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Thematische Bibliographien / Sub-Himalayan Region / Zeitschriftenartikel

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Sub-Himalayan Region“

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Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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1

Chauhan, V., und S. Thakur. „Leptospirosis in sub-Himalayan region: A neglected entity“. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 34, Nr. 3 (Juli 2016): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.188370.

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2

Kala, Chandra. „Grasslands and migratory birds of the Himalayan region“. Indian Journal of Forestry 39, Nr. 2 (06.01.2016): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2016-cv9806.

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The Himalayan grasslands from sub-tropical to temperate, alpine and steppe have been exploited historically by humans for multiple uses including grazing lands for livestock. Besides domestic and wild animals, a large number of migratory birds use these grasslands and wetland areas dotted in these grasslands during their vertical and horizontal migration in the Himalayan region during breeding season. Despite quite unique and sensitive ecosystems these grasslands are least studied. The present study, therefore, aims to study the structure and composition of Himalayan grasslands with respect to their multiple utilities, including breeding grounds for migratory birds.

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3

Kumar, Rajesh, Neetu Kataria, Niraj Kumar, Mritunjai Kumar und Yogesh Bahurupi. „Poststroke depression among stroke survivors in Sub-Himalayan region“. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 9, Nr. 7 (2020): 3508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_444_20.

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4

SEKHAR, M. S., SHRAVAN KUMAR, AJAY KUMAR und ASHWAGOSH GANJU. „Paschim Himalaya ke mausam tatha him par jalvayu parivartan ka pratighat“. MAUSAM 64, Nr. 4 (01.10.2013): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v64i4.5866.

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The complex topographical features of the Indian sub continent such as the high Himalayan ranges have started showing the affects of global climate change. Himalaya modulates weather over the entire northern belt of the Indian sub-continent. It also influences the Western Disturbances (WDs) during winter over the region. Some recent trends in the parameters of weather and climate over the Western Himalayan region have been studied and explanations have been given in context of climate change over these regions. The studies show how the climate changes in long term period with reference to the total precipitation over the station locations of these regions. Data analysis of Western Himalaya shows significant variations in temperature and total precipitation trends in the past few decades. The results show negative Correlation Coefficients (CCs) between the mean maximum and mean minimum temperature with the fresh snowfall the different station locations over Western Himalaya. The possible effects of the climate change on the number of snowfall days over the Western Himalayan region have also been analyzed. There is clear sign of shrinking winter over the Western Himalaya. Necessary efforts have been directed to understand the science of climate change more in regional scale over this complex orographic region.

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5

Guleria, J. S. „On the evolution of Angiosperms in the Himalayan region: A summary“. Journal of Palaeosciences 57, Nr. (1-3) (31.12.2008): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2008.263.

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The paper summarises the evolution of angiosperms in different zones of Himalaya. The Himalayan Cenozoic flora has been divided age-wise as Palaeogene and Neogene flora. The Himalayan Palaeogene flora is largely a continuation of tropical peninsular flora of India. The early Miocene flora of Lesser Himalaya is also moist tropical. However, temperate plants started appearing during Miocene in the Higher Himalaya and their occurrence in Plio-Pleistocene flora of Kashmir reflect uplift of the Himalaya. The sub-Himalayan flora indicates existence of warm humid conditions in this belt which became drier by the end of Pliocene. The northern floral elements appeared to have invaded India all along the Himalayan belt. Since its birth the Himalaya has played a significant role in the immigration of plants from the adjoining regions, i.e. east, west and north, thereby enriching the Indian flora. The development of the Cenozoic flora of the Himalayan region is an expression of changing patterns of geography, topography and climate.

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Gupta, Vikasdeep, Sunder Singh Dogra, Pardeep Bansal, Kuldeep Thakur, Vidhu Sharma, Deepak Verma und Vandana . „Hearing impairment in patients of hypothyroidism in sub Himalayan region“. International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 6, Nr. 8 (22.07.2020): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20203202.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The objective of the study was to assess the hearing impairment in patients of hypothyroidism.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective clinical study has done at a referral centre included 33 diagnosed patients of hypothyroidism in the age group of 15 to 65 years, fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria who attended the outpatient department. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism was confirmed by thyroid function tests i.e., serum T3, T4 and TSH levels while hearing assessment was done using tuning fork tests, pure tone audiometry, impedance audiometry and otoacoustic emissions. Hearing impairment was measured in decibels of hearing loss, or dB HL and graded as mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe, or profound. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty showed 42.7% of the patients had high frequency sensorineural type of hearing loss. The air bone gap was not significant. On tympanometry, all the patients had type A graph and distortion product otoacoustic emissionss in all patients were pass.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Acquired hypothyroidism affects primarily high frequency hearing thresholds causing high frequency sensorineural hearing loss, with little or no effect on lower frequencies.</p>

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7

Rappole, John H., Thein Aung, Pamela C. Rasmussen und Swen C. Renner. „Ornithological Exploration in the Southeastern Sub-Himalayan Region of Myanmar“. Ornithological Monographs 70, Nr. 1 (15.02.2011): 10–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/om.2011.70.1.10.

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8

Bhagawati, Kaushik, Rupankar Bhagawati, Amit Sen, Kshitiz Shukla und Rajesh Alone. „Rainfall Trend and Variability Analysis of Sub-Tropical Hills of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeastern Himalayan Region of India“. Current World Environment 11, Nr. 2 (25.08.2016): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.2.35.

