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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „SVAT“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 7. Februar 2022

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1

Burke, E. J., A. C. Banks und R. J. Gurney. „Remote sensing of soil-vegetation- atmosphere transfer processes“. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 21, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1997): 549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100404.

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This article assesses the potentially powerful combination of remotely sensed data and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) schemes. SVATS represent the hydrological processes occurring at the land surface and can be used to estimate, among other processes, the exchange of water and energy between the soil, vegetation and the atmosphere. They require information about the interaction of radiation with the soil and vegetation. Bidirectional reflectance models are now starting to be used to determine the partitioning of radiation. An example of the combination of a simple geometric optics model of bidirectional reflectance and computer graphics is given, where simulations of remotely sensed scenes are produced. The next step is to couple these models to a SVAT scheme. The output of a SVAT scheme can also be used to drive radiative transfer models at different wavebands. This approach is illustrated by the estimation of soil hydraulic properties using a time series of passive microwave emission observations.

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2

Olioso, Albert, Isabelle Braud, André Chanzy, Dominique Courault, Jérôme Demarty, Laurent Kergoat, Elisabet Lewan et al. „SVAT modeling over the Alpilles-ReSeDA experiment: comparing SVAT models over wheat fields“. Agronomie 22, Nr. 6 (September 2002): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2002054.

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3

Blyth, E. M., R. J. Harding und R. Essery. „A coupled dual source GCM SVAT“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, Nr. 1 (31.03.1999): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-71-1999.

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Abstract. The single source SVAT scheme (MOSES) used in the UK Meteorological Office GCM is modified to include two sources. The performances of the original and the new scheme are compared with minimal calibration against data from sparse vegetation taken from the HAPEX-Sahel experiment. Both schemes perform well; in particular the dual source SVAT successfully simulates the different temperatures of the sparse vegetation and soil. It is demonstrated that the two sources need to be coupled, rather than acting independently, for an accurate result. Some components of the single and dual source schemes are driven offline by measured surface temperature. In this case a dual source SVAT scheme performs significantly better than a single source scheme.

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4

Drazin, Doniel, Vernard S. Fennell, Edward Gifford, Carlito Lagman, Kunakorn Atchaneeyasakul, Randall C. Edgell, Mahmoud Rayes et al. „Safety and outcomes of simultaneous vasospasm and endovascular aneurysm treatment (SVAT) in subarachnoid hemorrhage“. Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 9, Nr. 5 (27.10.2016): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012714.

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BackgroundSimultaneous vasospasm and endovascular aneurysm treatment (SVAT) has been shown to be effective with good clinical outcomes in small series, but these studies have not examined predictive factors for clinical outcome after treatment.ObjectiveTo identify the safety and efficacy of SVAT in a large multicenter patient cohort and evaluate prognostic markers of clinical outcome following SVAT.MethodsThis study retrospectively enrolled 50 consecutive patients undergoing SVAT at 11 different centers. We analyzed Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades, aneurysm location, angiographic vasospasm grade, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge, and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores.ResultsA total of 50 patients undergoing SVAT between the years 2003 and 2009 were identified. Patients presented, on average, 6.48±4.45 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades were 1 (n=7), 2 (n=12), 3 (n=14), 4 (n=15), 5 (n=2), and 3 and 4 (n=33), respectively. Aneurysm location was distributed as follows: anterior (n=32), posterior (n=16), anterior and posterior (n=2). Patients with good clinical condition (Hunt and Hess score 1–3) had significantly higher odds of surviving (OR=17.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 161.5), favorable GOS (OR=4.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.8), and favorable 90-day mRS (OR=4.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.8).ConclusionsSVAT is safe, with the majority of patients achieving good clinical outcome. Patients with lower Hunt and Hess grades have higher odds of surviving and favorable clinical prognosis.

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Crow, Wade T., Fuqin Li und William P. Kustas. „Intercomparison of Spatially Distributed Models for Predicting Surface Energy Flux Patterns during SMACEX“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, Nr. 6 (01.12.2005): 941–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm468.1.

