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1
Bateman, RJ, und SR Walker. „Effect of stubble cover on the efficacy of some soil-incorporated herbicides“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, Nr. 4 (1985): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850927.
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Three field experiments were conducted near Kingaroy in south-eastern Queensland to determine the effect of sorghum stubble on the efficacy of the pre-plant, soil-incorporated herbicides pendimethalin, trifluralin and vernolate. Herbicides were applied to three stubble ranges (1 1 to 36% cover) in experiment 1, to stubble levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% cover in experiment 2, and approximately 0, 25 and 50% in experiment 3. In experiment 3 the effectiveness of incorporation with stubble mulch machinery consisting of chisel plough with attached rod weeder was compared with that achieved by conventional incorporation methods of coronet tines with mounted harrows and offset discs followed by tines and harrows. Treatment effects were examined by analysis of variance and by linear correlations between stubble cover and herbicide efficacy. Good to excellent weed control was achieved by all herbicides at stubble levels up to 50% cover with incorporation by stubble mulch machinery. Trifluralin efficacy was aided by stubble cover in one experiment. Incorporation by stubble mulch machinery was at least as effective as conventional methods.
2
Gibson, G., BJ Radford und RGH Nielsen. „Fallow management, soil water, plant-available soil nitrogen and grain sorghum production in south west Queensland“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, Nr. 4 (1992): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920473.
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The effects of tillage frequency (conventional, reduced and zero), primary tillage implement (disc, blade and chisel plough), stubble management (retention and removal), gypsum application, and paraplowing were examined with respect to soil water storage, soil nitrate accumulation, crop establishment, crop growth, grain yield and grain nitrogen content for 4 successive sorghum crops on a sodic, texture-contrast soil in south west Queensland. Retention of sorghum stubble (v. removal) produced an increase in mean yield of sorghum grain of 393 kg/ha, due to increased soil water extraction and increased water use efficiency by the following crop. The highest mean yield occurred after reduced blade tillage with stubble retained. Zero tillage with stubble removed gave the lowest mean grain yield. Zero tillage always had the lowest quantity of soil nitrate-nitrogen at sowing. In one fallow, increased aggressiveness of primary tillage (disc v. blade plough) increased the quantity of nitrate-nitrogen in the top 60 cm of soil at sowing. These effects on available soil nitrogen did not result in corresponding differences in grain nitrogen content. Results indicate that for optimum fallow management on this texture-contrast soil in south west Queensland, sorghum residues should be retained, tillage frequency should be reduced, but not to zero, blade ploughing should be preferred to discing, and gypsum application should not be practised.
3
Virto, Iñigo, Maria José Imaz, Alberto Enrique, Willem Hoogmoed und Paloma Bescansa. „Burning crop residues under no-till in semi-arid land, Northern Spain—effects on soil organic matter, aggregation, and earthworm populations“. Soil Research 45, Nr. 6 (2007): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07021.
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Stubble burning has traditionally been used in semi-arid land for pest and weed control, and to remove the excess of crop residues before seeding in no-tillage systems. We compared differences in soil properties in a long-term (10 years) tillage trial on a carbonated soil in semi-arid north-east Spain under no-tillage with stubble returned and stubble burnt, with the conventional tillage system (mouldboard plough, stubble returned) as a reference. Differences in total soil organic C and C in particulate organic matter, mineralisation potential, soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance, and aggregate size distribution and stability), and earthworm populations were quantified. The effect of stubble burning was absent or insignificant compared with that of tillage in most of the parameters studied. The most significant effect of stubble burning was the change in soil organic matter quality in the topsoil and penetration resistance. No-till plus stubble burning stocked an amount of organic C in the soil similar to no-till without burning, but the particulate organic matter content and mineralisation potential were smaller. Earthworm activity was similar under the 2 no-till systems, although a trend towards bigger earthworms with increasing penetration resistance was observed under the system with burning. Our results indicate that the role of burnt plant residues and earthworms in organic matter accumulation and soil aggregation in Mediterranean carbonated soils under no tillage is of major importance, meriting further attention and research.
