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Wang, Yuan Long, Hong Jiang, Zhao Hong Bing und Li Zhang. „A Method of Web Information Extraction Based on Building Different Sub Trees“. Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (Mai 2013): 2513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.2513.
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When extracting Web information, most researchers mixed the structure labels of DOM Tree with the text content. For solving this problem, we put forward a method of Web Information automatic extraction. Firstly, we get the set of DOM sub trees by partitioning the DOM Tree of the Web Page. Secondly, the nodes of all DOM sub trees are set the corresponding weights by the method this paper proposes. Based on this method, we get each set of different sub trees by comparing with the DOM sub trees which come from two the same data source and belongs to the same category. Thirdly, we get the data zone which contains the extracted information by computing the similarity of every two DOM sub trees in the set of different sub trees. Finally, the node path of every DOM sub tree in the data zone will be taken as the extraction rules which will be used to automatically extract the information from the new Web page of the same category. The experiment demonstrates that there are higher precision rate and recall rate. Meanwhile this method can save the time which the users spend on filtering the information.
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Tamashiro, Kellie L. K., Mary M. N. Nguyen, Michelle M. Ostrander, Stacy R. Gardner, Li Yun Ma, Stephen C. Woods und Randall R. Sakai. „Social stress and recovery: implications for body weight and body composition“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, Nr. 5 (November 2007): R1864—R1874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2007.
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Social stress resulting from dominant-subordinate relationships is associated with body weight loss and altered body composition in subordinate (SUB) male rats. Here, we extend these findings to determine whether stress-induced changes in energy homeostasis persist when the social stress is removed, and the animal is allowed to recover. We examined body weight (BW), body composition, and relevant endocrine measures after one or two cycles of 14 days of social stress, each followed by 21 days of recovery in each rat's individual home cage. SUB lost significantly more BW during social housing in a visible burrow system (VBS) compared with dominant (DOM) animals. Weight loss during social stress was attributable to a decrease in adipose tissue in DOM and SUB, with an additional loss of lean tissue in SUB. During both 21-day recovery periods, DOM and SUB regained lost BW, but only SUB were hyperphagic. Following recovery, SUB had a relatively larger increase in adipose tissue and plasma leptin compared with DOM, indicating that body composition changes were dependent on social status. Control animals that were weight matched to SUB or male rats exposed to the VBS environment without females, and that did not form a social hierarchy, did not exhibit changes in body composition like SUB in the VBS. Therefore, chronic social stress causes social status-dependent changes in BW, composition and endocrine measures that persist after repeated stress and recovery cycles and that may ultimately lead to metabolic disorders and obesity.
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Nguyen, Mary M. N., Kellie L. K. Tamashiro, Susan J. Melhorn, Li Y. Ma, Stacy R. Gardner und Randall R. Sakai. „Androgenic Influences on Behavior, Body Weight, and Body Composition in a Model of Chronic Social Stress“. Endocrinology 148, Nr. 12 (01.12.2007): 6145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0471.
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The visible burrow system (VBS) is a model used to study chronic social stress in colony-housed rats. A hierarchy develops among the males resulting in dominant (DOM) and subordinate (SUB) animals. Hierarchy-associated changes in body weight, body composition, behavior, and neuroendocrine measures have been observed. After 14 d of VBS housing, SUB animals have decreased body weight, elevated corticosterone, and decreased testosterone (T), compared with DOM animals and controls, placing SUB animals in an ideal endocrine state to regain lost body weight as adipose tissue. It is hypothesized that maintaining constant androgen concentrations in SUB males during stress will prevent body weight loss by maintaining more lean body mass. To test this, animals were gonadectomized and implanted with SILASTIC implants containing T, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or cholesterol. Implants maintained constant physiological levels of T. Standard intact, T, and DHT implant colonies formed hierarchies, whereas cholesterol colonies did not. Androgen manipulations significantly altered offensive and defensive behaviors only on the first day of VBS housing. After VBS stress, intact, T, and DHT SUB animals weighed less and lost more adipose and lean tissue than DOM and control males, whereas DOM animals primarily lost adipose tissue. However, on recovery, DHT SUB animals maintained more lean tissue than intact SUB animals. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed that glucose clears faster in stressed T-implanted males that have increased adipose tissue. Overall, these data suggest that constant androgen concentrations in SUB animals do not prevent weight loss and changes in body composition during stress but do so during recovery.
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Melhorn, Susan J., Eric G. Krause, Karen A. Scott, Marie R. Mooney, Jeffrey D. Johnson, Stephen C. Woods und Randall R. Sakai. „Meal patterns and hypothalamic NPY expression during chronic social stress and recovery“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, Nr. 3 (September 2010): R813—R822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00820.2009.
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In the present study, we examined meal patterns during and after exposure to the visible burrow system (VBS), a rodent model of chronic social stress, to determine how the microstructure of food intake relates to the metabolic consequences of social subordination. Male Long-Evans rats were housed in mixed-sex VBS colonies (4 male, 2 female) for 2 wk, during which time a dominance hierarchy formed [1 dominant male (DOM) and 3 subordinate males (SUB)], and then male rats were individually housed for a 3-wk recovery period. Controls were individually housed with females during the 2-wk VBS period and had no changes in ingestive behavior compared with a habituation period. During the hierarchy-formation phase of VBS housing, DOM and SUB had a reduced meal frequency, whereas SUB also had a reduced meal size. However, during the hierarchy-maintenance phase of VBS housing, DOM meal patterns did not differ from controls, whereas SUB continued to display a reduced food intake via less frequent meals. During recovery, DOM had comparable meal patterns to controls, whereas SUB had an increased meal size. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels were not different between these groups during the experimental period. Together, the results suggest that exposure to chronic social stress alters ingestive behavior both acutely and in the long term, which may influence the metabolic changes that accompany bouts of stress and recovery; however, these differences in meal patterns do not appear to be mediated by hypothalamic NPY.
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Yuthawong, Vitharuch, Ikuro Kasuga, Futoshi Kurisu und Hiroaki Furumai. „Application of Orbitrap mass spectrometry to investigate seasonal variations of dissolved organic matter composition in a eutrophic lake in Japan“. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, Nr. 7 (2020): 1816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00129e.
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Tayyebi Sabet Khomami, Narjes, Allan Philippe, Abd Alaziz Abu Quba, Oliver J. Lechtenfeld, Jean-Michel Guigner, Stefan Heissler und Gabriele E. Schaumann. „Validation of a field deployable reactor for in situ formation of NOM-engineered nanoparticle corona“. Environmental Science: Nano 7, Nr. 2 (2020): 486–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en01090d.
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A realistic exposure of n-TiO2 nanoparticles to river water by using a dialysis bag as a passive reactor: DOM of the river water diffuses inside while n-TiO2 nanoparticles remain inside.
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O'Connell, Lauren A., und Hans A. Hofmann. „Social Status Predicts How Sex Steroid Receptors Regulate Complex Behavior across Levels of Biological Organization“. Endocrinology 153, Nr. 3 (01.03.2012): 1341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1663.
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Social status strongly affects behavior and physiology, in part mediated by gonadal hormones, although how each sex steroid acts across levels of biological organization is not well understood. We examine the role of sex steroids in modulating social behavior in dominant (DOM) and subordinate (SUB) males of a highly social fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. We first used agonists and antagonists to each sex steroid receptor and found that androgens and progestins modulate courtship behavior only in DOM, whereas estrogens modulate aggressive behavior independent of social status. We then examined the hormonal and physiological responses to sex steroid receptor antagonist treatment and uncovered substantial changes in circulating steroid hormone levels and gonad size only in SUB, not in DOM. Consistent with status-based physiological sensitivities to drug manipulation, we found that neuropeptide and steroid receptor gene expression in the preoptic area was sensitive only in SUB. However, when we compared the transcriptomes of males that received either vehicle or an estrogen receptor antagonist, 8.25% of all genes examined changed expression in DOM in comparison with only 0.56% in SUB. Finally, we integrate behavior, physiology, and brain gene expression to infer functional modules that underlie steroid receptor regulation of behavior. Our work suggests that environmentally induced changes at one level of biological organization do not simply affect changes of similar magnitude at other levels, but that instead very few key pathways likely serve as conduits for executing plastic responses across multiple levels.
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Cawley, Kaelin M., Yan Ding, James Fourqurean und Rudolf Jaffé. „Characterising the sources and fate of dissolved organic matter in Shark Bay, Australia: a preliminary study using optical properties and stable carbon isotopes“. Marine and Freshwater Research 63, Nr. 11 (2012): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12028.
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Low latitude, seagrass-dominated coastal bays, such as Shark Bay, Australia, are potential sources of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to coastal regions. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is known to influence aquatic nutrient dynamics, microbial community structure, and depth of light penetration in estuarine systems. Shark Bay is a sub-tropical ecosystem with limited freshwater inputs and restricted tidal flushing. As such, much of the DOM is expected to be seagrass-derived. However, combining excitation/emission fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARFAC) with 13C stable isotope analysis of DOM, we found evidence for DOM inputs from terrestrial (riverine and possibly groundwater), autochthonous plankton, macroalgae, and seagrass sources. Isotopic analysis of 13C in DOM supports the idea that seagrass inputs contribute substantially to the DOM pool in Shark Bay, whereas, EEM-PARAFAC data suggests that much of this input is derived from decomposing seagrass detritus and to a lesser extent due to exudation during primary production. We also report increases in DOM concentrations and changes in DOM characteristics with increasing salinity in surface water samples, indicating that evaporation is an important control on DOM concentration and photo-degradation may play a critical role in transforming DOM within the system.
