Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „SVAT“

This article assesses the potentially powerful combination of remotely sensed data and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) schemes. SVATS represent the hydrological processes occurring at the land surface and can be used to estimate, among other processes, the exchange of water and energy between the soil, vegetation and the atmosphere. They require information about the interaction of radiation with the soil and vegetation. Bidirectional reflectance models are now starting to be used to determine the partitioning of radiation. An example of the combination of a simple geometric optics model of bidirectional reflectance and computer graphics is given, where simulations of remotely sensed scenes are produced. The next step is to couple these models to a SVAT scheme. The output of a SVAT scheme can also be used to drive radiative transfer models at different wavebands. This approach is illustrated by the estimation of soil hydraulic properties using a time series of passive microwave emission observations.

Abstract. The single source SVAT scheme (MOSES) used in the UK Meteorological Office GCM is modified to include two sources. The performances of the original and the new scheme are compared with minimal calibration against data from sparse vegetation taken from the HAPEX-Sahel experiment. Both schemes perform well; in particular the dual source SVAT successfully simulates the different temperatures of the sparse vegetation and soil. It is demonstrated that the two sources need to be coupled, rather than acting independently, for an accurate result. Some components of the single and dual source schemes are driven offline by measured surface temperature. In this case a dual source SVAT scheme performs significantly better than a single source scheme.

BackgroundSimultaneous vasospasm and endovascular aneurysm treatment (SVAT) has been shown to be effective with good clinical outcomes in small series, but these studies have not examined predictive factors for clinical outcome after treatment.ObjectiveTo identify the safety and efficacy of SVAT in a large multicenter patient cohort and evaluate prognostic markers of clinical outcome following SVAT.MethodsThis study retrospectively enrolled 50 consecutive patients undergoing SVAT at 11 different centers. We analyzed Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades, aneurysm location, angiographic vasospasm grade, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge, and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores.ResultsA total of 50 patients undergoing SVAT between the years 2003 and 2009 were identified. Patients presented, on average, 6.48±4.45 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades were 1 (n=7), 2 (n=12), 3 (n=14), 4 (n=15), 5 (n=2), and 3 and 4 (n=33), respectively. Aneurysm location was distributed as follows: anterior (n=32), posterior (n=16), anterior and posterior (n=2). Patients with good clinical condition (Hunt and Hess score 1–3) had significantly higher odds of surviving (OR=17.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 161.5), favorable GOS (OR=4.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.8), and favorable 90-day mRS (OR=4.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.8).ConclusionsSVAT is safe, with the majority of patients achieving good clinical outcome. Patients with lower Hunt and Hess grades have higher odds of surviving and favorable clinical prognosis.

Abstract The treatment of aerodynamic surface temperature in soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models can be used to classify approaches into two broad categories. The first category contains models utilizing remote sensing (RS) observations of surface radiometric temperature to estimate aerodynamic surface temperature and solve the terrestrial energy balance. The second category contains combined water and energy balance (WEB) approaches that simultaneously solve for surface temperature and energy fluxes based on observations of incoming radiation, precipitation, and micrometeorological variables. To date, few studies have focused on cross comparing model predictions from each category. Land surface and remote sensing datasets collected during the 2002 Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) provide an opportunity to evaluate and intercompare spatially distributed surface energy balance models. Intercomparison results presented here focus on the ability of a WEB-SVAT approach [the TOPmodel-based Land–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (TOPLATS)] and an RS-SVAT approach [the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model] to accurately predict patterns of turbulent energy fluxes observed during SMACEX. During the experiment, TOPLATS and TSEB latent heat flux predictions match flux tower observations with root-mean-square (rms) accuracies of 67 and 63 W m−2, respectively. TSEB predictions of sensible heat flux are significantly more accurate with an rms accuracy of 22 versus 46 W m−2 for TOPLATS. The intercomparison of flux predictions from each model suggests that modeling errors for each approach are sufficiently independent and that opportunities exist for improving the performance of both models via data assimilation and model calibration techniques that integrate RS- and WEB-SVAT energy flux predictions.

A elaboração de modelos SVATs (Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer - Transporte no sistema solo-vegetação-atmosfera) apropriados, é de grande importância para a compreensão dos mecanismos de transferência de fluxos à superfície, com aplicações na modelagem da circulação atmosférica, na modelagem hidrológica e na modelagem ecodinâmica da vegetação. Neste trabalho se utiliza um modelo SVAT desenvolvido especificamente na região do Cariri, estado da Paraíba, para analisar o efeito dos gradientes de temperatura na camada superficial do solo sobre a dinâmica da umidade volumétrica e se mostra como a baixa difusividade térmica obsevada no solo do experimento provoca altos gradientes de temperatura que freiam, durante o dia, o processo de evaporação, resultando no seu controle e como, apesar de relativamente baixa, a taxa de evaporação do solo desnudo é sensivel à variabilidade espacial observada em campo, da condutividade térmica. Os resultados obtidos recomendam maior atenção quanto à parametrização das propriedades termodinâmicas do solo no desenvolvimento de modelos SVATs, principalmente em regiões semi-áridas.

Abstract. In this study, it is shown that the complexity of Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models leads to an equifinality of functional behaviour - many parameterizations from many areas of the parameter space lead to very similar responses. Individual parameters derived by calibration (i.e. model inversion) against limited measurements are, therefore, highly uncertain. Due to the non-linear internal behaviour of SVAT models, aggregation of uncertainly known parameter fields to parameterize landscape scale variability in surface fluxes will yield highly uncertain predictions. A disaggregation approach suggested by Beven (1995) requires that the land surface be represented by a linear sum of a number of representative parameterizations or functional types. This study explores the nature of the parameter space in terms of a simple definition of functional behaviour. Parameter interactions producing similar predicted behaviours are investigated through application of Principal Component Analyses. These reveal the lack of a dominant global interaction indicating the presence of highly complex parameter interactions throughout the feasible parameter space.

