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1
Reus, V., L. Belloni, T. Zemb, N. Lutterbach und H. Versmold. „Spectres de diffusion et pression osmotique de suspensions colloïdales de particules de latex chargées“. Journal de Chimie Physique 92 (1995): 1233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jcp/1995921233.
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2
Auradou, Harold, Carine Douarche, Adama Creppy, Hector Matias Lopez und Éric Clément. „Viscosité d’une suspension de bactéries : des efforts individuels aux efforts collectifs“. Reflets de la physique, Nr. 57 (April 2018): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/201857020.
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En 1906, Albert Einstein [1] a montré que l’ajout de particules sphériques solides dans un fluide augmente sa viscosité. En est-il encore ainsi quand les particules sont « actives » (c’est-à-dire motiles) ? Des expériences récentes avec des suspensions de bactéries Escherichia coli, qui sont de type « pousseur », démontrent un effet opposé : aux faibles taux de cisaillement, la viscosité macroscopique du liquide chute jusqu’à devenir nulle. Ce phénomène vient essentiellement du fait que la puissance motrice des bactéries contribue à la puissance mécanique fournie au fluide pour assurer son écoulement, cette contribution ayant une valeur nette non nulle en raison de l’organisation de la nage des bactéries soit individuellement, soit collectivement.
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Elomrani, M., J. M. Brunello, M. Nomine und P. Blazy. „Préparation des mélanges charbon-eau: Effet de la nature du charbon et amélioration de la qualité des suspensions par action sur les propriétés des particules“. Powder Technology 57, Nr. 4 (April 1989): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(89)80041-5.
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4
Bogdevičius, Marijonas, und Raimundas Junevičius. „DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF THE RETROFITED REAR SUSPENSION OF THE VEHICLE“. TRANSPORT 19, Nr. 6 (31.12.2004): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637985.
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The main aim of the investigation is to design rear suspension and to improve the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Three types of rear suspensions that consist of a leaf spring, a hydraulic and a pneumatic damper, an air spring are designed. The dynamic models of the quarter car with these rear suspensions are presented. Random disturbance of particular road surface is played back by using a spectral density and Monte Carlo method. Natural frequencies of rear suspension are presented. The dependence of standard deviations of the first, the second and the third derivates of particular random displacements on the vehicle speed is obtained. Dynamic characteristics of three rear suspensions are compared and the best rear suspension is determined.
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Horie, Masanori, Haruhisa Kato, Shigehisa Endoh, Ayako Nakamura, Junko Maru, Naohide Shinohara und Katsuhide Fujita. „Effects of Various Carbon Nanotube Suspensions on A549, THP-1, and Peritoneal Macrophage Cells“. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 24 (Juli 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.24.1.
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The effects of iron content, fiber length, and stability of carbon nanotube (CNT) suspension on cells were examined. Five kinds of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) suspensions were prepared: with catalytic iron, without iron, long SWCNTs (stable), short SWCNTs (stable), and short SWCNT (unstable). These suspensions were applied to A549, THP-1, and mouse peritoneal macrophage cells. After a 24-h exposure, the mitochondrial activity, cell membrane damage, intracellular oxidative stress, and expression of cytokine genes were determined. Among these properties of SWCNTs, stability of CNT suspension had the most influence on the cells, whereas the effects of iron content and fiber length were small. The unstable SWCNT suspension caused a substantial increase in intracellular ROS levels. Additionally, the cellular effects of stable multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were examined. The MWCNT suspension did not show any cellular effects. Overall, influences of CNT suspension on mitochondrial activity and cell membrane damage were small. These results suggest that the physical properties of CNT suspension are important factors for their cellular effects. Thus, CNT suspensions prepared with the same material but having different physical properties would differ in the cellular effects they exert, including cytotoxicity. Therefore, physical characterization of CNT suspensions is essential to the evaluation of CNT toxicity. In particular, stability of CNT suspension notably influenced the intracellular ROS level.
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Moravec, Jiří, Tomáš Jirout, František Rieger und Lukáš Krátký. „Mixing system for highly concentrated fine-grained suspensions“. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 11, Nr. 4 (01.01.2009): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-009-0043-9.
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Mixing system for highly concentrated fine-grained suspensions The mixing equipment for highly concentrated fine-grained suspensions must be designed differently from the equipment in which a suspension with a low concentration of the solid phase or bigger particles is mixed. It is due to the different rheological properties of the suspensions. In this work we are trying to find a suitable mixing system for a highly concentrated fine-grained suspension. The aim was to determine an effect of particular geometrical parameters of the tested mixing systems on a suspension process, especially from the energetic viewpoint. The energetic costs of all the used mixing systems were compared on the basis of the power consumption which was necessary for reaching the state of sufficient suspension movement in the whole mixed bulk. As a result, it was confirmed that multistage impellers can be used even in standard vessels (with a liquid level height equal to a vessel diameter) with a profit. During experiments, the state of sufficient movement was determined by a visual observation of the suspension at the vessel bottom, at the wall and also at the suspension level.
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Goel, Sneha, Stefan Björklund, Nicholas Curry, Sivakumar Govindarajan, Urban Wiklund, Caterina Gaudiuso und Shrikant Joshi. „Axial Plasma Spraying of Mixed Suspensions: A Case Study on Processing, Characteristics, and Tribological Behavior of Al2O3-YSZ Coatings“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 15 (27.07.2020): 5140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155140.
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Thermal spraying deploying liquid feedstock offers an exciting opportunity to obtain coatings with characteristics vastly different from those produced using conventional spray-grade powders. The most extensively investigated variant of this technique is Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS), which utilizes a suspension of fine powders in an appropriate medium. The relatively recent advent of axial feed capable plasma spray systems can enable higher throughputs during SPS, provides the possibility for spraying with longer stand-off distances, and also permit the use of suspensions with higher solid loading. The present work investigates axial plasma sprayed coatings produced using a mixed suspension of fine (submicron or nano-sized) powders of Al2O3 and YSZ as a case study. Deposition of the mixed suspension using axial injection plasma spraying, comprehensive evaluation of characteristics of the resulting coatings, and assessment of their tribological behavior were of particular interest. Evaluation of surface morphology, microstructure, and hardness of the coatings reveals that axial SPS of mixed suspensions provides an exciting pathway to realize finely structured multi-constituent coatings using suspensions with as high as 40 wt.% solid loading. The study of scratch, dry sliding wear, and erosion behavior also specifically shows that the addition of YSZ in the Al2O3 matrix can improve the tribological properties of the coating.
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Mahlberg, Michaela, Catherine Smith und Simon Preston. „Phrases in literary contexts“. Current issues in phraseology 18, Nr. 1 (13.05.2013): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.1.05mah.
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This paper addresses relations between lexico-grammatical patterns and texts. Our focus is on a specific linguistic unit, the ‘suspended quotation’ (or ‘suspension’), which has received particular attention in Dickens studies. The suspended quotation refers to an interruption of a fictional character’s speech by the narrator with a sequence of at least five words. We show how corpus linguistic methods can help to systematically study suspensions in a corpus of Dickens’s novels: we investigate relationships between patterns of body language presentation and suspensions; we consider the distribution of suspensions across novels; and we illustrate how patterns in suspensions relate to meanings of reporting verbs. Overall, we argue that suspensions are discernible units that contribute to meaningful patterns in narrative prose.
