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Ekka, Preety, Azariah Babu und Lakhi Ram Saikia. „POTENTIAL OF NEW STRAIN OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA ISOLATED FROM TINSUKIA (ASSAM) AGAINST TEA MOSQUITO BUG HELOPELTIS THEIVORA WATERHOUSE (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)“. Journal of Biopesticides 12, Nr. 01 (01.06.2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.12.1.104-108.
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ABSTRACT Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, is the major sucking pest of tea plant. It mainly attacks the young shoots essential for tea production. In lacunae of proper management, the pest remains active throughout the year resulting in almost 100% crop loss. To manage the population of this pest below Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of 5%, several rounds of chemical pesticides are applied during the season. Tea, being a consumable product; the unwanted pesticide residue cause a major concern for the tea industry. Thus, incorporation of alternate strategies like Biological Control Agents (BCA) in pest management programme is important to overcome the problems besides prevent the pest from developing resistance. The BCAs like entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi and virus are effective in an eco-friendly management of the pest population. The entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana has been found to be effective pest control agent in several agro ecosystems including tea. Commercial B. bassiana formulations are available but the local strains are reported to be more efficient in managing the pest population. The present study was aimed to analyze the potential of a new strain of B. bassiana named as BPA/B7 (I.D. No. 10,928.8) isolated from tea soils of Tinsukia (Assam) against H. theivora. The efficacy of six concentrations (5 mlL-1, 10 mlL-1, 15 mlL-1, 20 mlL-1 and 25 mlL-1 ) of powder formulation of BPA/B7 was compared with a commercial formulation to estimate the LC50 of the same. The BPA/B7 (B. bassiana with a spore density of 1.68X106 spores/ml was found to kill 50% of H. theivora at a concentration of 21.87 mlL-1 within 96hrs. Further studies on the standardization of both liquid/powder formulations, shelf life studies, followed by their field evlauation, will ensure the possibility of utilizing this strain as a potential componemt of intergrated management of H. theivora.
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Chang, Yali, Yuxian Xing, Yanan Dong, Xiwang Li, Songbo Lin, Yi Chen und Xiaoling Sun. „Biological evidences for successive oogenesis and egg-laying of Matsumurasca onukii“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 2 (17.02.2022): e0263933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263933.
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Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important horticultural cash crops, and tea green leafhopper (Matsumurasca onukii) is an extremely harmful sap-sucking pest of tea plant. Serious generation overlapping, which is mainly caused by the long oviposition period, leads to poor control effect of pesticides on this pest in the tea plantation. But the intuitive evidences of continuous oogenesis and egg-laying of this pest are still lacking, which seriously hindered the development of genetic control methods. Here, we clarified the main structures of the inner reproductive system of tea green leafhopper female adult. Oviposition behaviors were monitored as well, and six oviposition steps were recorded. According to the maturity of oocytes, the maturity stages of the reproductive system under different copulation periods were classified into 4 stages. For female adults at stage IV, mature and immature oocytes were presented simultaneously, and the developmental levels of oocytes were asynchronous among different ovarioles. The proportion of gravid females with mature oocytes significantly increased when the continuous copulation time was prolonged. In sync with the development of the ovary maturity, female adults started to slightly deposit eggs at the 5th day, and then increased dramatically. In addition, we found that, whether mature or immature, oocytes in the ovarioles always emitted green fluorescence under blue light excitation, which in turn provide solid proof for the new egg detection method from the insect physiology point of view.
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Pan, Cheng, Xueyi He, Luxia Xia, Kexin Wei, Yuqun Niu und Baoyu Han. „Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Secretions from the Tea Green Leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens Fabrecius“. Insects 15, Nr. 4 (22.04.2024): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15040296.