Abstract. The physically-based soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer model PROMET (PRocess-Oriented Model for Evapo Transpiration) developed at the Institute of Geography, University of Munich, is applied to the Ammer basin (approx. 600 km2 ) in the alpine foreland of Germany. The hourly actual evapotranspiration rate is calculated for a 14-year time series. A rainfall-runoff model, based on an enhanced distributed TOPMODEL structure, is linked to the SVAT-model in order to provide a hydrological model covering the water-cycle at the basin scale in a 30m-resolution. The model is driven with meteorological data taken from regular synoptic stations of the German Weather Service. Soil physical and plant physiological parameters for the SVAT model were either measured at the test site or taken from literature. The topographical parameters were derived from detailed digital terrain analysis. The study intends to combine, within a GIS-based model framework, the understanding and application of physical processes inherent in the basin such as the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of evapotranspiration and runoff patterns. The influence of an evapotranspiration coefficient ETcoeff, implemented in the formulation of the soil-topographic-index, to account for seasonal dynamics in distributed runoff formation due to the annual course of vegetation activity is investigated. The SVAT model shows convincing results in the long-term water balance description with a mean annual deviation of less then 6% over a fourteen year time period. Introducing the evapotranspiration-soil-topographic-index αET leads to a considerable improvement; the runoff model component simulating the daily runoff over the year reaches an efficiency of ε = 0.92. Keywords: Water cycle; Geographic Information System; SVAT; TOPMODEL

Unter den Genres des russischen Musiktheaters hat die komische Oper die längste Tradition. Entstanden in den siebziger Jahren des 18. Jahrhunderts, blieb sie bis ins erste Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts hinein die einzige professionelle musiktheatralische Gattung. Nationale Genrekennzeichen sind das Lyrische, das Phantastische und das Satirische sowie die Vermischung dieser Züge, wie man sie beispielsweise in der Mainacht von Rimski-Korsakow, in Wakula der Schmied von Tschaikowsky und in der Hochzeit von Mussorgski findet, um nur einige herausragende Beispiele des 19. Jahrhunderts zu nennen. Diese genrespezifischen Eigenschaften wurden im 20. Jahrhundert größtenteils beibehalten. Neben den bekannten Werken Igor Strawinskys, Sergei Prokofjews und Dmitri Schostakowitschs stellen die Opern Nikolai Tscherepnins in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte einen interessanten Sonderweg dar.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka idéer om ras och kön som är kopplade till svarta kvinnors förhållande till sitt hår. Empirin består av intervjuer. Fyra svarta kvinnor har deltagit i en fokusgrupp och fyra andra i separata djupintervjuer. Utifrån detta material har jag genom att anlägga postkolonial teori samt svart feministiskt teori undersökt vilka betydelser familj, plats och idén om ”kvinnlighet” har för svarta kvinnors förhållande till sitt hår. Undersökningen har visat att huruvida familjemedlemmarna är vita eller inte har en betydande påverkan vad gäller svarta kvinnors förhållande till sitt hår. Likaså har platser såsom ort påverkat deras syn håret. Till exempel visar materialet att informanter som växt upp i områden där majoriteten är icke-vita inte känt sig annorlunda i förhållande till sin nära omgivning, något som informanterna som växt upp i ”vita” områden känt. Dessutom visar materialet att viljan att ha ”långt och platt hår” på många sätt är kopplad till det ”kvinnliga idealet”. Ett ideal som svarta kvinnor genom att rakpermanenta håret försöker att anamma.

Unter den Genres des russischen Musiktheaters hat die komische Oper die längste Tradition. Entstanden in den siebziger Jahren des 18. Jahrhunderts, blieb sie bis ins erste Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts hinein die einzige professionelle musiktheatralische Gattung. Nationale Genrekennzeichen sind das Lyrische, das Phantastische und das Satirische sowie die Vermischung dieser Züge, wie man sie beispielsweise in der Mainacht von Rimski-Korsakow, in Wakula der Schmied von Tschaikowsky und in der Hochzeit von Mussorgski findet, um nur einige herausragende Beispiele des 19. Jahrhunderts zu nennen. Diese genrespezifischen Eigenschaften wurden im 20. Jahrhundert größtenteils beibehalten. Neben den bekannten Werken Igor Strawinskys, Sergei Prokofjews und Dmitri Schostakowitschs stellen die Opern Nikolai Tscherepnins in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte einen interessanten Sonderweg dar.