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Modiri Gharehveran, Mahsa, Ethan Hain, Lee Blaney und Amisha D. Shah. „Influence of dissolved organic matter on carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide formation from cysteine during sunlight photolysis“. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22, Nr. 9 (2020): 1852–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0em00219d.
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Denis, Marie, Laurent Jeanneau, Patrice Petitjean, Anaëlle Murzeau, Marine Liotaud, Louison Yonnet und Gérard Gruau. „New molecular evidence for surface and sub-surface soil erosion controls on the composition of stream DOM during storm events“. Biogeosciences 14, Nr. 22 (14.11.2017): 5039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5039-2017.
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Abstract. Storm events are responsible for more than 60 % of the export of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from headwater catchments due to an increase in both the discharge and concentration. The latter was attributed to changing water pathways inducing the mobilization of DOM from the surface soil horizons. Recent molecular investigations have challenged this view and hypothesized (i) a contribution of an in-stream partition of organic matter (OM) between eroded particles and the dissolved fraction and (ii) the modification of the composition of soil DOM during storm events. To investigate these assumptions, soil solutions in the macropores, surface runoff and stream outlet were sampled at high frequency during three storm events in the Kervidy–Naizin catchment, part of the French critical zone observatory AgrHyS. The molecular composition of the DOM was analysed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) coupled to a gas chromatograph and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. These analyses highlighted a modification of the DOM composition in soil solution controlled by the water-table dynamic and pre-event hydrological conditions. These findings fit with the mechanism of colloidal and particulate destabilization in the soil macroporosity. The different behaviour observed for lignins, carbohydrates and fatty acids highlights a potential chemical segregation based on their hydrophobicity. The composition of surface runoff DOM is similar to the DOM composition in soil solution and could be generated by the same mechanism. The DOM composition in both soil solution and surface runoff corresponds to the stream DOM composition observed during storm events. On the basis of these results, modifications of the stream DOM composition during storm events seem to be due to surface and sub-surface soil erosion rather than in-stream production.
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Lupon, Anna, Núria Catalán, Eugènia Martí und Susana Bernal. „Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter Sources on In-Stream Net Dissolved Organic Carbon Uptake in a Mediterranean Stream“. Water 12, Nr. 6 (17.06.2020): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061722.
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Studies exploring how different sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) influence in-stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake at the ecosystem scale are scarce in the literature. To fill this knowledge gap, we examined the relationship between DOM sources and in-stream net DOC uptake (UDOC) in a sub-humid Mediterranean stream. We considered four reach-scale scenarios occurring under natural conditions that differed in predominant DOM sources (groundwater, leaf litter, and/or upstream water). Results showed that groundwater inputs favored in-stream net DOC uptake, while leaf litter inputs promoted in-stream net DOC release. However, there was no clear effect of DOM source mixing on the magnitude of UDOC. Further, the variability in UDOC within and among scenarios was mostly explained by stream DOC concentration, suggesting that DOC availability limits microbial activity in this stream. DOM composition became a controlling factor of UDOC variability only during the leaf litter period, when stream DOC concentration was the highest. Together, these results suggest that the capacity of headwater forested streams to process DOC is closely tied to the availability of different DOM sources and how they vary over time and along the river network.
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Yang, Lin, Jing Zhang, Anja Engel und Gui-Peng Yang. „Spatio-temporal distribution, photoreactivity and environmental control of dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer of the eastern marginal seas of China“. Biogeosciences 19, Nr. 22 (18.11.2022): 5251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5251-2022.
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Abstract. As the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, the sea-surface microlayer (SML) plays a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and macronutrients in marine environments. In our study, the optical properties of DOM were compared between the sub-surface water (SSW) and the SML during spring, summer and winter in the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS). In addition, photoexposure experiments were designed to compare photochemical degradation processes of DOM between the SML and the SSW. Chromophoric DOM (CDOM), fluorescent DOM, dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll a (Chl a), picoplankton, nutrients and bacteria were frequently enriched in the SML. The enrichment factors (EFs) of tryptophan-like component 4 were significantly higher than other fluorescence components; the longer wavelength absorption values of CDOM showed higher EFs in the SML, and a more significant relationship between CDOM and Chl a in the SML, indicating that autochthonous DOM was more strongly enriched in the SML than the terrestrial DOM. Higher EFs were generally observed in the SML in the off-shore regions than in the coastal regions, and CDOM in the SML was photobleached more after relatively strong irradiation, as also indicated by the lower percentages of humic-like DOM and lower specific UV absorbance values (SUVA254) in the SML than the SSW. Compared to the SSW, the elevated nutrients may stimulate phytoplankton growth, biological activity and then production of abundant fresh autochthonous DOM in the SML. Our results revealed a new enrichment model for exploring the air–sea interface environment, which can explain the more autochthonous properties of DOM in the SML than the SSW.
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Butturini, A., und E. Ejarque. „Technical Note: Dissolved organic matter fluorescence – a finite mixture approach to deconvolve excitation-emission matrices“. Biogeosciences 10, Nr. 9 (06.09.2013): 5875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5875-2013.
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Abstract. The analysis of the shape of excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) is a relevant tool for exploring the origin, transport and fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic ecosystems. Within this context, the decomposition of EEMs is acquiring a notable relevance. A simple mathematical algorithm that automatically deconvolves individual EEMs is described, creating new possibilities for the comparison of DOM fluorescence properties and EEMs that are very different from each other. A mixture model approach is adopted to decompose complex surfaces into sub-peaks. The laplacian operator and the Nelder-Mead optimisation algorithm are implemented to individuate and automatically locate potential peaks in the EEM landscape. The EEMs of a simple artificial mixture of fluorophores and DOM samples collected in a Mediterranean river are used to describe the model application and to illustrate a strategy that optimises the search for the optimal output.
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Han, Yu Chen, und Fang Chen You. „Transformation of Dom-Ino Structures from the Architect’s Point of View“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 878 (Februar 2018): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.878.135.
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As the most widespread applied structure model since Modernism, Dom-ino Structure is rooted deeply in the sub-conscious of many architects, which in some sense constrains their ability to shape it. Transformation strategies for Dom-ino Structure try to change a hard, homogeneous and rigid model into a soft, flexible, and changeable form. By analyzing the inner property of Dom-ino Structure, this article firstly specifies the orientation of probable transformations. Then, after categorizing cases with integrated architectural form and structure, this article describes three ways of transforming of Dom-ino Structure, including material replacement, geomorphing and mechanics remodeling. These three ways are mutually dependent with a prolongable method system for the innovation of architectural and structural form. This research on the transformation of an existing structural model, presented from the architect’s point of view, is based on Morphological perspective. This research could facilitate the integration of architecture and structure, clarify the inner relations between different structural types, improve the weaknesses of existing structure model while expanding the diversity of architecture forms. It also gives a significant picture of how inspiring the process of collaboration between the architect and the engineer can be.
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Awuma, K. S., J. W. Stuth, R. Kaitho und J. Angerer. „Application of Normalized Differential Vegetation Index and Geostatistical Techniques in Cattle Diet Quality Mapping in Ghana“. Outlook on Agriculture 36, Nr. 3 (September 2007): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000007781891496.
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The feasibility of using Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and geostatistical techniques in the mapping of livestock diet quality was investigated using the northern Ghana savanna zone as a test bed. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), crude protein (CP) and digestible organic matter (DOM) calibration equations developed for Sub-Saharan African cattle were used for the analysis of faecal samples collected between February and August 2000 from selected households located within the northern Ghana savanna. The predicted CP and DOM values (%) were used with Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and cokriging procedures to create maps describing diet quality for March and July 2000, representing the dry and wet seasons respectively. Cross-validation results indicated an above average capability of cokriging to estimate the predicted CP% for March (r2 = 0.687, SEp = 1.736), but average for July (r2 = 0.513, SEp = 1.558). The cokriged-estimated DOM value for July was above average (r2 = 0.584, SEp = 3.611); however, March DOM% estimation was rather poor (r2 = 0.132, SEp = 3.891). The results suggested that a reasonable level of success was achieved in using NDVI and geostatistics techniques in cattle diet quality mapping; however, further research is required in this field.
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Tuncer, Aysun Kara, Faruk Haznedaroglu und Semih Sert. „The Location and Accessibility of the Second Mesiobuccal Canal in Maxillary First Molar“. European Journal of Dentistry 04, Nr. 01 (Januar 2010): 012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697802.
