Zeitschriftenartikel: „Sulphur dioxyde“

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Masneuf-Pomarède, Isabelle, und Denis Dubourdieu. „Yeast strains role on the sulphur dioxyde combinations of wines obtained from noble rot and raisining grapes“. OENO One 34, Nr. 1 (31.03.2000): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2000.34.1.1013.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">The influence of four industrial and indigenous yeast strains on the sulphur dioxide combinations of wines obtained from noble rot and raisining grapes is studied in different growth of the Sauternes area and one growth in the Jurançon area. The analysis of ketonic compounds (pyruvic acid and 2-oxo-glutaric acid), acetaldehyde and PC50 on the wines clearly showed significant statistical difference between the yeast strains for the sulphur dioxide combination. By adding the same dosage of sulphiting, the free SO<sub>2</sub> levels are variable depending on the yeast strain used. One strain (Zymaflore ST), isolated from a spontaneous fermentation of a botrytised must, giving wines with low PC50 values, is well adapted for the noble rot must vinification. The choice of the yeast strain is a parameter of importance to limit the sulphur dioxide amount in the wines.</p>

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Percy, Kevin E. „Geoscience of Climate and Energy 11. Ambient Air Quality and Linkage to Ecosystems in the Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta“. Geoscience Canada 40, Nr. 3 (31.10.2013): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2013.40.014.

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In 2010, there were 91 active oil sands projects in the Athabasca Oil Sands, Alberta where the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association monitors air quality and related environmental impacts. In 2012, ambient air concentrations of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ammonia did not exceed the Alberta Ambient Air Quality Objectives. There was one exceedance of these objectives for ground-level ozone, and 62 exceedances for fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 microns. There were 170 exceedances of the 1-hour hydrogen sulphide / total reduced sulphur odour threshold. The number of hourly exceedances has decreased since 2009, yet odours remain a serious concern in some communities. Based on the Air Quality Health Index (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter), the risk from ambient air quality to human health from some pollutants was calculated to be low 96% to 98% of the time depending upon monitoring location, moderate 1% to 3.4%, high ≤ 0.4%, and very high ≤ 0.2% of the year. In a highly regulated setting like the Alberta oil sands, it is critical for stakeholders to quantify the spatial influences of emission source types to explain any consequential environmental effects. Source apportionment studies successfully matched source chemical fingerprints with those measured in terrestrial lichens throughout the region. Forensic receptor modeling showed source types contributing to elemental concentrations in the lichens included combustion processes (~23%), tailing sand (~19%), haul roads and limestone (~15%), oil sand and processed materials (~15%), and a general anthropogenic urban source (~15%). Re-suspended fugitive dust from operations, tailings dikes, quarrying, on-road transportation, and land clearing was found to contribute enrichment to a much greater degree than the hitherto assumed combustion source type.SOMMAIREEn 2010, il y avait 91 projets d’extraction en cours dans les sables bitumineux de l’Athabasca en Alberta, soit dans le secteur où la Wood Buffalo Environmental Association mesure la qualité de l'air et les répercussions sur les milieux de vie. En 2012, les concentrations dans l'air ambiant de dioxyde de soufre, le dioxyde d'azote et d'ammoniac n’ont pas dépassé les niveaux fixés par l’Alberta Ambient Air Quality Objectives. Il y a eu 1 dépassement de ces objectifs pour la concentration de l'ozone au niveau du sol, et 62 dépassements pour la concentration des particules fines d'un diamètre aérodynamique ≤ 2,5 micromètres. Il y a eu 170 dépassements pour la concentration du sulfure d’hydrogène pendant 1 heure / du seuil de l’odeur total de soufre réduit. Le nombre des dépassements horaires a diminué depuis 2009, mais les odeurs demeurent un grave problème dans certaines communautés. En fonction de la Cote air santé (ozone, dioxyde d'azote, particules fines), le risque de la qualité de l'air ambiant pour la santé humaine de certains polluants a été qualifiée de faible pour 96 % à 98 % des cas selon lieu de la mesure, de modérée dans 1 % à 3,4 %, plus élevé dans ≤ 0,4% des cas, et de très élevé dans ≤ 0,2% de l’année. Dans un cadre très réglementé comme celui des sables bitumineux de l'Alberta, il est essentiel pour les parties prenantes de quantifier spatialement les répercussions des divers types de sources d'émissions dans le but d’expliquer les conséquences sur les milieux de vie. Les études d’attribution des sources ont très bien recoupé celles des empreintes chimiques des sources mesurées dans les lichens terrestres dans toute la région. La modélisation par récepteurs forensiques a montré que les types de sources qui contribuent aux concentrations élémentaires dans les lichens proviennent des procédés de combustion (~ 23%), des sables résiduels (~ 19%), des routes de transport et du calcaire (~ 15%), des sables bitumineux et des matériaux transformés (~ 15%) et d’une source urbaine anthropique générale (~ 15%). On a établi que les poussières diffuses remises en suspension provenant de l'exploitation, les digues de résidus, les carrières, le transport routier et le défrichement contribuent à l’augmentation de la concentration à un degré beaucoup plus élevé que la combustion, qu’on ne l’avait estimé jusqu’à présent.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2013.40.014

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Anstice, P. J. C., und J. F. Alder. „The Effect of Sulphur Dioxide on the Adsorption Properties of Activated Carbon towards Chloropicrin“. Adsorption Science & Technology 15, Nr. 7 (Juli 1997): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361749701500707.

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Sulphur dioxide is believed to be adsorbed on activated carbons in both physically and chemically bound states. Sulphuric acid and a variety of oxygenated and hydrated sulphur oxide species are believed to be present on humidified carbons exposed to sulphur dioxide. Samples of ASC/T impregnated carbons were exposed to sulphur dioxide mixtures in humid air at 80% RG and 22°C. The sulphur dioxide-loaded carbons were then exposed to chloropicrin challenge at 5 mg/dm3 in air at 80% RH and 22°C and the chloropicrin breakthrough times measured. A relationship was found between the extra mass gain of the carbons (due to oxygen and water) with increasing sulphur dioxide loading, as predicted by other workers. The effect of sulphur dioxide loading on the chloropicrin breakthrough times was a gradual reduction to about one-third the time for unexposed carbon, with an adsorbed mass of sulphur dioxide equal to ca. 10% of the carbon mass in a 20 mm bed-depth filter.