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The climate change especially the changes in rainfall pattern is most crucial for Himalayan region as it leads to changes in river runoff and consequently affecting environment, agricultural productivity and human livelihood downstream. Current study aims to evaluate the rainfall trend and variability in the highest rainfall recipient sub-tropical hill regions of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeastern Himalayan region of India. Sen’s estimator is used for trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test to determine significance of the trend. The 37 years (1979-2015) data reveals no clear and consistent trend of average annual rainfall. But a wide inter and intra seasonal variation in the monthly rainfall has been observed. Also a significant shift in rainfall during pre-monsoon and Southwest monsoon was noticed leading to change in forest and agricultural growing seasons, mid-season dry spell during July and increase in extreme rainfall events during August, September and October. The trend analysis of rainfall will help in prediction of future climate scenarios in this Himalayan region and to understand the impact of climate change.

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Bagchi, Nilay Ranjan, Goutam Das und Aritra Guha. „Demographic profile and outcome analysis in paediatric intensive care unit at tertiary care hospital in the sub-Himalayan region“. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, Nr. 9 (25.08.2020): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203651.

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Background: Care of critically ill children continues to be one of the most challenging aspects of the field of paediatrics. Our study therefore, was done to see the demographic and morbidity pattern of the disease at a tertiary care hospital in the Sub Himalayan region and also the modifications that can lead to better outcomes.Methods: This was a retrospective record-based study which reviewed the admissions in to the PICU of tertiary care centre in the Sub Himalayan region of North Bengal for a period of 2 years (April 2018 to April 2020) with age group more than one month to twelve years of age from both medical and surgical sub-specialties. Data collected in pre-designed pro forma. Descriptive study analysis was done.Results: Out of the total 776 cases analysed 59% were male. LRTI comprised of maximum percentage of cases 27.8%, followed by sepsis (21.6%) and meningo encephalitis (16.7%). A maximum of 39% stayed for 3-7days in PICU, and 29.9% expired. Out of the total deaths, meningo encephalitis was responsible for maximum (27.6%).Conclusions: Our study is the first of its kind depicting the the demographic and morbidity patterns of the disease at a PICU in a tertiary care hospital in the Sub Himalayan region. Outcome analysis showed that PICU mortality rate was higher than in relevant recent studies.

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Singhai, Monil, Vinita Rawat, Pankaj Verma, Pawan Kumar Jha, Divya Shree und Rajeev Goyal. „Primary Pulmonary Sporotrichosis in a Sub-Himalayan Patient“. Journal of Laboratory Physicians 4, Nr. 01 (Januar 2012): 048–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.98674.

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ABSTRACTPrimary pulmonary sporotrichosis, a rare fungal disease was found in chronic alcoholic farmer from the sub-Himalayan region, an endemic mycoses area. Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis is a hidden entity, at times mimicking tuberculosis, and often under or lately diagnosed due to lack of awareness. We should consider the possibility of pulmonary sporotrichosis in patients with chronic cough and cavitary parenchymal disease, particularly in chronic alcoholics, gardeners, and forest workers. Sputum culture for fungus as a part of diagnostic studies is needed especially in endemic mycoses areas for early detection and management of such fungal diseases.

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Sharma, V., A. Angrup, P. Panwar, S. Verma, D. Singh und A. Kanga. „Keratitis by Paecilomyces lilacinus: A case report from Sub-Himalayan region“. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 33, Nr. 4 (2015): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.167329.

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12

Raina, SunilKumar, Ankush Kaushal, Mitasha Singh, Pankaj Sharma und Vishav Chander. „Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among lactating women in sub-Himalayan region“. Tropical Journal of Medical Research 20, Nr. 1 (2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198128.

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13

Kumar, Ritesh, Surinder Thakur, Rajesh Bhawani, Anil Kanga und Asha Ranjan. „Clinical Profile of Scrub Typhus in Pregnancy in Sub-Himalayan Region“. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 66, S1 (16.10.2015): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13224-015-0776-8.

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14

Kafle, Nirmal, Lelin Raj Dhungel, Kamala Kanta Acharya und Megh Raj Dhital. „A Balanced Geological Cross-Section along Kohalpur – Surkhet Area of Sub-Himalayan Range, Mid-Western Nepal“. Journal of Science and Engineering 6 (03.05.2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v6i0.23960.

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The Sub-Himalayans Zone comprises a tectonic wedge of syn-orogenic sediments along the outer Himalayan Belt. Sediments are integrated into the accretionary prism from the foreland Indo-Gangetic plain, undergo a tectonic cycle within it, and eventually are eroded. The structural sketch map unveils westward-plunging arcuate structures on the leading location of the Outer Belt. A balanced cross-section has been constructed across the Sub-Himalayan Hills of the Kohalpur-Surkhet region of mid-western Nepal in order to determine the structural geometry of the region and to calculate tectonic shortening. The mid-western Nepal Sub-Himalaya has an emergent splay fan geometry with no major prevailing thrust contains the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), the Bheri Thrust, the Babai Thrust and the Main frontal Thrust (MFT) which are all imbricate of the main decollment which ramp up-section through the 5 km thick tectonic sedimentary prism. North-south shortening across the mid-western Nepal, Kohalpur-Surkhet section has been approximately 29 km, or 55% shortening.

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15

Rai, Ishwari Datt, Gajendra Singh und Gopal Singh Rawat. „Anemone trullifolia and Berberis angulosa as new records to the flora of the western Himalaya, India“. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, Nr. 5 (26.04.2018): 11679. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3961.10.5.11679-11682.