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Abstract The treatment of aerodynamic surface temperature in soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models can be used to classify approaches into two broad categories. The first category contains models utilizing remote sensing (RS) observations of surface radiometric temperature to estimate aerodynamic surface temperature and solve the terrestrial energy balance. The second category contains combined water and energy balance (WEB) approaches that simultaneously solve for surface temperature and energy fluxes based on observations of incoming radiation, precipitation, and micrometeorological variables. To date, few studies have focused on cross comparing model predictions from each category. Land surface and remote sensing datasets collected during the 2002 Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) provide an opportunity to evaluate and intercompare spatially distributed surface energy balance models. Intercomparison results presented here focus on the ability of a WEB-SVAT approach [the TOPmodel-based Land–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (TOPLATS)] and an RS-SVAT approach [the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model] to accurately predict patterns of turbulent energy fluxes observed during SMACEX. During the experiment, TOPLATS and TSEB latent heat flux predictions match flux tower observations with root-mean-square (rms) accuracies of 67 and 63 W m−2, respectively. TSEB predictions of sensible heat flux are significantly more accurate with an rms accuracy of 22 versus 46 W m−2 for TOPLATS. The intercomparison of flux predictions from each model suggests that modeling errors for each approach are sufficiently independent and that opportunities exist for improving the performance of both models via data assimilation and model calibration techniques that integrate RS- and WEB-SVAT energy flux predictions.

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6

Silans, Alain M. B. P. de, und Lovania M. Werlang. „Dinâmica da umidade de um solo da Caatinga em função de sua condutividade térmica“. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 15, Nr. 9 (September 2011): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662011000900011.

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A elaboração de modelos SVATs (Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer - Transporte no sistema solo-vegetação-atmosfera) apropriados, é de grande importância para a compreensão dos mecanismos de transferência de fluxos à superfície, com aplicações na modelagem da circulação atmosférica, na modelagem hidrológica e na modelagem ecodinâmica da vegetação. Neste trabalho se utiliza um modelo SVAT desenvolvido especificamente na região do Cariri, estado da Paraíba, para analisar o efeito dos gradientes de temperatura na camada superficial do solo sobre a dinâmica da umidade volumétrica e se mostra como a baixa difusividade térmica obsevada no solo do experimento provoca altos gradientes de temperatura que freiam, durante o dia, o processo de evaporação, resultando no seu controle e como, apesar de relativamente baixa, a taxa de evaporação do solo desnudo é sensivel à variabilidade espacial observada em campo, da condutividade térmica. Os resultados obtidos recomendam maior atenção quanto à parametrização das propriedades termodinâmicas do solo no desenvolvimento de modelos SVATs, principalmente em regiões semi-áridas.

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7

Beven, K. J., und S. W. Franks. „Functional similarity in landscape scale SVAT modelling“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, Nr. 1 (31.03.1999): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-85-1999.

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Abstract. In this study, it is shown that the complexity of Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models leads to an equifinality of functional behaviour - many parameterizations from many areas of the parameter space lead to very similar responses. Individual parameters derived by calibration (i.e. model inversion) against limited measurements are, therefore, highly uncertain. Due to the non-linear internal behaviour of SVAT models, aggregation of uncertainly known parameter fields to parameterize landscape scale variability in surface fluxes will yield highly uncertain predictions. A disaggregation approach suggested by Beven (1995) requires that the land surface be represented by a linear sum of a number of representative parameterizations or functional types. This study explores the nature of the parameter space in terms of a simple definition of functional behaviour. Parameter interactions producing similar predicted behaviours are investigated through application of Principal Component Analyses. These reveal the lack of a dominant global interaction indicating the presence of highly complex parameter interactions throughout the feasible parameter space.

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8

Morgan, D. O. „A History of Inner Asia Svat Soucek“. English Historical Review 115, Nr. 464 (November 2000): 1253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/115.464.1253.

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9

Morgan, D. O. „A History of Inner Asia Svat Soucek“. English Historical Review 115, Nr. 464 (01.11.2000): 1253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/115.464.1253.

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10

Ludwig, R., und W. Mauser. „Modelling catchment hydrology within a GIS based SVAT-model framework“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 4, Nr. 2 (30.06.2000): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-4-239-2000.