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Palmer, Anne S., Vin I. Morgan, Mark A. J. Curran, Tas D. van Ommen und Paul A. Mayewski. „Antarctic volcanic flux ratios from Law Dome ice cores“. Annals of Glaciology 35 (2002): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781816771.

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AbstractExplosive volcanic eruptions can inject large quantities of sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere. the aerosols that result from oxidation of the sulphur dioxide can produce significant cooling of the troposphere by reflecting or absorbing solar radiation. It is possible to obtain an estimate of the relative stratospheric sulphur aerosol concentration produced by different volcanoes by comparing sulphuric acid fluxes determined by analysis of polar ice cores. Here,we use a non-sea-salt sulphate time series derived from three well-dated Law Dome ice cores to investigate sulphuric acid flux ratios for major eruptions over the period AD 1301–1995. We use additional data from other cores to investigate systematic spatial variability in the ratios. Only for the Kuwae eruption (Law Dome ice date AD 1459.5) was the H2SO4 flux larger than that deposited by Tambora (Law Dome ice date AD 1816.7).

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Machado de Oliveira, Camila, Adilson Oliveira, Jeane Almeida do Rosário, Agenor de Noni Jr. und Michael Peterson. „Purification Route of Pyrite from Coal Mining“. Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.155.

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Pyrite, mineral largely found in nature, is considered a solid waste when is obtained from the coal mining. However, can be precursor of products like: sulphur, sulphuric acid, hematite, sulphur dioxide, fertilizers and iron sulfates. Several studies also point it property of semiconduction and it use in solar cells. Increase it purity level is important for transforming it in products with more aggregate value. Thus, the present work suggests a purification route for the reduction in soluble salts in water, organics and quartz associated with pyrite from the coal mining beneficiation. The used methods were solubilization in hot water and in organic solvent (dichloromethane). Were applied XRD, FTIR, total sulphur determination, and gas helium picnometry. Comparing the results obtained for the “in nature” pyrite with the purified one, proved the efficiency of the proposed method.

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Vale, Allister. „Sulphur dioxide“. Medicine 35, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2007): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.09.012.

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Vale, Allister. „Sulphur dioxide“. Medicine 40, Nr. 3 (März 2012): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.12.009.

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Vale, Allister. „Sulphur Dioxide“. Medicine 31, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2003): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.31.10.74.27817.

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Flentje, H., H. Claude, T. Elste, S. Gilge, U. Köhler, C. Plass-Dülmer, W. Steinbrecht, W. Thomas, A. Werner und W. Fricke. „The Eyjafjallajökull eruption in April 2010 – detection of volcanic plume using in-situ measurements, ozone sondes and lidar-ceilometer profiles“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, Nr. 20 (26.10.2010): 10085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10085-2010.

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Abstract. Volcanic emissions from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption on the Southern fringe of Iceland in April 2010 were detected at the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg (Germany) by means of in-situ measurements, ozone sondes and ceilometers. Information from the German Meteorological Service (DWD) ceilometer network (Flentje et al., 2010) aided identifying the air mass origin. We discuss ground level in-situ measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and particulate matter as well as ozone sonde profiles and column measurements of SO2 by a Brewer spectrometer. At Hohenpeissenberg, a number of reactive gases, e.g. carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and particle properties, e.g. size distribution and ionic composition, were additionally measured during this period. Our results describe the arrival of the volcanic plume at Zugspitze and Hohenpeissenberg during 16 and 17 April 2010 and its residence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) for several days thereafter. The ash plume was first seen in the ceilometer backscatter profiles at Hohenpeissenberg in about 6–7 km altitude. After entrainment into the PBL at noon of 17 April, largely enhanced values of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid and super-micron-particle number concentration were recorded at Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg till 21 April.

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J., Birgen, Wafula G. und Yusuf A. Onyatta J. „Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya“. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-5 (31.08.2017): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2320.

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Grace, B., T. J. Gillespie und K. J. Puckett. „Uptake of gaseous sulphur dioxide by the lichen Cladina rangiferina“. Canadian Journal of Botany 63, Nr. 4 (01.04.1985): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-102.

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Samples of the lichen Cladina rangiferina were exposed to various concentrations of sulphur dioxide in a fumigation cuvette system for time periods ranging from 1 to 18 h. The cuvette system provided airstreams which, within the limits of measurement, had identical flow rates, temperatures, and relative humidities. Sulphur dioxide was added to one airstream as a treatment, while the other remained free of sulphur dioxide for control purposes. In some experiments, wind speed could be varied from 8 to 250 cm∙s−1 in a small wind tunnel placed in the fumigation cuvette. The system allowed for the calculation of sulphur dioxide uptake by the lichen sample. Potassium release was shown to increase with an increasing uptake of sulphur dioxide (time-integrated flux), but was not uniquely related to sulphur dioxide concentration alone. Extrapolation of a linear transformation of the potassium release curve to zero potassium efflux resulted in a threshold uptake value of 240 μg SO2∙g lichen−1. Internal lichen resistance and lichen boundary-layer resistance were experimentally determined for later use in an electrical analog model for the calculation of sulphur dioxide uptake.

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Zaker, Mohammad Reza, Clémence Fauteux-Lefebvre und Jules Thibault. „Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimization of the Sulphur Dioxide Oxidation Process“. Processes 9, Nr. 6 (20.06.2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9061072.

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Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is one of the most produced chemicals in the world. The critical step of the sulphuric acid production is the oxidation of sulphur dioxide (SO2) to sulphur trioxide (SO3) which takes place in a multi catalytic bed reactor. In this study, a representative kinetic rate equation was rigorously selected to develop a mathematical model to perform the multi-objective optimization (MOO) of the reactor. The objectives of the MOO were the SO2 conversion, SO3 productivity, and catalyst weight, whereas the decisions variables were the inlet temperature and the length of each catalytic bed. MOO studies were performed for various design scenarios involving a variable number of catalytic beds and different reactor configurations. The MOO process was mainly comprised of two steps: (1) the determination of Pareto domain via the determination a large number of non-dominated solutions, and (2) the ranking of the Pareto-optimal solutions based on preferences of a decision maker. Results show that a reactor comprised of four catalytic beds with an intermediate absorption column provides higher SO2 conversion, marginally superior to four catalytic beds without an intermediate SO3 absorption column. Both scenarios are close to the ideal optimum, where the reactor temperature would be adjusted to always be at the maximum reaction rate. Results clearly highlight the compromise existing between conversion, productivity and catalyst weight.