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The western Himalaya represent an important and distinct botanical sub-region and biogeographic zone in the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot. There is a long history of floral exploration in this region as compared to the eastern Himalaya; however, recent additions of several species to western Himalayan flora reveal remote areas yet to be explored intensively. The present reports on Anemone trullifolia and Berberis angulosa from the subalpine-alpine areas of western Himalaya also emphasize the need for further exploration. In this article, a brief description of these species is presented along with distribution, ecology, phytogeographical notes and photographs are provided for easy identification.

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16

Pal, Shekhar, Munesh Sharma, Swapna Kotian, Deepak Juyal, Amit Singh und Neelam Sharma. „Post-disaster outbreak of scrub typhus in Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand“. Journal of The Academy of Clinical Microbiologists 18, Nr. 2 (2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-1282.194931.

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17

Roy, Manish, Biplov Ch Sarkar, Gopal Shukla, Vineeta, Manoj Kanti Debnath, Arun Jyoti Nath, Jahangeer A. Bhat und Sumit Chakravarty. „Traditional homegardens and ethnomedicinal plants: Insights from the Indian Sub-Himalayan region“. Trees, Forests and People 8 (Juni 2022): 100236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100236.

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18

Haldar, Nibedita, Niladri Haldar, Mani Kumar Sharma, Goutam Dutta und Nihar Ranjan Haldar. „EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DERMATOMYCOSIS IN THE SUB - HIMALAYAN REGION OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA“. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 4, Nr. 91 (10.11.2015): 15619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2015/2245.

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19

TYAGI, AJIT. „Thunderstorm climatology over Indian region“. MAUSAM 58, Nr. 2 (27.11.2021): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i2.1204.

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Thunderstorm is a severe weather phenomenon, the impact of which is being increasingly felt by all the sectors of society. In this study attempt has been made to develop thunderstorm climatology over Indian region based on latest representative climatological data. In all, data of 450 observatories comprising of 390 IMD observatories, 50 IAF observatories, six Bangladesh observatories, two Pakistan observatories, and one each in Nepal and Sri Lanka have been analysed. Inclusion of climatological data of Indian Air Force and Bangladesh has helped in developing representative climatology over Indian region. The study has brought out higher (100-120 days) annual frequency of thunderstorm as compared to those given by earlier studies (80-100 days). The highest annual frequency (100-120 days) is observed over Assam and Sub Himalayan West Bengal in the east and Jammu region in the north. The lowest frequency (less than 5 days) is observed over Ladakh region. In the plains Gangetic West Bengal and Bangladesh record between 80 and 100 days of thunderstorm annually. Kerala records highest (80-100 days) thunderstorm frequency of thunderstorm over peninsula. Udhampur observatory (132 days) in Jammu sub-division records highest number of thunderstorms in the country followed by Kumbhigram (Silchar) observatory (129 days) in south Assam and Hasimara (123 days) in Sub Himalayan West Bengal. In the plains Saurashtra and Kutch record lowest number (less than 15 days) of thunderstorm in the country. Thunderstorms are primarily short lived mesoscale weather phenomena. Existing synoptic network of part time observatories have limitations in recording all the occurrences of thunderstorms at the observatory and adjoining areas. Inclusion of data from such observatories results in lower frequency of the event and vitiates climatology. Efforts have been made in this study to develop thunderstorm climatology by using quality data of full time current weather (Airport) observatories, class I and selected class II IMD observatories. Since number of full time observatories in most of the sub divisions is few, the study is not able to bring out finer spatial variation of thunderstorm activity with in sub-divisions. Thunderstorm is a high impact severe weather event, which affects all the sectors of the society. Therefore, both from operational and climatological point of view, there is urgent need to establish at least one full time current weather observatory in each district to ensure proper reporting of all thunderstorm occurrences and to build district level thunderstorm climatology in the country.

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Gupta, Dr Mudita. „Cutaneous Metastases of Internal Malignancies: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in Sub-Himalayan Region“. Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, Nr. 04 (02.04.2017): 19737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i4.04.

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Sharma, Jyoti, Manish Gupta und Amit Saini. „Malignant melanoma oral cavity: case report of two patients from sub-Himalayan region“. International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 7, Nr. 5 (23.04.2021): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20211591.

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<p class="abstract">Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is an exceedingly rare tumor representing 0.2 to 8% of all melanomas. Mucosal melanomas are extremely rare and aggressive neoplasms. Patient reporting to the clinician with a pigmented lesion should raise suspicion in the first visit itself and should be further investigated so as to detect this dreaded malignancy at an earlier stage and thus managed appropriately. We presented two such rare cases who reported at our centre treated with different modalities and had different responses to treatment. In first case report 65 year old male patient diagnosed with malignant melanoma of left upper alveolus underwent multiple modalities of treatment like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy but unfortunately as he defaulted post-surgery and also due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions he was treated in various centres and finally the result was inoperable residual gigantic mass resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In second case report, 82 year old male patient reported with malignant melanoma hard palate having good response to initial chemotherapy. He was planned on hypo-fractionated radiotherapy in view of his old age but he refused radiation treatment and is on oral temozolamide and thalidomide with stable disease and good quality of life since past 6 months.</p>

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Gulati, Anchana, Rakesh Panwar, Rajni Kaushik, Vijay Kaushal und Pamposh Raina. „Spectrum of urogenital tumors in males in Sub-Himalayan region: An institutional experience“. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 15, Nr. 8 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_565_17.