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Abstract. The physically-based soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer model PROMET (PRocess-Oriented Model for Evapo Transpiration) developed at the Institute of Geography, University of Munich, is applied to the Ammer basin (approx. 600 km2 ) in the alpine foreland of Germany. The hourly actual evapotranspiration rate is calculated for a 14-year time series. A rainfall-runoff model, based on an enhanced distributed TOPMODEL structure, is linked to the SVAT-model in order to provide a hydrological model covering the water-cycle at the basin scale in a 30m-resolution. The model is driven with meteorological data taken from regular synoptic stations of the German Weather Service. Soil physical and plant physiological parameters for the SVAT model were either measured at the test site or taken from literature. The topographical parameters were derived from detailed digital terrain analysis. The study intends to combine, within a GIS-based model framework, the understanding and application of physical processes inherent in the basin such as the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of evapotranspiration and runoff patterns. The influence of an evapotranspiration coefficient ETcoeff, implemented in the formulation of the soil-topographic-index, to account for seasonal dynamics in distributed runoff formation due to the annual course of vegetation activity is investigated. The SVAT model shows convincing results in the long-term water balance description with a mean annual deviation of less then 6% over a fourteen year time period. Introducing the evapotranspiration-soil-topographic-index αET leads to a considerable improvement; the runoff model component simulating the daily runoff over the year reaches an efficiency of ε = 0.92. Keywords: Water cycle; Geographic Information System; SVAT; TOPMODEL

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11

Etchevers, Pierre, Yves Durand, Florence Habets, Eric Martin und Joël Noilhan. „Impact of spatial resolution on the hydrological simulation of the Durance high-Alpine catchment, France“. Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819337.

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AbstractThe water balance of the mountainous Durance river catchment, French Alps, is simulated from 1981 to 1994 with a soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model. Particular attention is paid to the snow-cover evolution using a detailed model of the snowpack evolution. The results are validated by comparison of the simulated discharges calculated by the SVAT with daily observations at three gauging stations located in the watershed. Three different spatial resolutions are used (1, 8 and 46 km) in order to evaluate the impact on the surface-water-budget results. Comparison with the finest resolution indicates the need for sub-grid-scale parameterization for the model with larger resolution.

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12

Franks, S. W., K. J. Beven und J. H. C. Gash. „Multi-objective conditioning of a simple SVAT model“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, Nr. 4 (31.12.1999): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-477-1999.

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Abstract. It has previously been argued that current Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models are over-parameterised given the calibration data typically available. Using the Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology, multiple feasible model parameter sets are here conditioned on latent heat fluxes and then additionally on the sensible and ground heat fluxes at a single site in Amazonia. The model conditioning schemes were then evaluated with a further data set collected at the same site according to their ability to reproduce the latent, sensible and ground heat fluxes. The results indicate that conditioning the model on only the latent heat flux component of the energy balance does not constrain satisfactorily the predictions of the other components of the energy balance. When conditioning on all heat flux objectives, significant additional constraint of the feasible parameter space is achieved with a consequent reduction in the predictive uncertainty. There are still, however, many parameter sets that adequately reproduce the calibration/validation data, leading to significant predictive uncertainty. Surface temperature measurements, whilst also subject to uncertainty, may be employed usefully in a multi-objective calibration of SWAT models.

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13

Graefe, Jan. „Roughness layer corrections with emphasis on SVAT model applications“. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 124, Nr. 3-4 (August 2004): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.003.

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14

Calvet, J. C., P. Bessemoulin, J. Noilhan, C. Berne, I. Braud, D. Courault, N. Fritz et al. „MUREX: a land-surface field experiment to study the annual cycle of the energy and water budgets“. Annales Geophysicae 17, Nr. 6 (30.06.1999): 838–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0838-2.

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Abstract. The MUREX (monitoring the usable soil reservoir experimentally) experiment was designed to provide continuous time series of field data over a long period, in order to improve and validate the Soil-vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) parameterisations employed in meteorological models. Intensive measurements were performed for more than three years over fallow farmland in southwestern France. To capture the main processes controlling land-atmosphere exchanges, the local climate was fully characterised, and surface water and energy fluxes, vegetation biomass, soil moisture profiles, surface soil moisture and surface and soil temperature were monitored. Additional physiological measurements were carried out during selected periods to describe the biological control of the fluxes. The MUREX data of 1995, 1996, and 1997 are presented. Four SVAT models are applied to the annual cycle of 1995. In general, they succeed in simulating the main features of the fallow functioning, although some shortcomings are revealed.Key words. Hydrology (evapotranspiration; soil moisture; water-energy interactions).

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15

Calvet, Jean-Christophe, und Jean-François Soussana. „Modelling CO2-enrichment effects using an interactive vegetation SVAT scheme“. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 108, Nr. 2 (Juni 2001): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(01)00235-0.

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16

Stähli, Manfred, und Per-Erik Jansson. „Test of two SVAT snow submodels during different winter conditions“. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 92, Nr. 1 (Juli 1998): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(98)00085-9.