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PARREAU, FRANÇOIS, und EMMANUEL ROY. „Prime Poisson suspensions“. Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 35, Nr. 7 (04.08.2014): 2216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2014.32.
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We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for a Poisson suspension to be prime. The proof is based on the Fock space structure of the $L^{2}$-space of the Poisson suspension. We give examples of explicit infinite measure-preserving systems, in particular of non-singular compact group rotations that give rise to prime Poisson suspensions. We also compare some properties of so far known prime transformations with those of our examples, showing that these examples are new.
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Khuzhayorov, Bakhtiyor, Bekzodjon Fayziev, Gafurjan Ibragimov und Norihan Md Arifin. „A Deep Bed Filtration Model of Two-Component Suspension in Dual-Zone Porous Medium“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 8 (17.04.2020): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082793.
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In the paper, a mathematical model for the filtration of two-component suspensions in a dual-zone porous medium is considered. The model consists of the mass balance equations, the kinetic equations for active and passive zones of porous medium for each component of the suspension and Darcy’s law. To solve the problem, a numerical algorithm for computer experimentation is developed on the basis of finite difference method. Based on numerical results, the main characteristics of suspension filtration in a porous medium are established. Influences of model parameters on transport and deposition of suspended particles of two-component suspension in porous media are analysed. It is shown that the polydispersity of suspension and multistage nature of the deposition kinetics can lead to various effects that are not characteristic for the transport of one-component suspensions with one-stage particle deposition kinetics. In particular, in distribution of the concentration of suspended particles in a moving fluid non-monotonic dynamics are obtained at individual points in the medium. It is shown that at the points of the medium near to the input section, the concentration of deposited particles can reach partial capacities in the passive zone.
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Kurilov, Vladyslav. „Experimental Verification of Calculation Formulas for Hydraulic Characteristics of Ash Suspension Removal“. Mining Revue 30, Nr. 1 (01.03.2024): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minrv-2024-0004.
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Abstract The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the hydraulic characteristics of ash suspensions, in particular the removal of ash from the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. The importance of this research is justified by the relevance of understanding hydrodynamic processes in suspensions, which is crucial for the efficiency of mineral resource processing. The study focuses on the investigation of the physico-chemical properties of suspensions, which is fundamental for the development and optimization of technological processes. The main goal of the article is to determine the discrepancies between theoretical calculations and experimental data in the context of the hydraulic characteristics of ash suspensions. Focusing on this issue, the research aims to make an important contribution to the accuracy of prediction and calculation of the behavior of suspensions, which has important practical applications. The research methodology includes a series of experiments to measure various hydraulic parameters of the suspension, including suspension density, solid phase weight content, and porosity. The experiments are based on a detailed analysis of ash samples collected from the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. It is established that theoretical formulas for determining hydraulic characteristics are well confirmed experimentally. The difference is due to the accuracy of measuring the density of the solid phase and errors in measuring weight and volume; it is sufficiently small and does not have a fundamental character.
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PARTHASARATHY, M., K. H. AHN, B. M. BELONGIA und D. J. KLINGENBERG. „THE ROLE OF SUSPENSION STRUCTURE IN THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL SUSPENSIONS“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 08, Nr. 20n21 (September 1994): 2789–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979294001135.
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The dynamic response of electrorheological (ER) suspensions has received little attention relative to the effort devoted to the study of the steady shear response. We report on simulation and experimental investigations of the dynamic oscillatory response of ER suspensions, in particular focusing on the relationship between suspension structure and the rheological response. We consider the response of monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions under linear deformation, as well as the response in the nonlinear regime. Dimensional analysis of the equations of motion predict that the linear rheological response obeys a time-field strength superposition principle, which is confirmed by experiment. The response is found to exhibit a sharp dispersion that is only broadened slightly by polydispersity. Nonlinear deformation is found to significantly broaden the observed dispersion.
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Varlamova, A. I., M. S. Khalikov, S. S. Khalikov und I. A. Arkhipov. „Anthelmintic efficacy of Fenbendazole and Niclosamide suspensions obtained by liquid phase mechano-chemical treatment“. Russian Journal of Parasitology 18, Nr. 3 (08.09.2024): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2024-18-3-325-331.
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The purpose of the research is to study the anthelmintic efficacy of suspensions based on a combined solid dispersion of Fenbendazole and Niclosamide.Materials and methods. Mechanochemistry methods were used to prepare suspensions of Fenbendazole (FBZ) and Niclosamide (NSM) substances, in particular, liquid phase grinding of substances with additives (licorice extract, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) in water or in aqueous sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) solution. The grinding was conducted in LE-101 roller mill at energy intensity of 1 g for 1 hour at a roll rotation speed of 60–70 rpm. The resulting suspension samples of combined FBZ and NSM dispersions were studied for cestodocidal activity on a laboratory model of hymenolepiosis of white mice that were infected at a dose of 200 infective Hymenolepis nana eggs per animal.Results and discussion. The 100% efficacy of a combined NaCMC-based drug suspension containing FBZ 13 mg and NSM 130 mg in 1 g of suspension was achieved at a dose of 20 mg/kg of NSM and 2 mg/kg of FBZ. The suspension based on licorice extract, NaCMC, and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt containing FBZ 18.6 mg and NSM 186 mg in 1 g of suspension at the same dose, i.e. 20 mg/kg of NSM and 2 mg/kg of FBZ showed 71.43% efficacy against H. nana. The suspension based on licorice extract and NaCMC containing FBZ 24.6 mg and NSM 246 mg in 1 g of suspension at the same dose showed a 62.0% effect against H. nana. The activity of the basic drug, the FBZ and NSM suspension was 28.58% at this dose without using mechano-chemical treatment.
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Tsipilev, A. A., und O. A. Nakaznoy. „Analytical determination of static and dynamic elastic characteristics of pneumohydraulic suspension systems“. Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 15, Nr. 4 (15.12.2021): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/2074-0530-2021-50-4-60-72.
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When developing new suspensions for tracked and wheeled vehicles, as well as in the so-called reverse engineering of existing structures (including in the educational process of training personnel), it is necessary to solve the problem of finding the elastic characteristics of the suspension. In the first case, it is necessary to ensure the fulfillment of the specified tactical and technical requirements, in the second - to restore the form of characteristics according to a known design. Both of these tasks are greatly complicated in the absence of precise and universal analytical dependencies suitable for determining the characteristics of elastic suspension elements of various design implementations. The experience of interaction with some factories shows that designers, not being able to qualitatively calculate the elastic characteristics, use the method of selection and analogy, when for a new vehicle they use the suspension as on the old one, scaling it in size in order to approximately keep the values of working pressures. The numerous bench tests are carried out, which results are used for selecting required charging volume and pressure. Suspensions with backpressure cause particular difficulty, since not only the final characteristic, but also the performance of the entire unit depends on the combination of volumes and pressures of the two chambers, which work in antiphase: when one is loaded, the other is unloaded, and vice versa. Using analytical dependencies will reduce the time spent on design, to parameterize, to a certain extent, the suspension kinematics, to obtain the values of the equivalent suspension stiffness, and also to be able to develop the characteristics of the model range of pneumohydraulic springs for vehicles of various weight categories.
This article presents a technique for the analytical determination of the characteristics of pneumohydraulic springs of various designs. The options include both actually used in modern and historical technology (in particular, on BMD-1, 2, 3, 4; GM-352; Ural Typhoon; Object 775, etc.), and obtained by combining various structural elements, which implementation can be useful in the educational process in training personnel. The dependences presented in the article make it possible to obtain static and dynamic elastic characteristics at various polytropic indices and are suitable for the design of suspensions for wheeled and tracked vehicles for various purposes.