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ABSTRACTObjective:The purpose of this study was to examine the location and accessibility of the second mesibuccal canal in maxillary first molar of a Turkish sub-population.Methods: Presence and accessibility of the MB2 canal in 110 extracted maxillary first molars was examined with unaided vision, dental loups and the DOM. To characterize the geometrical location of MB2 canals, photographs of pulp chambers were obtained.Results: With the unaided vision, 58 MB2 canal orifices and after evaluation with the dental loup, DOM an additional 28 MB2 canal orifices were detected. In 65 molars, the MB2 canal orifices was located 0.87 mm distally and 1.73 mm palatally to the main mesiobuccal canal and in the remaining 21 molars was 0.72 mm mesially and 1.86 mm palatally.Conclusion: Presence of second mesiobuccal canal was similar to the other studies but in a Turkish sub-population it originates mainly distal to the main MB canal. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:12-16)
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Elisabet Maria und Latipah. „Implementasi Metode Clusterisasi K-Means Pada Pemetaan Daerah Rawan Kriminal Kota Dili Berbasis WebGIS“. Systemic: Information System and Informatics Journal 7, Nr. 1 (22.11.2021): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/systemic.v7i1.1274.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan sub-district yang rawan akan terjadinya tindakan kriminalitas denga data mining untuk melakukan pengelompokan data kriminal menggunakan clustering k-means, serta melakukan visualisasi kedalam sistem informasi kriminal berbasis webgis dengan menampilkan map persebaran data kriminal dan prosentase dari masing-masing sub-district dari kota Dili. Setelah melakukan serangkaian proses maka didapatkan hasil bahwa sub-district dom aleixo dimana menunjukan daerah berstatus sangat rawan dengan jenis kriminalitas penganyaan memiliki presentase total korban tinggi dengan nilai sebesar 49.6%, pencurian19.6%, pelecehan 12%, prostitusi 9.6%, pembunuhan 6.8% dan terakhir narkoba dengan presentase 2.4%.
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Abdelrady, Ahmed, Saroj Sharma, Ahmed Sefelnasr und Maria Kennedy. „The Fate of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) During Bank Filtration under Different Environmental Conditions: Batch and Column Studies“. Water 10, Nr. 12 (26.11.2018): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121730.
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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in source water highly influences the removal of different contaminants and the dissolution of aquifer materials during bank filtration (BF). The fate of DOM during BF processes under arid climate conditions was analysed by conducting laboratory—scale batch and column studies under different environmental conditions with varying temperature (20–30 °C), redox, and feed water organic matter composition. The behaviour of the DOM fractions was monitored using various analytical techniques: fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC-EEM), and size exclusion liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). The results revealed that DOM attenuation is highly dependent (p < 0.05) on redox conditions and temperature, with higher removal at lower temperatures and oxic conditions. Biopolymers were the fraction most amenable to removal by biodegradation (>80%) in oxic environments irrespective of temperature and feed water organic composition. This removal was 20–24% lower under sub-oxic conditions. In contrast, the removal of humic compounds exhibited a higher dependency on temperature. PARAFAC-EEM revealed that terrestrial humic components are the most temperature critical fractions during the BF processes as their sorption characteristics are negatively correlated with temperature. In general, it can be concluded that BF is capable of removing labile compounds under oxic conditions at all water temperatures; however, its efficiency is lower for humic compounds at higher temperatures.
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Rodríguez-Carballo, Eddie, Lucille Lopez-Delisle, Andréa Willemin, Leonardo Beccari, Sandra Gitto, Bénédicte Mascrez und Denis Duboule. „Chromatin topology and the timing of enhancer function at theHoxDlocus“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 49 (23.11.2020): 31231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015083117.
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TheHoxDgene cluster is critical for proper limb formation in tetrapods. In the emerging limb buds, different subgroups ofHoxdgenes respond first to a proximal regulatory signal, then to a distal signal that organizes digits. These two regulations are exclusive from one another and emanate from two distinct topologically associating domains (TADs) flankingHoxD, both containing a range of appropriate enhancer sequences. The telomeric TAD (T-DOM) contains several enhancers active in presumptive forearm cells and is divided into two sub-TADs separated by a CTCF-rich boundary, which defines two regulatory submodules. To understand the importance of this particular regulatory topology to controlHoxdgene transcription in time and space, we either deleted or inverted this sub-TAD boundary, eliminated the CTCF binding sites, or inverted the entire T-DOM to exchange the respective positions of the two sub-TADs. The effects of such perturbations on the transcriptional regulation ofHoxdgenes illustrate the requirement of this regulatory topology for the precise timing of gene activation. However, the spatial distribution of transcripts was eventually resumed, showing that the presence of enhancer sequences, rather than either their exact topology or a particular chromatin architecture, is the key factor. We also show that the affinity of enhancers to find their natural target genes can overcome the presence of both a strong TAD border and an unfavorable orientation of CTCF sites.
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Gomez-Buckley, Adriana C., Gordon M. Showalter und Michael L. Wong. „Modeling Virus and Bacteria Populations in Europa’s Subsurface Ocean“. Life 12, Nr. 5 (21.04.2022): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050620.
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The search for life in the universe is often informed by the study of “extreme” environments on Earth, which provide analogs for habitable locations in the Solar System, and whose microbial inhabitants may therefore also serve as analogs for potential life forms in extraterrestrial milieus. Recent work has highlighted the ubiquity and importance of viral entities in terrestrial ecosystems, which calls for a greater understanding of the roles that viruses might play in hypothetical extraterrestrial biomes. While some studies have modeled the dynamics of viral and bacterial populations in icy ocean environments on Earth, previous work has yet to apply these findings to icy ocean worlds such as Jupiter’s moon Europa. It is commonly theorized that hydrothermal vents on Europa could produce the necessary reductants for chemosynthesis to take place on the ocean bottom. In the case that Europa’s ocean is a reductant-limited environment, how might reductants and organic matter reach the sub-ice region to power a more easily accessible ecosystem? Here, we propose a ‘viral elevator,’ a mechanism that functions similarly to the ‘viral shunt’ in Earth’s oceans, which could create and shuttle dissolved organic matter (DOM) to a hypothetical sub-ice biosphere through viral carriers. Current models of Europa’s ocean currents and stratification support the movement of DOM to the sub-ice biosphere. We adapt an existing model for bacterial and viral population dynamics in Earth’s Arctic sea ice to Europa and use parameters from various Arctic-based studies as proxies for Europa’s environment. We find that viral burst size has the most significant effect on the virus-to-bacteria ratio (VBR) and system longevity in closed systems (such as brine pockets within Europa’s icy crust), with higher burst sizes clearly increasing both. When applying our model to an open system with an influx of DOM from the viral elevator, we found that a steady-state system is attainable, with resulting sub-ice biofilms on the order of 0.1 mm thick (global equivalent layer). This has implications for future searches for life on Europa, given that life directly under the ice will be easier to detect and observe than life near the ocean bottom.
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Shi, Kangming, Huarong Zhao und Zikang Ren. „Impact of Hill Fires on Dissolved Organic Matter in Watersheds of Karst Areas Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence-Parallel Factor Analysis“. Water 16, Nr. 10 (09.05.2024): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16101346.
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Hill fires have the potential to influence dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water bodies, yet fewer studies have investigated the effects of hill fires on DOM within watersheds in karst areas. In this study, we employed the three-dimensional fluorescence-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) method to analyze the DOM fluorescence peaks, component compositions, fluorescence indices, and sources within the water body of the Yuanteng River sub-basin, which was impacted by the hill fire, serving as our primary research focus. The results indicate the presence of three primary fluorescent fractions in the water body of the Yuanteng River: C1, resembling humic acid (fulvic acid); C2, consisting of biopolymers and microbial by-products; and C3, containing proteins such as tyrosine and tryptophan. The Yuanteng River exhibited elevated levels of humus-like substances, diminished concentrations of protein-like substances, and demonstrated higher biogenic, freshness, and humification indices compared to unaffected water samples, reflecting the impact of the hill fire. Elevated levels of exogenous humic acid-like inputs into the waters of the Yuanteng River, along with exogenous inputs of DOM, were primarily influenced by stable, high-molecular-weight organic matter. Additionally, agricultural effluent, domestic sewage, and anthropogenic activities contributed to these inputs to a lesser degree. The impacts of endogenous inputs are mainly related to the restoration of ecosystems. The occurrence of hill fires has significantly influenced the composition of dissolved organic matter in the waters of the Yuanteng River. A comprehensive analysis of the impacts of hill fires on dissolved organic matter in water bodies can serve as a valuable reference for characterizing DOM in the water bodies of the Yuanteng River. Furthermore, it can inform strategies for environmental protection, facilitate the traceability of pollutants in water bodies, and contribute to environmental and ecological restoration efforts following hill fires in the region.
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Hertkorn, N., M. Harir, K. M. Cawley, P. Schmitt-Kopplin und R. Jaffé. „Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter from subtropical wetlands: a comparative study through the analysis of optical properties, NMR and FTICR/MS“. Biogeosciences Discussions 12, Nr. 16 (25.08.2015): 13711–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-13711-2015.