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Gupta, B. L., und B. Suseela. „Mechanism for the radiolytic conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid“. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 27, Nr. 2 (1986): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0197(86)90136-0.

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Kyrö, E. M., R. Väänänen, V. M. Kerminen, A. Virkkula, T. Petäjä, A. Asmi, M. Dal Maso et al. „Trends in new particle formation in Eastern Lapland, Finland: effect of decreasing sulphur emissions from Kola Peninsula“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, Nr. 11 (26.11.2013): 30721–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-30721-2013.

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Abstract. The smelter industry in Kola Peninsula is the largest source of anthropogenic SO2 in the Arctic part of Eurasia and one of the largest within the Arctic domain. Due to socio-economic changes in Russia the emissions have been decreasing especially since the late 1990s resulting in decreased SO2 concentrations close to Kola in Eastern Lapland, Finland. At the same time, the frequency of new particle formation days has been decreasing distinctively at SMEAR I station in Eastern Lapland, especially during spring and autumn. We show that sulphur species, namely sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid, have an important role in both new particle formation and subsequent growth and that the decrease in new particle formation days is a result of the reduction of sulphur emissions originating from Kola Peninsula. In addition to sulphur species, there are many other quantities, such as formation rate or aerosol particles, condensation sink and nucleation mode particle number concentration, which are related to the number of observed new particle formation (NPF) days and need to be addressed when linking sulphur emissions and NPF. We show that while most of these quantities exhibit statistically significant trends, the reduction in Kola sulphur emissions is the most obvious reason for the rapid decline in NPF days. Sulphuric acid explains approximately 20–50% of the aerosol condensational growth observed at SMEAR I and there is a large seasonal variation with highest values obtained during spring and autumn. We found that (i) particles form earlier after sunrise during late winter and early spring due to high concentrations of SO2 and H2SO4, (ii) several events occurred during the absence of light and they were connected to higher than average concentrations of SO2 and (iii) high SO2 concentrations could advance the onset of nucleation by several hours. Moreover, air masses coming over Kola Peninsula seemed to favour new particle formation.

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Aliyu, Y. A., I. J. Musa und T. T. Youngu. „Appraisal of Sulphur Contaminants from Transportation in Urban Zaria, Nigeria“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 2 (Oktober 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.2.19.

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As a step towards remediation of sulphur contaminants, this study used a Crowcon Gasman (gas detection instrument) to collect and analyze Sulphuric gas samples from densely populated areas of urban Zaria. The results showed varying concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S). The high concentrations of these pollutants detected can be attributed to increased population growth, increased production of gaseous wastes and increased number of vehicular movement. The results indicate also that the concentrations of pollutant sulphur component SO2 measured at all sampling points, with exception of the control site were hazardous while that of H2S were within safe limit set by FEPA and ACGIH respectively. Statistical tests were performed which established significant variation/relationship between detected pollutants and traffic volume. Findings from this study imply that vehicular emission within urban Zaria is not within the safe limit which further reveals that transport-related pollution in Zaria urban area can be potentially hazardous to health.

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Mackie, K. L., H. H. Brownell, K. L. West und J. N. Saddler. „Effect of Sulphur Dioxide and Sulphuric Acid on Steam Explosion of Aspenwood“. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 5, Nr. 3 (Januar 1985): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773818508085202.

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Przybyła, Mateusz, und Andrzej Adamkiewicz. „Quantity and Quality of Dual Fuel IC Marine Engine Exhaust Sensible Waste Heat Considering Different Sulphur Content in Fuels“. E3S Web of Conferences 137 (2019): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913701045.

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Maritime transport is facing a significant set of technical challenges due to planned by the International Maritime Organization implementation of ecological criterions on 01 January 2020 and 2021 regarding the emission of sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The advantageous properties of natural gas (NG) as fuel in conjunction with dual fuel (DF) internal combustion (IC) engines potentially enables the fulfilment of all planned criterions. However, if the methane emission of DF IC is taken into consideration in CO2 emission balance it completely devaluates the advantages arising from high hydrogen to carbon ratio of NG. On the other hand, the planned global sulphur cap in combination with its low content in NG potentially enables to recover higher rates of waste heat and exergy of combustion products without the risk of low temperature corrosion (compared to liquid fuel). In this study the influence of sulphur content in NG and pilot fuel on the sulphuric acid condensation temperature was investigated in order to determine the rate of waste heat (quantity) and exergy (quality) of four stroke DF IC engine combustion products. In ideal process scenario (exergy based) the methane slip effect compensation was achieved only for a 0,5 engine load.

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Rakitskaya, Tatyana L., Tatyana A. Kiose, E. V. Kameneva und V. Ya Volkova. „Natural Clinoptilolite Based Solid-State Compositions for Low-Temperature Air Purification from Sulphur Dioxide“. Solid State Phenomena 230 (Juni 2015): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.230.291.

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Natural clinoptilolite (N-CLI) and N-CLI based solid-state compositions containing copper(II) chloride and halide ions (X- = Cl-, Br- or I-) were investigated by X‑ray diffraction phase analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, water vapour adsorption, and pH‑metry. After that, they were tested in the reaction of low-temperature sulphur dioxide oxidation with air oxygen. It has been found that N-CLI has no protective properties in respect of sulphur dioxide whereas CuCl2‑KX/N-CLI compositions have the significant protective activity in the process of air purification from sulphur dioxide increasing in the order Cl- < Br- < I-.

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Marcewicz-Kuba, Agnieszka. „Effect of the synthetic zeolite modification on its physicochemical and catalytic properties in the preparation of the catalysts effectively removing sulphur dioxide from exhaust gases“. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 18, Nr. 2 (01.06.2016): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2016-0027.

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Abstract This work presents the research results of the influence of modification deSONOx type catalyst of the sulfur dioxide emissions in the process of the hard coal combustion. The addition of zeolite catalysts modified by transition metal ions: V, Mg, activated by zinc sorbent with or without graphite addition caused the deeper burning of coal grains. The addition of the deSOx catalysts to the coal resulted in lowered sulphur dioxide emission. The addition of unmodified zeolite to coal during combustion reduced sulphur dioxide emission at about 5%. The modification of the support by both V and Mg reduced the amount of sulphur dioxide significantly. The obtained results of SO2 removal from exhaust gases were from 34.5% for Sip/Mg to 68.3% for Sip/V.

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Durmisevic, Smajil, und Jasminka Durmisevic-Serdarevic. „Ambient air quality and the frequency of physician visits by preschool children“. Medical review 60, Nr. 7-8 (2007): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0708387d.