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Saliva plays a crucial role in shaping the compatibility of piercing–sucking insects with their host plants. Understanding the complex composition of leafhopper saliva is important for developing effective and eco-friendly control strategies for the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens Fabrecius, a major piercing–sucking pest in Chinese tea plantations. This study explored the saliva proteins of tea green leafhopper adults using a custom collection device, consisting of two layers of Parafilm stretched over a sucrose diet. A total of 152 proteins were identified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following the filter-aided sample preparation (FASP). These proteins were categorized into six groups based on their functions, including enzymes, transport proteins, regulatory proteins, cell structure proteins, other proteins, and unknown proteins. Bioinformatics analyses predicted 16 secreted proteins, which were successfully cloned and transcriptionally analyzed across various tissues and developmental stages. Genes encoding putative salivary secretory proteins, including Efmucin1, EfOBP1, EfOBP2, EfOBP3, Efmucin2, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (EfLRP), EFVg1, and EFVg2, exhibited high expressions in salivary gland (SG) tissues and feeding-associated expressions at different developmental stages. These findings shed light on the potential elicitors or effectors mediating the leafhopper feeding and defense responses in tea plants, providing insights into the coevolution of tea plants and leafhoppers. The study’s conclusions open avenues for the development of innovative leafhopper control technologies that reduce the reliance on pesticides in the tea industry.
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Das, Kishore Kumar, GSK Swamy und Sheetal Rawat. „Effects of Datomaceous Earth on the Incidence Of Sucking Pest of Guava“. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 51, Nr. 4 (29.12.2022): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v51i4.63501.
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Effects of diatomaceous earth (DE) as a source of silicon on incidence of Helopeltis antonii Signoret and Aleurodicus dispersus Russell in Guava var. Sardar were investigated. In the month of September and October maximum infestation (2.79) was observed in control plots and the least infestation (1.93) was observed in treatment with RDF + 3kg/plant of DE. In the month of November, the maximum infestation (3.62) was found in control, while the least infestation (1.89) was noticed in RDF + 3 kg/plant of DE. Again, in the month of December the maximum infestation (3.60) of tea mosquito bug was observed in the Half of RDF + 3 kg/plant of DE, followed by control (3.48) and the least infestation (2.83) was noticed in RDF + 3 kg/plant of DE. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 813-816, 2022 (December)
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Zhou, Ying, Xiaoyu Liu und Ziyin Yang. „Characterization of Terpene Synthase from Tea Green Leafhopper Being Involved in Formation of Geraniol in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves and Potential Effect of Geraniol on Insect-Derived Endobacteria“. Biomolecules 9, Nr. 12 (30.11.2019): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9120808.
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When insects attack plants, insect-derived elicitors and mechanical damage induce the formation and emission of plant volatiles that have important ecological functions and flavor properties. These events have mainly been studied in model plants, rather than crop plants. Our study showed that tea green leafhopper (Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda), a major pest infesting tea attack significantly induced the emission of geraniol from tea leaves, but did not affect the crude enzyme activity of geraniol synthase in tea leaves. An enzyme extract of E. (M.) onukii specifically produced geraniol from geraniol diphosphate. Furthermore, a terpene synthase (EoTPS) was isolated from E. (M.) onukii. This terpene synthase was able to convert geraniol diphosphate to geraniol in vitro. In addition, geraniol had in vitro ability to inhibit the growth of Acinetobacter johnsonii that is endobacterial isolated from E. (M.) onukii. This information illustrates that elicitors from piercing-sucking insects can induce the formation of volatiles from crop plants and advances our understanding of the roles of plant volatiles in the interaction among crops-insects-microorganisms.
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Saha, Dhiraj. „Host plant-based variation in fitness traits and major detoxifying enzymes activity in Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an emerging sucking pest of tea“. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 36, Nr. 03 (06.06.2016): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758416000102.
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AbstractScirtothrips dorsalisHood is a polyphagous species and an important sucking pest of tea (Camellia sinensis) (Theaceae). The fitness traits ofS. dorsalison two alternative host plants:Capsicum annuumL. (chilli) (Solanaceae) andRicinus communis(castor oil plant) (Euphorbiaceae) and onC. sinensisand corresponding levels of defence enzymes was studied. The study revealed thatC. sinensisis the more suitable host ofS. dorsalisbased on faster development (13.6 days) compared to the alternative hosts,C. annuum(15.5 days) andR. communis(16.7 days), a higher fecundity (C. sinensis: 11.4 eggs;C. annuum: 9.7 eggs;R. communis: 8.6 eggs), and superior egg hatchability (C. sinensis, 92.6%;C. annuum: 82.5%; andR. communis: 74.6%). The host-based variation in the fitness traits ofS. dorsaliscorroborated in light of differential activity of three major detoxifying enzymes, such as the general esterases (GEs), glutathioneS-transferases (GSTs), and cytochrome P450 mediated monooxygenases (CYPs). Densitometric analysis of GEs showed five esterase isozymes (EST I–V) with retardation factor (Rf) values of 0.17, 0.22, 0.27, 0.35 and 0.52, respectively. The pixel density, and accordingly the profile height, varied in different host-specificS. dorsalis. A significant variation of the quantity of these enzymes was also apparent in the insect when reared on the three hosts. A 2.4 and 2.7, 1.6 and 2.0, and 2.0 and 2.3-fold higher GEs, GSTs and CYPs activity on the two non-tea hosts possibly signify a predisposition of the species for higher tolerance to insecticides, enabling the pest to switch to tea where synthetic insecticides are routinely used.