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Setz, Luiz Fernando Grespan, und Sonia Regina Homem de Mello-Castanho. „Determining the Lanthanum Chromite Zeta Potential in Aqueous Media“. Materials Science Forum 660-661 (Oktober 2010): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.1145.
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Lanthanum Chromite may used as interconnect for SOFC’s applications due its particular intrinsic properties as stability in both oxidant and reducing environments and electrical conductivity. However to manufacture these devices that generally present complex shapes as grooved plates and fine pipes, they are necessary the use of the conformation techniques such as screen printing, slip casting, tape casting, extrusion moulding, etc. that are related with colloid processing. Independent of the processing techniques chosen the control of the suspension conditions is important to obtain reproducibility and homogeneous products as final result. In this sense, all contribution to understand the behaviour of the LaCrO3 fine particles in liquid suspension as the surface state using the Zeta’s Potential concepts may supplies information by the forecast of the behaviour during the shaped processing. The aqueous suspensions behaviour was studied utilizing doped lanthanum chromite powders, attained by combustion synthesis. The eletrophoretic mobility measurements of particles in suspension, prepared with the different conditioned powders were made. The electrolyte compositions as function of the pH varying from 2 to 12 were tested. The Zeta potentials and the stability conditions for stable suspensions prepared were determined. The viscosity curves are also appraised.
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Papadopoulou, Anastasia, Jurriaan J. J. Gillissen, Manish K. Tiwari und Stavroula Balabani. „Effect of Particle Specific Surface Area on the Rheology of Non-Brownian Silica Suspensions“. Materials 13, Nr. 20 (16.10.2020): 4628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204628.
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Industrial formulations very often involve particles with a broad range of surface characteristics and size distributions. Particle surface asperities (roughness) and porosity increase particle specific surface area and significantly alter suspension rheology, which can be detrimental to the quality of the end product. We examine the rheological properties of two types of non-Brownian, commercial precipitated silicas, with varying specific surface area, namely PS52 and PS226, suspended in a non-aqueous solvent, glycerol, and compare them against those of glass sphere suspensions (GS2) with a similar size distribution. A non-monotonic effect of the specific surface area (S) on suspension rheology is observed, whereby PS52 particles in glycerol are found to exhibit strong shear thinning response, whereas such response is suppressed for glass sphere and PS226 particle suspensions. This behaviour is attributed to the competing mechanisms of particle–particle and particle–solvent interactions. In particular, increasing the specific surface area beyond a certain value results in the repulsive interparticle hydration forces (solvation forces) induced by glycerol overcoming particle frictional contacts and suppressing shear thinning; this is evidenced by the response of the highest specific surface area particles PS226. The study demonstrates the potential of using particle specific surface area as a means to tune the rheology of non-Brownian silica particle suspensions.
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Samaroo, Kyle, Abdul Waheed Awan, Siva Marimuthu, Muhammad Naveed Iqbal, Kamran Daniel und Noman Shabbir. „Performance Investigation of Active, Semi-Active and Passive Suspension Using Quarter Car Model“. Algorithms 18, Nr. 2 (10.02.2025): 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/a18020100.
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In this paper, a semi-active and fully active suspension system using a PID controller were designed and tuned in MATLAB/Simulink to achieve simultaneous optimisation of comfort and road holding ability. This was performed in order to quantify and observe the trends of both the semi-active and active suspension, which can then influence the choice of controlled suspension systems used for different applications. The response of the controlled suspensions was compared to a traditional passive setup in terms of the sprung mass displacement and acceleration, tyre deflection, and suspension working space for three different road profile inputs. It was found that across all road profiles, the usage of a semi-active or fully active suspension system offered notable improvements over a passive suspension in terms of comfort and road-holding ability. Specifically, the rms sprung mass displacement was reduced by a maximum of 44% and 56% over the passive suspension when using the semi-active and fully active suspension, respectively. Notably, in terms of sprung mass acceleration, the semi-active suspension offered better performance with a 65% reduction in the passive rms sprung mass acceleration compared to a 40% reduction for the fully active suspension. The tyre deflection of the passive suspension was also reduced by a maximum of 6% when using either the semi-active or fully active suspension. Furthermore, both the semi-active and fully active suspensions increased the suspension working space by 17% and 9%, respectively, over the passive suspension system, which represents a decreased level of performance. In summary, the choice between a semi-active or fully active suspension should be carefully considered based on the level of ride comfort and handling performance that is needed and the suspension working space that is available in the particular application. However, the results of this paper show that the performance gap between the semi-active and fully active suspension is quite small, and the semi-active suspension is mostly able to match and sometimes outperform the fully active suspension n in certain metrics. When considering other factors, such as weight, power requirements, and complexity, the semi-active suspension represents a better choice over the fully active suspension, in the author’s opinion. As such, future work will look at utilising more robust control methods and tuning procedures that may further improve the performance of the semi-active suspension.
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Jeans, A. H. „Analysis of the Dynamics of a Type 4 Suspension“. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 114, Nr. 1 (01.01.1992): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930237.
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A finite element model of a suspension for read-write heads in disk drives is developed. The modelled vibration modes are compared with measurements and agree well in shape and frequency. The sway mode, of particular concern in disk drives with rotary actuators and laterally actuated suspensions, is investigated more thoroughly with regard to its sensitivity to stiffness, thickness, and shape of various parts of the load-beam.
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André, A., P. Degobert, F. Henry, S. Bittard und S. Morin. „Étude du dédopage de particules de polypyrrole en suspension“. Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique 95, Nr. 6 (Juni 1998): 1295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jcp:1998268.
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El Hijri, J., A. Draoui und K. Limam. „Étude expérimentale de la remise en suspension des particules“. Mécanique & Industries 9, Nr. 5 (September 2008): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2009010.
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Manziak, M., und T. Kraynyk. „ASSESSMENT OF THE ADEQUACY OF SIMULATION OF THE OPERATION OF SUSPENSIONS OF SAMPLE OF WHEELED MILITARY VEHICLES IN COMPARISON WITH THE DATA OF EXPERIMENTAL TESTS“. Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки 22, Nr. 4 (30.12.2024): 90–98. https://doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.22.2024.11.
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The article presents the results of research aimed at assessing the adequacy of mathematical modeling of suspensions of wheeled military vehicles in comparison with the results of experimental tests. The adequacy of the developed simulation model of the movement of samples of a wheeled hydraulic power plant in the MATLAB Simulink software environment is substantiated by comparing the simulation results with the data of field tests. Experimental studies were carried out using UAZ-3151 and LTV02 “Mamay” cars, as well as modern means of measuring vibrational loads. The results showed the correspondence of theoretical and experimental data, which confirms the adequacy of the modeling and the possibility of its use to optimize the design of suspensions. The introduction of a long-travel independent elastic suspension on the LTV02 “Mamay” buggy with a 1.65-fold increase in the amplitude of the moves showed an almost proportional difference in the threshold speeds of movement in relation to the appearance of the suspension breakdown effect. It is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of suspensions of automatic transmission systems during road tests of the smoothness of the course of experimental samples of new automatic transmission systems at the stage of preparation for their mass production and modernized automatic transmission systems in the event of a significant change in the design of their suspension and other structural elements that affect the smoothness of the operation to use the test areas described in this work . The importance of developing a national regulatory framework for assessing the compliance of the tactical and technical characteristics of the JSC, in particular, in the context of smoothness of movement and off-road mobility, is emphasized.