L'olivier est un agrosystème pérenne clé pour l'économie du pourtour méditerranéen avec des pratiques culturales contrastées (sec épars/irrigué intensive, co-planté...). Connu pour ses mécanismes d'adaptations au stress hydrique et sa capacité de survivre durant de longues périodes à conditions limitantes en eau de sol, l'oléiculture pluviale est dominante dans cette zone, notamment en Tunisie et l'écartement entre les arbres est une fonction de la distribution de la pluviométrie (un nombre important de pieds à l'hectare au Nord (6 m) et des oliveraies très éparses au Sud (25 m)) assurant un volume de sol exploré par les racines supposé être suffisant pour satisfaire les besoins en eau des oliviers. Il est cependant soumis à une forte pression climatique du fait des sécheresses récurrentes dont la fréquence et l'intensité risquent de s'accentuer dans les décennies qui viennent. La réponse de ces couverts épars, où l'eau est un facteur limitant, à ces changements climatiques est méconnue. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à améliorer notre connaissance des processus physiques régissant le cycle hydrologique et le développement de la végétation dans une oliveraie pluviale au centre de la Tunisie. L'objectif de cette thèse est double : i/tester la vulnérabilité de ces oliveraies éparses face aux conditions extrêmes futures et ii/proposer des solutions aux agriculteurs à court (par exemple l'irrigation localisée de complément) et à long termes (notamment la diminution des écartements entre les arbres ou l'extension des périmètres irrigués). Pour répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons besoin de bien caractériser le fonctionnement thermo-hydrique des oliviers, d'identifier la possibilité de suivre leur état hydrique actuel et de prédire leurs réponses à des conditions hydriques futures plus sévères. Dans un premier temps, un protocole expérimental dédié qui comprend des mesures par la méthode de fluctuations turbulentes et la méthode de flux de sève a été mis en place. Les données collectées qui renseignent sur les échanges d'énergie et de matière au sein du continuum sol-plante-atmosphère, ont été analysées et leur cohérence a été vérifiée à travers une étude des différentes composantes des bilans hydrique et énergétique à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. En plus de mesures directes, des mesures de proxidétection ont été sélectionnées afin d'analyser l'apport de cet outil puissant. Des relations entre les indices de stress hydrique estimés (par exemple l'écart entre la transpiration réelle et potentielle) et les indicateurs de proxidétection (la température de surface et le photochemical reflectance index) ont été donc établies pour détecter les seuils critiques au-delà des quels un apport en eau devient indispensable pour la survie de la plante. Dans un second temps, un modèle d'échanges sol-plante-atmosphère ISBA a été calé et validé en s'appuyant sur l'important jeu de données observé pour reproduire le fonctionnement des oliviers. Cette étude souligne que le caractère épars des oliviers est néanmoins un défi pour l'application de ces outils car la fraction de couverture de végétation (moins de 7 % pour notre site de Nasrallah) est telle que la surface est dominée par le fonctionnement du sol nu. Des ajustements ont été donc proposés voire apportés aux méthodes utilisées pour les adapter à ce faible taux de couvert végétal. La base de données utilisée pour cette étude est publiée sous le DOI : 10.6096/MISTRALS-SICMED.1479
The olive tree is a key perennial agrosystem for the economy of the Mediterranean basin with contrasting farming practices (rainfed sparse/intensive irrigated, co-planted ...). Known for its mechanisms of adaptation to water stress and its ability to survive for long periods under soil water limiting conditions, rainfed olive cultivation is dominant in this area, especially in Tunisia and the spacing between trees is a function of the distribution of the precipitation (from high density of plantation in the North (6 m) to very sparse in the South (25 m)) ensuring a volume of soil explored by the roots that is assumed to be enough to satisfy the water needs of the olive trees. However, it is subject to severe climatic pressure due to widespread dry spells, for which the frequency and intensity is likely to increase in the coming decades. The response of these sparse covers, where water is a limiting factor, to these climatic changes is unrecognized. In this context, this work aims to improve the current understanding of the physical processes governing the hydrological cycle and the development of vegetation in rainfed groves in central Tunisia. There is a twofold purpose: I / to test the vulnerability of these sparse olive groves to future conditions and ii / to make a decision support to farmers for the short (i.e., localized supplementary irrigation) and in the long term (in particular a decrease of the spacing between trees or the extension of irrigated area). To meet these goals, it is necessary to characterize the thermo-hydric functioning of olive trees, to identify the possibility of monitoring their current water status and to predict their responses to more severe future water conditions. As a first step, a dedicated experimental set up that includes eddy covariance and sap flow measurements has been installed. The collected data, which provide information on the exchange of energy and matter within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, were analyzed and their consistency was verified through a study of the different components of the water and energy balances at different spatial and time scales. In addition to direct measurements, proxidetection measurements are available and allow investigating the benefit of this powerful tool. Relationships between the estimated water stress indices (e.g., the difference between actual and potential transpiration) and the proxidetection indicators (surface temperature and photochemical reflectance index) were therefore established to detect critical thresholds beyond which a water supply becomes essential for the survival of the plant. In a second step, a soil-plant-atmosphere ISBA exchange model was calibrated and validated based on the large data set observed to reproduce the functioning of olive trees. This study emphasizes that the sparse nature of olive trees is nevertheless a challenge for the application of these tools because the fraction of vegetation cover (less than 7% for our Nasrallah site) is such that the surface is dominated by the bare soil functioning. Adjustments have therefore been proposed or even applied to these methods to adapt them to this low fraction vegetation cover. The database used in this study is published under the DOI: 10.6096/MISTRALS-SICMED.1479

Dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique, l'estimation de l'évapotranspiration (ET) sur des paysages agricoles présente un enjeu considérable pour la gestion des ressources en eau aux échelles du parcellaire et des bassins versants. L'ET peut être estimée de façon spatialisée en combinant la modélisation des transferts d'énergie et d'eau à l'interface sol-végétation-atmosphère (SVAT), et l'utilisation de données satellitaires. En particulier les données infra-rouge thermique (IRT) permettent d'évaluer la température de surface (TS) et constituent une information précieuse pour la résolution des bilans d'énergie. Dans ce contexte cette thèse s'intéresse à l'intercomparaison multi-résolutions de 2 approches : 1. En simulant avec TSEB [Norman et al. , 1995a], un modèle de bilan d'énergie en surface (SEB) forcé directement avec des données IRT de résolutions hectométrique à kilométrique. Il est conçu pour être piloté par télédétection mais simplifié et donc limité. 2. En agrégeant les estimations à haute résolution spatiale (à l'échelle de la parcelle agricole) issues du modèle SEtHyS [Coudert et al. , 2006], un modèle plus complexe qui inclue la résolution du bilan d'eau et qui peut être contraint par des données IRT. Il nécessite la connaissance d'un plus grand nombre de paramètres et d'entrées ce qui rend sa spatialisation plus délicate. Dans une première partie des données in-situ recueillies sur 3 sites expérimentaux en France et au Maroc ont permis d'étalonner les modèles, d'évaluer leurs performances et d'effectuer des analyses de sensibilité pour différents cas de figure (climat tempéré ou semi-aride, type de culture, stade phénologique, stress hydrique. . . ), et ainsi mettre en évidence leurs domaines de validité et préparer la phase de spatialisation. Dans une seconde partie, un outil a été développé afin de gérer de façon semi-automatisée les simulations spatialisées multi-résolutions de l'ET avec les 2 approches. Des scénarios de spatialisation ont été testés (variabilité sur les contenus en eau du sol, la profondeur de sol, et le forçage météorologique), et une méthode innovante a été proposée afin d'inverser des quantités d'irrigation à partir de l'information relative contenue dans une image de TS. Cette partie a permis de mettre en place les premières briques d'un travail exploratoire et ouvre des perspectives intéressantes quant à l'assimilation de données pour le suivi de l'irrigation, mais aussi pour l'étude de l'impact de la spatialisation des pluies, de l'impact des pentes sur le transfert radiatif, et l'amélioration des produits ET à basse résolution spatiale
In a global warming context, estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) over agricultural landscapes is of great interest for water resources management at crop and watershed scales. ET can be estimated spatialy by combining soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) modeling, and satellite data. In particular, thermal infra-red (TIR) data allows retrieving surface temperature (LST) which is a precious information regarding energy budgets solving. In this context, this thesis focuses on multi-resolutions intercomparison of 2 approaches: 1. By simulating with TSEB [Norman et al. , 1995a], a surface energy budget (SEB) model forced directly with TIR data at hectometric and kilometric resolutions. It is designed to be driven with remote sensing data, but simplified and thus limited. 2. By agregating high spatial resolution (crop scale) estimations from SEtHyS [Coudert et al. , 2006] model, a more complex model which solves water budget and can be constrained by TIR data. It requires more parameters and inputs which make it trickier to spatialize. In a first part in-situ data acquired over 3 experimental sites in France and Morocco allowed calibration, performances evaluation and sensitivity analyses of models for various cases (temperate and semi-arid climate, kind of culture, phenological stage, hydric stress. . . ), which highlighted their domains of validity and prepared spatialization phase. In a second part, a tool was developed in order to handle semi-automatically spatialized multiresolutions ET estimations with both approaches. Spatialization scenarios were tested (variability of soil water contents, soil depth, and meteorological forcing) and an innovative method was proposed to inverse irrigation amounts from relative information available among a LST image. This part allowed to implement the first bricks of an exploratory work and open interesting perspectives regarding data assimilation for irrigation monitoring, but also for studying impact of spatialization of rain, impact of slopes on radiative transfer, and enhancement of low spatial resolution ET products

Die Implementierung und Anwendung von Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transport-Modellen (SVAT) in der Landwirtschaft erfordert die Kenntnis der aerodynamischen Eigenschaften der Unterlage. Diese sind die Verschiebungslänge d, die Rauhigkeitslänge z0 und weitere Parameter welche den Effekt der Rauhigkeitsschicht unmittelbar über dem Pflanzenbestand beschreiben, wie die Schichthöhen für den Transfer von Impuls Zm* und Skalaren Zs*. Umfangreiche Literaturangaben über einen weiten Bereich von Bestandsmerkmalen wurden zur Entwicklung und Ableitung neuer Schätzfunktionen der genannten Parameter genutzt. Ein neues Modell wird für d als Funktion der Bestandeshöhe hc und dem Plant Area Index PAI vorgeschlagen. Ein semi¬empirisches Vorhersagemodell wird für die Längenskale Ls in Abhängigkeit von hc, PAI, der relativen Kronenhöhe und dem mittleren Abstand zwischen Rauhigkeitselementen entwickelt. Mit Schätzwerten für d, Ls, Zm* und anderen Inputs wurde eine Gleichung für z0 entwickelt und geprüft. Unter Berücksichtigung der Rauhigkeitsschicht werden geschlossene analytische Lösungen für die Schubspannungsgeschwindigkeit, das Windprofil und den aerodynamischen Widerstand präsentiert. Es wird ein Energiebilanzmodell für teilweise mit Folien bedeckten Erddämmen vorgestellt. Bekannte Vorgehensweisen aus der Literatur wurden hinsichtlich der Effekte des peripheren Strahlungsanteils der Sonne, der Modifizierung des kurzwelligen und langwelligen Strahlungstransfers durch den Damm selbst und der winkelabhängigen Transmission und Reflexion von Folien erweitert. Nur 3 Parameter mussten aus stündlichen Messwerten der Bodentemperatur über einen Monat bestimmt werden. Beim Gesamttest des Modells zeigte sich eine mittlere quadratische Abweichung zwischen Simulationen und Messungen der Dammtemperatur von 1.5-1.9 K in Abhängigkeit vom Standort. Testsimulationen zeigten, dass für strahlungsundurchlässige Folien eine präzise Darstellung der winkelabhängigen Reflexion nicht notwendig ist. Für transparente Folien sind zur Beschreibung von Transmission und Reflexion auch einfache Ansätze ausreichend. Nur wenige Inputs sind zur Simulation erforderlich wie die Gehalte an Humus, Sand und Ton, die Dammgeometrie und die Transmissions- und Reflexionsgrade der eingesetzten Folien.