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23

Nampoothiri, Suresh V., VV Venugopalan, Beena Joy, MM Sreekumar und A. Nirmala Menon. „Comparison of Essential oil Composition of Three Ginger Cultivars from Sub Himalayan Region“. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2, Nr. 3 (Januar 2012): S1347—S1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60414-6.

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24

Raina, SunilKumar, VishavChander Sharma, Ashok Bhardwaj und Ankush Kaushal. „Determinants of initiation of breast feeding among lactating women in Sub-Himalayan region“. Journal of Medical Society 28, Nr. 2 (2014): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-4958.141082.

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25

Sharma, Shivbrat, Shachita . und Parul Bhardwaj. „Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Manifests as Middle Ear Tuberculosis: A Rare Case Report from Secondary Health Care Center at Sub-Himalayan Region“. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 7, Nr. 1 (06.01.2022): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220102.

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Tuberculosis of ear is a rare entity. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can prevent many serious complications. Here we report a case of 45 year old female with middle ear tuberculosis which was cured with mastoid exploration followed by anti tubercular treatment. Keywords: Tuberculosis, TB, Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis, Middle Ear Tuberculosis, Sub-Himalayan Region

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Mukherjee, Mainak, Sourav Chakraborty, Sahadeb Sarkar, Sumedha Saha, Soumya Majumder, Arindam Ghosh und Malay Bhattacharya. „Soil Nutritional Status of Tea Plantations in Plains of Sub Himalayan West Bengal, India“. Current Agriculture Research Journal 8, Nr. 3 (28.12.2020): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.8.3.10.

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Tea is the most consumed beverages after water. In Terai and Dooars region of sub Himalayan West Bengal, India, tea plantations are around 150 years. Exploitation of tea garden soil over centuries has led to decline in soil fertility and crop productivity after all initiatives of external inputs. As nutrients play a crucial role in quality and quantity of manufactured tea, the present initiative has been designed to quantify the soil nutrient status of tea growing Terai and Dooars region. 79.62% (Terai) and 84.72% (Dooars) of the soil samples were found to have normal pH. 47.21% (Terai) and 49.3% (Dooars) of soil samples was found to have normal organic carbon. 12.03% and 20.82% of soil from Terai and Dooars showed low total nitrogen. Both the organic carbon and nitrogen in soil are positively correlated. Phosphorus (as P2O5) content of soil is extremely site and depth specific. Almost all samples of the study area showed high potassium (as K2O) content. Monoculture, change in rainfall pattern and inorganic additives have contributed enormous stress to soil but despite of all these odds the overall nutritional richness of these tea growing regions seems to be satisfactory.

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Dubey, Swati, und Anup Pradhan. „Thyroid disorder in antenatal women in sub-himalayan region: a need for universal screening“. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, Nr. 8 (26.07.2017): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173460.

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Background: Thyroid dysfunction constitutes the second most common endocrine disorder of pregnancy, associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcome and is often overlooked in pregnancy due to their nonspecific symptoms and the hypermetabolic pregnant state. Objective of present study was to establish the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, study the effects in pregnancy in sub-himalayan population and whether universal screening for thyroid dysfunction is required.Methods: The study was conducted on 200 patients in the age group of 20 to 35 years with a singleton pregnancy and gestational age between 6 to 24 weeks.Results: In the 200 women screened, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be 14% with 8% having subclinical hypothyroidism while an equal percentage of 2% having clinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism and clinical hyperthyroidism. The mean age of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism was 28.6 ± 4.9 years, with thyroid disorder in pregnancy being significantly more common in primigravida. Statistically significant association was found between patients with thyroid dysfunction and abortions, preeclampsia, preterm labor, small for gestational age, low birth weight, and admission to NICU.Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was found to be high in our study, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism and was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; hence, more research is required in the Sub-Himalayan goitre belt to assess the magnitude of the problem and formulate universal screening protocols in this particular subset of the Indian population accordingly.

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PIJUSH, BASAK. „Eastern and North Eastern sub-divisions of India : An analysis of trend and chaotic behaviour of rainfall in different seasons“. MAUSAM 71, Nr. 4 (04.08.2021): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v71i4.47.

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The aim of the study is to understand trend or non-linearity along with a chaotic behaviour, if any, of Eastern and North Eastern sub-divisional rainfall, namely Orissa, Gangetic West Bengal, Sub Himalayan West Bengal, Assam and Meghalaya and also Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura based on rainfall data of 143 years (1871-2013). The analysis is performed for examining behaviour of rainfall in each of the seasons, namely, Pre monsoon, South West monsoon, North East monsoon and also Annual rainfall extracted from the monthly data. For that purpose, a trend analysis with Hurst Exponent and non-linearity analysis with Lyapunov Exponent are employed. The analysis revealed that rainfall of Orissa is persistent for all the seasons whilst the rainfall is persistent in Gangetic West Bengal in Pre monsoon and North East monsoon and Assam and Meghalaya along with Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura exhibit persistent behaviour in South West Monsoon and annually. Sub Himalayan West Bengal exhibit persistence in annual rainfall only. Chaotic tendency in low magnitude is located in many cases whilst non-chaotic situation has occurred when the persistence is found, mainly in pre-monsoon season. Moreover, the analysis of Hurst and Lyapunov Exponent revealed to identify two groups of sub-divisions with exactly similar region of every respect. Those two groups contain (i) sub-divisions Orissa and Assam and Meghalaya and also (ii) sub-divisions Sub Himalayan West Bengal and Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur and Tripura although those are at distances of hundreds of kilometers away. The behaviour of those subdivisions in a group has similar behaviour in all respects.