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17

Intsiful, Joseph, und Harald Kunstmann. „Upscaling of Land-Surface Parameters Through Inverse Stochastic SVAT-Modelling“. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 129, Nr. 1 (13.09.2008): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-008-9303-0.

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18

Galantowicz, J. F., und A. W. England. „Seasonal snowpack radiobrightness interpretation using a SVAT-linked emission model“. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 102, Nr. D18 (01.09.1997): 21933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd01395.

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19

Stoyanova, Julia S., und Christo G. Georgiev. „SVAT modelling in support to flood risk assessment in Bulgaria“. Atmospheric Research 123 (April 2013): 384–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.07.002.

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20

Kloss, Sebastian, Jens Grundmann, Sabine J. Seidel, Stefan Werisch, Jörn Trümmner, Urs Schmidhalter und Niels Schütze. „Investigation of deficit irrigation strategies combining SVAT-modeling, optimization and experiments“. Environmental Earth Sciences 72, Nr. 12 (15.07.2014): 4901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3463-7.

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21

Mallick, Kaniska, Loise Wandera, Nishan Bhattarai, Renaud Hostache, Malgorzata Kleniewska und Jaroslaw Chormanski. „A Critical Evaluation on the Role of Aerodynamic and Canopy–Surface Conductance Parameterization in SEB and SVAT Models for Simulating Evapotranspiration: A Case Study in the Upper Biebrza National Park Wetland in Poland“. Water 10, Nr. 12 (28.11.2018): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121753.

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Evapotranspiration (ET) estimation through the surface energy balance (SEB) and soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer (SVAT) models are uncertain due to the empirical parameterizations of the aerodynamic and canopy-substrate conductances (gA and gS) for heat and water vapor transfers. This study critically assessed the impact of conductance parameterizations on ET simulation using three structurally different SEB and SVAT models for an ecologically important North-Eastern European wetland, Upper Biebrza National Park (UBNP) in two consecutive years 2015 and 2016. A pronounced ET underestimation (mean bias −0.48 to −0.68 mm day−1) in SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) was associated with an overestimation of gA due to uncertain parameterization of momentum roughness length and bare soil’s excess resistance to heat transfer (kB−1) under low vegetation cover. The systematic ET overestimation (0.65–0.80 mm day−1) in SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes) was attributed to the overestimation of both the conductances. Conductance parameterizations in SEBS and SCOPE appeared to be very sensitive to the general ecohydrological conditions, with a tendency of overestimating gA (gS) under humid (arid) conditions. Low ET bias in the analytical STIC (Surface Temperature Initiated Closure) model as compared to SEBS/SCOPE indicated the critical need for calibration-free conductance parameterizations for improved ET estimation.

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22

Kohler, Martin, Gerd Schädler, Leonhard Gantner, Norbert Kalthoff, Franz Königer und Christoph Kottmeier. „Validation of two SVAT models for different periods during the West African monsoon“. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 21, Nr. 5 (01.10.2012): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0490.

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23

van der Keur, Peter, Søren Hansen, Kirsten Schelde und Anton Thomsen. „Modification of DAISY SVAT model for potential use of remotely sensed data“. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 106, Nr. 3 (Februar 2001): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00212-4.

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24

Calvet, Jean-Christophe, Joël Noilhan, Jean-Louis Roujean, Pierre Bessemoulin, Maurice Cabelguenne, Albert Olioso und Jean-Pierre Wigneron. „An interactive vegetation SVAT model tested against data from six contrasting sites“. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 92, Nr. 2 (Juli 1998): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(98)00091-4.

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25

Viovy, N. „Interannuality and CO2 sensitivity of the SECHIBA-BGC coupled SVAT-BGC model“. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 21, Nr. 5-6 (Oktober 1996): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-1946(97)81147-0.

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26

FACCHI, A., B. ORTUANI, D. MAGGI und C. GANDOLFI. „Coupled SVAT–groundwater model for water resources simulation in irrigated alluvial plains“. Environmental Modelling & Software 19, Nr. 11 (November 2004): 1053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.11.008.

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27

Imbach, P., L. Molina, B. Locatelli, O. Roupsard, P. Ciais, L. Corrales und G. Mahé. „Climatology-based regional modelling of potential vegetation and average annual long-term runoff for Mesoamerica“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, Nr. 10 (11.10.2010): 1801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1801-2010.

