attempts to do so in respect to the two main concepts of his high and late writings. Concept of Superman and concept of the Eternal recurrence of the same. In this respect our text follows especially interpretations of Martin Heidegger. We begin our treatise with situating Nietzsche's concept of freedom among more traditional thought and we put emphasis on comparison of it to the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. In the next phase we reject (with Martin Heidegger and Ivan Dubský) simplifying understanding of the Eternal reccurence which understands it as dull determinism. We also analyse the topic of Creativity in Nietzsche and introduce it as fundamental anthropological theme. In the following chapters we identify certain moods that allow us to experience perspective of the Eternal reccurence and the one of Superman, which gives us chance to understand both concepts in their connection. But this connection remains enigmatic and in the last chapter we try, with help of Kierkegaard's concept of the moment, to understand both thoughts in their complementarity not only united in the concept of creativity, but also through Nietzsche's concept of the moment, understood as the original understanding of one of the aspects of...