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Lu, Changhao, Ni Shen, Wenbin Jiang, Bi Xie, Runa Zhao, Guolan Zhou, Degang Zhao, Yingqin He und Wenlong Chen. „Different Tea Germplasms Distinctly Influence the Adaptability of Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)“. Insects 14, Nr. 8 (07.08.2023): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14080695.
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Aphids are typical phloem-sucking insect pests. A good understanding regarding their feeding behavior and population dynamics are critical for evaluating host adaptation and screening of aphid-resistant resources. Herein, the adaptability of Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to different hosts was evaluated via electropenetrography and an age-stage, two-sex life table on six tea germplasms: Zikui (ZK), Zhongcha108 (ZC108), Zhongcha111 (ZC111), Qianmei419 (QM419), Meitan5 (MT5), and Fudingdabaicha (FD). Our findings revealed that the feeding activities of T. aurantii differed considerably among the host plants. T. aurantii exhibited significantly more pathway activities on ZK and FD than on the other hosts. However, the duration of feeding of T. aurantii on ZK phloem considerably decreased compared with those of the other germplasms. Life parameters indicated that T. aurantii exhibited the highest intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), and finite rate of increase (λ) on MT5, and the maximum values of total longevity and oviposition period were recorded on FD; these variables were reduced significantly on ZK. The results of our study demonstrate that T. aurantii can successfully survive on the six tea germplasms; however, ZK was less suitable for T. aurantii and should be considered as a potential source of resistance in breeding and Integrated Pest Management.
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Saha, Dhiraj, Ananda Mukhopadhyay und Min Bahadur. „Effect of host plants on fitness traits and detoxifying enzymes activity of Helopeltis theivora, a major sucking insect pest of tea“. Phytoparasitica 40, Nr. 5 (19.07.2012): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12600-012-0244-2.
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Saha, Dhiraj, Ananda Mukhopadhyay und Min Bahadur. „Variation in the Activity of Three Principal Detoxifying Enzymes in Major Sucking Pest of Tea, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Heteroptera: Miridae) from Sub-Himalayan Tea Plantations of West Bengal, India“. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 66, Nr. 2 (02.08.2012): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12595-012-0039-y.
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Tengfei, Liu, Wang Yao, Zhang Lixia, Xu Yongyu, Zhang Zhengqun und Mu Wei. „Sublethal Effects of Four Insecticides on the Seven-Spotted Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)“. Journal of Economic Entomology 112, Nr. 5 (29.05.2019): 2177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz146.
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Abstract To further develop integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against two sucking insect pests, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintanca) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Toxoptera aurantii Boyer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Chinese tea plantations, it is important to evaluate the effects of insecticides on biological control agents, such as the seven-spot lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Therefore, we tested the toxicity and sublethal effects of spirotetramat, clothianidin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin on C. septempunctata. The side effects of the active ingredients of the insecticides were evaluated with residual contact tests on the larvae of C. septempunctata in the laboratory. Spirotetramat and clothianidin exhibited lower lethality to C. septempunctata as shown by the higher LC50 values and had higher selectivity for A. spiniferus and T. aurantii based on the selective toxicity ratios being superior to other tested insecticides. Spirotetramat also did not affect survival, longevity, fecundity, and egg hatching of C. septempunctata. Clothianidin and bifenthrin prolonged the duration of larval development stages of C. septempunctata obviously. Clothianidin at >2.5 mg/liter, lambda-cyhalothrin at >0.03 mg/liter, and bifenthrin at >0.125 mg/liter significantly reduced the survival and pupation rates of C. septempunctata larvae. Furthermore, spirotetramat at 3.125 mg/liter was harmless (IOBC class 1) to larvae of this coccinellid species. Based on the results, spirotetramat was innocuous to C. septempunctata larvae compared with clothianidin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin. Therefore, spirotetramat might be incorporated into IPM programs in combination with C. septempunctata for control of A. spiniferus and T. aurantii in the tea plantations.