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Abstract. Wetlands provide quintessential ecosystem services such as maintenance of water quality, water supply and biodiversity, among others; however, wetlands are also among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. They are usually characterized by high levels of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), representing a critical component in wetland biogeochemistry. This study describes the first detailed, comparative, molecular characterization of DOM in sub-tropical, pulsed, wetlands, namely the Everglades (USA), the Pantanal (Brazil) and the Okavango Delta (Botswana), using optical properties, high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICRMS), and compares compositional features to variations in organic matter sources and flooding characteristics (i.e. differences in hydroperiod). While optical properties showed both similarities and differences between these ecosystems, these differences were mainly based on the degree of aromaticity of the DOM. Analogies were such that an established excitation emission matrix fluorescence parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) model for the Everglades was perfectly applicable to the other two wetlands. High-field (500 and 800 MHz) NMR spectra with cryogenic detection provided exceptional coverage and chemical description of wetland solid phase extracted (SPE) DOM. Area-normalized 1H NMR spectra of selected samples revealed clear distinctions of samples along with pronounced congruence within the three pairs of wetland DOM. Within sample pairs (long vs. short hydroperiod sites), internal differences mainly referred to intensity variations (denoting variable abundance) rather than to alterations of NMR resonances positioning (denoting diversity of molecules). The relative disparity was largest between the Everglades long and short hydroperiod samples, whereas Pantanal and Okavango samples were more alike among themselves. Otherwise, molecular divergence was most obvious in the case of unsaturated protons (δH > 5 ppm). The larger discrimination observed between 1H NMR spectra of DOM from different wetlands in comparison with the intrinsic variance among DOM within each wetland readily suggests the presence of an individual molecular signature, characteristic of each particular wetland. 2-D NMR spectroscopy for a particular sample revealed a large richness of aliphatic and unsaturated substructures, likely derived from microbial sources such as periphyton in the Everglades. In contrast, the chemical diversity of aromatic wetland DOM likely originates from a combination of higher plant sources, progressive microbial and photochemical oxidation, and contributions from combustion-derived products (e.g. black carbon). In addition, FT-ICRMS spectra allowed far-reaching classifications of wetland DOM. While DOM of both Okavango and Pantanal showed near 57 ± 2 % CHO, 8 ± 2 % CHOS, 33 ± 2 CHNO, and < 1 % CHNOS molecules, the mass spectra of Everglades samples were fundamentally different compared to those as well as among long and short hydroperiod samples, as they were markedly enriched in CHOS and CHNOS at the expense of CHO and CHNO compounds. Here, four groups of CHOS molecules were differentiated as (a) saturated sulfolipids, (b) unsaturated sulfolipids, (c) molecularly diverse DOM-type CHOS molecules, (d) and particularly enriched in the Everglades short hydroperiod site, a large set of aromatic and oxygen-deficient "black sulphur" compounds. The significantly higher proportion of CHOS compounds in general for the Everglades samples is likely the result of higher inputs of agriculture-derived and sea spray derived sulphate to this wetland compared to the others. Although wetland DOM samples were found to share many molecular features, each sample was unique in its composition, which reflected specific environmental drivers and/or specific biogeochemical processes.
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Butturini, A., und E. Ejarque. „Technical Note: Dissolved organic matter fluorescence – a finite mixture approach to deconvolve excitation-emission matrices“. Biogeosciences Discussions 10, Nr. 3 (08.03.2013): 4711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-4711-2013.
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Abstract. The analysis of the shape of excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) is a relevant tool for exploring the origin, transport and fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic ecosystems. Within this context, the decomposition of EEMs is acquiring a notable relevance. A simple mathematical algorithm that automatically deconvolves single EEM is described, creating new possibilities for the comparison of DOM fluorescence properties and EEMs that are very different from each other. A mixture model approach is adopted to decompose complex surfaces into sub-peaks. The laplacian operator and the Nelder–Mead optimization algorithm are implemented to individuate and automatically locate potential peaks in the EEM landscape. A small heterogeneous data set of 21 EEMs from a human-impacted Mediterranean river is used to describe the model application and to illustrate a strategy that optimises the search for the optimal output.
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Koeve, W., und A. Oschlies. „Potential impact of DOM accumulation on <i>f</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and carbonate ion computations in ocean acidification experiments“. Biogeosciences 9, Nr. 10 (05.10.2012): 3787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3787-2012.
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Abstract. The internal consistency of measurements and computations of components of the CO2-system, namely total alkalinity (AT, total dissolved carbon dioxide (CT), CO2 fugacity (fCO2) and pH, has been confirmed repeatedly in open ocean studies when the CO2 system had been over determined. Differences between measured and computed properties, such as ΔfCO2 (= fCO2 (measured) – fCO2 (computed from AT and CT)) / fCO2 (measured) × 100), are usually below 5%. Recently, Hoppe et al. (2012) provided evidence of significantly larger ΔfCO2 in some experimental setups. These observations are currently not well understood. Here we discuss a case from a series of phytoplankton culture experiments with ΔfCO2 of up to about 25%. ΔfCO2 varied systematically during the course of these experiments and showed a clear correlation with the accumulation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Culture and mesocosm experiments are often carried out under high initial nutrient concentrations, yielding high biomass concentrations that in turn often lead to a substantial build-up of DOM. In such experiments, DOM can reach concentrations much higher than typically observed in the open ocean. To the extent that DOM includes organic acids and bases, it will contribute to the alkalinity of the seawater contained in the experimental device. Our analysis suggests that whenever substantial amounts of DOM are produced during the experiment, standard computer programmes used to compute CO2 fugacity can underestimate true fCO2 significantly when the computation is based on AT and CT. Unless the effect of DOM-alkalinity can be accounted for, this might lead to significant errors in the interpretation of the system under consideration with respect to the experimentally applied CO2 perturbation. Errors in the inferred fCO2 can misguide the development of parameterisations used in simulations with global carbon cycle models in future CO2-scenarios. Over determination of the CO2-system in experimental ocean acidification studies is proposed to safeguard against possibly large errors in estimated fCO2.
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Neto, Vitale Joanoni. „Trabalho e exclusão“. TRAVESSIA - revista do migrante, Nr. 62 (04.12.2008): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.48213/travessia.i62.526.
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Quando Dom Pedro Casaldáliga divulgou sua primeira carta pastoral como Arcebispo da Prelazia de São Félix do Araguaia (Casaldáliga, 1971), impôs um desafio aos estudiosos da sociedade brasileira. A Amazônia, nesse período, alvo privilegiado das ações do Governo Militar, passou a sofrer um processo estimulado de ocupação por migrantes do Sul, naquilo que ficou conhecido como processo de colonização e que se propunha como sub stitutivo à reforma agrária. [...]
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Dębska, Bożena. „Content and changes in dissolved organic matter in meadow and arable soils over time“. Polish Journal of Soil Science 52, Nr. 2 (21.11.2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/pjss.2019.52.2.183.
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<p>Considering the discrepancies in the reports on seasonal changes in the content of dissolved organic carbon, this paper concerns the research which aimed at defining the content and seasonal changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) in arable and meadow soils in moderate climate conditions. The research has involved the soils sampled in the kujawsko-pomorskie province (Poland). Gleic Phaeozems (meadow soils), Brunic Arenosols and Eutric Cambisols were sampled from the depth of 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm and 60-100 cm, November 2011 through September 2013. The soil samples were analyzed for dry weight content, pH, content of total organic carbon and total nitrogen. DOM was extracted with 0.004 mol·dm<sup>-3</sup> CaCl<sub>2</sub>, in the extracts the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DNt) were assayed. The share of DOC was determined by the soil management. The analysis of variance did not show significant differences in the content of TOC and Nt across the soil sampling dates. Were recorded changes in DOC and DNt between successive sampling dates; for topsoil for DOC – from -12.06% to 13.34% (meadow soils) and for DNt -40.84% to 47.44% (arable soils).</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
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Richardson, Katherine, und Jørgen Bendtsen. „Photosynthetic oxygen production in a warmer ocean: the Sargasso Sea as a case study“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, Nr. 2102 (07.08.2017): 20160329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0329.
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Photosynthetic O 2 production can be an important source of oxygen in sub-surface ocean waters especially in permanently stratified oligotrophic regions of the ocean where O 2 produced in deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM) is not likely to be outgassed. Today, permanently stratified regions extend across approximately 40% of the global ocean and their extent is expected to increase in a warmer ocean. Thus, predicting future ocean oxygen conditions requires a better understanding of the potential response of photosynthetic oxygen production to a warmer ocean. Based on our own and published observations of water column processes in oligotrophic regions, we develop a one-dimensional water column model describing photosynthetic oxygen production in the Sargasso Sea to quantify the importance of photosynthesis for the downward flux of O 2 and examine how it may be influenced in a warmer ocean. Photosynthesis is driven in the model by vertical mixing of nutrients (including eddy-induced mixing) and diazotrophy and is found to substantially increase the downward O 2 flux relative to physical–chemical processes alone. Warming (2°C) surface waters does not significantly change oxygen production at the DCM. Nor does a 15% increase in re-mineralization rate (assuming Q 10 = 2; 2°C warming) have significant effect on net sub-surface oxygen accumulation. However, changes in the relative production of particulate (POM) and dissolved organic material (DOM) generate relatively large changes in net sub-surface oxygen production. As POM/DOM production is a function of plankton community composition, this implies plankton biodiversity and food web structure may be important factors influencing O 2 production in a warmer ocean. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
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Liu, B., S. Niu, X. Xin, M. Jia, K. Di, Z. Liu, M. Peng und Z. Yue. „HIGH PRECISION DTM AND DOM GENERATING USING MULTI-SOURCE ORBITAL DATA ON CHANG’E-4 LANDING SITE“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (05.06.2019): 1413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-1413-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Chang’e-4 (CE-4) has successfully soft landed in Von Kármán crater inside the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin at 10:26 am on January 3, 2019. High precision landing site mapping plays an essential role in mission operations and science applications before and after landing. In this paper, we propose a novel method for generating the highest resolution and the best precision Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) of the CE-4 landing area using available multi-source data. First, the CE-2 DTM is co-registered to SLDEM2015. Then the vertical inconsistencies of the co-registered DTMs are analysed and the biases of CE-2 DTM with respect to SLDEM2015 are erased. Finally, a new DTM with more information and better precision is generated by fusion of the co-registered DTMs. Using the new DTM as a reference, a seamless DOM is generated based on block adjustment of projected imagery, which can reduce the inconsistencies among the corrected images to sub-pixel level. As a result, a DTM of the Von Kármán crater area ( 42º&thinsp;S&ndash;48°&thinsp;S/172º&thinsp;E&ndash;180°&thinsp;E) and a seamless DOM covering an area of 2.3° in longitude and 1° in latitude with a ground sample distance of 0.9&thinsp;m are generated using the developed method.</p>
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Juraeva, Makhsuda, und Dong-Jin Kang. „Mixing Performance of the Modified Tesla Micromixer with Tip Clearance“. Micromachines 13, Nr. 9 (23.08.2022): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091375.
