Thematische Bibliographien / Sulfate formation

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Sulfate formation“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 22. Juni 2024

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  2. Dissertationen
  3. Bücher
  4. Buchteile
  5. Konferenzberichte
  6. Berichte der Organisationen

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Sulfate formation":

1

Vicente, C. P., P. Zancan, L. L. Peixoto, R. Alves-Sá, F. S. Araújo, P. A. S. Mourão und M. S. G. Pavão. „Unbalanced Effects of Dermatan Sulfates with Different Sulfation Patterns on Coagulation, Thrombosis and Bleeding“. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 86, Nr. 11 (2001): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1616054.

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SummaryWe compared the anticoagulant, antithrombotic and bleeding effects of highly sulfated dermatan sulfates from invertebrates and their mammalian counterpart. An invertebrate dermatan sulfate containing 2-O-sulfated α-L-iduronic acid and 4-O-sulfated N-acetyl-β-D-galactosamine residues is a potent anticoagulant due to a high heparin cofactor II activity. It inhibits thrombin due to the formation of a covalent complex with heparin cofactor II, as in the case of mammalian dermatan sulfate, but the effect occurs at lower concentrations for the invertebrate polysaccharide. Surprisingly, the invertebrate dermatan sulfate has a lower potency to prevent thrombus formation on an experimental model and a lower bleeding effect in rats than the mammalian dermatan sulfate. In contrast, another invertebrate dermatan sulfate, also enriched in 2-O-sulfated α-L-iduronic acid, but in this case sulfated at O-6 position of the N-acetyl-β-D-galactosamine units, has no in vitro or in vivo anticoagulant activity, does not prevent thrombus formation but shows a bleeding effect similar to the mammalian glycosaminoglycan. Overall, these results demonstrate unbalanced effects of dermatan sulfates with different sulfation patterns on coagulation, thrombosis and bleeding, and raise interesting questions concerning the relationship among these three biological actions of sulfated polysaccharides.
2

Chambers, W. H., und T. N. Oeltmann. „The effects of hexose 6-O-sulfate esters on human natural killer cell lytic function.“ Journal of Immunology 137, Nr. 5 (01.09.1986): 1469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.5.1469.

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Abstract Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) is inhibited by some neutral hexoses and hexose phosphates at 25 to 100 mM concentrations. In this study we describe the effects of hexose 6-O-sulfate esters on NCMC against K-562 target cells. Mannose 6-sulfate, galactose 6-sulfate, N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate, and N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate inhibit NCMC in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 10 mM and below. Inhibitory effects of mannose 6-sulfate and galactose 6-sulfate were evident at concentrations as low as 1.25 mM. The neutral forms of these sugars, glucose and glucose 6-sulfate, did not inhibit NCMC over this range of concentrations. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of sulfated and phosphorylated forms of mannose and galactose indicated that the sulfated forms are much more potent inhibitors. Formation of effector cell:target cell conjugates was unaffected by the presence of sugar sulfates. Calcium pulse experiments demonstrated that inhibitory effects of sugar sulfates were exerted after the Ca++-dependent triggering step in the NK lytic process. Kinetic studies showed that addition of sugars as long as 60 min after initiation of cultures yielded potent inhibitory effects. Sugar sulfates were not toxic for effector cell populations and effectors were not refractory for lytic function after removal of sugars. Sugar sulfates were inhibitory against multiple tumor types in both human and murine NK lytic assays. These results suggest that the sugar sulfates inhibit NK cells at a postconjugation, posttriggering step involving lectin-like receptors or lectin-like molecules.
3

Brandan, E., M. Maldonado, J. Garrido und N. C. Inestrosa. „Anchorage of collagen-tailed acetylcholinesterase to the extracellular matrix is mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans.“ Journal of Cell Biology 101, Nr. 3 (01.09.1985): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.3.985.

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Heparan sulfate and heparin, two sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), extracted collagen-tailed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the electric organ of Discopyge tschudii. The effect of heparan sulfate and heparin was abolished by protamine; other GAGs could not extract the esterase. The solubilization of the asymmetric AChE apparently occurs through the formation of a soluble AChE-GAG complex of 30S. Heparitinase treatment but not chondroitinase ABC treatment of the ECM released asymmetric AChE forms. This provides direct evidence for the vivo interaction between asymmetric AChE and heparan sulfate residues of the ECM. Biochemical analysis of the electric organ ECM showed that sulfated GAGs bound to proteoglycans account for 5% of the total basal lamina. Approximately 20% of the total GAGs were susceptible to heparitinase or nitrous acid oxidation which degrades specifically heparan sulfates, and approximately 80% were susceptible to digestion with chondroitinase ABC, which degrades chondroitin-4 and -6 sulfates and dermatan sulfate. Our experiments provide evidence that asymmetric AChE and carbohydrate components of proteoglycans are associated in the ECM; they also indicate that a heparan sulfate proteoglycan is involved in the anchorage of the collagen-tailed AChE to the synaptic basal lamina.
4

Hobkirk, R., und Catherine A. Cardy. „The in vitro formation of sulfates and glucuronides of estrogens by adult and fetal ovine tissues“. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, Nr. 8 (01.08.1985): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-100.

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Incubation of nanomolar concentrations of [3H]estrone with ovine liver slices from adult and fetal animals demonstrated, in particular, the production of estrogen sulfates together with smaller amounts of glucuronides, even although microsomal estrogen glucuronyltransferase (GT) and sulfatase activities were high, especially in adult tissue. [3H]Estriol was conjugated almost exclusively as sulfate under the same experimental conditions. Slices of maternal and fetal kidney medulla were also strikingly active in promoting estrogen sulfate production as were slices of fetal kidney cortex. Adult kidney cortex conjugated estrogen only in the glucuronide form. These data indicate the possibility that maternal and fetal liver and kidney might contribute to the high circulating level of estrone sulfate in the pregnant sheep. Through the use of [3H]estrone and [3H]estrone sulfate as substrates, it was possible to demonstrate that adult slices of kidney medulla possessed relatively low sulfatase, considerable sulfotransferase (ST), and virtually no GT activity, whereas cortex had high sulfatase, little or no ST, and low, though demonstrable, GT activity. The ST activity of kidney high-speed supernatants was stimulated by the presence of sulfhydryl groups, whereas that in liver was not. Enzymic reduction of estrone and (or) estrone sulfate by liver and kidney slices indicated that, in the former, 17α-reduction prevailed and, in the latter with the exception of the maternal medulla, 17β-reduction was the main pathway, particularly in the fetus.
5

St. John, Thomas W. „Geotechnical characterization of sulfur species in UK Jurassic mudrocks“. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 53, Nr. 4 (26.02.2020): 598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2019-148.

