Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Subscription-based companies“

Alternative transportation services for urban commuters expand with car subscription services. Car subscription services give drivers access to cars without ownership for a relatively longer time period (e.g., months) than other sharing economy transportation services. Based on a mix of between- and within-subject design online experiment involving 274 participants, this study investigates traditional and upcoming subscribed car features namely, mileage limit, price, self-driving capability, advanced safety systems, and the moderating influence of collective psychological ownership of these features on people’s preference for car subscription services. The results suggest that these features significantly impact people’s preference toward this service. Collective psychological ownership was found to moderate the influence of self-driving capability and advance safety systems on people’s preference for car subscription services. Individuals with high collective psychological ownership preferred subscription cars with self-driving capability and were more concerned with the lack of advanced safety systems in a subscription car. Car subscription companies need to consider traditional (price and mileage limit), and upcoming features (self-driving capability and advance safety systems) when offering their services. More importantly, the moderating influence of collective psychological ownership on these features means that car subscription companies should account for people’s psychological disposition when considering additional car features.

The growth of subscription-based commerce has changed the types of data that firms report to external shareholders. More than ever, companies are discussing and disclosing information on the number of customers acquired and lost, customer lifetime value, and other data. This has fueled an increasing interest in linking the value of a firm's customers to the overall value of the firm, with the term “customer-based corporate valuation” being used to describe such efforts. Although several researchers in the fields of marketing and accounting have explored this idea, their underlying models of customer acquisition and retention do not adequately reflect the empirical realities associated with these behaviors, and the associated valuation models do not meet the standards of finance professionals. The authors develop a framework for valuing subscription-based firms that addresses both issues, and they apply it to data from DISH Network and Sirius XM Holdings.

The present study investigates the factors that positively influence the efficacy of e-media business models. Taking into consideration the extant literature that mentions the ineffectiveness of the subscription model, we try to investigate new factors that contribute to the success of e-media business models. Based on previous research, we examine the following five factors: specific content, innovation, multiple revenue sources, interactivity and media brand communities. In-depth case study analysis of three successful e-media companies is conducted in order to define whether each of the factors is considerable for e-media business models or not. Our results indicate that specific content, innovation, interactivity and media brand communities constitute significant features for e-media models while multiple source revenues are not a necessary factor for success. Finally, based on our results, various suggestions are proposed for entrepreneurial companies.

Piracy is a problem that has been faced by various companies, one of which is music service software. Even though piracy gives a benefit to consumers, the losses obtained by the producer cannot be ignored. To overcome these problems, there are music services that can provide services easily and cheaply for consumers, commonly called the Subscription Based Music Service (SBMS). Although there is a service that can replace pirated products (SBMS), there is no guarantee that consumers will use it. This study aims to determine the factors that influence consumers in using SBMS music services. To achieve that, the Structural Equation Modeling method is used with AMOS software. The research was conducted in two countries, Indonesia and Germany with the aim to find out whether or not different countries affect consumer behavior. From the results of research in Indonesian and German respondents, the most influencing factor in the desire to use SBMS is the interest in the application. It can be concluded that the more music users know the service features and services provided by SBMS, the music users will be encouraged to use SBMS.

Open access models for academic publishing offer an alternative to traditional subscription-based journals. In the open access model, the author generally retains the copyright and the published articles are available free on the internet. Publication costs are either borne by the author as article processing charges, or are free for some journals published by societies or institutions. Traditional subscription-based journals are funded by subscription costs to libraries and individuals, the publisher retains the copyright, and these journals are generally not freely available to the public. This traditional model has created two problems: (1) many for-profit publishers control access in a form of oligopoly and impose high costs to subscribers; and (2) it limits access of scientific information to the public which disproportionately affects poorly funded research institutions and developing countries. Other subscription-based journals are published by scientific and professional societies but are not “for-profit”. In the forest sciences, several open access journals emerged in the last 10–15 years. These open access journals are published by for-profit publishing companies, research institutions, and professional societies. Some of these journals have been successful at attracting manuscript submissions, becoming indexed by various indexation services, and have seen metrics representing their importance increase over time. This paper documents these trends and assesses the viability of the open access model in the forest sciences and compares them to other types of journals.

AbstractThe research on the history of pricing strategies and decisions by companies and individuals has not received much attention up to now. This is surprising, as pricing is the most important profit driver, and thus an inquiry into the historic origins of price-related decisions by the early modern market operators can yield important insights for both historians and current practitioners on successful marketing strategies. The following article contributes to the research on business history by proposing, first of all, a framework for the conceptual definition between a revenue and a price model. Furthermore, it is shown that subscription-based revenue was generated as early as 1617. The revenue model of the subscription – an early antecedent of today’s crowdfunding scheme – will then be covered in detail by investigating the case of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s piano concertos KV 413-415. The influential composer decided to appeal to a broader target group by using a subscription-based pricing scheme for these three piano concertos in 1783. The subscription however was unsuccessful, and the major reason for this failure as well as Mozart’s probable economic reasoning are elaborated. Finally, the rising modern market forc es, that steered the Viennese music market of the late 18th century towards modern*structures, made sure that market operators at that time tried to adapt to these forces by offering modern and innovative revenue and price models, such as highly differentiated, content-based and time-definite subscriptions.