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A passive micromixer based on the modified Tesla mixing unit was designed by embedding tip clearance above the wedge-shape divider, and its mixing performance was simulated over a wider range of the Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 80. The mixing performance was evaluated in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the required pressure load between inlet and outlet. The height of tip clearance was varied from 40 μm to 80 μm, corresponding to 25% to 33% of the micromixer depth. The numerical results show that the mixing enhancement by the tip clearance is noticeable over a wide range of the Reynolds numbers Re < 50. The height of tip clearance is optimized in terms of the DOM, and the optimum value is roughly h = 60 μm. It corresponds to 33% of the present micromixer depth. The mixing enhancement in the molecular diffusion regime of mixing, Re ≤ 1, is obtained by drag and connection of the interface in the two sub-streams of each Tesla mixing unit. It appears as a wider interface in the tip clearance zone. In the intermediate range of the Reynolds number, 1 < Re ≤ 50, the mixing enhancement is attributed to the interaction of the flow through the tip clearance and the secondary flow in the vortex zone of each Tesla mixing unit. When the Reynolds number is larger than about 50, vortices are formed at various locations and drive the mixing in the modified Tesla micromixer. For the Reynolds number of Re = 80, a pair of vortices is formed around the inlet and outlet of each Tesla mixing unit, and it plays a role as a governing mechanism in the convection-dominant regime of mixing. This vortex pattern is little affected as long as the tip clearance remains smaller than about h = 70 μm. The DOM at the outlet is little enhanced by the presence of tip clearance for the Reynolds numbers Re ≥ 50. The tip clearance contributes to reducing the required pressure load for the same value of the DOM.
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Zeferino, Jefferson, Marcio Luiz Fernandes und Ana Beatriz Dias Pinto. „Poesia, imagem e teoria: ressonâncias escatológicas a partir de Casaldáliga, Cerezo e Westhelle“. Estudos de Religião 34, Nr. 3 (18.12.2020): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-1078/er.v34n3p231-258.
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Dom Pedro Casaldáliga traduziu em poesia seu itinerário como bispo, missionário e teólogo engajado na luta contra as várias injustiças que testemunhou. O presente texto objetiva relacionar sua poesia com a imagética de seu confrade claretiano Maximino Cerezo Barredo, bem como perceber, a partir das reflexões escatológicas do teólogo e pastor luterano Vítor Westhelle, a teologia da cruz que subjaz sua obra. Como resultado, apresenta-se a importância dos mártires como transfundo de uma teopoética, teo-imagética e teologia da cruz que revelam o oposto no exposto (revelatio abscondita sub contraria specie) – a vida possível em meio à morte e ao sofrimento.
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Khan, Ummni. „Putting a Dominatrix in Her Place: The Representation and Regulation of Female Dom/Male Sub Sexuality“. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 21, Nr. 1 (Januar 2009): 143–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.21.1.143.
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Li, Maomao, Fanlong Kong, Yue Li, Yanru Dong, Junlong Zhang und Min Xi. „Impact of sub-watershed characteristics and changes on sediment DOM quantity and quality over Jiaozhou Bay“. Ecological Indicators 118 (November 2020): 106777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106777.
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Betlem, Peter, Thomas Birchall, Gareth Lord, Simon Oldfield, Lise Nakken, Kei Ogata und Kim Senger. „High-resolution digital outcrop model of the faults, fractures, and stratigraphy of the Agardhfjellet Formation cap rock shales at Konusdalen West, central Spitsbergen“. Earth System Science Data 16, Nr. 2 (21.02.2024): 985–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-985-2024.
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Abstract. Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry has become an important tool for the digitalisation of outcrops as digital outcrop models (DOMs). DOMs facilitate the mapping of stratigraphy and discontinuous structures like folds, faults, and fractures from the centimetre to kilometre scale. With pristine, treeless exposures, the outcropping strata in Svalbard, Arctic Norway, hold exceptional potential for analogue studies and are ideally suited for the acquisition of high-resolution DOMs. Here, we present the acquisition, processing, and integration of the Konusdalen West digital model data set, comprising both DOM and derived digital terrain model (DTM) data. Drone-based image acquisition took place over 2 weeks in July and August 2020. The Konusdalen West DOM and DTM cover a 0.12 km2 area and span a 170 m elevation difference. The DOM covers the upper two-thirds of the mudstone-dominated Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Agardhfjellet Formation. The Agardhfjellet Formation and its time equivalents are regional cap rocks for CO2 sequestration and petroleum accumulations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. A total of 15 differential GNSS control points were used to georeference and quality assure the digital data assets, 5 of which function as reference checkpoints. SfM processing of 5512 acquired images resulted in high-confidence, centimetre-scale resolution point clouds, textured mesh (DOM), tiled model, orthomosaics, and a DTM. The confidence-filtered dense cloud features an average inter-point distance of 1.57 cm and has an average point density of 3824.9 points per metre. The five checkpoints feature root mean square errors of 2.0 cm in X, 1.3 cm in Y, 5.2 cm in Z, and 5.7 cm in XYZ. Increased confidences and densities are present along the western flank of the Konusdalen West outcrop, where a fault fracture network in mudstone-dominated strata is best exposed and photographed most extensively. Top and side view orthomosaics feature maximum resolutions of 8 mm per pixel, enabling the mapping of faults, formation members, marker beds, fractures, and other sub-centimetre features. Additional structural measurements and observations were taken in June 2021 to place the data in the geological context. Data described in this paper can be accessed at Norstore under https://doi.org/10.11582/2022.00027 (Betlem, 2022b).
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Sartin, Abigail, Kallie Calus, Alyssa Hall, Morgan Grabau, Daren Redfearn und Mary E. Drewnoski. „5 Effect of Species and Maturity on Winter Hardy Small Grain Silage Yield and Quality“. Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_4 (22.10.2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac313.001.
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Abstract Winter-hardy small grains offer an opportunity to improve soil health as a cover crop, and they can also be used as a forage source for cattle. Winter-hardy small grains differ in the time needed to reach various maturity stages. Species selection may also impact yield and nutritive value. A two-year study was conducted in eastern Nebraska to determine the effect of species and maturity on yield and nutritive value of winter-hardy small grains used for silage. Three species were evaluated; cereal rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale at four stages of maturity: boot, anthesis, milk, and soft dough. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four blocks per year. Small grain species were considered whole plots with maturity at harvest considered sub-plot. Each year, the small grain species were randomly assigned within each block. Within each plot, maturity was randomly assigned to one quarter of each plot. Dry matter (DM) forage yield, crude protein (CP), digestible organic matter (DOM), and nutrient yield per hectare were measured and analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. Forage yield increased for all species (P < 0.01) with maturity, except for wheat, where there was a decrease at soft dough. Forage yield of cereal rye and triticale did not differ (P>0.05), except at soft dough where triticale was greater (P < 0.01) than cereal rye. Forage yield of triticale and cereal rye yield was greater (P£0.05) than wheat at anthesis and soft dough. Crude protein (% DM) decreased (P < 0.01) with maturity across all species. Among species, CP for cereal rye was greater (P£0.01) than triticale at boot, anthesis, and soft dough, but not different (P³0.10) from wheat at boot, milk, and soft dough. At boot, anthesis, and milk stages, CP of triticale was not different (P³0.07) than wheat, but triticale was lower than wheat (P < 0.01) at soft dough. The DOM (% DM) decreased (P < 0.01) with maturity, except at soft dough. The DOM of cereal rye and wheat did not differ (P > 0.05), but both were greater (P < 0.01) than triticale. Cereal rye and triticale had greater (P £ 0.05) nutrient yields than wheat in terms of energy (DOM) and CP. There was no difference for CP yield across stages (P = 0.10), but there was an effect of maturity on DOM yield. The DOM yield increased from boot to anthesis, (P = 0.05), anthesis and milk did not differ (P = 0.08) and increased (P < 0.01) again at soft dough. This suggests that planting either cereal rye or triticale resulted in the greatest nutrient yield per acre. Harvest at anthesis had increased yield compared to boot with minimal loss in nutritive value; for maximizing energy yield per acre, harvesting at soft dough was the best option.