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Weathering of pyritic mudrocks results in the oxidation of sulfides and generation of sulfates in concentrations potentially hazardous to civil engineering works. Geochemical and petrographic analyses undertaken on samples from sites underlain by the Kimmeridge Clay Formation and Oxford Clay Formation proved three distinct zones: an upper sulfur-leached zone, an intermediate weathered zone with sulfate-rich horizons and a lower relatively unweathered zone of low-sulfate, high-sulfide material. It was found that water-soluble sulfate and total potential sulfate may vary by up to 1500 mg SO42− l−1 and 8% SO42− respectively, over a depth interval of only 0.2 m. A targeted sampling strategy and ground aggressivity assessment approach can be applied to these formations based upon the sulfur species zones identified.
6

PAVÃO, MAURO S. G. „Structure and anticoagulant properties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans from primitive Chordates“. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 74, Nr. 1 (März 2002): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652002000100007.

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Dermatan sulfates and heparin, similar to the mammalian glycosaminoglycans, but with differences in the degree and position of sulfation were previously isolated from the body of the ascidian Styela plicata and Ascidia nigra. These differences produce profound effects on their anticoagulant properties. S. plicata dermatan sulfate composed by 2-O-sulfatedalpha-L-iduronic acid and 4-O-sulfated N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine residues is a potent anticoagulant due to a high heparin cofactor II activity. Surprisingly, it has a lower potency to prevent thrombus formation on an experimental model and a lower bleeding effect in rats than the mammalian dermatan sulfate. In contrast, A. nigra dermatan sulfate, also enriched in 2-O-sulfated alpha-L-iduronic acid, but in this case sulfated at O-6 of the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine units, has no in vitro or in vivo anticoagulant activity, does not prevent thrombus formation but shows a bleeding effect similar to the mammalian glycosaminoglycan. Ascidian heparin, composed by 2-O-sulfated alpha-L-iduronic acid, N- and 6-O-sulfated glucosamine (75%) and alpha-L-iduronic acid, N- and 6-O-sulfated glucosamine (25%) disaccharide units has an anticoagulant activity 10 times lower than the mammalian heparin, is about 20 times less potent in the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin, but has the same heparin cofactor II activity as mammalian heparin.
7

Li, L., Z. M. Chen, Y. H. Zhang, T. Zhu, J. L. Li und J. Ding. „Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on surface of calcium carbonate“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, Nr. 1 (17.01.2006): 579–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-579-2006.

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Abstract. Sulfate particles play a key role in the air quality and the global climate, but the heterogeneous formation mechanism of sulfates on surfaces of atmospheric particles is not well established. Carbonates, which act as a reactive component in mineral dust due to their special chemical properties, may contribute significantly to the sulfate formation by heterogeneous processes. This paper presents a study on the oxidation of SO2 by O3 on CaCO3 particles. Using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), the formation of sulfite and sulfate on the surface was identified, and the roles of O3 and water in oxidation processes were determined. The results showed that in the presence of O3, SO2 can be oxidized to sulfate on the surface of CaCO3 particles. The reaction is first order in SO2 and zero order in O3. The reactive uptake coefficient for SO2 oxidation by O3 was determined to be (1.4±0.3)×10−7 using the BET area as the reactive area and (7.7±1.6)×10−4 using the geometric area. A two-stage mechanism that involves adsorption of SO2 followed by O3 oxidation is proposed and the adsorption of SO2 on the CaCO3 surface is the rate-determining step. The proposed mechanism can well explain the experiment results. The atmospheric implications were explored based on a box model calculation. It was found that the heterogeneous reaction might be an important pathway for sulfate formation in the atmosphere.
8

Attal, A., M. Brigodiot, P. Camacho und J. Manem. „Biological Mechanisms of H2S Formation in Sewer Pipes“. Water Science and Technology 26, Nr. 3-4 (01.08.1992): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0471.

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The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the biological phenomena involved in the production of hydrogen sulfide in urban wastewater (UWW) systems. It is found that the UWW itself naturally possesses the biomass needed to consume the sulfates. These heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria populations, though immediately active in strict anaerobic conditions, are present only in very low concentrations in the UWW. A concentration of them was studied within the pressure pipes, in the form of deposits, and this justifies the high concentrations of sulfides measured in certain wastewater networks. There are two reasons why the ferrous sulfate used as a treatment in any wastewater networks should not cause the production of additional sulfides. Firstly, the sulfate consumption kinetics are always too slow, relative to the residence time of the water in the pipe, for all of the sulfates to be consumed anyway. Secondly, the amount of assimilable carbon, soluble carbon, and carbon from suspended solid (SS) hydrolysis is insufficient.
9

Li, L., Z. M. Chen, Y. H. Zhang, T. Zhu, J. L. Li und J. Ding. „Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on surface of calcium carbonate“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, Nr. 9 (29.06.2006): 2453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2453-2006.

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Abstract. Sulfate particles play a key role in the air quality and the global climate, but the heterogeneous formation mechanism of sulfates on surfaces of atmospheric particles is not well established. Carbonates, which act as a reactive component in mineral dust due to their special chemical properties, may contribute significantly to the sulfate formation by heterogeneous processes. This paper presents a study on the oxidation of SO2 by O3 on CaCO3 particles. Using Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), the formation of sulfite and sulfate on the surface was identified, and the roles of O3 and water in oxidation processes were determined. The results showed that in the presence of O3, SO2can be oxidized to sulfate on the surface of CaCO3 particles. The reaction is first order in SO2 and zero order in O3. The reactive uptake coefficient for SO2 [(0.6–9.8)×1014 molecule cm-3] oxidation by O3 [(1.2–12)×1014 molecule cm-3] was determined to be (1.4±0.3)×10-7 using the BET area as the reactive area and (7.7±1.6)×10-4 using the geometric area. A two-stage mechanism that involves adsorption of SO2 followed by O3 oxidation is proposed and the adsorption of SO2 on the CaCO3 surface is the rate-determining step. The proposed mechanism can well explain the experiment results. The atmospheric implications were explored based on a box model calculation. It was found that the heterogeneous reaction might be an important pathway for sulfate formation in the atmosphere.
10

Sheng, Juzheng, Renpeng Liu, Yongmei Xu und Jian Liu. „The Dominating Role of N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase 1 in Forming Domain Structures in Heparan Sulfate“. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, Nr. 22 (28.03.2011): 19768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.224311.