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Abstract. Mean annual cycles of runoff, evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI) and potential vegetation were modelled for Mesoamerica using the SVAT model MAPSS with different climatology datasets. We calibrated and validated the model after building a comprehensive database of regional runoff, climate, soils and LAI. The performance of several gridded precipitation climatology datasets (CRU, FCLIM, WorldClim, TRMM, WindPPT and TCMF) was evaluated and FCLIM produced the most realistic runoff. Annual runoff was successfully predicted (R2=0.84) for a set of 138 catchments, with a low runoff bias (12%) that might originate from an underestimation of the precipitation over cloud forests. The residuals were larger in small catchments but remained homogeneous across elevation, precipitation, and land-use gradients. Assuming a uniform distribution of parameters around literature values, and using a Monte Carlo-type approach, we estimated an average model uncertainty of 42% of the annual runoff. The MAPSS model was most sensitive to the parameterization of stomatal conductance. Monthly runoff seasonality was mimicked "fairly" in 78% of the catchments. Predicted LAI was consistent with MODIS collection 5 and GLOBCARBON remotely sensed global products. The simulated evapotranspiration:runoff ratio increased exponentially for low precipitation areas, highlighting the importance of accurately modelling evapotranspiration below 1500 mm of annual rainfall with the help of SVAT models such as MAPSS. We propose the first high-resolution (1 km2 pixel) maps combining average long-term runoff, evapotranspiration, leaf area index and potential vegetation types for Mesoamerica.

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Bouilloud, Ludovic, Katia Chancibault, Béatrice Vincendon, Véronique Ducrocq, Florence Habets, Georges-Marie Saulnier, Sandrine Anquetin, Eric Martin und Joel Noilhan. „Coupling the ISBA Land Surface Model and the TOPMODEL Hydrological Model for Mediterranean Flash-Flood Forecasting: Description, Calibration, and Validation“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, Nr. 2 (01.04.2010): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1163.1.

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Abstract Innovative coupling between the soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) and the hydrological model TOPMODEL has been specifically designed for flash-flood forecasting in the Mediterranean area. The coupled model described in this study combines the advantages of the two types of model: the accurate representation of water and energy transfer between the soil and the atmosphere within the SVAT column and an explicit representation of the lateral transfer of water over the hydrological catchment unit. Another advantage of this coupling is that the number of parameters to be calibrated is reduced by two, as only two parameters instead of four parameters concern the TOPMODEL formulation used here. The parameters to be calibrated concern only the water transfer. The model was calibrated for the simulation of flash-flood events on the three main watersheds covering the French Cévennes–Vivarais region using a subset of past flash-flood events having occurred since 2000. The complementary subset of flash-flood events was then used to carry out an objective verification of the coupled model after calibration. The evaluation on these six independent past flash-flood events shows satisfactory results. The comparison of the observed and simulated hydrographs demonstrates that no flash-flood peaks are missed. Relevant information for flash-flood forecasting can always be inferred from the simulations, even for those with quite poor results, making the system useful for real-time and operational flash-flood forecasting.

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Dunch, Ryan. „A History of Inner Asia, by Svat SoucekA History of Inner Asia, by Svat Soucek. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000. xiv, 369 pp. $64.95 U.S. (cloth), $24.95 U.S. (paper).“ Canadian Journal of History 37, Nr. 2 (August 2002): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.37.2.400.

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30

Kramm, G., N. Beier, T. Foken, H. M�ller, P. Schr�der und W. Seiler. „A SVAT scheme for NO, NO2, and O3 ? Model description and test results“. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 61, Nr. 1-2 (1996): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01029714.

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31

Braud, Isabelle, François Tilmant, René Samie und Isabelle Le Goff. „Assessment of the SiSPAT SVAT Model for Irrigation Estimation in South-East France“. Procedia Environmental Sciences 19 (2013): 747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.06.083.

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32

Montaldo, Nicola, und John D. Albertson. „On the Use of the Force–Restore SVAT Model Formulation for Stratified Soils“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 2, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2001): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0571:otuotf>2.0.co;2.

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33

Blyth, E. M. „Using a simple SVAT scheme to describe the effect of scale on aggregation“. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 72, Nr. 3 (1995): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00836336.

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34

Gustafsson, David, Elisabet Lewan und Per-Erik Jansson. „Modeling Water and Heat Balance of the Boreal Landscape—Comparison of Forest and Arable Land in Scandinavia“. Journal of Applied Meteorology 43, Nr. 11 (01.11.2004): 1750–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2163.1.