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G.H.Taylor, G. H. Taylor, Susie Y. Liu und Michelle Smyth. „NEW LIGHT ON THE ORIGIN OF COOPER BASIN OIL“. APPEA Journal 28, Nr. 1 (1988): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87023.
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The Cooper Basin in central Australia is a major producer of gas and oil. It is generally accepted that the organic matter in the Permian terrestrial sediments of the Basin was the source of the oil and gas. However, both the coals and the dispersed organic matter (DOM) are rich in inertinite and both inertinite itself and inertinite-rich organic matter have been widely discounted as a possible source for oil.Recent co-ordinated transmission electron microscope and light microscope work on the inertiniterich coals of the Cooper Basin has shown that up to several per cent of some coal samples are composed of microscopic and sub-microscopic alginite. This includes material that had previously been identified with the light microscope alone as degraded sporinite, liptodetrinite or resinite, as well as algal-derived matter, which is too fine to observe with light microscopy. Much of this material of algal origin was selectively degraded at about the time of its deposition, and this degradation appears likely to have had the effect of further enhancing its potential to yield hydrocarbons. Thus, such material should be ranked among the richest potential sources of hydrocarbons when appropriate diagenetic conditions have been attained. Since inertinite and this kind of alginite occur in particularly close association, the presence of inertinite-rich coals and DOM within potential source rocks should be regarded as a highly favourable rather than an unfavourable, indication (as in the past).The quantity of alginite in the very large volumes of inertinite-rich coal in the Basin is more than adequate to account for the oil accumulations. In the Cooper Basin the coals, rather than the DOM, had the better potential for oil generation.
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Laik, Ranjan, B. H. Kumara, Biswajit Pramanick, Santosh Kumar Singh, Nidhi, Majid Alhomrani, Ahmed Gaber und Akbar Hossain. „Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 11 (29.10.2021): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112190.
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Labile soil organic matter pools (LSOMp) are believed to be the most sensitive indicator of soil quality when it is changed rapidly with varied management practices. In sub-tropical climates, the turnover period of labile pools is quicker than in temperate climates. Organic amendments are of importance in improve the LSOMp for a temperate climate and may be helpful in sub-tropical climates as well. Hence, the status of LSOMp was studied in long term farmyard manure (FYM) amended soils under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) cropping systems in sub-tropical arid conditions. At the same time, we also attempt to determine the impact of mineral nitrogen (N) application in these pools. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM), microbial biomass (MB), and light fraction (LF) were isolated in the management practices involving different modes and rates of FYM applications along with the application of nitrogenous fertilizer. C and N contents of the labile pools were analyzed in the soil samples at different periods after FYM applications. Among the different pools, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were changed significantly with different rates and modes of FYM application and mineral N application. Application of FYM at 15 Mg ha−1 in both the seasons + 120 kg ha−1 mineral N resulted in significantly higher MBC and DOC as compared to all of the other treatments. This treatment also resulted in 13.75% and 5.8% more MBC and DOC, respectively, as compared to the amount of MBC and DOC content in the control plot where FYM and mineral N were not applied. Comparing the labile organic matter pools of 45 years of FYM amendment with initial values, it was found that the dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and light fraction carbon were increased up to the maximum extent of about 600, 1200, and 700 times, respectively. The maximum amount of DOM (562 mg kg−1 of DOC and 70.1 mg kg−1 of DON), MB (999 mg kg−1 of MBC and 158.4 mg kg−1 of MBN), LF (2.61 g kg−1 of LFC and 154.6 g kg−1 of LFN) were found in case of both season applied FYM as compared to either summer or winter applied FYM. Concerning the different rates of FYM application, 15 Mg ha−1 FYM also resulted in a significantly higher amount of DOM, MB, and LF as compared to other FYM rates (i.e., 5 Mg ha−1 and 10 Mg ha−1). Amongst different pools, MB was found to be the most sensitive to management practices in this study. From this study, it was found that the long-term FYM amendment in sub-tropical soil along with mineral N application can improve the LSOMp of the soil. Thus, it can be recommended that the application of FYM at 15 Mg ha−1 in summer and winter with +120 kg ha−1 mineral N can improve SOC and its labile pools in subtropical arid soils. Future studies on LSOMp can be carried out by considering different cropping systems of subtropical climate.
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Gnybida, M., Ch Rümpler und V. R. T. Narayanan. „Optimal Band Selection for the Calculation of Planck Mean Absorption Coefficients“. PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 4, Nr. 1 (2017): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2017.1.70.
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Radiative heat transfer is a major heat loss mechanism in thermal plasmas generated during arc flashes/faults in switchgear applications or during high current interruption in low voltage circuit breakers. A common way to calculate the radiation balance is by means of approximate non-gray radiation models like P1 or discrete ordinates (DOM), where the frequency dependent absorption and emission are described in a number of frequency intervals (bands) using a constant absorption coefficient in each band. Current work is focused on finding the optimal number of bands as well as band interval boundaries that provide a reasonable level of accuracy in comparison to a full spectral solution. An optimization procedure has been applied to different SF<sub>6</sub> and copper vapor gas mixtures for an assumed temperature profile. Radiation model results using optimized band averaged absorption coefficients as well as spectral values are provided and discussed for the exemplary temperature profile.
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Mladenov, N., M. W. Williams, S. K. Schmidt und K. Cawley. „Atmospheric deposition as a source of carbon and nutrients to an alpine catchment of the Colorado Rocky Mountains“. Biogeosciences 9, Nr. 8 (24.08.2012): 3337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3337-2012.
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Abstract. Many alpine areas are experiencing deglaciation, biogeochemical changes driven by temperature rise, and changes in atmospheric deposition. There is mounting evidence that the water quality of alpine streams may be related to these changes, including rising atmospheric deposition of carbon (C) and nutrients. Given that barren alpine soils can be severely C limited, atmospheric deposition sources may be an important source of C and nutrients for these environments. We evaluated the magnitude of atmospheric deposition of C and nutrients to an alpine site, the Green Lake 4 catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Using a long-term dataset (2002–2010) of weekly atmospheric wet deposition and snowpack chemistry, we found that volume weighted mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were 1.12 ± 0.19 mg l−1, and weekly concentrations reached peaks as high at 6–10 mg l−1 every summer. Total dissolved nitrogen concentration also peaked in the summer, whereas total dissolved phosphorus and calcium concentrations were highest in the spring. To investigate potential sources of C in atmospheric deposition, we evaluated the chemical quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and relationships between DOM and other solutes in wet deposition. Relationships between DOC concentration, fluorescence, and nitrate and sulfate concentrations suggest that pollutants from nearby urban and agricultural sources and organic aerosols derived from sub-alpine vegetation may influence high summer DOC wet deposition concentrations. Interestingly, high DOC concentrations were also recorded during "dust-in-snow" events in the spring, which may reflect an association of DOM with dust. Detailed chemical and spectroscopic analyses conducted for samples collected in 2010 revealed that the DOM in many late spring and summer samples was less aromatic and polydisperse and of lower molecular weight than that of winter and fall samples. Our C budget estimates for the Green Lake 4 catchment illustrated that wet deposition (9.9 kg C ha−1 yr−1) and dry deposition (6.9 kg C ha−1 yr−1) were a combined input of approximately 17 kg C ha−1 yr−1, which could be as high as 24 kg C ha−1 yr−1 in high dust years. This atmospheric C input approached the C input from microbial autotrophic production in barren soils. Atmospheric wet and dry deposition also contributed 4.3 kg N ha−1 yr−1, 0.15 kg P ha−1 yr−1, and 2.7 kg Ca2+ ha−1 yr−1 to this alpine catchment.
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PETIHAKIS, G., K. TSIARAS, G. TRIANTAFYLLOU, S. KALARONI und A. POLLANI. „Sensitivity of the N. AEGEAN SEA ecosystem to Black Sea Water inputs“. Mediterranean Marine Science 15, Nr. 4 (23.12.2014): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.955.
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The effect of Black Sea Water (BSW) inputs on the North Aegean Sea productivity and food web dynamics was investigated, by means of sensitivity simulations, investigating the effect of the inflowing BSW, in terms of inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic matter. The model used has been successfully applied in the area in the past and extensively presented. Considering the importance of the microbial loop in the ecosystem functioning, the role of the dissolved organics and in order to achieve a more realistic representation of the Dissolved Organic Matter pool, the bacteria sub-model was appropriately revised. The importance of the microbial loop is highlighted by the carbon fluxes where almost 50% of carbon is channelled within it. The impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (in the inflowing to the Aegean Sea, BSW) appears to be stronger than the impact of dissolved inorganic nutrients, showing a more extended effect over the N Aegean. Bacterial production and biomass is more strongly affected in the simulations by modified DOM, unlike phytoplankton biomass and production, which are more dependent on the inflowing nutrients and particularly phosphorus (inorganic and dissolved organic). In the phytoplankton composition, the dinoflagellates appear to be mostly affected, being favoured by higher nutrient availability at the expense of all other groups, particularly picoplankton, indicating a shift to a more classical food chain.