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Thakur, Dr Saru. „Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: A Two Years Retrospective Study From A Tertiary Care Hospital In Sub Himalayan Region“. Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, Nr. 02 (19.02.2017): 17767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i2.94.

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Dey, Tanusri, Dinesha S, Manendra Singh, Arshad A, Mendup Tamang, Shahina N. N, Arun Jyoti Nath, Gopal Shukla und Sumit Chakravarty. „Prioritizing Tree-Based Systems for Optimizing Carbon Sink in the Indian Sub-Himalayan Region“. Land 12, Nr. 6 (31.05.2023): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12061155.

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Land use of the sub-Himalayan region is not that intensive like the intensively land-managed region of Punjab, India. Land resources of the sub-Himalayas must be managed effectively for sustainable development by preparing carbon inventories and data banks. Such macro-level studies have not been conducted yet in the present study area, and thus were conducted to suggest sustainable land use management options. To achieve the present study’s desired goal, 33 tree-based land uses were identified from forested and agricultural landscapes of the sub-humid tropical region of West Bengal, India. Stratified random nested quadrat sampling was adopted for the study. The SOC, biomass, and carbon accumulation significantly differed. Mixed forests had the highest soil primary nutrients and carbon stock. Positive correlations were observed between SOC, total standing biomass, litter production, and ecosystem carbon. The sequence of land uses based on carbon stock was mixed-species forest > sole tree species stands in a forest landscape > tea plantations > homegardens. This baseline information can be used for developing prediction models for future interventions towards sustainable land management. The study, however, could not estimate the carbon fluxes in and out of the systems due to the absence of detailed land use land-cover databases.

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Razzaq, Annum, Arooj Naseer und Abdul Nasir Khalid. „Inocybe subhimalayanensis (Agaricales, Inocybaceae), a new smooth spored Inocybe species from Pakistan“. European Journal of Taxonomy 870 (17.05.2023): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2119.

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During mycological explorations, a new smooth spored species, Inocybe subhimalayanensis Razzaq, Naseer & Khalid sp. nov. was collected from moist temperate sub-Himalayan region, Pakistan. Phylogeny of ITS and LSU regions of nrDNA, and morphoanatomical data make it distinct from other known species of the genus. The taxon is characterized by: a yellowish orange to brown pileus with prominent fibrillose, prominent umbo; ellipsoid to amygdaliform smooth larger basidiospores (8.4‒)8.6‒12.2(‒12.6) × (4.9‒)5.1‒7.1(‒7.3) µm; and lack of velipellis. Molecular phylogenetic analyses further support the recognition of the new species.

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Bansal, Saurabh, Kunal Das, Navneet Jain, Vipul Nautiyal, Meenu Gupta, Nadia Shirazi, Sanjiv Verma, Mushtaq Ahmad und Sunil Saini. „Retrospective Analysis of Spectrum of Presentation and Treatment Outcome in Extremity Sarcomas: A Single-Centre Experience“. Sarcoma 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4350634.

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Introduction. The most common site for soft tissue sarcoma is extremity. As complete surgical resection is possible in majority, outcome of this subset is relatively better. There is paucity of data regarding extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS) from sub-Himalayan and hilly geographical regions. Materials and Methods. Retrospective analysis was done for extremity STS visiting the study center over a period of 5 years. Data were collected and analyzed for demography, disease characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcome. Result. Extremity STS constituted 32.8% of all STS enlisted. Most common subtype noted was pleomorphic STS. Metastatic disease at presentation was noted among 7/43 cases with lung being the most common metastasis site. Wide local excision was done in 37 cases while amputation was required in 5 cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given in 27 cases while 18 cases received adjuvant chemotherapy. At median follow-up of 47 months, the overall survival and event-free survival were noted as 47.64% and 41.49%, respectively. Conclusion. This study depicts single-center experience of extremity STS. The population analyzed was from sub-Himalayan region with significant lost to follow-up. Pooling of data from different centers has been advocated to derive conclusive results.

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Sharma, Seema, Shikha Verma, Isha Bhatia, Ravinder Singh, Mohit Bajaj und Milap Sharma. „Hyperinflammatory syndrome in children during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in sub-Himalayan region“. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 64, Nr. 7 (15.07.2021): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.02040.

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Gandhi, Manoj Kumar, Piyush Sharma, Mitasha Singh, Sunil Kumar Raina und Ranabir Pal. „Trend of Neuropsychiatric Morbidity in Sub-Himalayan Region: An Audit of Retrospective Data Mining“. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 08, Nr. 04 (Oktober 2017): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_278_17.

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ABSTRACT Background: There is a paradigm shift in health loss due to premature mortality and disability from neuropsychiatric disorders with major burden in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: To study the trend of admissions with neuropsychiatric and substance-use disorders in 3 years in psychiatry and medicine wards of tertiary care hospital in rural Himachal Pradesh. Methodology: A retrospective data mining was done from records of Inpatient wards of Dr. R. P. Government Medical College, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, for the year 2013–2015. Demographic details and diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders, licit and illicit drug use, and their consequences in the form of hanging and poisoning were analyzed. Results: Majority of admissions were attributed to alcohol abuse which increased in 3 years significantly in the months of July–September (P = 0.02) and October–December (P = 0.00). Almost all cases of neuropsychiatric disorders and majority of poisoning (58.2%) were observed among females. The productive young and middle age group (21–40 years) was mostly affected by all cause neuropsychiatric disorders (80.9%) and presented with poisoning (66.2%). Illicit drug abuse was on increasing drift among females. Conclusion: Indoor admissions were attributed to alcohol use and poisoning while neuropsychiatric disorders and substance abuse were probably dealt with at outpatient level. Treatment pertaining to mental illnesses was sought in severe cases only. Data demonstrating population burden are needed urgently to address the barriers to treatment to reduce burden.