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Abstract The water and heat balances of an arable field and a forest in the boreal zone in Scandinavia were explored using 3 yr of observations and simulations with two different soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models over a 30-yr period. Results from a detailed mechanistic model [coupled heat and mass transfer model (COUP)] were compared with those obtained with a large-scale type of SVAT model used in the weather prediction model at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts [ECMWF tiled land surface scheme (TESSEL)]. The COUP model simulations agreed well with the observations from a seasonal perspective. The TESSEL model differed significantly from the measurements when standard operational parameter values were used. The introduction of a seasonal variation in leaf-area index values, tuned canopy resistance for forest, and a reduced roughness length over snow-covered open land reduced the discrepancies. Net radiation was 40% higher in the forest when compared with the arable land, based on 30-yr simulations with both models. Furthermore, the forest was a net source of sensible heat flux, whereas the arable land was a net sink. Because of different treatment of winter interception evaporation, forest latent heat flux based on the COUP model considerably exceeded that from the TESSEL model, and suggested that the total annual evaporation was higher from the forest than from arable land. The representation of interception evaporation in winter, as well as seasonal dynamics in vegetation properties are, thus, of considerable importance for adequate simulation of forest and arable land energy fluxes within the boreal zone.

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Braden, Harald. „Calculation of microclimate under plastic mulches using an extended version of the SVAT model AMBETI“. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 14, Nr. 2 (10.05.2005): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0018.

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36

Imbach, P., L. Molina, B. Locatelli, O. Roupsard, P. Ciais, L. Corrales und G. Mahe. „Regional modeling of vegetation and long term runoff for Mesoamerica“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, Nr. 1 (29.01.2010): 801–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-801-2010.

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Abstract. Regional runoff, evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI) and potential vegetation were modeled for Mesoamerica using the SVAT model MAPSS. We calibrated and validated the model after building a comprehensive database of regional runoff, climate, soils and LAI. The performance of several gridded precipitation forcings (CRU, FCLIM, WorldClim, TRMM, WindPPT and TCMF) was evaluated and FCLIM produced the most realistic runoff. Annual runoff was successfully predicted (R2=0.84) for a set of 138 catchments with a regression slope of 0.88 and an intercept close to zero. This low runoff bias might originate from MAPSS assumption of potential vegetation cover and to underestimation of the precipitation over cloud forests. The residues were found to be larger in small catchments but to remain homogeneous across elevation, precipitation and land use gradients. Based on the assumption of uniform distribution of parameters around literature values, and using a Monte Carlo-type approach, we estimated an average model uncertainty of 42% of the annual runoff. The MAPSS model was found to be most sensitive to the parameterization of stomatal conductance. Monthly runoff seasonality was fairly mimicked (Kendal tau correlation coefficient higher than 0.5) in 78% of the catchments. Predicted LAI was consistent with EOS-TERRA-MODIS collection 5 and ATSR-VEGETATION-GLOBCARBON remotely sensed global products. The simulated evapotranspiration:runoff ratio increased exponentially for low precipitation areas, stressing the importance of accurately modeling evapotranspiration below 1500 mm of annual rainfall with the help of SVAT models such as MAPSS. We propose the first high resolution (1 km2 pixel) maps combining runoff, evapotranspiration, leaf area index and potential vegetation types for Mesoamerica.

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MA, Xieyao, Yoshihiro FUKUSHIMA, Tetsu HASHIMOTO, Tetsuya HIYAMA und Tadashi NAKASHIMA. „Application of a Simple SVAT Model in a Mountain Catchment Under Temperate Humid Climate.“ Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 12, Nr. 4 (1999): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.12.285.

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38

Olioso, A., H. Chauki, J. Wigneron, K. Bergaoui, P. Bertuzzi, A. Chanzy, P. Bessemoulin und J. C. Clavet. „Estimation of energy fluxes from thermal infrared, spectral reflectances, microwave data and SVAT modeling“. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 24, Nr. 7 (Januar 1999): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(99)00089-1.

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39

Olioso, Albert, Habiba Chauki, Dominique Courault und Jean-Pierre Wigneron. „Estimation of Evapotranspiration and Photosynthesis by Assimilation of Remote Sensing Data into SVAT Models“. Remote Sensing of Environment 68, Nr. 3 (Juni 1999): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(98)00121-7.