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Goodall, R. „Dynamic Characteristics in the Design of Maglev Suspensions“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 208, Nr. 1 (Januar 1994): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_231_02.
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The paper reviews the essential functions which apply to any kind of suspension, and distinguishes between the various inputs to which a suspension is subjected. These are used to assess the particular characteristics of an electromagnetically suspended (Maglev) vehicle, and to identify considerations which have important implications for the controller design, irrespective of the design method. Some general equations are developed which interrelate the vehicle speed, the quality of the track and the passenger comfort requirements, and these are used to identify operational conditions for which a second stage of suspension becomes necessary (that is, in addition to that provided by the magnets). The importance of understanding the suspension's response to deterministic track inputs is also highlighted. Although the paper is directed towards Maglev, the analysis is strongly based upon a consideration of the suspension transfer functions, and so many of the principles are applicable to actively controlled supensions in general.
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Doye, Pakpi, Tanya Mena und Nilimanka Das. „FORMULATION AND BIO-AVAILABILITY PARAMETERS OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSION“. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, Nr. 3 (05.05.2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.18892.
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The suspension is a biphasic liquid or semi-solid dosage form where the finely divided insoluble solid drug particles are homogeneously dispersed in a liquid or semi-solid medium. The solid drug particles act here as the dispersed phase and the liquid or the semi-solid as the dispersion medium. Suspensions contribute to pharmaceutical dosage form development by supplying drugs that are insoluble in all acceptable medium and often distasteful. Suspension translates such drugs into more bio-available form when compared to capsules, tablets, coated tablets, enteric coated tablets and sustained release products. The dosage form is palatable to the patient and many are doing well when applied to the skin or mucous membrane. This particular dosage form is also applied for injecting drugs into the systemic circulation. Therefore, pharmaceutical suspension finds its application through three different routes of administration namely oral, externally applied suspension and injectable one. The success of any dosage form largely depends on formulation parameters and the factors that influence the bioavailability which ultimately dictate the therapeutic success of the formulated dosage form. Hence, it is obvious to discuss the formulation parameters and the factors influencing bioavailability of suspension for the therapeutic success of it.
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Moskalenko, Tatiana, Valeriy Mikheev, Elena Vorsina und N. V. Chersky. „Analysis of the accumulation the sedimentary mass in coal-water slurries“. E3S Web of Conferences 460 (2023): 09010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346009010.
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The problem of assessing the sedimentation stability of water-coal suspensions, which are a promising type of fuel, possessing the advantages of both liquid fuels and coal, which can be effectively used as a substitute for liquid petroleum fuel (fuel oil), is considered. However, coal-water suspensions have not found wide application at present, which is promoted, in particular, by unresolved issues related to their sedimentation stability: in the production, storage, and transport of suspension, an important qualitative characteristic is its stability over time: the higher it is, the more qualitative is the suspension. The paper proposes a method of solving the problem of predicting the value of particle sedimentation during the sedimentation process, which allows us to calculate the dynamics of sediment accumulation over a certain period of time from the beginning of sedimentation at a given depth of dispersion. The implementation of the calculation method as a systematic approach to determining the dynamics of sediment accumulation is shown on the example of sedimentation analysis data of 50 % water-coal suspension from coal from the Neryungri deposit. It is shown that the proposed method of solving the problem of predicting the size of sedimentation of particles during the sedimentation process allows to calculate the dynamics of sediment accumulation for a certain period of time at a given depth, as well as to determine the minimum sedimentation time, at which the particles of maximum size sediment completely.
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Liimatainen, Henrikki, Sanna Haavisto, Antti Haapala und Jouko Niinimäki. „Influence of adsorbed and dissolved carboxymethyl cellulose on fibre suspension dispersing, dewaterability, and fines retention“. BioResources 4, Nr. 1 (24.01.2009): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.1.321-340.
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The effect of adsorbed and soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on dispersing, dewaterability, and fines retention of pulp fibre suspensions was investigated. CMC was added to a suspension in the presence of electrolytes, causing its adsorption to the fibre surfaces, or to a suspension without electrolytes, so that it stayed in the liquid phase. Both the CMC adsorbed on fibre surfaces and that in the liquid phase were able to disperse the fibre suspension due to the ability of CMC to reduce fibre-to-fibre friction in both phases. Adsorbed CMC promoted the formation of a water-rich microfibrillar gel on the fibre surfaces through the spreading out of microfibrils, leading to a decrease in friction at the fibre-fibre contact points and to the increased dispersion of fibres. CMC in the liquid phase of the suspension was in turn thought to prevent fibre-to-fibre contacts due to the large physical size of the CMC molecules. CMC in both phases had detrimental effects on dewatering of the pulp suspension, but adsorbed CMC caused more plugging of the filter cake, and this was attributed to its ability to disperse fibre fines, in particular. Thus, adsorbed CMC also reduced fines retention considerably more than did CMC in the liquid phase of a suspension.
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Craig, B., L. Hawkey und A. LeFurgey. „Techniques for cryoultramicrotomy of propane jet frozen biological samples“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014292x.
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Ultra-rapid freezing followed by cryoultramicrotomy is essential for the preservation of diffusible elements in situ within cells prior to scanning transmission electron microscopy and quantitative energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. For cells or tissue fragments in suspension and for monolayer cell cultures, propane jet freezing provides cooling rates greater than 30,000°C/sec with regions up to 40μm in thickness free of significant ice crystal formation. While this method of freezing has frequently been applied prior to freeze fracture or freeze substitution, it has not been widely utilized prior to cryoultramicrotomy and subsequent x-ray microanalytical studies. This report describes methods devised in our laboratory for cryosectioning of propane jet frozen kidney proximal tubule suspensions and cultured embryonic chick heart cells, in particular a new technique for mounting frozen suspension specimens for sectioning. The techniques utilize the same specimen supports and sample holders as those used for freeze fracture and freeze substitution and should be generally applicable to any cell suspension or culture preparation.
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Donato, María Teresa, Agustín Lahoz, Sandra Montero, Ana Bonora, Eugenia Pareja, José Mir, José V. Castell und María José Gómez-Lechón. „Functional Assessment of the Quality of Human Hepatocyte Preparations for Cell Transplantation“. Cell Transplantation 17, Nr. 10-11 (Oktober 2008): 1211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368908787236620.
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Hepatocyte transplantation is an alternative therapy to orthotopic liver transplantation for the treatment of liver diseases. Good quality freshly isolated or cryopreserved human hepatocytes are needed for clinical transplantation. However, isolation, cryopreservation, and thawing processes can seriously impair hepatocyte viability and functionality. The aim of the present study was to develop a fast and sensitive procedure to estimate the quality of hepatocyte preparations prior to clinical cell infusion. To this end, cell viability, attachment efficiency, and metabolic competence (urea synthesis and drug-metabolizing P450 activities) were selected as objective criteria. Viability of hepatocyte suspension was estimated by trypan blue staining. DNA content of attached cells 50 min after hepatocyte platting to fibronectin/collagen-coated dishes was quantified to estimate adherence capacity. Urea production was determined after incubating hepatocyte suspensions with 2 mM ClNH4 for 30 min. The cytochrome P450 function was assayed by a 30-min incubation of hepatocyte suspension with a cocktail mixture containing selective substrates for seven individual P450 activities (CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4). The assay can be applied to both freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocyte suspensions, and the results are available within 1 h, which could help to make short-term decisions: 1) to assess the suitability for cell transplantation of a preparation of freshly isolated hepatocytes or a particular batch of thawed cells, or 2) to estimate the convenience of banking a particular cell preparation.