Implementation and application of Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transport Models (SVAT) in agriculture require knowledge of aerodynamic properties of the exchanging surface. These are the zero plane displacement d, the roughness length for momentum z0, and additional parameters describing the roughness layer just above the canopy as the height of the roughness layer for momentum and scalars (Zm*, Zs*), and parameters of the modified diffusivity profile functions. Several data summaries from the literature on aerodynamic properties over a broad range of plant canopies are used to develop and test predictive models for a number of needed aerodynamic parameters. A new model for d is presented as a function of canopy height hc and Plant Area Index PAI. A semi-empirical equation for the canopy length scale Ls is derived from hc, PAI, fractional crown height, and inter-element spacing of roughness elements. Having estimates of d, Ls, Zm* and other inputs one can derive predictive equations for z0. Closed form analytical expressions are given for the friction velocity, the horizontal wind speed profile and the aerodynamic resistance, which account for both stability and roughness layer effects. An energy balance model for a two-dimensional ridge surface partly covered by a plastic mulch is presented. Previous approaches are modified and extended to include (1) the circumsolar part of diffuse radiation and (2) the altered interception of diffuse short- and long-wave radiation due to horizon obstructions and surface slope and (3) the directional dependence of transmissivity and reflectivity of plastic mulches. Only three parameters had to be estimated from data taken over one month at one site. Overall, simulated data fitted with the whole data set on soil temperatures, with root mean square errors of 1.5 K and 1.9 K for both sites, respectively. Test simulations established that for opaque plastics, detailed analysis of directional radiative properties is not necessary, and for transparent plastics, rather simpler approaches are sufficient. Only a few inputs have to be provided to apply the model: the soil humus content and texture, the shape of the ridge, and the transmissivities and reflectivities of the used plastic mulches in the short-wave and long-wave range.

Extensive deforestations, particularly in the (sub)tropics, have led to intense soil degradation and erosion with concomitant reduction in soil fertility. Reforestations or plantations on those degraded sites may provide effective measures to mitigate further soil degradation and erosion, and can lead to improved soil quality. However, a change in land use from, e.g., grassland to forest may have a crucial impact on water balance. This may affect water availability even under humid tropical climate conditions where water is normally not a limiting factor. In this context, it should also be considered that according to climate change projections rainfall may decrease in some of these regions. To mitigate climate change related problems (e.g. increases in erosion and drought), reforestations are often carried out. Unfortunately, those measures are seldom completely successful, because the environmental conditions and the plant specific requirements are not appropriately taken into account. This is often due to data-scarcity and limited financial resources in tropical regions. For this reason, innovative approaches are required that are able to measure environmental conditions quasi-continuously in a cost-effective manner. Simultaneously, reforestation measures should be accompanied by monitoring in order to evaluate reforestation success and to mitigate, or at least to reduce, potential problems associated with reforestation (e.g. water scarcity). To avoid reforestation failure and negative implications on ecosystem services, it is crucial to get insights into the water balance of the actual ecosystem, and potential changes resulting from reforestation. The identification and prediction of water balance changes as a result of reforestation under climate change requires the consideration of the complex feedback system of processes in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. Models that account for those feedback system are Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models. For the before-mentioned reasons, this study targeted two main objectives: (i) to develop and test a method combination for site evaluation under data scarcity (i.e. study requirements) (Part I) and (ii) to investigate the consequences of prediction uncertainty of the SVAT model input parameters, which were derived using geophysical methods, on SVAT modeling (Part II). A water balance modeling approach was set at the center of the site evaluation approach. This study used the one-dimensional CoupModel, which is a SVAT model. CoupModel requires detailed spatial soil information for (i) model parameterization, (ii) upscaling of model results and accounting for local to regional-scale soil heterogeneity, and (iii) monitoring of changes in soil properties and plant characteristics over time. Since traditional approaches to soil and vegetation sampling and monitoring are time consuming and expensive (and therefore often limited to point information), geophysical methods were used to overcome this spatial limitation. For this reason, vis-NIR spectroscopy (visible to near-infrared wavelength range) was applied for the measurement of soil properties (physical and chemical), and remote sensing to derive vegetation characteristics (i.e. leaf area index (LAI)). Since the estimated soil properties (mainly texture) could be used to parameterize a SVAT model, this study investigated the whole processing chain and related prediction uncertainty of soil texture and LAI, and their impact on CoupModel water balance prediction uncertainty. A greenhouse experiment with bamboo plants was carried out to determine plant-physiological characteristics needed for CoupModel parameterization. Geoelectrics was used to investigate soil layering, with the intent of determining site-representative soil profiles for model parameterization. Soil structure was investigated using image analysis techniques that allow the quantitative assessment and comparability of structural features. In order to meet the requirements of the selected study approach, the developed methodology was applied and tested for a site in NE-Brazil (which has low data availability) with a bamboo plantation as the test site and a secondary forest as the reference (reference site). Nevertheless, the objective of the thesis was not the concrete modeling of the case study site, but rather the evaluation of the suitability of the selected methods to evaluate sites for reforestations and to monitor their influence on the