This study aims to find out how the influence of Disclosure of Financial Statements for the period 2014 - 2018 and Company Size on the Stock Price. This case study was conducted by taking a sample of companies list on IDX BUMN20. This study uses the hypothesis testing method using IBM SPSS Statistics Subscription version 23. Based on the results of the study found that an increase in average disclosure in all companies listed on the IDX, in other words, an increase in awareness of the management of companies listed on the IDX to report both financial and non-financial information to the public. In addition, companies listed on the IDX are increasingly obedient to the policies made by the regulator (OJK) related to the disclosure of financial statements. The Annual Disclosure Variable does not partially affect the company's stock price, this is due to differences in the research sector and research year. Partially, the variable size of the company has an influence on stock prices, this is because investors are interested in investing in companies that have large assets and have a large market capitalization because they are considered more profitable. Simultaneously, the Annual Report Disclosure variable and company size variables have a significant effect on stock prices. Keywords: Annual Report Disclosure, Company Size, and Stock Price.

Open Access (OA) is nowadays increasingly being used as a business model for the publishing of scholarly peer reviewed journals, both by specialized OA publishing companies and major, predominantly subscription-based publishers. However, in the early days of the web OA journals were mainly founded by independent academics, who were dissatisfied with the predominant print and subscription paradigm and wanted to test the opportunities offered by the new medium. There is still an on-going debate about how OA journals should be operated, and the volunteer model used by many such ‘indie’ journals has been proposed as a viable alternative to the model adopted by big professional publishers where publishing activities are funded by authors paying expensive article processing charges (APCs). Our longitudinal quantitative study of 250 ‘indie’ OA journals founded prior to 2002, showed that 51% of these journals were still in operation in 2014 and that the median number of articles published per year had risen from 11 to 18 among the survivors. Of these surviving journals, only 8% had started collecting APCs. A more detailed qualitative case study of five such journals provided insights into how such journals have tried to ensure the continuity and longevity of operations.

Cloud computing is hailed as the next-revolution of computing services. Although there is no precise definition, cloud computing refers to a scalable network infrastructure where consumers receive IT services such as software and data storage through the Internet like a utility on a subscription basis. With an increasing number of data centres hosted by large companies such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft cloud computing offers potential benefits including cost savings, simpler IT, and reduced energy consumption. Central government and local authorities, like commercial organisations, are considering cloud-based services. However, concerns are raised over issues such as security, access, data protection, and ownership. This paper develops a framework for analysing the likely impact of cloud computing on local government and suggests an agenda for research in this emerging area.

Digitization efforts across the world have resulted in the need for businesses to own a website. All Fortune 500 companies run websites for either information dissemination or for transacting business. This has led to the increase in the number of websites as well as a growing competition to outdo each other. In order to gain competitive advantage, businesses need to have a detailed track of the activities going on their website to suffice their decisive knowledge. However, to monitor and to optimise the website performance, organisations need strong web analytics tools and skills. This work presents a comprehensive review of the web analytics tools and techniques, which are vital to report the website performance and usage. Present day practices of web analytics have been outlined from the perspective of business organisations, with suitable examples. A comparative analysis of the most important web analytics tools have been presented, including the free as well as subscription based tools. Future challenges and opportunities to web analytics practices have also been presented.

The rapid growth of technological infrastructure has changed the way companies do business. Subscription based services are one of the outcomes of the ongoing digitalization, and with more and more products and services to choose from, customer churning has become a major problem and a threat to all firms. We propose a machine learning based churn prediction model for a subscription based service provider, within the domain of financial administration in the business-to-business (B2B) context. The aim of our study is to contribute knowledge within the field of churn prediction. For the proposed model, we compare two ensemble learners, XGBoost and Random Forest, with a single base learner, Naïve Bayes. The study follows the guidelines of the design science methodology, where we used the machine learning process to iteratively build and evaluate the generated model, using the metrics, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1- score. The data has been collected from a subscription-based service provider, within the financial administration sector. Since the used dataset is imbalanced with a majority of non- churners, we evaluated three different sampling methods, that is, SMOTE, SMOTEENN and RandomUnderSampler, in order to balance the dataset. From the results of our study, we conclude that machine learning is a useful approach for prediction of customer churning. In addition, our results show that ensemble learners perform better than single base learners and that a balanced training dataset is expected to improve the performance of the classifiers.