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Du, Yingxun, Yuanyuan Zhang, Feizhou Chen, Yuguang Chang und Zhengwen Liu. „Photochemical reactivities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a sub-alpine lake revealed by EEM-PARAFAC: An insight into the fate of allochthonous DOM in alpine lakes affected by climate change“. Science of The Total Environment 568 (Oktober 2016): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.036.
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Filep, T., und T. Szili-Kovács. „Effect of liming on microbial biomass carbon of acidic arenosols in pot experiments“. Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 6 (03.06.2010): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/174/2009-pse.
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In the paper we investigate the effect of liming on the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in pot experiments during two vegetation periods. There was also another goal to get better understanding of the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its quality on microbial processes. Pot experiments were carried out on two acidic soils. Liming material treatment was 0, 1, 2, 3 g CaCO<sub>3</sub> /kg soil (corresponding with 0, 1.4, 2.8, 4.1 t CaCO<sub>3</sub> /ha, respectively). On both soils, 3-3 soil samples were taken for two growing periods and the substrate-induced respiration (SIR), dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC and DON), and soil pH were determined from the soil samples. The SIR can be used to characterize the active biomass within the total microbial biomass. Liming was found to increase soil respiration and consequently MBC in the first year of the experiment, but at the maximum lime rate these values stagnated or declined in many cases on each soil. In the second year, the effects of treatments were much lower both on Kisvárda and on Nyírlugos soils. Under the given experimental conditions, when the DOC/DON ratio rose to above 30–40, disturbances appeared in N supplies to microorganisms. The N content of the easily mineralisable organic matter in the soil became so low that it inhibited the reproduction of the microorganisms.
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Röttgers, R., und B. P. Koch. „Indications for a ubiquitous dissolved pigment degradation product in subsurface waters of the global ocean“. Biogeosciences Discussions 8, Nr. 5 (31.10.2011): 10697–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-10697-2011.
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Abstract. Measurements of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from sub-surface waters of the tropical Atlantic and Pacific showed a distinct absorption shoulder at 410–415 nm, indicating an underlying absorption of a pigment. A similar absorption maximum at ~410 nm was also found in the particulate fraction and is usually attributed to absorption by respiratory pigments of heterotrophic unicellular organisms. The CDOM absorption shoulder was described earlier in the Indian Ocean at 600 m depth and was related to a "deep red fluorescence" found in the same depth, i.e. in the oxygen minimum zone (Breves et al., 2003; Broenkow et al., 1983). In our study, fluorescence measurements of pre-concentrated DOM samples confirmed that the absorption at ~410 nm was related to a specific fluorescence at 650 nm. The absorption characteristic of this specific fluorophor was examined by fluorescence emission/excitation analysis and this showed a clear excitation maximum at 415 nm (in methanol) that can explain the absorption shoulder in the CDOM spectra. The spectral characteristics of the substance found in the dissolved and particulate fraction did not match with those of chlorophyll a degradation products (as found in a sample from the sea surface) but can be explained by the occurrence of respiratory pigments from heterotrophs. Combining the observations of the "deep red fluorescence" and the 410 nm-absorption shoulder suggests that there are high concentrations of a pigment degradation product (cytochrome c) in DOM of all major oceans. Most pronouncedly we found this signal in the deep chlorophyll maximum and the oxygen minimum zone of tropical regions. The origin, chemical nature, turn-over rate, and fate of this molecule is so far unknown.
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De Moura, José Carlos, Marco Augusto Sobreira Rocha Filho, Aldo Leite Moreira Neto, Raimundo Honorato da Silva Júnior, Fhilipe Xavier Do Sacramento Câmara und Samuel Miranda De Moura. „Perfil do paciente vítima de traumatismo de crânio no sub-médio do Vale do São Francisco“. JBNC - JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE NEUROCIRURGIA 20, Nr. 4 (23.03.2018): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22290/jbnc.v20i4.1003.
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Introdução: O traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) constitui a principal causa de óbitos e seqüelas em pacientes politraumatizados. Entre as principais causas estão: quedas, acidentes motociclísticos, acidentes automobilísticos e agressões. Objetivos: Quantificação dos casos de TCE na região do sub-médio do Vale do São Francisco, qualificação dos seus fatores, além de avaliação das influências interfatoriais. Os resultados foram analisados visando uma orientação para prevenção dos TCEs na região do sub-médio do Vale do São Francisco centrada em Petrolina-PE e Juazeiro-BA. Casuística e métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal, descritivo, feito através da coleta de dados sobre os principais aspectos do TCE no Hospital Dom Malan, centro de referência no sub-médio São Francisco, localizado no município de Petrolina-PE, no período de 12 de agosto de 2007 a 12 de novembro de 2007. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de ética da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco sob o protocolo número 195/07. Resultados: Dos 158 casos analisados, tem-se que 70,89% sofreram TCE leve; 18,35%, moderado; e 10,76%, grave. A faixa etária predominante foi de 21 a 30 anos, que apresentou um percentil de 29,11%. Dentre as principais causas de TCE, queda e acidente motociclístico foram as mais prevalentes apresentando, respectivamente, 32,91% e 31,01% dos casos. Conclusão: Os acidentes por queda e por motocicleta são as causas mais freqüentes de TCE no submédio do Vale do São Francisco. O consumo de álcool, o uso do capacete e do cinto de segurança figuram entre os maiores determinantes da extensão da gravidade do trauma.
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Kirar, Deepak Singh, Pradeep Jain und Pallav Patni. „Comparison of different irrigation and agitation methods for the removal of two types of calcium hydroxide medicaments from the root canal wall: An in-vitro study“. Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 90, Nr. 3 (25.07.2017): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-737.
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Background and aim: Comparison of different irrigation and agitation methods for the removal of two types of calcium hydroxide medicaments from the root canal walls.Methods: Fifty extracted single rooted teeth were selected for this study. After decoronation, the root canals of these teeth were prepared to the size F3 (30 no.) using rotary ProTaper file system. These samples were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 (n=20) were filled completely with water based calcium hydroxide (CH), Group 2 (n=20) were filled with oil based CH using lentulo spiral, Group 3 (n=5) - the positive control group received the CH as intracanal medication, but no subsequent removal, Group 4 (n=5) - the negative control did not receive CH placement. Further on, Group 1 and Group 2 were divided into four sub-groups (n=5). In sub-group A we performed conventional syringe irrigation with side-vented needle sub-group B) manual dynamic agitation, sub-group C sonic agitation using endoactivator, sub-group D passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Roots were split longitudinally into mesial and distal halves. Digital images of the root canal walls were acquired by a Dental Operating Microscope (DOM) and assessed by using a scoring criteria at different thirds (coronal, middle and apical) of the root canal as follows: score 1, score 2, score 3, and score 4. Data were analyzed applying one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests at a 95% confidence interval (P < 0.05).Results: Statistically significant differences were not found between the experimental groups and the negative group in any one third of the root canal (P>0.05). However, a difference did exist between the experimental groups and the positive control group (P<0.05). None of the experimental groups totally removed CH substances from root canal walls.Conclusion: Among all experimental groups, removal of CH was best achieved by sonic agitation using endoactivator followed by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), manual dynamic agitation and conventional syringe irrigation with side-vented needle.
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Mladenov, N., M. W. Williams, S. K. Schmidt und K. Cawley. „Atmospheric deposition as a source of carbon and nutrients to barren, alpine soils of the Colorado Rocky Mountains“. Biogeosciences Discussions 9, Nr. 3 (01.03.2012): 2375–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-2375-2012.
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Abstract. Many alpine areas are experiencing intense deglaciation, biogeochemical changes driven by temperature rise, and changes in atmospheric deposition. There is mounting evidence that the water quality of alpine streams may be related to these changes, including rising atmospheric deposition of carbon (C) and nutrients. Given that barren alpine soils can be severely C limited, we evaluated the magnitude and chemical quality of atmospheric deposition of C and nutrients to an alpine site, the Green Lake 4 catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Using a long term dataset (2002–2010) of weekly atmospheric wet deposition and snowpack chemistry, we found that volume weighted mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were approximately 1.0 mg L−1and weekly concentrations reached peaks as high at 6–10 mg L−1 every summer. Total dissolved nitrogen concentration also peaked in the summer, whereas total dissolved phosphorus and calcium concentrations were highest in the spring. Relationships among DOC concentration, dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluorescence properties, and nitrate and sulfate concentrations suggest that pollutants from nearby urban and agricultural sources and organic aerosols derived from sub-alpine vegetation may influence high summer DOC wet deposition concentrations. Interestingly, high DOC concentrations were also recorded during "dust-in-snow" events in the spring. Detailed chemical and spectroscopic analyses conducted for samples collected in 2010 revealed that the DOM in many late spring and summer samples was less aromatic and polydisperse and of lower molecular weight than that of winter and fall samples and, therefore, likely to be more bioavailable to microbes in barren alpine soils. Bioavailability experiments with different types of atmospheric C sources are needed to better evaluate the substrate quality of atmospheric C inputs. Our C budget estimates for the Green Lake 4 catchment suggest that atmospheric deposition represents an average input of approximately 13 kg C ha−1 yr−1 that could be as high as 24 kg C ha−1 yr−1 in high dust years and approaches that of autotrophic C fixation in barren soils.