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Introduction. Ambient air pollution in the town of Kakanj, mostly of industrial origin, has become a major reason for increased use of health care services by children under the age of six years. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between ambient concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), suspended particles and nitrogenoxides (NOx), and the frequency/number of visits to health care institutions by children under the age of six years. Material and methods. The investigation was carried out in the period from January to December 2003, in the area of Kakanj and Brnjic. We examined the average number of monthly visits to health care institutions and concentrations of sulphur dioxide, suspended particles and nitrogen oxides in the town of Kakanj. Results. The investigation shows that there is a linear increase of visits to health care institutions in relation to linear increase of concetrations of sulphur dioxide, suspended particles and nitrogen oxides (O<R<+1). An increase in visits to health care institutions significantly correlates (0.05) with the average concetrations of sulphur dioxide (0.713) and suspended particles (0.433), and with the average concentrations of nitrogen oxides (0.901). Discussion. High correlation between the increase in visits to health care institutions and increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide was also found by Berktas, Jazbec, Transande. Conclusion. Children under the age of six in the town of Kakanj visit health care institutions considerably more frequently than children of the same age in the village of Brnjic, which significantly correlates with the average monthly concentrations of sulphur dioxide, suspended particles and nitrogen oxides in the air. .

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Pyshyev, Serhiy, Michael Bratychak, Vasyl Hayvanovych, Pavlo Paniv und Witold Wacławek. „Water Effect on Oxidative Desulphurization Process of Straight-Run Kerosene Fraction / Wpływ Wody Na Utleniający Proces Odsiarczania Frakcji Nafty“. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, Nr. 1 (01.03.2013): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0004.

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Abstract Sulphur dioxide obtained during fuels burning in combustion engines is one of the main pollutants. In diesel oils and gasolines the sulphur content must be 5-10 ppm and in jet fuels - 300-3000 ppm. However the production of hydrofined jet fuel is problematic. The reason is deterioration of fuel stability and antioxygenic properties. The oxidative desulphurization of straight-run kerosene was investigated. This method combines oxidation by atmospheric oxygen of sulphur compounds under increased temperature and pressure in the presence of water in the reaction medium, and removal of oxidized sulphur compounds from the oxidation-treated fuel via rectification. It was showed that water partially extracts from the hydrocarbon medium acidic compounds, formed in the beginning stage of oxidation, dissociation of which leads to the formation in water acidic medium. As a result, a pathway of the hydroperoxides decomposition partially changes from the formation of carbonic acids and oxyacids to the formation of alcohols, phenols and alkylphenols, which displayed an inhibitory effect in hydrocarbon oxidation. It was assumed that an inhibitory effect of water, in addition to the creation reverse micelles with peroxides and complexes with free radicals, caused by oxidation products created in the beginning stage of oxidation. The effect of water/kerosene ratio on the oxidative desulphurization of straight-run kerosene fraction has been examined. It was found that water improves process selectivity with insignificant influence on the degree of sulphur recovery. The optimum value of water/kerosene ratio for the fuel containing 0.15% mass of sulphuric compounds has been determined.

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ROBINSON, P. H., und J. J. KENNELLY. „AMMONIA OR SULPHUR DIOXIDE TREATMENT OF HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY ON IN SITU RUMEN DEGRADABILITY AND IN SITU WHOLE-TRACT DIGESTIBILITY“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, Nr. 3 (01.09.1988): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-087.

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High-moisture barley (HMB) was ensiled in polyethylene silage bags. Treatments applied to 30% moisture HMB as a percentage of dry matter (DM) were: none, 1% ammonia, 2% ammonia, and 1.5% sulphur dioxide. A fifth treatment was the addition of 1.5% sulphur dioxide to 20% moisture HMB. Barley samples were ruminally incubated to estimate degradability of DM and nitrogen (N). Ruminally incubated bags were also introduced to the duodenal cannulae and collected in feces to estimate true whole-tract digestion. Sulphur dioxide treatment, or moisture content, had no influence on ruminal degradability, with the exception of increased degradation rate of potentially degradable N for 20 vs 30% HMB, or whole-tract true digestion. Ammoniation resulted in net reduction in rate of ruminal DM release due to shift of soluble DM to the potentially degradable fraction, and decrease in the potentially degradable fraction degradation rate. Ammoniation increased barley N content up to 44% with no change in rate of ruminal N release. Whole-tract true DM digestion was higher for ammoniated barley but N digestion was not influenced. Sulphur dioxide appears to offer no advantages beyond grain preservation, whereas ammoniation offers potential by reducting rate of ruminal DM release, and providing a source of slow release nonprotein N, without affecting post-ruminal digestibility. Key words: High-moisture barley, ammonia, sulphur dioxide

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Szyszkowicz, Mieczyslaw, und Eugeniusz Porada. „Ambient Sulphur Dioxide and Female ED Visits for Migraine“. ISRN Neurology 2012 (15.03.2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/279051.

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Ambient sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations may affect the number of female emergency department (ED) visits for migraine. ED visits diagnosed as migraine among females in two cities in Canada, Toronto (N=704) and Ottawa (N=3,358), were analyzed. In the study case-crossover design was used. Conditional logistic regression was realized to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) relative to an increase in an interquartile range (IQR, in Toronto IQR=2.9 ppb, in Ottawa IQR=3.9 ppb) of sulphur dioxide. In the constructed conditional logistic regression models, temperature and relative humidity were adjusted in the form of natural splines. In Toronto positive and statistically significant associations of sulphur dioxide with migraine ED visits were obtained: all ages, OR=1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08); age group [15, 50], OR=1.05 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.09). In Ottawa positive correlations were observed: all ages, OR=1.05 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.13); age group [15, 50], OR=1.06 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.15). The results suggest that female migraine may be affected by ambient sulphur dioxide.

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Youssef, A. M., M. R. Mostafa und E. M. Dorgham. „Coal-Based Activated Carbons for the Removal of Sulphur Dioxide via Adsorption“. Adsorption Science & Technology 15, Nr. 10 (November 1997): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361749701501006.

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Zinc chloride-activated carbons and steam-activated carbons were prepared from Maghara coal. The textural properties were determined from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. Zinc chloride activation is usually associated with the creation of new micropores while steam activation involves pore widening particularly when the percentage burn-off is high. The adsorption of SO2 on steam-activated carbon is high compared with ZnCl2-activated carbons. Steam activation develops surface basic groups which provide chemisorption sites for SO2. The adsorption of SO2 is enhanced in the presence of O2 and water vapour and involves the formation of sulphuric acid in this case. Sulphur dioxide adsorption is related to the chemistry of the carbon surface rather than to the extent of the surface area of the activated carbon.