Användandet av olika incitamentsprogram och aktierelaterade ersättningar i synnerhet har ökat sen 80-talet. Aktierelaterade ersättningsprogram används för att uppmuntra persona-len att aktivt deltaga för att förbättra företagets resultat. Ersättningarna i dessa program be-står antingen av köpotioner, teckningsoptioner, syntetiska optioner eller konvertibler.

Sedan den 1 januari 2005 gäller de nya redovisningsreglerna IFRS 2. Dessa regler styr redo-visningen av aktierelaterade ersättningar. IFRS 2 kräver att alla företag noterade på någon börs inom EU kostnadsför dessa ersättningar i resultaträkningen. Innan implementeringen av de nya reglerna räckte det med att ta upp dessa ersättningar i notform. IFRS 2 kräver att dessa regler retroaktivt skall användas för att påvisa dess effekter på 2004 års resultaträk-ning. Anledningen till detta är att potentiella investerare skall ha möjlighet att kunna jämfö-ra resultaträkningar från olika år.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka effekter företagen på den svenska A-listan skul-le få erfara om IFRS 2 var implementerad redan år 2004. Vidare ämnar vi att beskriva hur aktierelaterade ersättningsprogram används och hur detta påverkar företagen.

Uppsatsen är genomförd med en kvantitativ ansats och har baserats på sekundärdata från företagens årsrapporter. Vårt urval är det samma som totalpopulationen på den svenska A-listan.

De slutsatser som vi kunnat dra i vår uppsats är att majoriteten av de noterade företagen på A-listan använder någon form av aktierelaterade ersättningsprogram. Den mest använda optionstypen är teckningsoptioner. I medel skulle resultatet minskat med 0,89 procent på grund av IFRS 2. Utspädningseffekten som orsakats av aktierelaterade ersättningar var i medel 0,54 procent. Företagen på A-listan använder i huvudsak Black & Scholes-modellen vid värdering av de aktierelaterade ersättningsprogrammen. Vidare indikerar resultatet av vår studie att företag som använder köpoptioner skulle ha haft mest negativ resultatpåver-kan på grund av IFRS 2. En annan intressant slutsats är att större företag tenderar att in-volvera alla anställda i sina aktieoptionsprogram medan mindre bolag föredrar att rikta des-sa aktierelaterade ersättningar endast till chefer och ledning.

The use of incitement programs and share-based programs in particular has increased since the 1980`s. These share-based programs are used to encourage the employees to actively participate in increasing the company’s result. The payment in these share-based compen-sations either is; call options, subscription options, synthetic options or convertibles.

From January 1 2005, the new accounting regulation IFRS 2 regarding share-based pay-ments are implemented. The IFRS 2 demands all companies noted on a stock exchange in the European Union to account for the share-based payments and expense these in the in-come statement. Before this implementation, these payments only had to be described in a disclosed form. However for the year 2004, the effects due to the IFRS 2 have to be taken into consideration in the income statement. The reason for this is that potential investors must have the possibility to compare the financial statements between different time peri-ods.

The purpose with thesis is to cover what effects the companies’ on the Swedish A-list should have had if the IFRS 2 were implemented already the year 2004. Secondly, the aim is to cover and describe the utilization of share-based programs among these companies and to explain how they are affected.

The thesis is conducted through a quantitative approach and based on secondary data from annual reports of the companies’. Our selection is the total population on the Swedish A-list.

The conclusions made in our thesis are that the majority of the A-listed companies’ use some kind of share-based programs. The most frequently used option type is the subscrip-tion option. On average, the decrease in result was 0,89 percent due to IFRS 2. On average the dilution effect due to the use of share-based programs decreased the result per share by 0,54 percent. The companies on the A-list use the Black & Scholes formula to valuate the share-based payments. Our study also indicates that the companies using call options should have experienced the greatest result decrease due to the IFRS 2. Another interesting conclusion is that the larger companies in our study are most likely to involve all the em-ployees’ in the share-based programs while the smaller companies prefer to only involve executives and other leading personnel.

Value-based pricing aims to optimize incentives for pharmaceutical companies making drug development investment decisions. To promote alignment of prices and value, this chapter recommends that Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial insurers build value assessment into their coverage decisions. Before doing so, it explores alternatives that purport to make this alignment unnecessary. The first, cost-recovery pricing, reimburses drug companies for only their costs, rather than for value. While cost-recovery prices can be low, they reward high internal costs rather than better drugs. Prizes and subscription plans pay a lump sum, rather than paying for each treated patient, but they still require value assessment to set the size of the prize or subscription fee. Radical alternatives suggest having the government develop new drugs. Whether the government would be effective remains unknown. Nonetheless, it would, like private companies, have to prioritize investments, requiring something like value assessment to do so.