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Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide participated in essential physiological functions from regulating cell growth to blood coagulation. HS contains sulfated domains known as N-S domains and low sulfate domains known as N-Ac domains. The distribution of the domain structures is likely governed by the action of glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST). Here, we sought to determine the substrate specificity of NDST using model substrates and recombinant NDST protein. We discovered that NDST-1 carries out the modification in a highly ordered fashion. The enzyme sulfates the substrate from the nonreducing end toward the reducing end consecutively, leading to the product with a cluster of N-sulfo glucosamine residues. Furthermore, a preexisting N-sulfo glucosamine residue prevents the action of NDST-1 at the residues immediately located at the nonreducing end, allowing the formation of an N-Ac domain. Our results provide the long sought evidence for understanding the formation of sulfated versus nonsulfated domains in the HS isolated from cells and tissues. The study demonstrates the regulating role of NDST-1 in mapping the sulfation patterns of HS.
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Zeitschriftenartikel Dissertationen

Dissertationen zum Thema "Sulfate formation":

1

Sachin, Kunagalli Natarajan. „An integrated approach to predict ettringite formation in sulfate soils and identifying sulfate damage along SH 130“. Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1358.

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Expansive soils are treated with anhydrous or hydrated lime. The use of calcium-based stabilizers such as calcium oxide (lime) in sulfate-bearing clay soils has historically led to distress due to the formation of an expansive mineral called ettringite and possibly another such mineral, thaumasite. Predicting the precipitation of these minerals is a complex problem related not only to soil composition but also construction methods, availability of water, ion migration, and whether the expansive mineral growth can be accommodated by the void structure in the surrounding soil. In trying to control the damage associated with such occurrences, engineers have attempted to determine a threshold value of soluble sulfates, a quantity that is relatively easy and quick to measure, at which significant ettringite growth and, therefore, structural distress occurs. Unfortunately, experience alone and “rules-of-thumb” based on experience are not sufficient to deal with this complex issue. This thesis describes how thermodynamic geochemical models of lime-treated soil can be used as a first step toward establishing problematic threshold levels of soluble sulfates for a specific soil. A foundation for the model development is presented, and two different soils are compared to illustrate their very different sensitivities to ettringite growth upon the addition of hydrated lime. Various soil series along the route of SH 130 between Austin and San Antonio have been identified to contain soluble sulfate that may pose a problem for soil stabilization using lime and cement. Since the model predicts ettringite growth based upon site-specific properties, this thesis also shows how the model can be used to assess the potential amelioration effects of soluble silica. Research was conducted at the Texas Transportation Institute to develop a methodology for identifying areas which are susceptible for ettringite formation. The proposed methodology uses a magnetometer to quickly screen large areas for high sulfate. Application of GIS to identify ettringite formation using soils, topographical, and geological maps is also illustrated in this thesis.
2

Mikkanen, Pirita. „Fly ash particle formation in kraft recovery boilers /“. Espoo [Finland] : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2000. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2000/P421.pdf.

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Lee, Charles Chi-Woo. „Multiple stable oxygen isotopic studies of atmospheric sulfate : a new quantitative way to understand sulfate formation processes in the atmosphere /“. Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9970662.

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Fox, Miranda Lynn. „Identifying soils with potential of expanding sulfate mineral formation using electromagnetic induction“. Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1171.

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Sulfate-bearing soils are a problem in highway construction as they combine with materials used for lime stabilization to form minerals, particularly ettringite, that expand and induce heave in the stabilized soil. This research involves quantifying sulfate in soils that may be potentially used in highway construction using electromagnetic induction. The objectives are to: 1) document electrical conductivity (EC) variability within selected sites that contain sulfate-bearing materials, and 2) determine if electromagnetic induction has potential for locating hazardous levels of sulfate-bearing materials. The 0.43 ha study area is located in the Blackland Prairies and is a Vertisol known to contain gypsum at the time of site selection. Apparent EC using a model EM38 electromagnetic induction instrument was measured at 200 locations in July and November 2003, using a sampling grid with 5-m spacings. Representative rows and columns were selected from the map of apparent electrical conductivity, and soil cores taken to a depth of 1.5 m at 29 points. Soil samples were obtained by dividing cores into depth increments of 0 to 25 cm, 25 to 75 cm, and 75 to 150 cm. Laboratory analyses were run for each sample and included moisture content, EC and soluble cations and anions of the saturated paste extract, and percent gypsum. Elevation measurements were made to determine if changes in elevation related to EC measurements. Apparent EC proved to be more successful at detecting soluble salts during the dry sampling period (July) when the effect of soil moisture content was less. For July data, EC and gypsum were significantly correlated in the deepest samples (r2 = 0.51 and 0.15, respectively) to apparent EC. Further, soluble sulfate was significantly correlated to apparent EC (r2 = 0.30) at a depth of 25 to 75 cm. Results suggest that the EM38 can be used successfully to map variability of soil salinity across a field, but although correlation exists between apparent EC and sulfate-bearing materials, it is not sufficiently strong to serve as a good predictor for conditions surrounding lime-induced heave in soil.
5

Masters, Erika N. „Colloid Formation for the Removal of Natural Organic Matter during Iron Sulfate Coagulation“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43756.

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Removal of organic matter is increasingly important to drinking water utilities and consumers. Organic matter is a significant precursor in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). The maximum contaminant levels for (DBPs) are decreasing and more DBPs are believed carcinogenic. Traditional coagulation focuses on the removal of particulate matter and in the last decade soluble species have also been targeted with high coagulant doses. However, colloidal matter is smaller than particulate matter and therefore not easily removed by conventional drinking water treatment. This research focused on the conversion of soluble organic matter to colloids using relatively low doses of ferric sulfate coagulant and the subsequent removal of the colloids by filtration during drinking water treatment. The goal is to achieve enhanced removal of soluble organic matter with minimal chemical costs and residual formation. This study investigated the effects of pH, iron coagulant dose, turbidity, organic matter concentration, and temperature on colloid formation. Characterization of the colloidal organic matter was attempted using zeta potential and sizing analyses. Cationic low molecular weight, nonionic high molecular weight, and cationic medium molecular weight polymers were evaluated on their removal of colloidal organic matter. Colloidal organic matter formation was affected by changes in coagulation pH, coagulant dose, and organic matter concentration, whereas turbidity and temperature did not significantly impact colloid formation. Decreased coagulation pH caused increased organic carbon removal. As coagulant dose was increased, colloid formation initially increased to maximum and subsequently rapidly decreased. Colloid formation was increased as the organic matter concentration increased. Due to low sample signal, the colloids could not be characterized using zeta potential and sizing analyses. In addition, polymers were ineffective for aggregating colloidal organic matter when used as flocculant aids.
Master of Science
6

Brown, Anissa Joy. „Function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and heparanase (HPSE) in endochondral bone formation“. Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 225 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597617551&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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7

Mofaddel, Nadine. „Contribution à l'étude de systèmes quaternaires : exploitation de sulfates alcalins et dédoublement de molécules chirales par formation de diastéréoisomères“. Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES013.