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40

Walser, Sabine, Niels Schütze, Guderle Marcus, Liske Susanne und Urs Schmidhalter. „EVALUATION OF THE TRANSFERABILITY OF A SVAT MODEL--RESULTS FROM FIELD AND GREENHOUSE APPLICATIONS“. Irrigation and Drainage 60 (Dezember 2011): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.669.

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41

Koster, Randal D., und Max J. Suarez. „The components of a ‘SVAT’ scheme and their effects on a GCM's hydrological cycle“. Advances in Water Resources 17, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1994): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(94)90024-8.

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42

Kunstmann, Harald. „Effective SVAT-model parameters through inverse stochastic modelling and second-order first moment propagation“. Journal of Hydrology 348, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 2008): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.032.

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43

Chirouze, J., G. Boulet, L. Jarlan, R. Fieuzal, J. C. Rodriguez, J. Ezzahar, S. Er-Raki et al. „Intercomparison of four remote-sensing-based energy balance methods to retrieve surface evapotranspiration and water stress of irrigated fields in semi-arid climate“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, Nr. 3 (27.03.2014): 1165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1165-2014.

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Abstract. Instantaneous evapotranspiration rates and surface water stress levels can be deduced from remotely sensed surface temperature data through the surface energy budget. Two families of methods can be defined: the contextual methods, where stress levels are scaled on a given image between hot/dry and cool/wet pixels for a particular vegetation cover, and single-pixel methods, which evaluate latent heat as the residual of the surface energy balance for one pixel independently from the others. Four models, two contextual (S-SEBI and a modified triangle method, named VIT) and two single-pixel (TSEB, SEBS) are applied over one growing season (December–May) for a 4 km × 4 km irrigated agricultural area in the semi-arid northern Mexico. Their performance, both at local and spatial standpoints, are compared relatively to energy balance data acquired at seven locations within the area, as well as an uncalibrated soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model forced with local in situ data including observed irrigation and rainfall amounts. Stress levels are not always well retrieved by most models, but S-SEBI as well as TSEB, although slightly biased, show good performance. The drop in model performance is observed for all models when vegetation is senescent, mostly due to a poor partitioning both between turbulent fluxes and between the soil/plant components of the latent heat flux and the available energy. As expected, contextual methods perform well when contrasted soil moisture and vegetation conditions are encountered in the same image (therefore, especially in spring and early summer) while they tend to exaggerate the spread in water status in more homogeneous conditions (especially in winter). Surface energy balance models run with available remotely sensed products prove to be nearly as accurate as the uncalibrated SVAT model forced with in situ data.

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Ezzahar, Jamal, Salah Er-Raki, Hamid Marah, Said Khabba, Noureddine Amenzou und Ghani Chehbouni. „Coupling soil-vegetationatmosphere- transfer model with energy balance model for estimating energy and water vapor fluxes over an olive grove in a semi-arid region“. Global Meteorology 1, Nr. 1 (21.05.2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gm.2012.e1.

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Simple soil-vegetation-transfer (SVAT) and energy balance models were used to estimate the surface turbulent fluxes (<em>i.e. </em>sensible and latent heat fluxes) over a complex olive grove using thermal infra-red surface temperature (TIRST). This approach used a dual source SVAT model to calculate the sensible heat fluxes from radiometric surface temperature. These fluxes were then used together with the estimates of the available energy also derived from TIRST to estimate the latent heat flux by applying the first law of thermodynamics <em>i.e.</em> the conservation of energy principle. The data used to validate this approach were collected over an irrigated olive grove site located in central Morocco near Marrakech. Mass and energy fluxes, as well as micrometeorological parameters, were continuously measured during the year 2003. The comparison between estimated and measured daily sensible heat fluxes yielded an acceptable agreement in spite of the complexity of the study surface with a correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>=0.86) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 28 Wm<sup>-2</sup>. For the latent heat fluxes, the statistical result for the comparison between estimated and measured daily values showed a larger scatter than that revealed for the sensible heat fluxes (R<sup>2</sup>=0.75; RMSE=31.42 Wm<sup>-2</sup>). However, the correspondence is to be considered acceptable given the difficulty in estimating latent heat flux over such a complex field. Therefore, it can be concluded that, in spite of the simplicity of the proposed approach, it can be considered a suitable tool for estimating the turbulent fluxes using TIRST over complex surfaces.