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LEFEBVRE, F., M. OUAFTOUH, B. NONGAILLARD und E. RADZISZEWSKI. „Détection de particules biologiques en suspension par ultrasons haute fréquence“. Le Journal de Physique IV 04, Nr. C5 (Mai 1994): C5–1259—C5–1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19945279.
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Chen, Sheng, Peng Gao und Tong Gao. „Dynamics and structure of an apolar active suspension in an annulus“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 835 (27.11.2017): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.759.
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We study the complex dynamics of a two-dimensional suspension comprising non-motile active particles confined in an annulus. A coarse-grained liquid crystal model is employed to describe the nematic structure evolution, and is hydrodynamically coupled with the Stokes equation to solve for the induced active flows in the annulus. For dilute suspensions, coherent structures are captured by varying the particle activity and gap width, including unidirectional circulations, travelling waves and chaotic flows. For concentrated suspensions, the internal collective dynamics features motile disclination defects and flows at finite gap widths. In particular, we observe an intriguing quasi-steady-state at certain gap widths during which $+1/2$-order defects oscillate around equilibrium positions accompanying travelling-wave flows that switch circulating directions periodically. We perform linear stability analyses to reveal the underlying physical mechanisms of pattern formation during a concatenation of instabilities.
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De Waele, M., J. De Mey, W. Renmans, C. Labeur, K. Jochmans und B. van Camp. „Potential of immunogold-silver staining for the study of leukocyte subpopulations as defined by monoclonal antibodies.“ Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1986): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.10.2427567.
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The potential of immunogold-silver staining for study of leukocyte subpopulations, as defined by monoclonal antibodies in cell suspensions, was examined. The cells were labeled in suspension as described for immunogold staining. Cytocentrifuge preparations of the suspensions were then immersed in a physical developer. By light microscopy, cells reacting with the monoclonal antibodies showed dark granules on their surface membrane. The morphology of the cells, as revealed by a panoptic counterstain, was comparable with that seen in routine cell smears for differential counts. The numbers of T-cells, T-helper/inducer cells, and T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells counted by this method in normal peripheral blood were nearly identical to those identified by immunogold staining and immunofluorescence microscopy in the same cell suspensions. The good morphological delineation also made possible rapid and accurate identification of particular leukocyte subsets in complex cell suspensions. Atypical lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis displayed the surface phenotype of activated T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells. Different maturation stages of neoplastic cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia showed differences in surface antigen expression. Immunological detection of cell surface antigens could be combined with cytochemical staining of intracellular enzymatic activities. Finally, the labeling could be performed on cells prefixed on glass slides.
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Marć, Maciej, Andrzej Drzewiński, Wiktor W. Wolak, Lidia Najder-Kozdrowska und Mirosław R. Dudek. „Filtration of Nanoparticle Agglomerates in Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions Exposed to an External Radio-Frequency Magnetic Field“. Nanomaterials 11, Nr. 7 (01.07.2021): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071737.
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The study investigated the phenomenon of the fast aggregation of single-domain magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in stable aqueous colloidal suspensions due to the presence of a radio-frequency (RF) magnetic field. Single-domain nanoparticles have specific magnetic properties, especially the unique property of absorbing the energy of such a field and releasing it in the form of heat. The localized heating causes the colloid to become unstable, leading to faster agglomeration of nanoparticles and, consequently, to rapid sedimentation. It has been shown that the destabilization of a stable magnetic nanoparticle colloid by the RF magnetic field can be used for the controlled filtration of larger agglomerates of the colloid solution. Two particular cases of stable colloidal suspensions were considered: a suspension of the bare nanoparticles in an alkaline solution and the silica-stabilized nanoparticles in a neutral solution. The obtained results are important primarily for biomedical applications and wastewater treatment.
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Lawler, D. F., und J. A. Nason. „The scientific basis of flocculator design“. Water Science and Technology 50, Nr. 12 (01.12.2004): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0708.
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A new guideline for the design of flocculators is proposed. This guideline is to design continuous flow flocculators on the basis of the characteristic reaction time for the loss of one micrometre particles in the suspension. The most commonly used guideline at the present time is that of Camp, but later proposals by Ives and O'Melia expanded the Camp guideline and incorporated more complete knowledge of flocculation. The suggestion here continues that process, by accounting explicitly for the heterodisperse nature of typical suspensions and the multiple collision mechanisms for particles in determining a characteristic reaction time. While the historical guidelines have served the water treatment industry well for reasonably similar size distributions in waters destabilized by precipitating metal hydroxides, the proposed guideline should be more robust in considering other suspensions. In particular, the new guideline can account explicitly for the effects of nanoparticles on flocculation.
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Nakayama, Takuya, Janou A. Y. Roubroeks, Gert Jan C. Veenstra und Robert M. Grainger. „Preparation of Intact Nuclei for Single-Nucleus Omics Using Frozen Cell Suspensions from Mutant Embryos ofXenopus tropicalis“. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2022, Nr. 12 (11.08.2022): pdb.prot107825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot107825.
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Single-cell omics such as single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) have been used extensively to obtain single-cell genome-wide expression data. This technique can be used to compare mutant and wild-type embryos at predifferentiation stages when individual tissues are not yet formed (therefore requiring genotyping to distinguish among embryos), for example, to determine effects of mutations on developmental trajectories or congenital disease phenotypes. It is, however, hard to use single cells for this technique, because such embryos or cells would need to be frozen until genotyping is complete to capture a given developmental stage precisely, but intact cells cannot be isolated from frozen samples. We developed a protocol in which high-quality nuclei are isolated from frozen cell suspensions, allowing for genotyping individual embryos based on a small fraction of a single embryo suspension. The remaining suspension is frozen. After genotyping is complete, nuclei are isolated from embryo suspensions with the desired genotype and encapsulated in 10× Genomics barcoded gel beads for single-nucleus RNA-seq. We provide a step-by-step protocol that can be used for single transcriptomic analysis as well as single-nucleus chromatin accessibility assays such as ATAC-seq. This technique allows for high-quality high-throughput single-nucleus analysis of gene expression in genotyped embryos. This approach may also be valuable for collection of wild-type embryonic material, for example, when collecting tissue from a particular developmental stage. In addition, freezing of tissue suspensions allows precise staging of collected embryos or tissue that may be difficult to manage when collecting and processing cells from living embryos for single-cell RNA-seq.
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Harish, T., R. Deveswaran, S. Bharath und B. V. Basavaraj. „Development of Reconstitutable Suspension Containing Aceclofenac Micro particulates“. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 10, Nr. 11 (2017): 3665. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00665.5.
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Shqarri, Fjorda, und Nadia Rusi. „Suspension of Treaties: An Analysis of This Institute and Its Necessity“. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, Nr. 1 (17.01.2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0005.