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Dans le cadre de la détermination des domaines de cristallisation d'espèces définies dans un système d'ordre élevé, deux systèmes quaternaires sont étudiés. Le premier système est Na2So4 - K2SO4 – (NH4)2SO4 – H2O : l'isotherme 18°C est dressé, définissant les domaines de stabilité des différentes phases rencontrées. Le deuxième système est le système réciproque: l'isotherme 20°C montre la possibilité de dédoublement d'un composé racémique. Une étude critique des travaux antérieurs est apportée
8

Katragkou, Eleni. „Aircraft based measurements of atmospheric sulfur dioxide and ground based measurements of gaseous sulfur (VI) in the simulated internal flow of an aircraft engine implications for atmospheric aerosol formation /“. [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969654588.

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9

Queiroz, Juliana Cristina de. „Desenvolvimento de metodologias para a determinação da atividade biogênica de bactérias redutoras de sulfato“. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8930.

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Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear
A corrosão causada por H2S biogênico frequentemente resulta em danos extensos na indústria do petróleo. O presente trabalho avaliou parâmetros de crescimento microbiano e aplicou metodologias de determinação de sulfetos por técnicas espectrofotométrica na região da luz visível e radiorespirométrica para avaliação da atividade metabólica, correlacionando com a população de bactérias redutoras de sulfato, determinada através da técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). Amostras de água de formação e consórcio de BRS foram avaliadas através do arraste de sulfetos estáveis produzidos biogenicamente e quantificados por espectrofotometria. O cálculo das velocidades instantâneas e específicas de produção de sulfetos permitiu avaliar de que maneira alguns parâmetros de crescimento microbiano podem afetar o metabolismo das BRS. A detecção de concentrações traço de sulfetos biogênicos pode ser realizada através de ensaios radiorespirométricos. Para isto, diluições em série de água do mar sintética com três amostras distintas foram avaliadas. Os testes realizados indicam que o acréscimo do tempo de incubação de cultura microbiana anaeróbia mista contribuiu para o aumento das capacidades de redução de sulfato, assim como o aumento das fontes de carbono. Ambas as técnicas provaram ser um rápido teste para a detecção de sulfetos biogênicos, particularmente aqueles associados aos produtos de corrosão, sendo uma ferramenta muito útil para monitoração e controle de tanques de armazenamento de água e óleo, plataformas continentais de petróleo e diversos tipos de reservatórios. O presente trabalho prevê a continuidade dos experimentos, através de avaliação de um maior universo de amostras da indústria do petróleo e medições menos espaçadas da técnica espectrofotométrica, além da avaliação radiorespirométrica em modo contínuo, evitando os efeitos inibitórios do H2S
Corrosion caused by biogenic H2S often results in extensive damage, being one of the main problems of petroleum industry. The objective of the present work was to evaluate microbial growth parameters and apply methodologies for sulfide detection by spectrometric at visible light and radiorespirometric techniques for estimate the metabolic activity, correlating with population of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria, through the More Probable Number (MPN) technique. Samples of formation water and SBR consortium were evaluated through drag of stable sulfides biogenically produced and quantified by spectrometry. The calculations of instant and specific rates of sulfide production allow evaluating how some microbial growth parameters may affect the SRB metabolism. The detection of trace concentrations of biogenic sulfides, undetectable by spectrometry technique, may be realized by radiorespirometric assays. For this step, serial dilutions of synthetic seawater with three distinct samples were evaluated. The realized test indicates that increasing the time of incubation of a mixed anaerobic microbial culture contributed to an increase in the capabilities of sulfate reduction, as well as the amount of carbon source. Both techniques proved to be a rapid test for the detection of biogenic sulfides, particularly those associated to corrosion products, being an useful tool for monitoring and controlling oil/water storage tanks, petroleum continental platforms and several types of reservoirs. The present work provides the continuous of the experiments, using a bigger universe of samples of petroleum industry and less spaced measuring of spectrometric technique, further the radiorespirometric evaluation in continuous mode, avoiding the H2S inhibitory effects
10

Pagot-Mathis, Véronique. „Prevention de la formation intra-oculaire de fibrine par le dermatane sulfate : etude experimentale chez le lapin“. Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU31503.

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Bücher zum Thema "Sulfate formation":

1

B, Anderson Alfred, und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. Adsorption of O, SO, and SO on nickel oxide: Mechanism for sulfate formation. Cleveland, OH: Chemistry Dept., Case Western Reserve University, 1985.

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Huang, James. The metabolic pathways involved in inorganic sulfate and thiocyanate formation from cysteine in isolated rat hepatocytes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1996.

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Anderson, Alfred B. Final report on the project: Molecular orbital studies in oxidation : sulfate formation and metal-metal oxide adhesion. Cleveland, OH: Chemistry Dept., Case Western Reserve University, 1985.

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Gole, Martin. The refinement of extrusive models for the genesis of nickel deposits: Implications from case studies at Honeymoon Well and the Walter Williams Formation : results of research carried out as MERIWA Project 79 in the CSIRO Division of Exploration Geoscience. East Perth, WA: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia, 1990.

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L, Grove Timothy, und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. Partitioning of moderately siderophile elements among olivine, silicate melt, and sulfide melt: Constraints on core formation in the earth and Mars. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Bousfield, Douglas W. Research on droplet formation for application to kraft black liquors, final project report. U.S. Dept. of Energy. Office of Industri, 1990.

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Fisher, David. Self-Healing Concrete. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901373.

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Self-healing techniques are most successful in preventing concrete from cracking or breaking. The book reviews the most promising methods, including the use of polymers, epoxy resins, fungi or cementitious composites; biomineralization, continuing hydration or carbonation or wet/dry cycling. Various micro-organisms are able to produce favorable effects, such as denitrification, calcium carbonate formation, sulfate reduction or the production of methane. The book references 289 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.
8

Abhishek, Abhishek, und Michael Doherty. Pathophysiology of calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0049.