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Garcia Costa, Jerffersoney, Leonardo Leite Fialho-Junior, Isabel Carolina de Lima Santos, Ronald Zanetti und Alexandre Dos Santos. „First report of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) damaging teak trees (Tectona grandis) in the neotropics“. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 46, Nr. 2 (30.12.2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v46i2.8489.
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Teak, Tectona grandis is one of the most valuable woods in the world. In Brazil, it is attacked by sap-sucking insects such as Euschistus heros, known as Neotropical brown stink bug. Here we report the first occurrence of this pest in teak tree plantations in Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The injuries on the trees were characterized and photographed, along with the insects collected on plants. Injuries caused the apical bud to dry, advancing to the entire plant drying. Injuries occur from the histological damage caused by insect stylets and the toxic enzyme released into plant cells.
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INDRIATI, GUSTI, DADANG DADANG und DJOKO PRIJONO. „AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK BUAH CABAI JAWA (Piper retrofractum) TERHADAP Helopeltis antonii (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)“. Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 21, Nr. 1 (13.10.2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/littri.v21n1.2015.33-40.
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<p>ABSTRAK<br />Helopeltis antonii merupakan salah satu hama pada tanaman kakao,<br />teh, dan jambu mete yang menyerang pucuk dan buah dengan menusukkan<br />stiletnya untuk mengisap cairan sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan.<br />Penelitian bertujuan menguji toksisitas ekstrak buah Piper retrofractum<br />(cabai jawa) terhadap imago, pengaruh konsentrasi subletal terhadap nimfa<br />keturunan, persistensi terhadap mortalitas dan oviposisi H. antonii.<br />Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Fisiologi dan Toksikologi<br />Serangga, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan Laboratorium Proteksi Tanaman,<br />Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Sukabumi, mulai Mei<br />2013 sampai April 2014. Buah mentimun digunakan sebagai inang<br />pengganti untuk perbanyakan serangga uji H. antonii di laboratorium dan<br />media pengujian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kematian imago H.<br />antonii, akibat perlakuan ekstrak P. retrofractum 0,05-0,3%, sudah terjadi<br />pada 24 jam setelah perlakuan (JSP). Sementara itu, pada 24 dan 48 JSP<br />terjadi penurunan tingkat kematian H. antonii. Setelah 48 JSP, hanya<br />terjadi sedikit peningkatan kematian H. antonii. LC 50 dan LC 95 ekstrak P.<br />retrofractum pada 120 JSP masing-masing 0,20 dan 0,49%. Jumlah nimfa<br />keturunan yang dihasilkan pada perlakuan subletal ekstrak P. retrofractum<br />0,203% (LC 50 ) lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 0,141%<br />(LC 25 ). Ekstrak P. retrofractum yang dipajankan di bawah sinar matahari<br />hingga 5 hari masih efektif terhadap imago (mortalitas 80%), tetapi tidak<br />efektif dalam menghambat peletakan telur H. antonii. Penghambatan<br />peletakan telur terhadap imago H. antonii pada perlakuan ekstrak P.<br />retrofractum 0,98% (2 × LC 95 ) yang dipajankan di bawah sinar matahari<br />selama 0 dan 1 hari, dengan indeks penghambatan oviposisi 22,7 dan<br />23,8%. Keefektifan ekstrak P. retrofractum perlu diuji di lapangan untuk<br />menilai kelayakan dalam pengendalian H. antonii.<br />Kata kunci: insektisida botani, mortalitas, oviposisi, persistensi</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Helopeltis antonii is cocoa, tea, and cashew nuts important pest that<br />causes damage by sucking plant sap from shoots and nuts. This study was<br />conducted to test toxicity of Piper retrofractum fruit extract on adults,<br />sublethal effect on the production nymphal progeny, and persistence<br />against mortality and oviposition of H. antonii. This study was conducted<br />at The Fisiology and Insect Toxicology Laboratory, Plant Protection<br />Departement, Bogor Agricultural University and The Plant Protection<br />Laboratory of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute<br />from Mey 2013 to April 2014. Cucumber was used as a host substitute for<br />rearing the test insect and as the testing medium. The results show that<br />adult mortality, due to the P. retrofractum leaf extract treatment 0.05-<br />0.3%, has occured at 24 hours after treatment (HAT). Meanwhile, H.