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Bhattacherjee, Sharmistha, Saikat Datta, Kuntala Ray und DiptaKanti Mukhopadhyay. „Nutrient adequacy and its correlation in a sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal, India“. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 5, Nr. 2 (2016): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.192315.

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Padha, Abhishek, Prateek Koul und Swati Sharma. „Study of prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of pterygium in Sub Himalayan region, India“. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, Nr. 12 (26.11.2018): 3916. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184882.

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Background: Pterygium, derived from the Greek work ‘pteryx’, meaning wing is a growth of fibrovascular tissue on the cornea and conjunctiva in the palpebral fissure. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence and Socio-demographic determinants of pterygium in Sub Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, India.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between the months of May-June 2018, in the outpatient department of Ophthalmology of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Chamba, H.P, India. Among all the patients visiting the OPD in the given duration, a total of 200 patients having Pterygium were selected for the study. Detailed history of the all the patients were taken and required examination was done. Data collected was analysed with Microsoft excel software.Results: Out of the 200 patients, 59% were males and 41% were females. 70% of the total study population were seen in the age group 41-60years. In present study a total of 130 patients (65%) were outdoor workers. Left eye (40.5%) was the eye most frequently involved eye in present study, right eye (36.5%) also both the eyes were involved in 23% of study population. Nasal pterygium was seen in 93%, temporal pterygia 5.5% and double pterygium (both nasal and temporal presentation in same eye) in 1.5% patients. Grade I pterygium was seen in 43.5% patients, grade II in 40% and grade III pterygia were found in 16.5% of the study population.Conclusions: People living in high altitude regions and who work outdoors, are subjected to increased U.V. exposure. So, they must take appropriate precautions like wearing protective glasses and caps etc.

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Ahmed, Tarannum, Rajesh Kumar und Yogesh Bahurupi. „Factors Affecting Quality of Life among Post-Stroke Patients in the Sub-Himalayan Region“. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 11, Nr. 04 (Oktober 2020): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716927.

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Abstract Background Stroke is one of the most debilitating conditions contributing to significant disability and death globally. Identifying risk factors for quality of life (QoL) will enable to improve home-based rehabilitation in post-stroke phase. Objective This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of QoL in stroke patients in the sub-Himalayan region. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study assessed the QoL among stroke patients within a week after the onset of acute stroke and then re-evaluated at 3 months. World Health Organization QoL-BREF, Beck Depression Inventory, the Barthel Index, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) were used to seek data on QoL, depression, cognitive, and functional dependence status, respectively. Appropriate statistics were used to compute the results. Results In total, 129 stroke patients recruited, out of which 102 returned to a 3-month follow-up. QoL, MOCA, disability index, and depression score were compared using Wilcoxon Singed-rank test. In multivariate analysis, depression and disability together predicted 60% of the variance for physical QoL (p < 0.0001). Similarly, poststroke depression and disability together predicted 61% of the variance for psychological QoL (p < 0.0001) in stroke patients. Conclusion Findings indicated that depression and disability are leading risk factors of QoL in stroke patients. Early identification of poststroke depression and functional dependence status is, therefore, essential to devise screening procedure and to develop targeted intervention to improve rehabilitation outcomes.

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Bhatt, Shekhar C., und Hari D. Lekhak. „Quantitative analysis of sub-alpine grasslands in trans-Himalayan region of Manang, central Nepal“. Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (15.03.2010): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2910.

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Species composition and richness of grassland vegetation were studied in trans-Himalayan region of Manang. Two south-facing sites, both at the similar altitude (3800-4200 m asl), were selected and a total of 40 plots (10 x 10 m) with 200 quadrates (1 m x 1 m) were sampled. Altogether, 97 plant species were recorded. The similarity index between two sites was 12.37%. There was significant negative correlation between species richness and altitude in site I. Species richness did not show significant relationship with altitude in site II. Various physical and biological factors interact differently in different sites to create habitat heterogeneity which determine the distribution pattern of plant species and influence variations in species composition and diversity. Key-words: alpine region; quantitative analysis; species diversity; vegetation.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2910 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 47-51

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Kumar, Mukesh, Rajan Kumar Gupta, AB Bhatt und SC Tiwari. „Epiphytic cyanobacterial diversity in the sub-Himalayan belt of Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India“. Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 8 (02.03.2012): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5955.

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Cyanobacteria constitute the largest, most diverse and widely distributed group of prokaryotes that perform oxygenic photosynthesis. These are known to comprise a diverse flora of morphologically distinct forms. Some species are epiphytic occurring on a variety of plants. The present study was undertaken to study the distribution pattern of epiphytic cyanobacterial flora in the foot-hills of Garhwal Himalaya. An extensive survey was carried out in different seasons at four cyanobacteria-rich localities (Dakpatthar, Kotdwar, Rishikesh and Laldhang) of Uttarakhand state of India. A total of 39 epiphytic cyanobacterial taxa (12 heterocystous and 27 non-heterocystous) belonging to 2 orders, 7 families and 17 genera were recorded from this region. Highest number of species (25) was reported from Rishikesh, followed by Kotdwar with 14 species and Laldhang and Dakpatthar each with 12 species. Principal Component Analysis showed significant variation for epiphytic cyanobacterial diversity among studied sites, whereas cluster analysis categorized epiphytic cyanobacterial diversity under two categories, viz. Cluster I with 9 species and Cluster II with 30 species. Study concludes that variation in epiphytic cyanobacterial diversity might be compared to physicochemical properties of soil and climatic conditions along altitudes.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5955 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 77-89

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Saleem, Javeria, Sheikh Saeed Ahmad und Amna Butt. „Hazard risk assessment of landslide-prone sub-Himalayan region by employing geospatial modeling approach“. Natural Hazards 102, Nr. 3 (07.05.2020): 1497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03980-3.