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Mahi, P. „Power Stations as Chemical Plants — Could Power Become the Byproduct?“ Energy & Environment 3, Nr. 1 (Februar 1992): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9200300103.

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The need of power stations to act as integrated chemical plants is a new departure for the electricity supply industry. The need to control pollutants from power generation plants while at the same time utilising waste products to generate income from the sale of valuable by products is a potential prospect. The technology already exists at commercial scale to treat high sulphur fuels in conventional power stations or coal gasification plants to produce elemental sulphur, sulphuric acid or gypsum as saleable products. Future prospects may involve the utilisation of carbon dioxide either as received gas or its conversion to useful compounds. The coal ashes also provide a potential feed material to recover aluminium oxide and supply the existing smelters with an indigenous raw material. In this paper, an attempt is made to examine the potential of power stations to become chemical plants; to identify both the nature and quantities of the chemicals which could be produced and to assess whether the chemical industry is able to absorb these products and provide a firm market base.

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Seaward, M. R. D. „Lichens and sulphur dioxide air pollution: field studies“. Environmental Reviews 1, Nr. 2 (01.07.1993): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a93-007.

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The recent spread of air pollution, particularly sulphur dioxide, throughout Europe and elsewhere over the past 200 years is accurately reflected by the decline of lichens. Lichens have proved highly versatile for monitoring not only increasing but also decreasing levels of air pollution in general and, more recently, qualitative differences brought about by changes in energy policies, clean air legislation, and agricultural practices. The use of lichens as biological monitors of sulphur dioxide pollution over the past 150 years is reviewed, and techniques such as zonal mapping, pollution indexes, monitoring scales, and modelling are covered to demonstrate their effectiveness in air quality surveillance, often over wide geographical areas, where physicochemical equipment is often inadequate or indeed nonexistent.Key words: lichens, air pollution, sulphur dioxide, field studies.

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Kicińska, Bożena. „Dependence of Air Quality Conditions in Cities in North-Western Poland on the Direction of Air Inflow“. Miscellanea Geographica 12, Nr. 1 (01.12.2006): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2006-0009.

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Abstract This paper presents the dependence of air pollution with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on wind direction in Szczecin, Łeba, Elbląg and Zielona Góra in the period 1993-1999. It has been shown that the most disadvantageous air quality conditions in the cities listed above are on the days with air inflow from south-east, and the most advantageous on the days with advection from north-west. This dependence is particularly evident in the case of pollution with sulphur dioxide, especially in the cold half-year.

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Stražanac, Danijela, Darja Sokolić, Sandra Bašić, Brigita Hengl und Andrea Gross-Bošković. „Konzerviranje rakova upotrebom sumpornog dioksida i sulfita (E 220 – E 228)“. Meso 21, Nr. 3 (2019): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/m.21.3.5.

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Food additives are substances of known chemical composition that are neither consumed as food nor typical food ingredients, regardless of their nutritional value, but are instead added to foodstuffs to perform certain technological functions and retain certain sensory properties of food. Additives that are widely applied in food industry include sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphites (E 220 – E 228). Sulphur dioxide and its derivatives are added to foodstuffs in order to inhibit and control the growth of microorganisms, for the purpose of prevention of non-enzymatic browning and inhibition of enzyme-catalysed reactions, as well as antioxidants and reducing agents.Food to which they are most often added includes various dried fruits, certain species of crabs and molluscs, fruit juices, beer, wine and other products. Since harmful effects of sulphur dioxide and sulphites are most commonly associated with allergic reactions to food, it is, therefore, necessary to inform consumers of their presence in food, even when they are present in very small quantities, because their quantity itself does not exclude the possibility of an allergic reaction. The use of sulphur dioxide and sulphites in the processing of crabs (scampi, shrimp, and lobster) is justified by their preservative effect on slowing the growth of bacteria and preventing the formation of melanomas that manifest by the emergence of black spots on crab shell caused by the polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity. Sulphur dioxide and sulphites are regulated by Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on food additives as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1129/2011 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council by establishing a Union list of food additives. In 1993, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified sulphur dioxide and sulphites as Group 3, meaning they are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has, in its Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of sulphur dioxide (E 220), sodium sulphite (E 221), sodium bisulphite (E 222), sodium metabisulphite (E 223), potassium metabisulphite (E 224), calcium sulphite (E 226), calcium bisulphite (E 227) and potassium bisulphite (E 228) as food additives, confirmed that the current acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.7 mg SO2 equivalent/kg of body weight per day would remain adequate.

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Pavlinec, J., und M. Lazár. „Polypropylene Modified with Sulphur Dioxide“. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 35, Nr. 7 (Juli 1998): 1055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601329808002100.

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Rose, Anthony H. „Sulphur dioxide and other preservatives“. Journal of Wine Research 4, Nr. 1 (Januar 1993): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09571269308717947.

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Ponce de Leon, A., und H. R. Anderson. „Sulphur dioxide levels and asthma.“ Thorax 49, Nr. 10 (01.10.1994): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.49.10.1042.

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Binbrek, O. S., und A. Anderson. „Lattice Dynamics of Sulphur Dioxide“. physica status solidi (b) 162, Nr. 2 (01.12.1990): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221620212.

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Mulhauser, F., und H. Schneuwly. „Muon transfer to sulphur dioxide“. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 26, Nr. 22 (28.11.1993): 4307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/26/22/032.

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Parsons, Simon, Jack Passmore, Melbourne J. Schriver und Peter S. White. „Cycloaddition reactions of dichlorodithionitronium hexafluoroarsenate(V) with alkynes and alkenes; the preparation and X-ray crystal structure of 1,3-dichloro-1,3,2-dithiazolidinium hexafluoroarsenate(V)“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, Nr. 6 (01.06.1990): 852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-134.