<br />antonii mortality has decreased on 24 and 48 HAT. After 48 HAT, only a<br />slight increased in H. antonii mortality. LC 50 and LC 95 of P. retrofractum<br />extract at 120 HAT were 0.20 and 0.49%, respectively. The treatment at<br />sublethal concentrations (LC 25 and LC 50 ) markedly decreased nymphal<br />progeny number. P. retrofractum extract suspensions at LC 95 and 2 × LC 95<br />exposed under sunlight for 5 days were still effective against H. antonii<br />adults (80% mortality), but were not effective in females inhibiting<br />oviposition. The oviposition inhibiting activity was observed only in the<br />treatment with P. retrofractum extract at 2 × LC 95 exposed under sunlight<br />for 0 and 1 day in which the oviposition deterrency indices were 22.7 and<br />23.8% respectively. <br />Key words: botanical insecticides, mortality, oviposition, persistence</p>
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Kakoti, Beauti, Bhabesh Deka, Somnath Roy und Azariah Babu. „The scale insects: Its status, biology, ecology and management in tea plantations“. Frontiers in Insect Science 2 (17.01.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2022.1048299.
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The scale insects reduce plant photosynthetic ability by sucking sap from leaves and causing significant damage to the tea crop in most tea-producing countries. They suck the sap from stems and tea leaves, which not only prevents further growth but also reduces the nutritional quality of the leaves by promoting the growth of sooty molds. However, due to the widespread use of organosynthetic pesticides in recent decades, most insect pests have developed high levels of pesticide resistance, reducing the effectiveness of insecticide application. Bio-control agents are environmentally safe and produce long-term results while reducing the use of chemicals and other pesticides without disrupting the natural equilibrium. The review includes a list of coccidicides discovered on tea in major tea-growing countries as potential tea pests. The scope of future studies and the plans for better management of this serious sucking pest of the tea plant are also discussed in this review.
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Parthiban, M., Sahidur Rahman, Nilofar Altaf und Gouranga Chetia. „Observations on the herbivore diversity in a managed tea plantation and population dynamics of major insect pest in tea with regional weather“. Journal of Plantation Crops, 20.10.2022, 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2023.v51.i1.8469.
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Globally, the pattern of incidence of insect pest complex has been changing in all agroecosystem due to climate change and variability. It is essential to know the incidence pattern of insect pest complex in tea for adopting successful management practice. An investigation was carried out to know the present incidence pest scenario of tea at Assam during March 2019 to Feb 2020. The results show the presence of four mite species belonging to single order and 4 families, and a total of 33 insect species belonging to 7 orders and 27 families. Among them red spider mite, tea mosquito bug, whitefly, leafhopper complex and thrips were recorded as important sucking pests. Leaf roller, tea tortrix, and flush worm were recorded as significant chewing pests. Observation shows that the tea whitefly, leaf hopper, thrips, leaf roller and flush worm has become a serious threat to the tea cultivation. The population dynamics of red spider mite and tea mosquito bug recorded a maximum incidence of 30.27 mites/ leaf and 27.17 infested flush/ bush respectively, during the month of November. Both insects were negatively regulated by maximum temperature and rainfall however relative humidity positively influenced population dynamics, as revealed by the correlation coefficient. This study paves way for the development of a new plant protection module to manage the emerging insect pests in tea plantation.
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R. Varatharajan, K. Dhanapati Devi, K. Nishikanta. „Diversity and density of tea pests in the tea gardens of Manipur“. Journal of Plantation Crops 44, Nr. 1 (03.04.2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jpc.2016.v44.i1.3012.