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The treaty suspension is an institute of the international right and especially of treaty law which has a great importance and is directly related to the implementation of internationally concluded agreements between the subjects of this law. Although of particular importance, it should be said that the suspension seems to have been left a little in the shadows in terms of its treatment as often being treated together with termination of treaties it seems as if the latter has somewhat eclipsed it. This article aims that through a qualitative methodology based on the study of literature and relevant legislation, to analyze the institute of suspension of treaties, cases and arrangements made by the Vienna Convention as well as the procedure followed by states in this regard. An important aspect that is mentioned in this paper will be the case of suspensions of human rights treaties referring to the situation caused by Covid -19 in this regard. Also included in the paper is the case of Albania, legislative provisions and cases of temporary withdrawal from the European Convention on Human Rights.
Received: 7 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021
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Xu, Feng, und Sungyon Lee. „The enhancement of viscous fingering with bidisperse particle suspension“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 860 (07.12.2018): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.846.
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Viscous fingering is observed experimentally when a bidisperse suspension displaces air inside a Hele-Shaw cell, despite the stabilising viscosity ratio between the invading (suspension) and defending (air) phases. Careful experiments are carried out to characterise this instability by either systematically varying the large-particle concentrations $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{l0}$ at constant total concentrations $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{0}$, or changing $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{0}$ with fixed $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{l0}$. Leading to the instability, we observe that larger particles consistently enrich the fluid–fluid interface at a faster rate than small particles. This size-dependent enrichment of the interface leads to an earlier onset of the fingering instability for bidisperse suspensions, compared to their monodisperse counterpart of all small particles. In particular, even the small presence of large particles is shown to effectively lower the total particle concentration needed for fingering, compared to the all-small-particle case. We hypothesise that the key mechanism behind this enhanced viscous fingering is the size-dependent nature of shear-induced migration of particles far upstream from the interface. A reduced equilibrium model is derived based on the modified suspension balance model to verify this hypothesis, in reasonable agreement with experiments.
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Plamondon, André P. „L’influence de l’exploitation forestière sur la concentration des particules dans les petits cours d’eau de la Beauce, Québec“. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 36, Nr. 3 (29.11.2007): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032484ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Cette étude a pour but d'évaluer l'influence de l'exploitation forestière sur l'augmentation de la quantité de sédiments en suspension dans cinq cours d'eau soumis à différents types de coupe. Lorsque les exploitations sont effectuées sans aucun souci de protection et que la machinerie forestière a libre accès au cours d'eau, les concentrations des sédiments inorganiques et organiques en suspension se maintiennent respectivement au-dessus de 1 000 et 500 ppm durant la coupe. Les maxima atteignent 197 000 et 65 000 ppm. Lorsque l'on garde la machinerie à une certaine distance des cours d'eau et que les arbres sont abattus en direction opposée, l'augmentation de la concentration de particules en suspension dans l'eau est faible. Il en va de même lorsque les cours d'eau sont protégés par des bandes boisées. Les concentrations des sédiments en suspension dans ces deux derniers cas demeurent généralement sous 35 ppm. Par contre, l'efficacité de la bande boisée est fortement atténuée par les passages de la machinerie, par l'arrivée d'un tributaire bouleversé par les opérations forestières ou par le creusage des tranchées d'égouttement des voies d'accès. Ainsi, les concentrations de sédiments inorganiques et organiques en suspension dépassent fréquemment 100 ppm et atteignent respectivement des maxima de 900 â 2 000 ppm.
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Ishikawa, Takuji. „Suspension biomechanics of swimming microbes“. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, Nr. 39 (12.08.2009): 815–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0223.
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Micro-organisms play a vital role in many biological, medical and engineering phenomena. Some recent research efforts have demonstrated the importance of biomechanics in understanding certain aspects of micro-organism behaviours such as locomotion and collective motions of cells. In particular, spatio-temporal coherent structures found in a bacterial suspension have been the focus of many research studies over the last few years. Recent studies have shown that macroscopic properties of a suspension, such as rheology and diffusion, are strongly affected by meso-scale flow structures generated by swimming microbes. Since the meso-scale flow structures are strongly affected by the interactions between microbes, a bottom-up strategy, i.e. from a cellular level to a continuum suspension level, represents the natural approach to the study of a suspension of swimming microbes. In this paper, we first provide a summary of existing biomechanical research on interactions between a pair of swimming micro-organisms, as a two-body interaction is the simplest many-body interaction. We show that interactions between two nearby swimming micro-organisms are described well by existing mathematical models. Then, collective motions formed by a group of swimming micro-organisms are discussed. We show that some collective motions of micro-organisms, such as coherent structures of bacterial suspensions, are satisfactorily explained by fluid dynamics. Lastly, we discuss how macroscopic suspension properties are changed by the microscopic characteristics of the cell suspension. The fundamental knowledge we present will be useful in obtaining a better understanding of the behaviour of micro-organisms.
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Barnes, Moira, Giuseppe Rosi, Frieder Kaiser und David Rival. „Using Ultrasound Imaging To Identify Flow Reattachment In Shear-Thinning Suspensions“. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 21 (08.07.2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.21st.67.
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The current study explores ultrasound imaging velocimetry (UIV) as an alternative method for capturing flow fields in shear-thinning suspensions. In particular, UIV is used here together with pressure measurements to identify the reattachment point and to correlate the point's location with the pressure recovery downstream of an axisymmetric expansion. Four fluids are investigated: pure water, as well as three 1750ppm xanthum-gum-in-water solutions mixed with non-reactive mineral micro-particles at 0%, 15% and 30% volume fractions. Wall-pressure measurements were collected through taps located at 0 to 13 throat diameters downstream of the expansion with subsequent UIV measurements collected from 0.5 to 5 throat diameters downstream of the expansion. Pressure-tap measurements for the tested suspensions demonstrate 80% to 100% total pressure recovery achieved at approximately 4 to 5 throat diameters downstream from the throat. Furthermore, all four fluids exhibit total pressure recoveries within 10% of Borda-Carnot prediction. Despite similar pressure recoveries, UIV revealed different reattachment lengths for the tested fluids. Water exhibited a reattachment length of approximately four throat diameters, which is expected within the tested turbulent regime, while the xanthum-gum solution exhibited a delayed reattachment beyond the field-of-view when the effective Reynolds number is O(100). Pipe-wall velocity measurements suggest that the dense suspensions exhibit similar reattachment lengths to that of water despite expectations that the dense suspensions would behave similar to the pure xanthum-gum solution given: the similar Reynolds number between the pure xanthum-gum solution and the tested dense suspensions; and previous work done by Barnes et al. (2024) and others revealing shear-layer stabilization within dense suspensions. It is suspected that increased diffusion within the suspension mitigates the shear layer's ability to convect downstream, but improved measurements are required to state this conclusively.
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Nowakowska, Monika, Paweł Sokołowski, Tomáš Tesař, Radek Mušálek und Tomasz Kiełczawa. „Al2O3-TiO2 coatings deposition by intermixed and double injection SPS concepts“. Materials Science-Poland 39, Nr. 4 (01.12.2021): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0046.