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Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) dihydrate crystals form extracellularly. Their formation requires sufficient extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi), calcium, and pro-nucleating factors. As inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) cannot cross cell membranes passively due to its large size, ePPi results either from hydrolysis of extracellular ATP by the enzyme ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (also known as plasma cell membrane glycoprotein 1) or from the transcellular transport of PPi by ANKH. ePPi is hydrolyzed to phosphate (Pi) by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. The level of extracellular PPi and Pi is tightly regulated by several interlinked feedback mechanisms and growth factors. The relative concentration of Pi and PPi determines whether CPP or hydroxyapatite crystal is formed, with low Pi/PPi ratio resulting in CPP crystal formation, while a high Pi/PPi ratio promotes basic calcium phosphate crystal formation. CPP crystals are deposited in the cartilage matrix (preferentially in the middle layer) or in areas of chondroid metaplasia. Hypertrophic chondrocytes and specific cartilage matrix changes (e.g. high levels of dermatan sulfate and S-100 protein) are related to CPP crystal deposition and growth. CPP crystals cause inflammation by engaging with the NALP3 inflammasome, and with other components of the innate immune system, and is marked with a prolonged neutrophilic inflitrate. The pathogenesis of resolution of CPP crystal-induced inflammation is not well understood.
9

Scott, Keith, und Colin Pain, Hrsg. Regolith Science. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098268.

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This comprehensive reference on the fundamentals of regolith geoscience describes how regolith is developed from parental rocks and emphasises the importance of chemical, physical, water and biological processes in regolith formation. It provides details for mapping regolith landforms, as well as objective information on applications in mineral exploration and natural resource management. Regolith Science also provides a concise history of weathering through time in Australia. It includes previously unpublished information on elemental abundances in regolith materials along with detailed information on soil degradation processes such as acid sulfate soils. Written by experts in the field, Regolith Science summarises research carried out over a 13-year period within the Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration. This book will be a valuable resource for scientists and graduate/postgraduate students in geology, geography and soil science, professionals in the exploration industry and natural resources management. This paperback edition is a reprint of the original hardback published in October 2008.
10

Canfield, Donald Eugene. Earth’s Middle Ages: What Came after the GOE. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0009.

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This chapter considers the aftermath of the great oxidation event (GOE). It suggests that there was a substantial rise in oxygen defining the GOE, which may, in turn have led to the Lomagundi isotope excursion, which was associated with high rates of organic matter burial and perhaps even higher concentrations of oxygen. This excursion was soon followed by a crash in oxygen to very low levels and a return to banded iron formation deposition. When the massive amounts of organic carbon buried during the excursion were brought into the weathering environment, they would have represented a huge oxygen sink, drawing down levels of atmospheric oxygen. There appeared to be a veritable seesaw in oxygen concentrations, apparently triggered initially by the GOE. The GOE did not produce enough oxygen to oxygenate the oceans. Dissolved iron was removed from the oceans not by reaction with oxygen but rather by reaction with sulfide. Thus, the deep oceans remained anoxic and became rich in sulfide, instead of becoming well oxygenated.

Buchteile zum Thema "Sulfate formation":

1

Hanor, Jeffrey S. „4. Barite-Celestine Geochemistry and Environments of Formation“. In Sulfate Minerals, herausgegeben von Charles N. Alpers, John L. Jambor und D. Nordstrom, 193–276. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508660-006.

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Williams, Neil. „Light-Element Stable Isotope Studies of the Clastic-Dominated Lead–Zinc Mineral Systems of Northern Australia and the North American Cordillera: Implications for Ore Genesis and Exploration“. In Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration, 329–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27897-6_11.

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AbstractClastic-dominated lead–zinc (CD Pb–Zn) deposits are an important source of the world’s Pb and Zn supply. Their genesis is contentious due to uncertainties regarding the time of ore formation relative to the deposition of the fine-grained carbonaceous strata that host CD Pb–Zn mineralization. Sulfur-isotopic studies are playing an important role in determining if ore minerals precipitated when hydrothermal fluids exhaled into the water column from which the host strata were being deposited, or when hydrothermal fluids entered the host strata during diagenesis or even later after lithification. Older conventional S-isotopic studies, based on analyses of bulk mineral-separate samples obtained by either physical or chemical separation methods, provided data that has been widely used to support a syngenetic-exhalative origin for CD Pb–Zn mineralization. However, with the advent in the late 1980’s of in situ S-isotopic studies using micro-analytical methods, it soon became apparent that detailed S-isotopic variations of genetic importance are blurred in conventional analytical data sets because of averaging during sample preparation. Clastic-dominated Pb–Zn mineralization in the North Australian Proterozoic metallogenic province and the North American Paleozoic Cordilleran province has been the subject of many stable isotope studies based on both bulk and in situ analytical methods. Together with detailed mineral texture observations, the studies have revealed a similar sulfide mineral paragenesis in both provinces. The earliest sulfide phase in the paragenesis is fine-grained pyrite that sometimes has a framboidal texture. This pyrite typically has a wide range of δ34S values that are more than 15‰ lower than the value of coeval seawater sulfate. These features are typical of, and very strong evidence for, pyrite formation by bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) either syngenetically in an anoxic water column or during early diagenesis in anoxic muds. The formation of this early pyrite is followed by one or more later generations of pyrite that often occur as overgrowths around the early pyrite generation. The later pyrite generations have δ34S values that are much higher than the early pyrite, often approaching the value of coeval seawater sulfate. Later pyrite formation has been variously attributed to BSR in a more restricted diagenetic environment, to sulfate driven-anaerobic oxidation of methane (SD-AOM) and to abiotic thermal sulfate reduction (TSR), with all three mechanisms again involving coeval seawater sulfate. The main sulfide ore minerals, galena and sphalerite, either overlap with or postdate later pyrite generations and are most often attributed to TSR of seawater sulfate. However, in comparison with pyrite, there is a dearth of in situ δ34S data for galena and sphalerite that needs to be rectified to better understand ore forming processes. Importantly, the available data do not support a simple sedimentary-exhalative model for the formation of all but part of one of the Northern American and Australian deposits. The exception is the giant Red Dog deposit group in Alaska where various lines of evidence, including stable isotopic data, indicate that ore formation was protracted, ranging from early syn-sedimentary to early diagenetic sulfide formation through to late sulfide deposition in veins and breccias. The Red Dog deposits are the only example with early sphalerite with extremely low negative δ34S values typical of a BSR-driven precipitation mechanism. By contrast, later stages of pyrite, sphalerite and galena have higher positive δ34S values indicative of a TSR-driven precipitation mechanism. In CD Pb–Zn deposits in carbonate-bearing strata, carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the carbonates provide evidence that the dominant carbonate species in the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids was H2CO3, and that the fluids were initially warm (≥ 150 °C) and neutral to acid. The δ18O values of the hydrothermal fluids are ≥ 6‰, suggesting these fluids were basinal fluids that evolved through exchange with the basinal sedimentary rocks. Known CD Pb–Zn deposits all occur at or near current land surfaces and their discovery involved traditional prospecting, geophysical and geochemical exploration techniques. Light stable isotopes are unlikely to play a significant role in the future search for new CD Pb–Zn deposits deep beneath current land surfaces, but are likely to prove useful in identifying ore-forming hydrothermal fluid pathways in buried CD Pb–Zn systems and be a vector to new mineralization.
3

Seigneur, Christian, Pradeep Saxena und Philip M. Roth. „Chemistry of Sulfate and Nitrate Formation“. In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application IV, 129–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2455-3_7.