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<p>Twenty one species of tea pests have been recorded for the first time from the tea gardens of Manipur which include twelve species of cutting and chewing pests, seven species of sucking pests, a stem borer and a leaf miner. Among them, red spider mite, (<em>Oligonychus coffeae</em>), leaf roller, (<em>Caloptilia theivora</em>), thrips (<em>Mycterothrips setiventris</em>) and aphid, (<em>Toxoptera aurantii</em>) were categorised as important pests and the rest as minor pests based on the observations carried out for one pruning cycle during 2010 to 2013. Field studies had shown that red spider mite (RSM) infested the tea plants all through the year with peak density of 16 mites per leaf per bush in April, whereas occurrence of thrips had been recorded with maximum abundance of 6 thrips per leaf per bush during October. On the other hand, tea aphids infested the plant from March to October with maximum of 200 individuals per 5 cm length of tea shoot in September. The stem borer, <em>Zeuzera coffeae </em>was noticed during March, April and September with an average density of 9.5 borers per 40 bushes. Among the foliage folders, leaf roller was predominant over flush worm and tea tortrix. Occurrence of leaf rolls was noticed from June to November with maximum incidence of 6 larvae per bush in October, but flushworms and tortrix were abundant even in April with the mean of 3 larvae per infested tea bush. Based on the above observation, a pest calendar was prepared for the tea pests of Manipur for planning pest control measures. Besides, 16 species of natural enemies attacking the tea pests are also reported in this article.</p>
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Lun, Xiaoyue, Jin Meina, Chen Zejun, Cao Yan, Zhang Xiangzhi, Xiuxiu Xu, Li Yusheng, Wang Hanyue und Zhengqun Zhang. „Flowering Ocimum gratissimum intercropped in tea plantations attracts and reduces Apolygus lucorum populations“. Pest Management Science, 08.04.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.8120.
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AbstractBACKGROUNDApolygus lucorum is one of the most important piercing‐sucking insect pests of the tea plant. In this study, we assessed the attractiveness of basil plants to A. lucorum and the effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum L. in the control of A. lucorum. The control efficiency of main volatile chemicals emitted from O. gratissimum flowers was also evaluated.RESULTSAmong seven basil varieties, O. gratissimum was more attractive to A. lucorum adults and was selected as a trap plant to assess its attractiveness to A. lucorum and effects on natural enemies in tea plantations. The population density of A. lucorum on trap strips of O. gratissimum in tea plantations was significantly higher than that on tea at 10‐20 m away from the trap strips. Intercropping O. gratissimum with tea plants, at high‐density significantly reduced A. lucorum population levels. Eucalyptol, limonene, β‐ocimene, and linalool were the four dominant components in the O. gratissimum flower volatiles, and their emissions showed a gradual upward trend over the sampling period. Olfactometer assays indicated that eucalyptol and dodecane showed attraction to A. lucorum. High numbers of A. lucorum were recorded on limonene, eucalyptol, and myrcene‐baited yellow sticky traps in field trials in which 11 dominant volatiles emitted by O. gratissimum flowers were evaluated.CONCLUSIONOur research indicated that the aromatic plant O. gratissimum and its volatiles could attract A. lucorum and planting O. gratissimum has the potential as a pest biocontrol method to manipulate A. lucorum populations in tea plantations.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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SAROJ, P. L., P. S. BHAT und K. K. SRIKUMAR. „Tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis spp.) – A devastating pest of cashew plantations in India: A review“. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 86, Nr. 2 (17.02.2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v86i2.55868.