water balance as well as soil properties. The results (Part III) highlight that one needs to be aware of the measurement uncertainty related to SVAT model input parameters, so for instance the uncertainty of model input parameters such as soil texture and leaf area index influences meaningfully the simulated model water balance output. Furthermore, this work indicates that vis-NIR spectroscopy is a fast and cost-efficient method for soil measurement, mapping, and monitoring of soil physical (texture) and chemical (N, TOC, TIC, TC) properties, where the quality of soil prediction depends on the instrument (e.g. sensor resolution), the sample properties (i.e. chemistry), and the site characteristics (i.e. climate). Additionally, also the sensitivity of the CoupModel with respect to texture prediction uncertainty with respect to surface runoff, transpiration, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and soil water content depends on site conditions (i.e. climate and soil type). For this reason, it is recommended that SVAT model sensitivity analysis be carried out prior to field spectroscopic measurements to account for site specific climate and soil conditions. Nevertheless, mapping of the soil properties estimated via spectroscopy using kriging resulted in poor interpolation (i.e. weak variograms) results as a consequence of a summation of uncertainty arising from the method of field measurement to mapping (i.e. spectroscopic soil prediction, kriging error) and site-specific ‘small-scale’ heterogeneity. The selected soil evaluation method (vis-NIR spectroscopy, structure comparison using image analysis, traditional laboratory analysis) showed that there are significant differences between the bamboo soil and the adjacent secondary forest soil established on the same soil type (Vertisol). Reflecting on the major study results, it can be stated that the selected method combination is a way forward to a more detailed and efficient way to evaluate the suitability of a specific site for reforestation. The results of this study provide insights into where and when during soil and vegetation measurements a high measurement accuracy is required to minimize uncertainties in SVAT modeling
Umfangreiche Abholzungen, besonders in den (Sub-)Tropen, habe zu intensiver Bodendegradierung und Erosion mit einhergehendem Verlust der Bodenfruchtbarkeit geführt. Eine wirksame Maßnahme zur Vermeidung fortschreitender Bodendegradierung und Erosion sind Aufforstungen auf diesen Flächen, die bisweilen zu einer verbesserten Bodenqualität führen können. Eine Umwandlung von Grünland zu Wald kann jedoch einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Wasserhaushalt haben. Selbst unter humid-tropischen Klimabedingungen, wo Wasser in der Regel kein begrenzender Faktor ist, können sich Aufforstungen negativ auf die Wasserverfügbarkeit auswirken. In diesem Zusammenhang muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass Klimamodelle eine Abnahme der Niederschläge in einigen dieser Regionen prognostizieren. Um die Probleme, die mit dem Klimawandel in Verbindung stehen zu mildern (z.B. Zunahme von Erosion und Dürreperioden), wurden und werden bereits umfangreiche Aufforstungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt. Viele dieser Maßnahmen waren nicht immer umfassend erfolgreich, weil die Umgebungsbedingungen sowie die pflanzenspezifischen Anforderungen nicht angemessen berücksichtigt wurden. Dies liegt häufig an der schlechten Datengrundlage sowie an den in vielen Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern begrenzter verfügbarer finanzieller Mittel. Aus diesem Grund werden innovative Ansätze benötigt, die in der Lage sind quasi-kontinuierlich und kostengünstig die Standortbedingungen zu erfassen und zu bewerten. Gleichzeitig sollte eine Überwachung der Wiederaufforstungsmaßnahme erfolgen, um deren Erfolg zu bewerten und potentielle negative Effekte (z.B. Wasserknappheit) zu erkennen und diesen entgegenzuwirken bzw. reduzieren zu können. Um zu vermeiden, dass Wiederaufforstungen fehlschlagen oder negative Auswirkungen auf die Ökosystemdienstleistungen haben, ist es entscheidend, Kenntnisse vom tatsächlichen Wasserhaushalt des Ökosystems zu erhalten und Änderungen des Wasserhaushalts durch Wiederaufforstungen vorhersagen zu können. Die Ermittlung und Vorhersage von Wasserhaushaltsänderungen infolge einer Aufforstung unter Berücksichtigung des Klimawandels erfordert die Berücksichtigung komplex-verzahnter Rückkopplungsprozesse im Boden-Vegetations-Atmosphären Kontinuum. Hydrologische Modelle, die explizit den Einfluss der Vegetation auf den Wasserhaushalt untersuchen sind Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) Modelle. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgte zwei Hauptziele: (i) die Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Methodenkombination zur Standortbewertung unter Datenknappheit (d.h. Grundanforderung des Ansatzes) (Teil I) und (ii) die Untersuchung des Einflusses der mit geophysikalischen Methoden vorhergesagten SVAT-Modeleingangsparameter (d.h. Vorhersageunsicherheiten) auf die Modellierung (Teil II). Eine Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung wurde in den Mittelpunkt der Methodenkombination gesetzt. In dieser Studie wurde das 1D SVAT Model CoupModel verwendet. CoupModel benötigen detaillierte räumliche Bodeninformationen (i) zur Modellparametrisierung, (ii) zum Hochskalierung von Modellergebnissen unter Berücksichtigung lokaler und regionaler Bodenheterogenität, und (iii) zur Beobachtung (Monitoring) der zeitlichen Veränderungen des Bodens und der Vegetation. Traditionelle Ansätze zur Messung von Boden- und Vegetationseigenschaften und deren Monitoring sind jedoch zeitaufwendig, teuer und beschränken sich daher oft auf Punktinformationen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Überwindung der räumlichen Einschränkung sind die Nutzung geophysikalischer Methoden. Aus diesem Grund wurden vis-NIR Spektroskopie (sichtbarer bis nah-infraroter Wellenlängenbereich) zur quasi-kontinuierlichen Messung von physikalischer und chemischer Bodeneigenschaften und Satelliten-basierte Fernerkundung zur Ableitung von Vegetationscharakteristika (d.h. Blattflächenindex (BFI)) eingesetzt. Da die mit geophysikalisch hergeleiteten Bodenparameter (hier Bodenart) und Pflanzenparameter zur Parametrisierung eines SVAT Models verwendet werden können, wurde die gesamte Prozessierungskette und die damit verbundenen Unsicherheiten und deren potentiellen Auswirkungen auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel untersucht. Ein Gewächshausexperiment mit Bambuspflanzen wurde durchgeführt, um die zur CoupModel Parametrisierung notwendigen pflanzenphysio- logischen Parameter zu bestimmen. Geoelektrik wurde eingesetzt, um die Bodenschichtung der