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Raya, Dheeraj, Kevin Militello, Venkataramana Gadhamshetty und Saurabh Dhiman. „Nanowire Formation in Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria under Stress Conditions“. In ACS Symposium Series, 59–73. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2023-1434.ch004.

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van der Leeden, M. C., und G. M. van Rosmalen. „Adsorption Behaviour of Polyelectrolytes in Relation to the Crystal Growth Kinetics of Barium Sulfate“. In Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition, 99–110. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1400-2_9.

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6

Davoodabadi, Maliheh, Marco Liebscher, Massimo Sgarzi, Leif Riemenschneider, Daniel Wolf, Silke Hampel, Gianaurelio Cuniberti und Viktor Mechtcherine. „Electrical and Sulfate-Sensing Properties of Alkali-Activated Nanocomposites“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 285–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_29.

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AbstractWe investigated the formation of the conductive network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in alkali-activated nanocomposites for sulfate-sensing applications. The matrix was a one-part blend of fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, activated by sodium silicate and water. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate was used as the surfactant for dispersion of the CNTs in the aqueous media. The nanocomposites were investigated by a laboratory-developed setup to study the electrical and sensing properties of the alkali-activated material. The electrical properties (i.e., conductivity) were calculated and assessed to discover the percolation threshold of the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the sensing behavior of nanocomposites was studied upon sulfate ($${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$$ SO 4 2 - ) exposure by introduction of sulfuric acid ($$({\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4})$$ ( H 2 SO 4 ) ) and magnesium sulfate ($${\mathrm{MgSO}}_{4}$$ MgSO 4 ). The sensors were able to preliminarily exhibit a signal difference based on the introduced media ($${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4} \&\mathrm{ Mg}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$$ H 2 SO 4 & Mg SO 4 ), CNT content and $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$$ H 2 SO 4 volumetric quantity. The results of this research demonstrated a sensing potential of CNT alkali-activated nanocomposites and can be applied in the concrete structural health monitoring.
7

Jordan, S., und K. Nester. „The Importance of Heterogeneous Reasons for the Sulfate Formation in Plumes“. In Environmental Meteorology, 183–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2939-5_13.

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Chistyakova, N. I., V. S. Rusakov, D. G. Zavarzina, A. I. Slobodkin und T. V. Gorohova. „Mössbauer Study of Magnetite Formation by Iron- and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria“. In ICAME 2003, 411–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2852-6_62.

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Breemen, N. „Redox Processes of Iron and Sulfur Involved in the Formation of Acid Sulfate Soils“. In Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals, 825–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4007-9_25.

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10

Chen, Mengting, Hussein Al-Dakheeli, Jim Puckette und Rifat Bulut. „Evaluation of Mineral Formation in Sulfate Bearing Soil Stabilized with Slag Cement Using XRD“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 875–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77230-7_67.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Sulfate formation":

1

Roque, Claude, Michel Renard und Nguyen Van Quy. „Numerical Model for Predicting Complex Sulfate Scaling During Waterflooding“. In SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27387-ms.

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2

Al-khaldi, Mohammed H., Ahmad AlJuhani, Saleh Haif Al-Mutairi und Mehmet Nihat Gurmen. „New Insights into the Removal of Calcium Sulfate Scale“. In SPE European Formation Damage Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144158-ms.

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3

Jordan, Myles Martin, Ian Ralph Collins und Eric James Mackay. „Low Sulfate Seawater Injection for Barium Sulfate Scale Control: A Life-of-Field Solution to a Complex Challenge“. In SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/98096-ms.

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Slocum, Andrew, Zhiwei David Yue, Linping Ke, Michael Thomas, Jeremy Lacamu, Matthew Kottemann, Ken Lizak et al. „Case Studies of Novel Seawater-Based FracPac Fluid Used in DeepWater Gulf of Mexico with Barium-Rich Formation Fluids Present“. In SPE Oilfield Scale Symposium. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218713-ms.

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Abstract Injecting seawater into producing formations with barium-rich formation water has been avoided for decades due to concerns of barium sulfate scale formation impairing production. The local barium-rich formations unfortunately bring immediate scaling risk due to severe tendencies to form barite when the seawater sulfate contacts barium-rich formation waters. This scaling challenge has driven the industry to utilize freshwater-based fluids for most completions operations which include fracturing and other sand control methods. As multizone completions have increased in frequency over the past decade, the logistical challenges of providing freshwater-based systems have grown greater. To overcome these challenges, a newly developed seawater-based fracturing fluid system has provided benefits over the traditional freshwater-based system. In this paper, we present case studies of four multizone completions in deepwater Gulf of Mexico which utilized a newly developed seawater-based fracturing fluid integrated with a polymeric scale inhibitor package. All four wells have barium-rich formation waters present and range in temperatures from 194 to 260°F (90 to 127°C). We share the challenges overcome in the designs and operation, field overview data, lab testing results, field deployment results, and initial production results. We also discuss the benefits seen by using seawater-based fracturing fluids for deepwater FracPac jobs to streamline logistics by eliminating the need for supply vessels and reducing cleaning wastes, CO2 emissions and freshwater use. Unlike proposals in other publications which was characterized by Hou et al. (2023), the seawater based fracturing fluid used on these treatments did not remove the seawater's sulfates by nano-filtration, forced precipitation of sulfates, electrodialysis, or any other means. Sulfate removal techniques were investigated, but currently they are not deemed practical for stimulation vessel use due to the extra equipment requirements and associated processing times.
5

Harive, Kevin Scott, Cam Van Le und Mohamed Abdel Khalek. „Service for Dynamic Scale Removal of Barium Sulfate in Perforation Tunnels“. In SPE European Formation Damage Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/143244-ms.