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More than 32 countries are growing cashew in the world, wherein India occupies largest area under cashew plantations (20%) and earning foreign exchange of over 5 000 crores per annum through export of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid. Often, there is a serious loss in cashew nut yield due to attack of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis spp., Heteroptera: Miridae) which is a major sucking pest of cashew plantations in India. Under severe out break conditions, yield losses are as high as 40-50%. There are three common species of Helopeltis, viz. H. antonii Signoret, H. bradyi Waterhouse and H. theivora Waterhouse found in west coast and H. antonii is most predominant in the east coast, though in east coast its occurrence is prevalent from Tamil Nadu to Odisha. Whereas, H. theivora is predominant species in north-east region. Besides cashew, a large number of host plants like, tea, guava, cocoa, neem, cinchona etc. are reported. The seasonality study suggested that the population of tea mosquito bug reaches its peak during the flushing, flowering and fruiting season in cashew, i.e. from November to February. As a management strategy, varietal screening suggested that no cashew varieties are resistant to tea mosquito bug infestation but Dhana and Bhaskara varieties are moderately susceptible. Therefore, even today only chemical means of tea mosquito bug management is adopted under commercial cashew plantation. As a biological control strategy, the solitary egg parasitoids, viz. Telenomus cuspis, Chaetostricha sp. and Erythmelus helopeltidis Gahan were specifically promising against Helopeltis. The adult parasitoid, Leiophron sp. is additional asset for natural control strategies of Helopeltis spp. on cashew. Recent researches have incorporated 117 species of spiders and 18 species of reduviids into cashew management strategies. Laboratory mass culture techniques of reduviids have also been standardized using wax moth larvae as prey. Adults of H. antonii and H. theivora were found to be infested by predatory mite, Leptus sp. attached ecdysial line from head and thorax. Moreover, sex pheromone based technology development is the need of the hour to manage this pest. In this paper, efforts have been made to review the literature pertaining to the pest taxonomy, biology, distribution, host plants, nature of damage, seasonality and management strategy of Helopeltis spp. focusing on Indian subcontinent, so as to bring out non-chemical based management strategies.
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Wang, Zheng, Qianqian Meng, Xi Zhu, Shiwei Sun, Shengfeng Gao, Yafeng Gou und Aiqin Liu. „Evaluation and Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae)“. Scientific Reports 9, Nr. 1 (16.09.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49479-1.
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Abstract Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse is a predominant sucking pest in many tropic economic crops, such as tea, cocoa and coffee. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is one of the most powerful tools to analyze the gene expression level and investigate the mechanism of insect physiology at transcriptional level. Gene expression studies utilizing qRT-PCR have been applied to numerous insects so far. However, no universal reference genes could be used for H. theivora. To obtain accurate and reliable normalized data in H. theivora, twelve candidate reference genes were examined under different tissues, developmental stages and sexes by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct and RefFinder algorithms, respectively. The results revealed that the ideal reference genes differed across the treatments, and the consensus rankings generated from stability values provided by these programs suggested a combination of two genes for normalization. To be specific, RPS3A and Actin were the best suitable reference genes for tissues, RPL13A and GAPDH were suitable for developmental stages, EF1α and RPL13A were suitable for sexes, and RPL13A and RPS3A were suitable for all samples. This study represents the first systematic analysis of reference genes for qRT-PCR experiments in H. theivora, and the results can provide a credible normalization for qRT-PCR data, facilitating transcript profiling studies of functional genes in this insect.
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Hassan Mahmoud Hassan Moheisen. „Antimicrobial flavonoids and their role in plant and animal interactions: الفلافونويدات المضادة للميكروبات ودورها في تفاعلات النبات والحيوان“. Journal of medical and pharmaceutical sciences 1, Nr. 4 (30.12.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.h161217.
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Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases. One of the undisputed functions of flavonoids and related polyphenols is their role in protecting plants against microbial invasion. This not only involves their presence in plants as constitutive agents but also their accumulation as phytoalexins in response to microbial attack. Because of their widespread ability to inhibit spore germination of plant pathogens, they have been proposed also for use against fungal pathogens of Man. It is now generally accepted that flavonoids, along with other plant polyphenols, play a role in protecting plants from both insect and mammalian herbivory. In recent years, attention has been mainly centered on simple phenolic constituents or on the polymeric flavolans or pro-anthocyanidins, but some research has been concerned with low molecular weight flavones, flavonols and isoflavones. For example, three glycoflavones schaftoside, isoschaftoside and neoschaftoside have been identified in the phloem sap of rice plants, where they act as sucking deterrents to the pest insect, the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens. The purpose of the present review is to discuss recent developments in the biochemistry and medicinal aspects of the flavonoids. It is already well established that flavonoids make some contribution to disease resistance, either as constitutive antifungal agents or as phytoalexins. There is also increasing evidence that some flavonoids, and especially the flavolans or proanthocyanidins, provide defence against herbivory and some recent experiments in plant-animal interactions will also be mentioned.
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„A Field Survey of Sucking Tea Pests and Their Control Measures in a Few Tea Gardens of Terai Region, West Bengal, India“. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 5, Nr. 3 (05.03.2016): 1343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/v5i3.nov162125.
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