Untersuchungsfläche zu untersuchen und ein repräsentatives Bodenprofil zur Modellierung zu definieren. Die Bodenstruktur wurde unter Verwendung einer Bildanalysetechnik ausgewertet, die die qualitativen Bewertung und Vergleichbarkeit struktureller Merkmale ermöglicht. Um den Anforderungen des gewählten Standortbewertungsansatzes gerecht zu werden, wurde die Methodik auf einem Standort mit einer Bambusplantage und einem Sekundärregenwald (als Referenzfläche) in NO-Brasilien (d.h. geringe Datenverfügbarkeit) entwickelt und getestet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war jedoch nicht die Modellierung dieses konkreten Standortes, sondern die Bewertung der Eignung des gewählten Methodenansatzes zur Standortbewertung für Aufforstungen und deren zeitliche Beobachtung, als auch die Bewertung des Einfluss von Aufforstungen auf den Wasserhaushalt und die Bodenqualität. Die Ergebnisse (Teil III) verdeutlichen, dass es notwendig ist, sich den potentiellen Einfluss der Messunsicherheiten der SVAT Modelleingangsparameter auf die Modellierung bewusst zu sein. Beispielsweise zeigte sich, dass die Vorhersageunsicherheiten der Bodentextur und des BFI einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel hatte. Die Arbeit zeigt weiterhin, dass vis-NIR Spektroskopie zur schnellen und kostengünstigen Messung, Kartierung und Überwachung boden-physikalischer (Bodenart) und -chemischer (N, TOC, TIC, TC) Eigenschaften geeignet ist. Die Qualität der Bodenvorhersage hängt vom Instrument (z.B. Sensorauflösung), den Probeneigenschaften (z.B. chemische Zusammensetzung) und den Standortmerkmalen (z.B. Klima) ab. Die Sensitivitätsanalyse mit CoupModel zeigte, dass der Einfluss der spektralen Bodenartvorhersageunsicherheiten auf den mit CoupModel simulierten Oberflächenabfluss, Evaporation, Transpiration und Evapotranspiration ebenfalls von den Standortbedingungen (z.B. Klima, Bodentyp) abhängt. Aus diesem Grund wird empfohlen eine SVAT Model Sensitivitätsanalyse vor der spektroskopischen Feldmessung von Bodenparametern durchzuführen, um die Standort-spezifischen Boden- und Klimabedingungen angemessen zu berücksichtigen. Die Anfertigung einer Bodenkarte unter Verwendung von Kriging führte zu schlechten Interpolationsergebnissen in Folge der Aufsummierung von Mess- und Schätzunsicherheiten (d.h. bei spektroskopischer Feldmessung, Kriging-Fehler) und der kleinskaligen Bodenheterogenität. Anhand des gewählten Bodenbewertungsansatzes (vis-NIR Spektroskopie, Strukturvergleich mit Bildanalysetechnik, traditionelle Laboranalysen) konnte gezeigt werden, dass es bei gleichem Bodentyp (Vertisol) signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Böden unter Bambus und Sekundärwald gibt. Anhand der wichtigsten Ergebnisse kann festgehalten werden, dass die gewählte Methodenkombination zur detailreicheren und effizienteren Standortuntersuchung und -bewertung für Aufforstungen beitragen kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie geben einen Einblick darauf, wo und wann bei Boden- und Vegetationsmessungen eine besonders hohe Messgenauigkeit erforderlich ist, um Unsicherheiten bei der SVAT Modellierung zu minimieren
Extensos desmatamentos que estão sendo feitos especialmente nos trópicos e sub-trópicos resultam em uma intensa degradação do solo e num aumento da erosão gerando assim uma redução na sua fertilidade. Reflorestamentos ou plantações nestas áreas degradadas podem ser medidas eficazes para atenuar esses problemas e levar a uma melhoria da qualidade do mesmo. No entanto, uma mudança no uso da terra, por exemplo de pastagem para floresta pode ter um impacto crucial no balanço hídrico e isso pode afetar a disponibilidade de água, mesmo sob condições de clima tropical úmido, onde a água normalmente não é um fator limitante. Devemos levar também em consideração que de acordo com projeções de mudanças climáticas, as precipitações em algumas dessas regiões também diminuirão agravando assim, ainda mais o quadro apresentado. Para mitigar esses problemas relacionados com as alterações climáticas, reflorestamentos são frequentemente realizados mas raramente são bem-sucedidos, pois condições ambientais como os requisitos específicos de cada espécie de planta, não são devidamente levados em consideração. Isso é muitas vezes devido, não só pela falta de dados, como também por recursos financeiros limitados, que são problemas comuns em regiões tropicais. Por esses motivos, são necessárias abordagens inovadoras que devam ser capazes de medir as condições ambientais quase continuamente e de maneira rentável. Simultaneamente com o reflorestamento, deve ser feita uma monitoração a fim de avaliar o sucesso da atividade e para prevenir, ou pelo menos, reduzir os problemas potenciais associados com o mesmo (por exemplo, a escassez de água). Para se evitar falhas e reduzir implicações negativas sobre os ecossistemas, é crucial obter percepções sobre o real balanço hídrico e as mudanças que seriam geradas por esse reflorestamento. Por este motivo, esta tese teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas adequadas para reflorestamento. Com esse intuito, foi colocada no centro da abordagem de avaliação a modelagem do balanço hídrico local, que permite a identificação e estimação de possíveis alterações causadas pelo reflorestamento sob mudança climática considerando o sistema complexo de realimentação e a interação de processos do continuum solo-vegetação-atmosfera. Esses modelos hidrológicos que investigam explicitamente a influência da vegetação no equilíbrio da água são conhecidos como modelos Solo-Vegetação-Atmosfera (SVAT). Esta pesquisa focou em dois objetivos principais: (i) desenvolvimento e teste de uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas que sofrem com a escassez de dados (pré-requisito do estudo) (Parte I), e (ii) a investigação das consequências da incerteza nos parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT, provenientes de dados geofísicos, para modelagem hídrica (Parte II). A fim de satisfazer esses objetivos, o estudo foi feito no nordeste brasileiro,por representar uma área de grande escassez de dados, utilizando como base uma plantação de bambu e uma área de floresta secundária. Uma modelagem do balanço hídrico foi disposta no centro da metodologia para a avaliação de áreas. Este estudo utilizou o CoupModel que é um modelo SVAT unidimensional e que requer informações espaciais detalhadas do solo para (i) a parametrização do modelo, (ii) aumento da escala dos resultados da modelagem, considerando a heterogeneidade do solo de escala local para regional e (iii) o monitoramento de mudanças nas propriedades do solo e características da vegetação ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, as abordagens tradicionais para amostragem de solo e de vegetação e o monitoramento são demorados