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6

„Ettringite Formation and Sulfate Attack on Concrete“. In "SP-200: Fifth CANMET/ACI Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology-Proceeding, Fifth International Conference". American Concrete Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/10569.

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Alissa, Faisal M., Norah W. Aljuryyed, Salem A. Balharth und Matteo Leoni. „Calcium Sulfate Scale Dissolution Efficiency by Various Chemicals Additives“. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208819-ms.

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Abstract Calcium sulfate scale is one of the challenges that face production stability in the oilfield industry as it is one of the most challenging scales to manage. Sulfate-scales are very hard to dissolve because of their low solubility-product. This work studies the dissolution capacity of different chemical additives and recipes on calcium sulfate scales. In this work, the maximum dissolution capacity (gram of scale/mole of chelating agent) of various chemical additives and recipes will be studied to evaluate the efficiency in the dissolution of Calcium Sulfate scales. Several experiments were conducted at multiple doses, pH, and in-presence of a catalyst. Potassium Carbonate was used as a catalyst in the dissolution of Calcium Sulfate scales. The performance of each additive was studied in a catalyzed and non-catalyzed pathway and with various. A Series of experiments conducted showed that parameters such as the additive-dose, pH, and a catalyst affect the dissolution efficiency. The dissolution performance efficiency of each additive (Lactic Acid, Citric Acid, N,N-Dicarboxymethyl Glutamic Acid (GLDA), and Gluconic Acid) was compared to the additive performance efficiency under a catalyzed pathway in a formulated recipe. The outcome of this work will contribute to the economic value added by finding the most efficient and cheap recipe to remove Calcium Sulfate scales from the wellbore.
8

Skalny, J. „Internal sulfate attack - points of agreement and disagreement“. In International RILEM Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation. RILEM Publications SARL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2912143802.019.

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9

Hamdi, Z., A. Rosman, B. Partoon, M. Bataee und A. M. Hassan. „Salinity Effects on H2S Generation in Subsurface Hydrogen Storage“. In GOTECH. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/219391-ms.

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Abstract In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the contribution of renewable energy to the overall supply of electrical energy. Nevertheless, the renewable energy sector encounters challenges in effectively storing surplus energy, particularly given fluctuations in energy demand driven by seasonal variations. As hydrocarbon reservoirs continue to deplete, storing hydrogen in subsurface formations has emerged as a promising solution to this dilemma. This study investigates the implications of sulfate-reduction reactions on hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production within underground hydrogen storage reservoirs. Simulation results demonstrate significant H2S generation during withdrawal cycles, posing challenges for hydrogen recovery and utilization. Factors influencing H2S production include reaction kinetics, sulfate concentration, reservoir pressure, temperature, and formation water pH. H2S exhibits preferential flow within higher-permeability layers and tends to accumulate in lower reservoir regions. Mitigation strategies, such as perforation techniques targeting upper sand portions, are recommended to reduce H2S production. Our findings suggest that reservoirs with substantial sulfate content may not be optimal for underground hydrogen storage initiatives. Sensitivity analyses indicate a correlation between sulfate concentration and prolonged H2S production until sulfate depletion. However, uncertainties persist regarding continuous aqueous sulfate diffusion from formation rocks. Despite potential hydrogen losses due to methanogenation and sulfate reduction, further validation through field applications is needed. This study underscores the importance of considering H2S production in underground hydrogen storage planning and highlights the need for mitigation measures to ensure safe and efficient operations.
10

Thomas, M. D. A. „Field cases of delayed ettringite formation“. In International RILEM Workshop on Internal Sulfate Attack and Delayed Ettringite Formation. RILEM Publications SARL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2912143802.006.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Sulfate formation":

1

Liseroudi, M. H., O. H. Ardakani, P. K. Pedersen, R. A. Stern, J M Wood und H. Sanei. Diagenetic and geochemical controls on H2S distribution in the Montney Formation, Peace River region, western Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329785.

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The Lower Triassic Montney Formation is a major siltstone dominated unconventional tight gas play in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). In the Peace River region, the Montney Formation contains a regionally variable amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gas-producing wells with western Alberta's wells having the highest concentrations. Previous studies on the source and distribution of H2S in the Montney Formation mainly focused on variations of H2S concentration and its relationship with other hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases, sulfur isotope composition of H2S, as well as organo-sulfur compounds in the Montney Formation natural gas. None of those studies, however, focused on the role of diagenetic and geochemical processes in the formation of dissolved sulfate, one of the two major ingredients of H2S formation mechanisms, and pyrite within the Montney Formation. According to the results of this study, the Montney Formation consists of two different early and late generations of sulfate minerals (anhydrite and barite), mainly formed by the Montney Formation pore water and incursion of structurally-controlled Devonian-sourced hydrothermal sulfate-rich fluids. In addition, pyrite the dominate sulfide mineral, occurred in two distinct forms as framboidal and crystalline that formed during early to late stages of diagenesis in western Alberta (WAB) and northeast British Columbia (NEBC). The concurrence of the late-stage anhydrite and barite and various types of diagenetic pyrite with high H2S concentrations, particularly in WAB, their abundance, and spatial distribution, imply a correlation between the presence of these sulfate and sulfide species and the diagenetic evolution of sulfur in the Montney Formation. The sulfur isotope composition of anhydrite/barite, H2S, and pyrite demonstrates both microbial and thermochemical sulfate reduction (MSR and TSR) controlled the diagenetic sulfur cycle of the Montney Formation. The relationship between the delta-34S values of the present-day produced gas H2S and other sulfur-bearing species from the Montney and other neighboring formations verifies a dual native and migrated TSR-derived origin for the H2S gas with substantial contributions of in situ H2S in the Montney reservoir.
2

Kingston, A. W., O. H. Ardakani, G. Scheffer, M. Nightingale, C. Hubert und B. Meyer. The subsurface sulfur system following hydraulic stimulation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs: assessing anthropogenic influences on microbial sulfate reduction in the deep subsurface, Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330712.