Monica Sandler focuses on subscription video on demand services, using the case study of Comcast NBCUniversal’s failed SeeSo platform. Her essay examines how television networks themselves can cultivate a franchise identity for themselves by expanding their brand into emerging formats. The essay questions how old media incumbents like NBC can compete against big data-based entertainment companies like Netflix and Amazon.

The study divides the Internet Economy into four layers. The first layer consists of the telecommunications companies, Internet Service Providers, Internet backbone carriers, local access companies and manufacturers of end-user networking equipment. In the second layer, Internet Applications Infrastructure involves software products and services necessary to facilitate Web transactions and transaction intermediaries. In addition to the software products that help facilitate Web transactions, this layer of the Internet Economy includes the consultants and service companies that design, build and maintain all types of Web sites, from portals to full e-commerce sites. The third layer, called the Internet Intermediary Indicator, consists of businesses that do not generate transaction-related revenues in the same way as the companies in other layers. There is a distinct type of company that operates in layer three, one that is predominantly an Internet pure-play. While not directly generating revenues from transactions, their Web-based business generates revenues through advertising, membership subscription fees and commissions. Many of the layer three companies are purely Web content providers, while others are market makers or market intermediaries. Finally, the companies that are included in layer four are only those companies that are conducting Web-based commerce transactions (Barua and Whinston, 2000).

Cloud computing is hailed as the next-revolution of computing services. Although there is no precise definition, cloud computing refers to a scalable network infrastructure where consumers receive IT services such as software and data storage through the Internet like a utility on a subscription basis. With an increasing number of data centres hosted by large companies such as Amazon, Google, and Microsoft cloud computing offers potential benefits including cost savings, simpler IT, and reduced energy consumption. Central government and local authorities, like commercial organisations, are considering cloud-based services. However, concerns are raised over issues such as security, access, data protection, and ownership. This paper develops a framework for analysing the likely impact of cloud computing on local government and suggests an agenda for research in this emerging area.

Chapter 5 (keyword: narrowcasting) explores the development of private satellite networks to manage distributed workforces in the context of globalization and a “cultural turn” in popular management theories. The late 1980s saw the proliferation of industry-focused subscription channels (e.g., geared toward insurers) and internal “networks” housed by a single company (e.g., Hewlett Packard). Two case studies (Johnson Controls and Steelcase) show how businesses used television to target worker identity in a bid to usurp other modes of affiliation (the nation, class) within the unstable employment environment of the 1980s and 1990s. This is the other side of the multichannel era: the creative deployment of employees as niche audiences. At the same time that post-national consumer identities became lucrative as a means of gathering and selling audiences on the diverse products of flexible specialization, proper cultural management of worker identity supported companies’ profit-maximization strategies (often based in cuts to employees’ material welfare).

During a field trial performed at the Norwegian telecom company NetCom from May 2003 to July 2003, a methodology for model-based risk analysis was assessed. The chosen methodology was the CORAS methodology (CORAS, 2000), which has been developed in a European research project carried out by 11 European companies and research institutes partly funded by the European Union. The risk analysis and assessment were carried out by the Norwegian research institute SINTEF in cooperation with NetCom. NetCom (www.netcom.no) is one of the main mobile phone network providers in Norway. Their ‘MinSide’ application offers their customers access to their personal account information via the Internet, enabling them to view and change the properties of their mobile phone subscription. ‘MinSide’ deals with a lot of sensitive customer information that needs to be secure, while at the same time being easily available to the customer in order for the service to remain usable and competitive. The goal of the analysis was to identify risks in relation to the use of the ‘MinSide’ application and, where possible, suggest treatments for these risks. This was achieved through two model-driven brainstorming sessions based on system documentation in the form of UML sequence diagrams and data flow diagrams.

During a field trial performed at the Norwegian telecom company NetCom from May 2003 to July 2003, a methodology for model-based risk analysis was assessed. The chosen methodology was the CORAS methodology (CORAS, 2000), which has been developed in a European research project carried out by 11 European companies and research institutes partly funded by the European Union. The risk analysis and assessment were carried out by the Norwegian research institute SINTEF in cooperation with NetCom. NetCom (www.netcom.no) is one of the main mobile phone network providers in Norway. Their ‘MinSide’ application offers their customers access to their personal account information via the Internet, enabling them to view and change the properties of their mobile phone subscription. ‘MinSide’ deals with a lot of sensitive customer information that needs to be secure, while at the same time being easily available tithe customer in order for the service to remain usable and competitive. The goal of the analysis was to identify risks in relation to the use of the ‘MinSide’ application and, where possible, suggest treatments for these risks. This was achieved through two model-driven brainstorming sessions based on system documentation in the form of UML sequence diagrams and data flow diagrams.