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Abstract This work focuses on the study on the novel hybrid method of simultaneous spraying from two different materials (Al2O3 and TiO2) by means of suspension plasma spraying (SPS) using submicron powder and water suspension. The goal was to attempt the deposition of intermixed alumina-titania coatings, namely: Al2O3 + 3 wt.% TiO2, Al2O3 + 13 wt.% TiO2, and Al2O3 + 40 wt.% TiO2. Such compositions are already used but in the form of conventionally plasma sprayed coatings, with micrometer-sized powder. Meanwhile, the injection of feedstocks with submicron-sized particles has not been established yet. In particular, this paper uses two routes of feedstock injection, (i) with the use of an intermixed suspension and (ii) a double injection of separate suspensions. The attention was paid to the characterization of the feedstock materials, description of deposition parameters as well as the morphology, microstructure, and phase composition of the obtained coatings. Among all coatings, Al2O3 + 40 wt.% TiO2 sprayed with double injection contained the most homogeneously distributed and melted splats. The results from this work demonstrate the possibility of coating deposition both by intermixed and double injection concepts but also the need for the further application-relevant optimization, related to the presence of intercolumnar gaps in the microstructure of the coatings.
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Samoylenko, V. M., G. T. Paschenko, E. V. Samoylenko und V. V. Shestakov. „The effect of suspension parameters on the properties of the coating obtained by the slip method“. Civil Aviation High Technologies 25, Nr. 6 (10.01.2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2022-25-6-53-61.
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The development of modern gas turbine engineering imposes increasingly high requirements for the properties of the alloys used, associated with an increase in gas temperature before the turbine. However, the applicable nickel alloys have low heat resistance at high temperatures. The solution to this problem is achieved through the joint use of a heat-resistant alloy that takes loads at high temperatures, and the application of protective coatings to ensure heat resistance. The coating and the heat-resistant alloy form a complex system. Each component of the system performs the primary and secondary functions in the operation, and the system must meet operational requirements. The choice of the applied coating and its application technology are quite complicated, since its structure and thickness depend on many factors, in particular, on the composition of the original components, temperature, and time parameters of its application, etc. This affects the performance of the formed coating under operating conditions. In recent years, slip coating methods specifically formed from aqueous suspensions have been successfully developed abroad and in our country. This method is technically simple and economical. The quality of the coating formed from the aqueous suspension is determined by the percentage of the suspension composition, its rheological and physical properties, compliance with the technology of its application and processing of parts. In order to understand the mechanism of coating formation from the aqueous suspension, it is necessary to imagine the effect of the suspension parameters on the coating properties. The article presents the results of the study carried out by the computational method of the influence of the aqueous suspension parameters on the quality of the coating obtained. The dependence of the coating thickness on the particle sizes of the powders introduced into the suspension is shown. Calculations of the density and thickness of the obtainable coating from the ratio of the solid and liquid phases of the aqueous suspension are presented. It is indicated that in a real suspension, the influence of the aqueous suspension parameters on the coating parameters being formed is more complex than when performing calculations. This is primarily associated with the fact that in a real suspension there are powder particles of various diameters, in particular aluminum. In addition, the interaction of orthophosphoric acid with the introduced oxides of aluminum, silicon, etc., having molecular dispersion, their chemical interaction complicates considering all these factors in calculations. However, the obtained results of the study allow us to assess the influence of the aqueous suspension composition parameters on the technological and service properties of the obtainable coating obtained by the slip method from this suspension.
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Ma, J., C. Wang und C. H. Liang. „Colloidal and electrophoretic behavior of polymer particulates in suspension“. Materials Science and Engineering: C 27, Nr. 4 (Mai 2007): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2006.10.005.
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Ding, Haitao, Amir Khajepour und Yanjun Huang. „A novel tripped rollover prevention system for commercial trucks with air suspensions at low speeds“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, Nr. 11 (11.11.2017): 1516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017731987.
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This paper presents a novel system to avoid tripped rollovers at low-speed operations for commercial vehicles with air suspension systems. This is of particular significance since truck rollovers have become a serious road safety problem, which usually lead to severe injuries and fatalities. Several active anti-rollover systems have been proposed in the past two decades; however, most of them focus on untripped rollover prevention instead of the tripped rollovers. Up to now, very few pieces of literature discuss the approaches that are used to avoid tripped rollovers of trucks. Furthermore, the air suspension is widely used for commercial vehicles, thus it provides an opportunity to prevent rollovers when properly manipulated. Therefore, a novel tripped rollover prevention system is proposed for trucks at low-speed operations with air suspensions. A roll dynamics model with an air spring is built to investigate the dynamic behavior and the time response of the whole system. More importantly, the feasibility of this new anti-rollover system is discussed and verified by the co-simulations in TruckSim and MATLAB/Simulink under two possible tripped rollover conditions.
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Duschenko, Vladyslav, und Roman Nanivskyi. „Development of the suspension system and their potential in improving the tactical and technical characteristics of armored combat vehicles“. Military Technical Collection, Nr. 31 (25.12.2024): 8–20. https://doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.31.2024.8-20.
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This article analyzes the improvement of the main indicators of mobility and reduction of energy losses in the damping devices of armored fighting vehicles, and also presents the use of friction shock absorbers instead of hydro shock absorbers. Increasing the protection indicators with the help of traditional measures leads to an increase in the weight of the AFV, which reduces the average speed of the vehicle on the ground and increases the likelihood of its defeat on the battlefield. The issues of ensuring compliance and coordination of the characteristics of the recuperation system with the characteristics of the required damping in the suspension system, which exerts an impact, reducing the probability of hitting the striking elements by ensuring high mobility, maneuverability and evasion of the hull, are considered. The functional relationship between the improvement of the suspension system, the mutual agreement of its characteristics with the characteristics of the weapon complexes, power plant and transmission and the improvement of the indicators of the main groups of tactical and technical characteristics of armored fighting vehicles has been established. Based on the analysis of development trends, the potential was assessed and the main directions of the development of the suspension system were formulated, which will fundamentally affect the fulfillment of modern and promising operational and tactical requirements and will lead to a significant increase in the tactical and technical characteristics of armored fighting vehicles. These are: the use of hydropneumatic suspensions, the introduction of non-traditional control systems for the characteristics of suspension nodes based on the use of "intelligent" materials, in particular magnetorheological elastomers, the use of friction shock absorbers and new kinematic suspension schemes with significantly increased dynamic travel, as well as the use of energy recovery systems of suspension damping devices.
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Boyd, R. L., K. Hàla und G. Wick. „Interactions and quantitative analysis of immunoregulatory cells in the chicken thymus.“ Journal of Immunology 135, Nr. 5 (01.11.1985): 3039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.135.5.3039.
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Abstract Step-wise dilution of chicken thymus cell suspensions has been used to sequentially reveal suppressor, effector, and helper cells in these suspensions. The cells were tested either alone or in autologous mixture combinations with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as a source of effector cells. The assays studied were graft-vs-host reaction (GvHR) and mixed lymphocyte (MLR) reaction, spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and mitogen responsiveness to Con A, PHA, and PWM. When tested alone, high numbers of thymus cells (1 X 10(7) gave weak or low responses, with the exception of GvHR, which was high. When this number of thymocytes was mixed with a strongly responding PBL effector population, there was marked suppression of the latter. Nonspecific crowding was excluded as a cause for the decreased responsiveness, and the data therefore demonstrated the presence of suppressor cells in the thymus. With gradual reduction of the thymus cell number in the mixtures, the suppressor activity was lost, but concomitant with this was the appearance of, or a gradual increase in, thymus effector cells giving good responses. Further dilutions of the thymus (to, e.g., 1 X 10(5) cells) depleted the suspension of effector cells, but helper cells capable of markedly amplifying the effector potential of PBL were revealed. The suppressor/helper function of the thymus was not only dependent on the absolute numbers of thymus cells present, but also on the degree of inherent responsiveness of the effector PBL. If the response of PBL alone was strong, a thymus suspension containing both helper and suppressor cells (e.g., 1 X 10(6) cells) caused suppression of the PBL; if the PBL alone were weak, this same thymus cell suspension caused enhancement. The outcome of an immune response is therefore dependent not only on the presence or absence of particular cell types, but also on the ratios between these cells. An imbalance in these ratios in vivo may underlie diseases of immunologic origin, e.g., autoimmunity.