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The dichlorodithionitronium cation, ClSNSCl+, undergoes symmetry-allowed, concerted, cycloaddition reactions with alkynes and alkenes in liquid sulphur dioxide. With ethyne and propyne it gives corresponding 1,3,2-dithiazolium salts in quantitative yield. Cycloaddition with alkenes yields (hitherto unknown) 1,3-dichloro-1,3,2-dithiazolidinium cations. The reactions are sensitive to substituents, and only the cycloaddition with ethene occurs quantitatively on a preparative scale. Cycloadditions with propyne and E- and Z-2-butene have been observed in solution. The preparation, characterization, and X-ray crystal structure of the product of the reaction of CISNSCl+ with ethene, 1,3-dichloro-1,3,2-dithiazolidinium hexafluoroarsenate(V), are reported. Crystals of 1,3-dichloro-1,3,2-dithiazolidinium hexafluoroarsenate(V) are monoclinic, of space group P21/c, a = 6.3161(6) Å, b = 17.1724(23) Å, c = 19.1558(18) Å, and β = 98.143(8)°; Z = 4 and R = 0.061. The 1,3-dichloro-1,3,2-dithiazolidinium cation consists of a five-membered [Formula: see text]ring, axially substituted at the sulphurs by chlorine (average bond lengths: S—N 1.603(8) Å, S—Cl 2.025(4) Å, S—C 1.822(10) Å, and C—C 1.504(13) Å). Two crystallographically unique cations are linked by weak S..N contacts into pseudo-dimers. These data are used, together with structural comparisons with related SNS-containing cations and the sulphoxides and the 14N chemical shift, to show that the bonding in the SNS region of the cation is best represented by the valence canonicals [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], such that the sulphur and nitrogen atoms respectively carry absolute positive and negative charges. This picture is also supported by the fluoride contacts to the cation from the AsF6−anion, which are exclusively to sulphur. Nuclear magnetic resonance data were consistent with the retention of the solid state structure of [Formula: see text] in solution. Keywords: sulphur-nitrogen chloride, sulphur-nitrogen cations, 1,3-dichloro-1,3,2-dithiazolidinium, cycloaddition reactions, X-ray crystallography.

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Gill, J. Bernard, David C. Goodall und Brian Jeffreys. „Reactions in mixed non-aqueous solutions containing sulphur dioxide. Part 8. Phase studies of sulphur dioxide–dimethyl sulphoxide and sulphur dioxide–dimethylformamide mixtures“. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., Nr. 12 (1986): 2603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/dt9860002603.

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Nurandani, Hardyanti, Utomo Sudarno, Oktaviana Angelica, Serafina Katrin und Junaidi Junaidi. „Effect of COD/SO42- Supply Ratio Variations of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria of Sulphood Raise in Acid Mine Drainage“. E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305009.

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Sulphur dioxide gas is one of most contaminating gas in the air. Sulphur gas can be produced by mining activities. Sulphur gas will be harmful if bond with CO2 to form as Sulphur Dioxide. To reduce the Sulphur Dioxide gas concentration we must inhibite the sulphur gas formation from mining activities. The inhibition of sulphur gas could be done by reduce the sulphate concentration in acid mine drainage. One of important factor that influencing the reduce of sulphate is COD/SO42- ratio. The effect of COD/SO42- ratio on bacterial growth and sulfate removal process can be investigated with anaerobic batch reactor. The laundry septic tank sediments were inoculated on an anaerobic batch reactor which were contacted with artificial coal acid mine water wastes with 1000 sulfate concentrations and 2000 mg SO42- /L. In an anaerobic batch reactor there are five reactors with variations of COD / SO42-1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 ratios. Efficiency ratio and the best sulfate removal rate is in reactor ratio 2.0 with value efficiency of 46.58% and a reduction rate of 29.128 mg / L.day in an anaerobic batch reactor. The efficiency of the removal rate decreased when the COD / SO42->2.0 ratio decreased. The fastest pH decline was in the COD/SO42-8.0 ratio variation in the anaerobic batch reactor and. The COD / SO42-ratio can help the sulfate reduction process in the optimum value by affecting the sulfate-reducing bacterial metabolism in the balance of the acceptor and the electron donor.

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Grace, B., T. J. Gillespie und K. J. Puckett. „Sulphur dioxide threshold concentration values for Cladina rangiferina in the Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T.“ Canadian Journal of Botany 63, Nr. 4 (01.04.1985): 806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-103.

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A simulation model for the prediction of threshold concentration values of gaseous sulphur dioxide for damage to Cladina rangiferina over a 24-h period is presented. The model requires inputs of near surface relative humidities and air temperatures as well as lichen surface temperatures, and nearby airport wind speeds. An initial value of percent lichen water content must also be specified. Studies of lichen water relationships provided expressions utilized in the model for the calculation of the percent lichen water content. The model was applied to four microclimatically different days for an open lichen–spruce woodland near Inuvik, N.W.T. Boundary-layer resistance was found to be not as important as internal thallus resistance to sulphur dioxide uptake. For all days examined, threshold gaseous concentration values of sulphur dioxide for a 24-h period ranged from 20 to 30 μg∙m−3.

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Mondal, M. K. „Mathematical Modeling of Wet Magnesia Flue Gas Desulphurization Process“. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2008 (2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/871479.

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Desulphurization of flue gases from various chemical industries in a techno-econo-enviro manner is a demanding technology. The concentrations of sulphur dioxide in and around these plants overshoot the danger point. In recent years, the process analysis of chemical absorption in a slurry has become important in rational design and development of wet scrubbing processes for the removal ofSO2from flue gases. The elementary steps encountered in wet scrubbing by slurries are diffusion and reaction of gaseous species and solid dissolution in liquid film. In the present work, the process of the absorption of sulphur dioxide into wet magnesia slurry was theoretically analyzed according to the two-reaction plane model incorporating the solid dissolution promoted by the reactions with absorbed sulphur dioxide in the liquid film. A model based on Fick's second law has been developed to calculate enhancement factor for absorption of Sulphur dioxide intoMg(OH)2slurry. The concentration of accumulated species in the bulk of the liquid phase (sulphite ions for this case) which substantially control the absorption rates was included in the model for the prediction of theoretical enhancement factor. The values of theoretical enhancement factors obtained from model were compared with experimental enhancement factors available in literature. The model values of enhancement factors agreed well with the values of experimental enhancement factor available in literature.

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Kapitány, Sándor, Dávid Nagy, József Posta und Áron Béni. „Determination of atmospheric sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid traces by indirect flame atomic absorption method“. Microchemical Journal 157 (September 2020): 104853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104853.

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Englander, Viveka, Allan S�berg, Lars Hagmar, Robyn Attewell, Andrejs Sch�tz, Torgil M�ller und Staffan Skerfving. „Mortality and cancer morbidity in workers exposed to sulphur dioxide in a sulphuric acid plant“. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 61, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1988): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00381012.