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Hydraulic fracturing is a reservoir stimulation technique that involves the injection of high-pressure fluids to enhance recovery from unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Often this involves the injection of surface waters (along with additives such as biocides) into formational fluids significantly different isotopic and geochemical compositions facilitating geochemical fingerprinting of these fluid sources. In some instances, the produced fluids experience an increase in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration over the course of production resulting in an increased risk to health and safety, the environment, and infrastructure due to the toxic and corrosive nature of H2S. However, questions remain as to the origin and processes leading to H2S formation following hydraulic fracturing. In this study, we analyzed a series of produced waters following hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well completed in the Montney Formation, Western Canada to evaluate variations in geochemical and microbiological composition over time and characterize potential sulfur species involved in the production of H2S. Initially, sulfur isotope ratios (d34S, VCDT) of dissolved sulfate in produced water had a baseline value of 27per mil similar to the d34S value of 25per mil for solid anhydrite derived from core material. Subsequently, d34S values of sulfate in produced fluids sequentially increased to 35per mil coincident with the appearance of sulfides in produced waters with a d34SH2S value of 18per mil. Oxygen isotope values of dissolved sulfate exhibited a synchronous increase from 13.2per mil to 15.8per mil VSMOW suggesting sulfate reduction commenced in the subsurface following hydraulic fracturing. Formation temperatures are <100°C precluding thermochemical sulfate reduction as a potential mechanism for H2S production. We suggest that microbial reduction of anhydrite-derived sulfate within the formation is likely responsible for the increase in H2S within produced waters despite the use of biocides within the hydraulic fracturing fluids. Initial assessments of microbial communities indicate a shift in community diversity over time and interactions between in situ communities and those introduced during the hydraulic fracturing process. This study indicates that biocides may not be fully effective in inhibiting microbial sulfate reduction and highlights the role anthropogenic influences such as hydraulic fracturing can have on the generation of H2S in the subsurface.
3

Youker, Amanda, James Jerden, Michael Kalensky, Kevin Quigley, Charles Jonah, Sergey Chemerisov und George Vandegrift. Peroxide Formation, Destruction, and Precipitation in Uranyl Sulfate Solutions: Simple Addition and Radiolytically Induced Formation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165456.

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Berkowitz, Jacob, und Christine VanZomeren. Approaches to identify and monitor for potential acid sulfate soils in an ecological restoration context. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43349.

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Potential acid sulfate soils include materials with the capacity to generate acidity under certain environmental conditions. As such, these soils can pose challenges to ecological restoration projects occurring in wetlands and nearshore environments. To provide guidance for ecosystem restoration practitioners, the following technical note describes acid sulfate soil formation and distribution and then describes techniques for identifying and monitoring acid sulfate soil conditions prior to and following implementation of restoration activities. Finally, this technical note outlines a number of tools and recently published resources to help avoid unintended consequences of acid sulfate soil disturbance and achieve ecological restoration objectives.
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Kingston, A. W., O. H. Ardakani und R A Stern. Tracing the subsurface sulfur cycle using isotopic and elemental fingerprinting: from the micro to the macro scale. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329789.

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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic and corrosive gas that commonly occurs in deeply buried sedimentary systems. Understanding its distribution is paramount to creating safe and effective models of H2S occurrence aiding in the identification of high-risk areas. Characterizing subsurface sulfur sources and H2S formation pathways would enhance these models leading to more accurate predictions of potential high H2S regions. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the dominant formation processes and migration pathways of key ingredients for H2S production in the Lower Triassic Montney Formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Essential to this is assessing the reactants necessary for H2S production, potential pathways for fluid migration, diagenetic history, and changes in redox conditions through time. The Montney Formation has undergone several phases of diagenesis related to post-depositional alteration and multiple cycles of tectonic burial and uplift. Early chemical alteration includes dolomitization and, in some cases, microbial reduction of porewater sulfate to sulfide that occurred prior to significant burial (Davies et al., 1997; Vaisblat et al., 2021; Liseroudi et al., 2020, 2021). The most recent tectonic-related burial during the Laramide Orogeny resulted in burial depths in excess of 3-5 km (Ness, 2001; Ducros et al., 2017) leading to significant thermal and barometric alteration. Associated with this orogenic activity was the reactivation of underlying faults (O'Connell et al., 1990) and development of fractures especially near the deformation front. These fractures provide conduits for fluid migration into the Montney that combined with heat and pressure resulting in hydrocarbon generation, migration, and development of overpressure, notably in the western margin of the basin. In addition, high temperatures resulted in thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) leading to the formation of H2S and subsequently pyrite. We present an interpretation of the Montney subsurface sulfur cycle through the use of petrography, micro- and macro-scale geochemical analysis (isotopic and elemental) to illustrate the complexity of this system. This work relies heavily on previous studies within and outside our research group and incorporates new analytical techniques to expand the toolbox. We aim to guide future research directions and activities by addressing issues related to sampling and data quality issues, analytical approaches, and highlight knowledge gaps.
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Sakamoto, Takayuki, Takehito Imai, Teruyuki Fujisawa und Daiji Nagaoka. Study on Reduction for Sulfate in LNT Catalyst With CO and Suppression of H\d2S Formation. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, Mai 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0113.

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Kingston, A. W., A. Mort, C. Deblonde und O H Ardakani. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) distribution in the Triassic Montney Formation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329266.

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The Montney Formation is a highly productive hydrocarbon reservoir that is of great economic importance to Canada, however production is often dogged by the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a highly toxic and corrosive gas. Mapping H2S distribution across the Montney basin in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) is fundamental to understanding the processes responsible for its occurrence. We derive a Montney-specific dataset of well gas and water geochemistry from the publically available archives of the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) and British Columbia Oil and Gas Commission (BCOGC) conducting quality assurance and control procedure before spatial interpolation. Empirical Bayesian Kriging is used to interpolate H2S across the whole Montney basin resulting in maps of H2S from hydrocarbon gas, condensates, and water; along with maps of sulfate and chloride ions in water. These interpolations illustrate the heterogeneous distribution of H2S across the basin with the highest concentrations in the Grande Prairie area along with several other isolated regions. Maps of H2S in gas, condensates, and water exhibit similar trends in H2S concentrations, which with future research may help elucidate the origin of H2S in the Montney.
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Chemerisov, Sergey, R. Gromov, Vakhtang Makarashvili, Thad Heltemes, Zaijing Sun, Kent E. Wardle, James Bailey, Dominique Stepinski, James Jerden und George F. Vandegrift. Experimental Results for Direct Electron Irradiation of a Uranyl Sulfate Solution: Bubble Formation and Thermal Hydraulics Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234216.

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Chemerisov, Sergey, Roman Gromov, Vakho Makarashvili, Thad Heltemes, Zaijing Sun, Kent E. Wardle, James Bailey, Kevin Quigley, Dominique Stepinski und George Vandegrift. Design and Construction of Experiment for Direct Electron Irradiation of Uranyl Sulfate Solution: Bubble Formation and Thermal Hydraulics Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1224953.

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10

King, J. K. Mercury Removal, Methylmercury Formation, and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Profiles in Wetland Mesocosms Containing Gypsum-Amended Sediments and Scirpus californicus. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), März 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/775453.

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