e caros e portanto muitas vezes limitadas a informações pontuais. Por esta razão, métodos geofísicos como a espectroscopia visível e infravermelho próximo (vis-NIR) e sensoriamento remoto foram utilizados respectivamente para a medição de propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e para derivar as características da vegetação baseado no índice da área foliar (IAF). Como as propriedades estimadas de solo (principalmente a textura) poderiam ser usadas para parametrizar um modelo SVAT, este estudo investigou toda a cadeia de processamento e as incertezas de previsão relacionadas à textura de solo e ao IAF. Além disso explorou o impacto destas incertezas criadas sobre a previsão do balanço hídrico simulado por CoupModel. O método geoelétrico foi aplicado para investigar a estratificação do solo visando a determinação de um perfil representante. Já a sua estrutura foi explorada usando uma técnica de análise de imagens que permitiu a avaliação quantitativa e a comparabilidade dos aspectos estruturais. Um experimento realizado em uma estufa com plantas de bambu (Bambusa vulgaris) foi criado a fim de determinar as caraterísticas fisiológicas desta espécie que posteriormente seriam utilizadas como parâmetros para o CoupModel. Os resultados do estudo (Parte III) destacam que é preciso estar consciente das incertezas relacionadas à medição de parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT. A incerteza presente em alguns parâmetros de entrada como por exemplo, textura de solo e o IAF influencia significantemente a modelagem do balanço hídrico. Mesmo assim, esta pesquisa indica que vis-NIR espectroscopia é um método rápido e economicamente viável para medir, mapear e monitorar as propriedades físicas (textura) e químicas (N, TOC, TIC, TC) do solo. A precisão da previsão dessas propriedades depende do tipo de instrumento (por exemplo da resolução do sensor), da propriedade da amostra (a composição química por exemplo) e das características das condições climáticas da área. Os resultados apontam também que a sensitividade do CoupModel à incerteza da previsão da textura de solo em respeito ao escoamento superficial, transpiração, evaporação, evapotranspiração e ao conteúdo de água no solo depende das condições gerais da área (por exemplo condições climáticas e tipo de solo). Por isso, é recomendado realizar uma análise de sensitividade do modelo SVAT prior a medição espectral do solo no campo, para poder considerar adequadamente as condições especificas do área em relação ao clima e ao solo. Além disso, o mapeamento de propriedades de solo previstas pela espectroscopia usando o kriging, resultou em interpolações de baixa qualidade (variogramas fracos) como consequência da acumulação de incertezas surgidas desde a medição no campo até o seu mapeamento (ou seja, previsão do solo via espectroscopia, erro do kriging) e heterogeneidade especifica de uma pequena escala. Osmétodos selecionados para avaliação das áreas (vis-NIR espectroscopia, comparação da estrutura de solo por meio de análise de imagens, análise de laboratório tradicionais) revelou a existência de diferenças significativas entre o solo sob bambu e o sob floresta secundária, apesar de ambas terem sido estabelecidas no mesmo tipo de solo (vertissolo). Refletindo sobre os principais resultados do estudo, pode-se afirmar que a combinação dos métodos escolhidos e aplicados representam uma forma mais detalhada e eficaz de avaliar se uma determinada área é adequada para ser reflorestada. Os resultados apresentados fornecem percepções sobre onde e quando, durante a medição do solo e da vegetação, é necessário se ter uma precisão mais alta a fim de minimizar incertezas potenciais na modelagem com o modelo SVAT

In the article investigational three magazines which went out after Second World war in Germany and Austria in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants, is «Theater» (edition of association of artists of the Ukrainian stage), «Student flag» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Young friends» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth). The thematic structure of magazines, which is inferior the association of different on age, is considered, by vital experience and professional orientation of people in the conditions of the forced emigration, paid regard to graphic registration of magazines, which, without regard to absence of the proper publisher-polydiene bases, marked structuralness and expressiveness. A repertoire of periodicals of Ukrainian migration is in the American, English and French areas of occupation of Germany and Austria after Second world war, which consists of 200 names, strikes the tipologichnoy vseokhopnistyu and testifies to the high intellectual level of the moved persons, desire of yaknaynovishe, to realize the considerable potential in new terms with hope on transference of the purchased experience to Ukraine. On ruins of Europe for two-three years the network of the press, which could be proud of the European state is separately taken, is created. Different was a period of their appearance: from odnogo-dvokh there are to a few hundred numbers, that it is related to intensive migration of Ukrainians to the USA, Canada, countries of South America, Australia. But indisputable is a fact of forming of conceptions of newspapers and magazines, which it follows to study, doslidzhuvati and adjust them to present Ukrainian realities. Here not superfluous will be an example of a few editions on the thematic range of which the names – «Plastun» specify, «Skob», «Mali druzi», «Sonechko», «Yunackiy shliah», «Iyzhak», «Lys Mykyta» (satire, humour), «Literaturna gazeta», «Ukraina і svit», «Ridne slovo», «Hrystyianskyi shliah», «Golos derzhavnyka», «Ukrainskyi samostiynyk», «Gart», «Zmag» (sport), «Litopys politviaznia», «Ukrains’ka shkola», «Torgivlia i promysel», «Gospodars’ko-kooperatyvne zhyttia», «Ukrainskyi gospodar», «Ukrainskyi esperantist», «Radiotehnik», «Politviazen’», «Ukrainskyi selianyn» Considering three riznovektorni magazines «Teatr» (edition of Association Mistciv the Ukrainian Stage), «Studentskyi prapor» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Yuni druzi» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth) assert that maintenance all three magazines directed on creation of different on age and by the professional orientation of national associations for achievement of the unique purpose – cherishing and maintainance of environments of ukrainstva, identity, in the conditions of strange land. Without regard to unfavorable publisher-polydiene possibilities, absence of financial support and proper encouragement, release, followed the intensive necessity of concentration of efforts for achievement of primary purpose – receipt and re-erecting of the Ukrainian State.