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Sellitto, P., und B. Legras. „Sensitivity of thermal infrared sounders to the chemical and micro-physical properties of UTLS secondary sulphate aerosols“. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, Nr. 8 (10.08.2015): 8439–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-8439-2015.

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Abstract. Monitoring upper tropospheric-lower stratospheric (UTLS) secondary sulphate aerosols and their chemical and micro-physical properties from satellite nadir observations is crucial to better understand their formation and evolution processes and then to estimate their impact to the UTLS chemistry, and on regional and global radiative balance. Here we present a study aimed at the evaluation of the sensitivity of thermal infrared (TIR) satellite nadir observations to the chemical composition and the size distribution of idealized UTLS sulphate aerosol layers. The extinction properties of sulphuric acid/water droplets, for different sulphuric acid mixing ratios and temperatures, are systematically analysed. The extinction coefficients are derived by means of a Mie code, using refractive indexes taken from the GEISA (Gestion et Étude des Informations Spectroscopiques Atmosphériques: Management and Study of Spectroscopic Information) spectroscopic database and log-normal size distributions with different effective radii and number concentrations. IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) pseudo-observations are generated using forward radiative transfer calculations performed with the 4A (Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas) radiative transfer model, to estimate the impact of the extinction of idealized aerosol layers, at typical UTLS conditions, on the brightness temperature spectra observed by this satellite instrument. We found a marked and typical spectral signature of these aerosol layers between 700 and 1200 cm−1, due to the absorption bands of the sulphate and bi-sulphate ions and the undissociated sulphuric acid, with the main absorption peaks at 1170 and 905 cm−1. The dependence of the aerosol spectral signature to the sulphuric acid mixing ratio, and effective number concentration and radius, as well as the role of interferring parameters like the ozone, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and ash absorption, and temperature and water vapour profile uncertainties, are analyzed and critically discussed.

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Oláhné Horváth, B., E. Fazekas, N. Kellner und I. Magyar. „Influence of medium chain fatty acids on some botrytised wine-related yeast species and on spontaneous refermentation of Tokaj essence“. Acta Alimentaria 49, Nr. 3 (27.09.2020): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/066.2020.49.3.13.

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Medium chain fatty acids are candidates of partial sulphur dioxide replacement in wine, as a solution to the growing consumer concerns about chemical additives. In botrytised sweet wine specialties, large amount of sulphur dioxide addition is one of the effective practices to stop alcoholic fermentation. Increasing medium chain fatty acid levels up to 80 mg l-1 was tested as a sole inhibitor on solid agar surface. S. bacillaris seemed to be the most sensitive, S. cerevsisiae and S. bayanus were more tolerant, while Z. bailii showed the highest tolerance. Then, increasing medium chain fatty acid levels up to 40 mg l-1 combined with 100 mg l-1 sulphur dioxide was introduced into a Tokaj Essence under refermentation. After 56 days, the highest dosage had pronounced effect on the yeast population, but the refermentation was not inhibited completely. Medium chain fatty acids have varying inhibitory effect on botrytised wine-related yeasts, moreover, it could be used effectively in media with high ethanol content, unlike Tokaj Essence.

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Dizy, M., und M. C. Polo. „Changes in concentration of nitrogenous compounds during fermentation of white grape musts at pilot plant scale/Cambios en la concentración de compuestos nitrogenados durante la fermentación de mosto a escala piloto“. Food Science and Technology International 2, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329600200205.

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Five vinifications were performed in 500 L tanks using two musts of the Malvar white grape variety. Four vinifications were carried out with or without the addition of sulphur dioxide by spontaneous fermentation and by a mixed culture of yeasts (Kloeckera apiculata, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus). A fifth experiment was performed with the addition of sulphur dioxide and the inoculation of a commercial active dry yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae 71 B). The decrease in amino acids during fermentation was similar in all the experiments carried out on the same must in which there was no malolactic fermentation, regardless of the species of yeast conducting the fermentation, the free amino acid content of the corresponding must or whether sulphur dioxide was added to the musts or not. There was a smaller decrease in free amino acid concentration in wines where malolactic fermentation took place. This could be related to the release of amino acids from the wines' peptides by the peptidase activity of lactic acid bacteria.

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Kamilov, Kh P., D. I. Taylakova und Irina A. Nikolskaya. „EMBRYONAL AND POSTNATAL HISTOGENESIS OF TEETH IN RATS UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT“. Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 25, Nr. 4 (15.07.2019): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2019-25-4-230-233.

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Experimentally have been revealed that environmental contamination by pesticides, dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen disorders the processes of tissue differentiation of teeth and ossifications of jaw bones in embryos. The results of this are tardy teething and anomalous development of the teeth and jaw bones in postembryonic periods. Goal of the work was to identify the features of embryonic development of rats as a whole, as well as embryonic and postnatal development of their dentoalveolar system under conditions of intrauterine exposure to some chemicals polluting the environment. Material and methods. Pesticides, hexachlorane and fosalone, as well as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, which are the main components of harmful emissions from oil refineries, have been selected as polluting chemicals. The experiments were performed on non-matured mature white female rats with a body weight of 170-180 g. Results.It is found that prenatal exposure of toxic substances (pesticides, sulfur and nitrogen dioxides) leads to impaired fetal and postnatal development of offspring, which are shown to the maximum extent in combined toxicity of pesticides and dioxides. It was also revealed that combined intrauterine intoxication substantially interferes with the tooth tissue differentiation and jaw bones of the fetus, resulting in the delayed eruption and abnormal development of the teeth in the postnatal period.

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Madejska, Beata. „Legal aspects of low-emission shipping in the light of provisions of “sulphur directive” adopted by the European Union“. Polish Maritime Research 20, Nr. 4 (01.12.2013): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2013-0045.

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ABSTRACT Shipping emits a variety of air pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter PM. Air pollutant emissions from maritime transport can be transported over long distances and thus increasingly contribute to air quality problems. Key environmental regulations (international and European) coming into force in this decade address emissions of SOx, NOx, CO2 and PM to control and limit their impact in the atmosphere. In the European Union, accordingly to the legal regulations, in the sulphur emission control areas the required SOx content of fuel will be reduced from 1.5 % to 0.1 % beginning January 2015. Globally, from 2020 onwards, ships operating in all other European Sea areas will have to use fuels with sulphur content of 0.5 % or less.