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Pearson, D., C. C. Daamen, R. J. Gurney und L. P. Simmonds. „Combined modelling of shortwave and thermal radiation for one-imensional SVATs“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, Nr. 1 (31.03.1999): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-15-1999.

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Abstract. Expressions for the upwelling and downwelling fluxes of optical and thermal radiation between soil, vegetation and the sky are derived, under certain simple assumptions. These are that interception of radiation by the vegetation is a purely geometric effect, while scattering is isotropic, with a strength given by a single-scattering albedo in the optical part of the spectrum, and by Kirchhoff's Law in the thermal. The soil is assumed to be a lambertian reflector, also scattering according to an albedo and Kirchhoff's Law. The model, called RM, conserves energy exactly. As part of a SVAT, it is driven by measured insolation instead of radiation, with little increase in computational cost and number of parameters.

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Bormann, H. „Effects of grid size and aggregation on regional scale landuse scenario calculations using SVAT schemes“. Advances in Geosciences 9 (26.09.2006): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-9-45-2006.

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Abstract. This paper analyses the effect of spatial input data resolution on the simulated effects of regional scale landuse scenarios using the TOPLATS model. A data set of 25 m resolution of the central German Dill catchment (693 km2) and three different landuse scenarios are used for the investigation. Landuse scenarios in this study are field size scenarios, and depending on a specific target field size (0.5 ha, 1.5 ha and 5.0 ha) landuse is determined by optimising economic outcome of agricultural used areas and forest. After an aggregation of digital elevation model, soil map, current landuse and landuse scenarios to 50 m, 75 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, 300 m, 500 m, 1 km and 2 km, water balances and water flow components for a 20 years time period are calculated for the entire Dill catchment as well as for 3 subcatchments without any recalibration. Additionally water balances based on the three landuse scenarios as well as changes between current conditions and scenarios are calculated. The study reveals that both model performance measures (for current landuse) as well as water balances (for current landuse and landuse scenarios) almost remain constant for most of the aggregation steps for all investigated catchments. Small deviations are detected at the resolution of 50 m to 500 m, while significant differences occur at the resolution of 1 km and 2 km which can be explained by changes in the statistics of the input data. Calculating the scenario effects based on increasing grid sizes yields similar results. However, the change effects react more sensitive to data aggregation than simple water balance calculations. Increasing deviations between simulations based on small grid sizes and simulations using grid sizes of 300 m and more are observed. Summarizing, this study indicates that an aggregation of input data for the calculation of regional water balances using TOPLATS type models does not lead to significant errors up to a resolution of 500 m. Focusing on scenario effects the model is more sensitive to input data aggregation as aggregation effects of current data and scenarios partly sum up. The maximum reasonable grid size for scenario calculations decreases to 200–300 m.

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Pollacco, Joseph A. P., Binayak P. Mohanty und Andreas Efstratiadis. „Weighted objective function selector algorithm for parameter estimation of SVAT models with remote sensing data“. Water Resources Research 49, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2013): 6959–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20554.

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48

Demarty, J., C. Ottlé, I. Braud, A. Olioso, J. P. Frangi, L. A. Bastidas und H. V. Gupta. „Using a multiobjective approach to retrieve information on surface properties used in a SVAT model“. Journal of Hydrology 287, Nr. 1-4 (Februar 2004): 214–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.10.003.

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49

Kracher, Daniela, Heinz-Theo Mengelkamp und Thomas Foken. „The residual of the energy balance closure and its influence on the results of three SVAT models“. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 18, Nr. 6 (01.12.2009): 647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0412.

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50

Gao, Jing Li, Ying Hui Han, Yu Juan Li und Xiao Hong Zhang. „Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue by the La-N/TiO₂ Composite and its Kinetic Enumeration“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 863 (Februar 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.863.20.

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Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of methylene blue in aqueous solution was systematically investigated using Ti-based composite material as the photocatalyst. The single-variable-at-a-time ( SVAT) method was employed. It studied the individual and synergistic effects of several classical parameters on photocatalytic efficiencies. The kinetic mechanism was systematically explored. The kinetics effects of the doping amount of La and N, calcination temperature and time, light intensity were studied in detail. The factors on the degradation of MB were in accordance with the pseudo first order kinetic model. This kinetic model followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. The best preparation conditions were found in the experiments. It is proved that the Ti-based composite material is an effective adsorbent for the degradation of dye contaminated water.

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