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Juyal, Deepak, Shekhar Pal, Munesh Sharma, Vikrant Negi, Shamanth Adekhandi und Manoj Tyagi. „Keratomycosis due to Purpureocillium lilacinum: A case report from Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand“. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 61, Nr. 4 (2018): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_404_17.

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G N, RAHA, BANDYOPADHYAY S und DAS S. „Heavy rainfall analysis over Teesta catchment and adjoining areas of Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim“. MAUSAM 71, Nr. 1 (04.08.2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v71i1.12.

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Heavy rainfall (HRF) forecasting in hilly region is always a challenge to the operational forecasters. Synoptic Analogue Model (SAM) is considered as one of the useful tools for HRF forecasting in topographically influenced hilly regions. In every monsoon season, the Teesta river catchment and its adjoining areas in Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim (SHWB-S) generally receive several events of HRF. With the primary objective to find the method to issue HRF warning over Teesta river catchment and adjoining areas in SHWB-S, a SAM has been developed by analyzing 18 years (1998-2015) data comprising prevailing synoptic situations affecting the area and daily rainfall data of subsequent day of HRF. In addition, impact of different synoptic systems on the distribution of HRF has also been studied. The results revealed that there exists a good agreement between daily HRF warnings issued with the corresponding HRF event observed over this region on the next day.

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Ningombam, Shantikumar S., Umesh Chandra Dumka, Sivasamy Kalamani Mugil, Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal, Rakesh K. Hooda, Alok Sagar Gautam und Suresh Tiwari. „Impacts of Aerosol Loading in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region Based on MERRA-2 Reanalysis Data“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 10 (03.10.2021): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101290.

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The impacts of climate change have severely affected geosphere, biosphere and cryosphere ecosystems in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The impact has been accelerating further during the last few decades due to rapid increase in anthropogenic activities such as modernization, industrialization and urbanization, along with energy demands. In view of this, the present work attempts to examine aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the HKH region using the long-term homogeneous MERRA-2 reanalysis data from January, 1980 to December, 2020. The AOD trends are examined statistically with student’s t-test (t). Due to a vast landmass, fragile topography and harsh climatic conditions, we categorized the HKH region into three sub-regions, namely, the northwestern and Karakoram (HKH1), the Central (HKH2) and the southeastern Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau (HKH3). Among the sub-regions, the significant enhancement of AOD is observed at several potential sites in the HKH2 region, namely, Pokhara, Nainital, Shimla and Dehradun by 55.75 × 10−4 ± 3.76 × 10−4, 53.15 × 10−4 ± 3.94 × 10−4, 51.53 × 10−4 ± 4.99 × 10−4 and 39.16 × 10−4 ± 4.08 × 10−4 AOD year−1 (550 nm), respectively, with correlation coefficients (Rs) of 0.86 to 0.93. However, at a sub-regional scale, HKH1, HKH2 and HKH3 exhibit 23.33 × 10−4 ± 2.28 × 10−4, 32.20 × 10−4 ± 2.58 × 10−4 and 9.48 × 10−4 ± 1.21 × 10−4 AOD year−1, respectively. The estimated trends are statistically significant (t > 7.0) with R from 0.81 to 0.91. Seasonally, the present study also shows strong positive AOD trends at several potential sites located in the HKH2 region, such as Pokhara, Nainital, Shimla and Dehradun, with minimum 19.81 × 10−4 ± 3.38 × 10−4 to maximum 72.95 × 10−4 ± 4.89 × 10−4 AOD year−1 with statistical significance. In addition, there are also increasing AOD trends at all the high-altitude background sites in all seasons.

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Choudhary, Deepti, Kirti Lata, Mamta Thapliyal, Ajeet R. Tiwari, Rahul Kumar und Pankaj K. Garg. „Knowledge, attitude, and practices about breast cancer among women in a high-altitude sub-Himalayan region: Are we reaching the unreached?“ Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 13, Nr. 2 (Februar 2024): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1326_23.

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ABSTRACT Background: Breast cancer awareness and early detection are critical for reducing the global burden of the disease. This study assessed breast cancer awareness among women in a high-altitude sub-Himalayan region of North India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among women attending the gynecology outpatient clinic in a district hospital. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Participants received posttest health education and counseling on breast cancer prevention strategies. Result: The study included 188 participants with a mean age of 31.0 ± 8.8 years. The findings revealed inadequate knowledge about breast cancer among a significant portion of the cohort. Misconceptions about risk factors, such as breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, and past wrongdoings, were observed. Only half of the participants believed early-stage breast cancer could be effectively treated. Limited awareness of screening methods, including self-breast examination and mammography, was noted. Barriers to breast self-examination (BSE) included considering it unnecessary and lacking knowledge about its execution. Conclusion: This study highlights insufficient breast cancer awareness in the high-altitude sub-Himalayan region. Targeted interventions, including health campaigns and electronic media, should be prioritized to improve knowledge and promote early detection practices.