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Doozandegan, Mahdi, Vahid Hosseini und Mohammad Ali Ehteram. „Solid nanoparticle and gaseous emissions of a diesel engine with a diesel particulate filter and use of a high-sulphur diesel fuel and a medium-sulphur diesel fuel“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, Nr. 7 (10.04.2017): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017701283.

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High-sulphur and medium-sulphur diesel fuels are still used in several countries. Although diesel particulate filter technology for on-road diesel engines has existed since 1989, the availability of high-sulphur and medium-sulphur diesel fuels in the market causes delays in the use of catalysed filter technologies. However, the situation in places such as Tehran is considered unhealthy because of particles and black carbon, and full distribution of ultra-low-sulphur diesel is awaited eagerly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the sulphur content in fuels on the gaseous and solid exhaust emissions of a 220 kW Euro II engine equipped with a sintered metal active–passive filter, focusing on the regeneration phenomenon. The results show that the efficiency for filtering the maximum number of particles was 99.9% and that the average was above 99% for steady-state operating conditions for both high-sulphur diesel (7700 ppm) and medium-sulphur diesel (229 ppm). The removal efficiency of the particle mass was low in the case of high-sulphur diesel owing to the sulphate condensate collection effect as the result of using a non-heated sample line. During regeneration, the number of particles increased in comparison with that in the filtration phase but the total number of emitted particles was less than the engine baseline value. The results for both fuels were the same, and the only measurable difference was the high sulphur dioxide production in the high-sulphur diesel during regeneration. This study demonstrates the potential of this type of filter technology for the effective removal of solid particles independent of the sulphur content of the fuel. With the exception of the decrease in the removal efficiency of the particle mass and the high sulphur dioxide production, no other notable difference was observed to be caused by the change in the sulphur content of the diesel fuel.

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Kattner, L., B. Mathieu-Üffing, J. P. Burrows, A. Richter, S. Schmolke, A. Seyler und F. Wittrock. „Monitoring compliance with sulphur content regulations of shipping fuel by in-situ measurements of ship emissions“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, Nr. 7 (15.04.2015): 11031–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-11031-2015.

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Abstract. In 1997 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted MARPOL Annex VI to prevent air pollution by shipping emissions. It regulates, among others, the sulphur content in shipping fuels which transforms into the air pollutant sulphur dioxide (SO2) during combustion. Within designated Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA), the sulphur content was limited to 1%, and on 1 January 2015, this limit was further reduced to 0.1%. Here we present the setup and measurement results of a permanent ship emission monitoring site near Hamburg harbour in the North Sea SECA. Trace gas measurements are conducted with in-situ instruments and a data set from September 2014 to January 2015 is presented. By combining measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and SO2 with ship position data, it is possible to deduce the sulphur fuel content of individual ships passing the measurement station, and thus, facilitating monitoring compliance of ships with the IMO regulations. While compliance is almost 100% for the 2014 data, it decreases only very little in 2015 to 95.4% despite the much stricter limit. We analysed more than 1400 ship plumes in total and for months with favourable conditions up to 40% of all ships entering and leaving Hamburg harbour could be checked for their sulphur fuel content.

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Bureš, Richard, Martin Klajmon, Jaroslav Fojt, Pavol Rak, Kristýna Jílková und Jan Stoulil. „Artificial Patination of Copper and Copper Alloys in Wet Atmosphere with Increased Content of SO2“. Coatings 9, Nr. 12 (08.12.2019): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120837.

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Natural copper patina is usually formed over several decades. This work investigates the possibility of obtaining a stable artificial patina based on brochantite in a more reasonable time. The patination process was based on patina formation from a humid atmosphere containing sulphur dioxide. The studied parameters were humidity (condensation and condensation/drying), sulphur dioxide concentration (4.4–44.3 g·m−3) and surface pre-treatments (grinding, pre-oxidation and pre-patination) prior to the patination process. Samples were evaluated by mass change, digital image analysis, spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A resistometric method was employed in order to observe the patina formation continuously during the exposure. Conditions inside the chamber were monitored during the exposure (pH of water and concentration of SO2 in gaseous phase). According to XRD, it was possible to deliberately grow a brochantite patina of reasonable thickness (approx. 30 µm), even within a couple of days of exposure. The drying phase of the condensation cycle increased the homogeneity of the deposited patina. Formation kinetics were the fastest under a condensation/drying cycle, starting with 17.7 g·m−3 sulphur dioxide and decreasing dosing in the cycle, with an electrolyte pH close to 3. The higher sulphur dioxide content above 17.7 g·m−3 forms too aggressive a surface electrolyte, which led to the dissolution of the brochantite. The pre-oxidation of copper surface resulted in a significant improvement of patina homogeneity on the surface.

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Chester, P. F. „Other forms of environmental pollution“. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, Nr. 1-2 (1987): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009581.

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SynopsisThis paper discusses the four main invisible products of fossil fuel combustion: carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide and unburned hydrocarbons. If carbon exchanges between atmosphere, ocean and biosphere remain at their recent levels, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is likely to double later next century, with a possible rise in global mean temperatures of around 2°C resulting in significant changes in regional climates. The consequences are uncertain, but with adequate research, there should be time to develop the understanding necessary to guide future policies. Sulphur dioxide, acid rain and photochemical oxidants are a more pressing problem. Knowledge here is more complete, but still subject to considerable uncertainties that have an important bearing on the extent and rate of response of affected areas to reduction in acid deposition. However, from the year 2000 onwards, with the replacement of existing plant with nuclear power or new sulphur-free coal-burning technology, United Kingdom sulphur emissions will continue to decline at about twice the pace of their previous rise. Nitrogen oxides contribute to rain acidity, may have direct toxic effects on plants and, when accompanied by hydrocarbons, can generate ozone, itself a damaging pollutant. The chemistry of ozone production is, however, complex, such that intuitive control policies could be counter-productive.

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Shopova, Denitsa, Robert Dinnebier und Martin Jansen. „Preparation and Crystal Structure Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Solvate Crystals with Cetyl- and Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63, Nr. 9 (01.09.2008): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-0912.

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Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) form with sulphur dioxide crystalline solvates which have been characterised by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) at room temperature. In both crystal structures, the fully extended CTAB and DTAB cations are oriented along the a axes, forming infinite parallel stacks along the b axes. Neighbouring stacks form sheets with the bromide anions and the sulphur dioxide molecules acting as chelating agents. Consecutive sheets are flipped and shifted, thus building the three-dimensional crystal structure in a brick-like manner.

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