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Taglieri, Giuliana, Valeria Daniele und Ludovico Macera. „Synthesizing Alkaline Earth Metal Hydroxides Nanoparticles through an Innovative, Single-Step and Eco-Friendly Method“. Solid State Phenomena 286 (Januar 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.286.3.
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The objective of this paper is to introduce a patented and eco-friendly method to synthesize aqueous suspension of all types of alkaline-earth metal hydroxides nanoparticles (NPs). This method is based on an ion exchange process; the exchange takes place at ambient temperature/pressure, starts from cheap or renewable reagents and, in one single step, results in the creation of the crystalline desired nanoparticles in only a few minutes. In terms of structural and morphological features, the synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by means of XRD-Rietveld refinement, FTIR, and TEM. In particular, we obtained pure and crystalline magnesium and calcium hydroxide suspensions, showing the typical brucite crystal structure with a hexagonal lamellar morphology and dimensions generally <100 nm. With respect to the strontium and barium hydroxide suspensions, we observed different kinds of hydroxides (either anhydrous and hydrate forms), characterized by orthorhombic or monoclinic crystal lattices with rod-like nanostructured morphologies. Despite the different morphologies, all synthesized nanoparticles appear constituted by a superimposition of primary nanoparticles, of dimensions ranging from a few to 15 nm, correlated to the increase in the atomic number of the alkaline earth metal.
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Lee, Yun-Ju, Diego Barrera, Kaiyuan Luo und Julia W. P. Hsu. „In SituChemical Oxidation of UltrasmallMoOxNanoparticles in Suspensions“. Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/195761.
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Nanoparticle suspensions represent a promising route toward low cost, large area solution deposition of functional thin films for applications in energy conversion, flexible electronics, and sensors. However, parameters such size, stoichiometry, and electronic properties must be controlled to achieve best results for the target application. In this report, we demonstrate that such control can be achieved viain situchemical oxidation ofMoOxnanoparticles in suspensions. Starting from a microwave-synthesized suspension of ultrasmall (d~2 nm)MoOxnanoparticles in n-butanol, we added H2O2at room temperature to chemically oxidize the nanoparticles. We systematically varied H2O2concentration and reaction time and found that they significantly affected oxidation state and work function ofMoOxnanoparticle films. In particular, we achieved a continuous tuning ofMoOxwork function from 4.4 to 5.0 eV, corresponding to oxidation of as-synthesizedMoOxnanoparticle (20% Mo6+) to essentially pure MoO3. This was achieved without significantly modifying nanoparticle size or stability. Such precise control ofMoOxstoichiometry and work function is critical for the optimization ofMoOxnanoparticles for applications in organic optoelectronics. Moreover, the simplicity of the chemical oxidation procedure should be applicable for the development of other transition oxide nanomaterials with tunable composition and properties.
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Niazi Ardekani, M., P. Costa, W. P. Breugem, F. Picano und L. Brandt. „Drag reduction in turbulent channel flow laden with finite-size oblate spheroids“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 816 (28.02.2017): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.68.
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We study suspensions of oblate rigid particles in a viscous fluid for different values of the particle volume fractions. Direct numerical simulations have been performed using a direct-forcing immersed boundary method to account for the dispersed phase, combined with a soft-sphere collision model and lubrication corrections for short-range particle–particle and particle–wall interactions. With respect to the single-phase flow, we show that in flows laden with oblate spheroids the drag is reduced and the turbulent fluctuations attenuated. In particular, the turbulence activity decreases to lower values than those obtained by accounting only for the effective suspension viscosity. To explain the observed drag reduction, we consider the particle dynamics and the interactions of the particles with the turbulent velocity field and show that the particle–wall layer, previously observed and found to be responsible for the increased dissipation in suspensions of spheres, disappears in the case of oblate particles. These rotate significantly slower than spheres near the wall and tend to stay with their major axes parallel to the wall, which leads to a decrease of the Reynolds stresses and turbulence production and so to the overall drag reduction.
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Drabczyk, Anna, Magda Ciężkowska, Katarzyna Kałahurska, Adam Zięba, Wojciech Bulowski, Katarzyna Bucka, Patryk Kasza, Krzysztof Zbroja, Grzegorz Putynkowski und Robert P. Socha. „The Application of Ultrasound Pre-Treatment in Low-Temperature Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods“. Materials 17, Nr. 20 (11.10.2024): 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17204980.
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Zinc oxide, due to its unique physicochemical properties, including dual piezoelectric and semiconductive ones, demonstrates a high application potential in various fields, with a particular focus on nanotechnology. Among ZnO nanoforms, nanorods are gaining particular interest. Due to their ability to efficiently transport charge carriers and photoelectric properties, they demonstrate significant potential in energy storage and conversion, as well as photovoltaics. They can be prepared via various methods; however, most of them require large energy inputs, long reaction times, or high-cost equipment. Hence, new methods of ZnO nanorod fabrication are currently being sought out. In this paper, an ultrasound-supported synthesis of ZnO nanorods with zinc acetate as a zinc precursor has been described. The fabrication of nanorods included the treatment of the precursor solution with ultrasounds, wherein various sonication times were employed to verify the impact of the sonication process on the effectiveness of ZnO nanorod synthesis and the sizes of the obtained nanostructures. The morphology of the obtained ZnO nanorods was imaged via a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, while the particle size distribution within the precursor suspensions was determined by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). Additionally, the dynamic viscosity of precursor suspensions was also verified. It was demonstrated that ultrasounds positively affect ZnO nanorod synthesis, yielding longer nanostructures through even reactant distribution. Longer nanorods were obtained as a result of short sonication (1–3 min), wherein prolonged treatment with ultrasounds (4–5 min) resulted in obtaining shorter nanorods. Importantly, the application of ultrasounds increased particle homogeneity within the precursor suspension by disintegrating particle agglomerates. Moreover, it was demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment reduces the dynamic viscosity of precursor suspension, facilitating faster particle diffusion and promoting a more uniform growth of longer ZnO nanorods. Hence, it can be concluded that ultrasounds constitute a promising solution in obtaining homogeneous ZnO nanorods, which is in line with the principles of green chemistry.
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Athani, Shivakumar, Yoel Forterre, Bloen Metzger und Romain Mari. „Transients in pressure-imposed shearing of dense granular suspensions“. EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124909009.
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Granular materials whether dry or immersed in fluid show dilation or compaction depending upon the initial conditions, solid fraction and normal stress. Here we probe the transient response of a dense granular suspension subjected to change of applied normal stress under simple shear. In this aim, normal-stress-imposed discrete element particle simulations are developed considering the contributions arising from the drag induced on the particles by fluid phase. These pressure-imposed simulations show transient behaviors of dense granular suspensions such as dilation or compaction before reaching a steady state following the µ(J) rheology. Less expectedly, the transient behavior, in particular the height of the system as a function of applied strain, can also be described by assuming that the system follows the steady µ(J) rheology at all times.