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Rawat, Harsha, Anita Rani und Alka Goel. „Sustainable traditional dyeing of wool by Bhotia tribe in Himalayan region: A case study“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, Nr. 2 (10.06.2019): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2068.

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Bhotia tribe is one of the community residing in the high Himalayan region of Uttarakhand state that shares the border with Tibet. The tribe is divided into five sub-groups viz., the Jadhs , Marchas, Tolchas , Shaukas and Rung. The present study was conducted in the five villages namely Lata and Chinka from Chamoli, Darkot and Baluwakot from Pithoragarh and Dunda from Uttarkashi of Uttarakhand for exploring the information from different sub-groups of Bhotia tribe about plants used by them for extracting dyes and used for traditional textile coloration in past and during present time. The rich flora of Himalayan region in Uttarakhand has been abode to varieties of plant species. The wild plant species were used by the Bhotia tribals for dyeing their woolen products. These plant dyes were obtained from jangli palak (Rumex nepalensis), bagmaru (Eupatorium), kilmora (Berberis asiatica), akhrot (Juglans regia), dholu (Rheum aystrale), tea leaves, tantri (Rheum moorcroftianum), kaphal (Myrica esculenta), darim (Punica grantum), burans (Rhodendron araborium) and harda (Terminlia chebula). Today only Shauka and Jadh tribals are using natural dyes for dyeing woolen yarn. Reasons for the reduction in usage of natural dyes among Bhotia tribals were the extinction of plant species, change in land use, natural disasters, government restriction on plucking certain plant species, the availability of synthetic dyes and colored yarns at low cost in the market. The identification of factors that led to the non-practice of sustainable dying practice among tribals for woolen craft will help in planning and conducting interventions through public, private and government organizations.

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An, An. „Physico-chemical behavior of three different water bodies of sub tropical Himalayan Region of India“. Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment 5, Nr. 12 (31.12.2013): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jene12.087.

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Jana, J. C. „USE OF TRADITIONAL AND UNDERUTILIZED LEAFY VEGETABLES OF SUB-HIMALAYAN TERAI REGION OF WEST BENGAL“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 752 (September 2007): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.752.107.

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Bhagra, Suruchi, Atal Sood, DigVijay Singh und Anil Kanga. „Increased resistance to Nalidixic acid and Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella isolates from the Sub Himalayan region“. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, Nr. 9 (26.08.2017): 4025. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173976.

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Background: During the last two decades, increased resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin has become a cause of global concern. The present study was undertaken to ascertain nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella isolates from our region. To know the true pattern of ciprofloxacin resistance by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) through E-test.Methods: All the Salmonella isolates recovered from blood cultures were screened for nalidixic acid resistance using 30µg disc by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin susceptibility was done both by disc diffusion and MIC using CLSI breakpoints.Results: We analysed a total of 80 Salmonella isolates during the last three years. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was the predominant serovar in 51 (64.8%) isolates, followed by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A comprising 28 (36.2%) isolates. Amongst the total isolates 78 (97.5%) were nalidixic acid resistant. Of these 54 (67.5%) showed intermediate susceptibility and 9 (11.2%) were ciprofloxacin resistant by the disc diffusion technique. On the contrary 29 (36.2%) had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin; while a larger number 38 (47.5%) were detected resistant to ciprofloxacin on determination of MIC by the E-test.Conclusions: Screening for nalidixic acid acts as a surrogate marker to detect ciprofloxacin resistance. However, the true pattern of ciprofloxacin resistance can be determined by calculating the MIC by the E-test.

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Thakur, Kuldeep, Ajay Ahluwalia und Vikas Deep Gupta. „Surgical and audiological outcome of canal wall down mastoidectomy in Sub Himalayan region: our experience“. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, Nr. 10 (28.09.2017): 4426. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174572.

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Background: Pre-operative and post-operative hearing status and status of mastoid cavity were compared in patients undergoing canal wall down mastoidectomy (CWDM) with tympanoplasty.Methods: Forty-three patients who underwent surgery and completed their follow up post-surgery were included in the study. Nineteen patients underwent CWDM with type III tympanoplasty with PORP, 7 patients underwent CWDM with type III tympanoplasty without PORP and 17 patients underwent CWDM with type IV tympanoplasty with TORP.Results: Among enrolled patients, 21 patients were females and 22 patients were male. Right ear (29) was commonly involved than left ear (14). Hearing loss was predominant symptom followed by recurrent ear discharge and other symptoms. Patients underwent three types of surgeries, type III tympanoplasty with PORP (19/43), type III tympanoplasty without PORP (7/43) and type IV tympanoplasty with TORP (17/43) by using Teflon prosthesis.Conclusions: Thirty seven percent (16/43) of patients had hearing threshold <25 dB post-surgery with maximum improvement in group A 47% (9/19). Forty seven percent (20/43) patients had hearing threshold between 26-40 dB with maximum improvement in group B 43% (3/7). Twelve percent (5/43) patients had hearing threshold between 41-60dB with almost equal improvement in all three groups. Five percent (2/43) of patients had >60dB hearing threshold, all belonging to group C. Anatomical results were assessed by examining the mastoid cavity showing 95%, 72%, 70% patients in group A, B and C had well epithelialized cavity.

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Sharma, Seema, Gaurav Katoch, Milap Sharma und Anand Gunjiganvi. „Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Indian Infants and Mothers from Sub Himalayan Region“. International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 16, Nr. 4 (10.01.2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2016/25945.

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