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Boga, Mustafa, Sema Yaman, Sibel Canoğlu Doğan und Aykut Burğut. „Niğde Bölgesinde Bulunan Ökse Otunun Yem Değerinin In Vitro Gaz Üretim Yöntemi İle Belirlenmesi“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, Nr. 8 (20.08.2018): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i8.1051-1057.1936.
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In this study nutrient content and In vitro digestibility of Mistletoe were determined in order to find out its potential to be used in the diets of ruminants. Mistletoe was collected by pruning shears during fruiting period from apricot (Purunus genus) and almond (Amygdalus communis L.) trees around the Bor road in Niğde. Four samples were taken for each tree species and later samples were divided in to four sub samples as whole plant, stalks, leaves and fruits to evaluate feed value. For the assessment of the feed value by In vitro gas production technique, rumen liquor and content was taken from a slaughter house nearby the laboratory. Mistletoe was incubated in 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Crude protein, crude fat, ADF and NDF content of different parts of Mistletoe plant (whole plant, stalks, leaves and fruits) collected from apricot tree were in the ranges of 90.25 and 120.82, 80.05 and 100.13, 190.29 and 330.17, 280.85 and 500.86 g kg- 1 DM, respectively while those of Mistletoe plant collected from almond trees were 100.37and 140.67, 80.42 and 100.35, 200.45 and 360.87, 340.29 and 530.10 g kg- 1 DM respectively. In vitro organic matter digestibility (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) values of Mistletoe collected from apricot trees were ranged between 0.60 and 0.74, 9.0 and 11.17 ME kg- 1 DM and 6.08 and 7.71 NEL kg-1 DM, respectively while those of Mistletoe collected from almond trees were ranged between 0.63 and 0.76, 9.40 and 11.26 ME kg- 1 DM and 6.39 and 7.98 NEL kg- 1 DM, respectively. There were statistically differences in the DOM, ME and NEL values of different parts of the Mistletoe. In general, the mistletoe was moderate in protein and in fibre, and high in crude fat content compared with forages and very good in ME and NEL content. In conclusion, unless its harmful effects on health and performance are shown in feeding trials, mistletoe has good potential as a feed ingredient in the diets of ruminants.
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TOMASSI, A., L. A. D. FERNANDES, C. C. PORCHER und ALAIN VAUCHEZ. „Evolução Cinemática das Porções Internas do Cinturão Dom Feliciano, Região de Piratini, RS“. Pesquisas em Geociências 19, Nr. 2 (31.12.1992): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.21305.
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Dois episódios cinemáticos afetando rochas da associação de arco magmático precoce (AAM I) do Cinturão Dom Feliciano foram reconhecidos na área de Piratini: um fluxo tectônico mais antigo de orientação NW-SE seguido por um fluxo de orientação NE-SW. O fluxo tectônico precoce transversal ao alongamento do cinturão é registrado por zonas de cisalhamento sub-horizontais e subverticais. O fluxo tangencial é caracterizado por deformação de alta temperatura no estado sólido afetando gnaisses dioríticos da associação de arco magmático precoce. Estruturas de escala microscópica dessa deformação foram em grande parte obliteradas por migmatização e/ou injeções graníticas sin- a tardi-tectônicas. Os padrões de fluxo, tanto o de deformação no estado sólido quanto o magmático, sugerem movimento do bloco superior para NW. A zona de cisalhamento transcorrente NW-SE é caracterizada por uma movimentação levogira sob condições metamórficas da fácies anfibolito afetando gnaisses granodioríticos da AAM I. A trama resultante foi parcialmente rearranjada por crescimento estático da maioria dos minerais que foram subsequentemente recristalizados durante reativação dessas zonas de cisalhamento sob condições decrescentes de temperatura. A deformação tardia é caracterizada por fluxo paralelo ao orógeno (NE-SW) em (i) uma zona de cisalhamento transcorrente de escala regional associado com um expressivo magmatismo sincinemático, e (ii) ao longo de diversas zonas de cisalhamento discretas e subordinadas, retrabalhando as rochas ígneas pré-existente. Indicadores cinemáticos consistentes, nas zonas de cisalhamento discretas de pequena escala, sugerem sentido de cisalhamento dextrogiro. Essa deformação desenvolvida sob condições metamórficas retrogressivas da fácies anfibolito superior a xisto verde inferior foi provavelmente controlada pelo resfriamento dos granitoides sincinemáticos.
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Costea, Ștefania, und Adam Ledgeway. „Exploring Microvariation in Verb-Movement Parameters within Daco-Romanian and across Daco-Romance“. Languages 9, Nr. 1 (08.01.2024): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9010019.
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This article reviews some of the principal patterns of morphosyntactic variation within Daco-Romanian and across Daco-Romance in support of a distinction between low vs high V-movement grammars variously distributed in accordance with diatopic variation (Daco-Romance: west vs east, Aromanian: north vs south), diachronic and diagenerational variation (Megleno-Romanian) and endogenous vs exogenous factors (Istro-Romanian). This approach, which builds on the insights of the Borer–Chomsky conjecture, assumes that the locus of parametric variation lies in the lexicon and the (PF-)lexicalization of specific formal feature values of individual functional projections, in our case the clausal heads T and v and the broad cartographic areas that they can be taken to represent. In this way, our analysis locates the relevant dimensions of (micro)variation among different Daco-Romance varieties in properties of T and v. In particular, we show that the feature values of these two heads are not set in isolation, inasmuch as parameters form an interrelated network of implicational relationships: the given value of a particular parameter entails the concomitant activation of associated lower-order parametric choices, whose potential surface effects may consequently become entirely predictable, or indeed render other parameters entirely irrelevant. In this way we can derive properties such as verb–adverb order, auxiliary selection, retention vs loss of the preterite, the availability of a dedicated preverbal subject position, the distribution of DOM, and the different stages of Jespersen’s Cycle across Daco-Romance quite transparently, based on the relevant strength of T and v in individual sub-branches and sub-dialects.
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Singh, A., S. E. Baer, U. Riebesell, A. C. Martiny und M. W. Lomas. „C : N : P stoichiometry at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study station in the North Atlantic Ocean“. Biogeosciences Discussions 12, Nr. 12 (19.06.2015): 9275–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-9275-2015.
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Abstract. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability determine the strength of the ocean's carbon (C) uptake, and variation in the N : P ratio in inorganic nutrients is key to phytoplankton growth. A similarity between C : N : P ratios in the plankton biomass and deep-water nutrients was observed by Alfred C. Redfield around 80 years ago and suggested that biological processes in the surface ocean controlled deep ocean chemistry. Recent studies have emphasized the role of inorganic N : P ratios in governing biogeochemical processes, particularly the C : N : P ratio in suspended particulate organic matter (POM), with somewhat less attention given to exported POM and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we extend the discussion on ecosystem C : N : P stoichiometry but also examine temporal variation of stoichiometric relationships. We have analysed elemental stoichiometry in the suspended POM and total (POM + DOM) organic matter (TOM) pools in the upper 100 m, and in the exported POM and sub-euphotic zone (100–500 m) inorganic nutrient pools from the monthly data collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site located in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean. C : N : P ratios in the TOM pool were more than twice that in the POM pool. Observed C : N ratios in suspended POM were approximately equal to the canonical Redfield Ratio (C : N : P = 106 : 16 : 1), while N : P and C : P ratios in the same pool were more than twice the Redfield Ratio. Average N : P ratios in the subsurface inorganic nutrient pool were ~ 26 : 1, squarely between the suspended POM ratio and the Redfield ratio. We have further linked variation in elemental stoichiometry with that of phytoplankton cell abundance observed at the BATS site. Findings from this study suggest that the variation elemental ratios with depth in the euphotic zone was mainly due to different growth rates of cyanobacterial cells. These time-series data have also allowed us to examine the potential role of climate variability on C : N : P stoichiometry. This study strengthens our understanding of elemental stoichiometry in different organic matter pools and should improve biogeochemical models by constraining the range of non-Redfield stoichiometry.
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Aires, Alysson Soares, Ademir Marques Junior, Daniel Capella Zanotta, André Luiz Durante Spigolon, Mauricio Roberto Veronez und Luiz Gonzaga. „Digital Outcrop Model Generation from Hybrid UAV and Panoramic Imaging Systems“. Remote Sensing 14, Nr. 16 (17.08.2022): 3994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14163994.
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The study of outcrops in geosciences is being significantly improved by the enhancement of technologies that aims to build digital outcrop models (DOMs). Usually, the virtual environment is built by a collection of partially overlapped photographs taken from diverse perspectives, frequently using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). However, in situations including very steep features or even sub-vertical patterns, incomplete coverage of objects is expected. This work proposes an integration framework that uses terrestrial spherical panoramic images (SPI), acquired by omnidirectional fusion camera, and a UAV survey to overcome gaps left by traditional mapping in complex natural structures, such as outcrops. The omnidirectional fusion camera produces wider field of view images from different perspectives, which are able to considerably improve the representation of the DOM, mainly where the UAV has geometric view restrictions. We designed controlled experiments to guarantee the equivalent performance of SPI compared with UAV. The adaptive integration is accomplished through an optimized selective strategy based on an octree framework. The quality of the 3D model generated using this approach was assessed by quantitative and qualitative indicators. The results show the potential of generating a more reliable 3D model using SPI allied with UAV image data while reducing field survey time and complexity.