4
Marley, JM, und JW Littler. „Winter cereal production on the Darling Downs dash a comparison of reduced tillage practices“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, Nr. 1 (1990): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900083.
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Five experiments, 1 of which was continued over 3 years on the same site, were established on non-sloping Darling Downs cracking clays to compare conventional, reduced and zero tillage systems of fallowing for annual wheat production. Average values for soil water storage efficiency (percentage of fallow rainfall stored) were 14.0% for stubble burnt and conventional cultivation with tined implements (TI); 19.8% for stubble retained and conventional cultivation with tined implements (T2); 25.3% for stubble retained and zero tillage with chemical control of fallow weed growth (T3); 21.1% for stubble retained with no tillage but chemical weed control until early March, followed by cultivations with tined implements until sowing (T4); and 21.1% for stubble retained and fallow cultivations with a sweep plough (T6). Nitrogen mineralisation during fallow periods was measured over 3 seasons at the final site. No major treatment differences occurred. A small mean grain yield advantage of 4.6% to T3 over T1 was established in those seasons when improved fallow water storage was obtained with T3. The lack of yield improvement by reduced tillage treatments (T4, T5 and T6) over T1 is attributed largely to above-average crop period rainfall in those seasons when the treatments had resulted in improved presowing water.
5
Swan, L. J., D. Backhouse und L. W. Burgess. „Surface soil moisture and stubble management practice effects on the progress of infection of wheat by Fusarium pseudograminearum“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, Nr. 5 (2000): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99106.
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The influence of surface soil moisture and stubble management practices on the progress of infection of wheat by Fusarium pseudograminearum, the cause of crown rot, was assessed in a field trial at Moree in northern New South Wales during the growing seasons of 1994, 1995 and 1996 by analysis of infection progress curves. During the dry season of 1994, wheat was sown into dry surface soil. Increases in incidence of infection followed rainfall events that raised the water content of the surface soil above the equivalent of a water potential of –1.5 MPa. The rate of increase in incidence of infection was more uniform in the 1995 and 1996 seasons, which had more regular rainfall. The area under the infection progress curve (AUIPC) was consistently greater when stubble was retained on the surface compared with incorporation with a disc plough, and this difference was significant in 2 out of 3 years. Comparison of AUIPCs indicated greater epidemiological differences between stubble management treatments than did comparisons of incidence of infection at single points during the season.
6
Kraska, Piotr, und Elżbieta Mielniczuk. „The occurrence of fungi on the stem base and roots of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in monoculture depending on tillage systems and catch crops“. Acta Agrobotanica 65, Nr. 1 (2012): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.046.
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The present study was carried out in the period 2006-2008 based on an experiment established in 2005. The study evaluated the effect of conservation and plough tillage as well as of four catch crops on the level of infection by fungal pathogens of the stem base and roots of the spring wheat cultivar ‘Zebra’ grown in monoculture. The species composition of fungi colonizing the stem base and roots of spring wheat was determined. The split-plot design of the experiment set up on rendzina soil included plough tillage and conservation tillage with autumn and spring disking of catch crops. The experiment used four methods for regeneration of the spring wheat monoculture stand using the following: undersown red clover and Westerwolds ryegrass crops as well as lacy phacelia and white mustard stubble crops. Plots without catch crops were the control treatment. Red clover and Westerwolds ryegrass catch crops as well as lacy phacelia and white mustard stubble crops had a significant effect on the decrease in the stem base and root infection index of spring wheat compared to the control without catch crops. The disease indices in the tillage treatments under evaluation did not differ significantly from one another. The stem base and roots of spring wheat were most frequently infected by fungi of the genus <i>Fusarium</i>, with <i>F. culmorum</i> being the dominant pathogen of cereals. Compared to conservation tillage, in plough tillage the pathogenic fungus <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> was not found to occur on the stem base and roots. The Westerwolds ryegrass catch crop promoted the occurrence of <i>F. culmorum</i>, both on the stem base and roots of spring wheat.
7
Bulgakov, Volodymyr, Aivars Aboltins, Hristo Beloev, Volodymyr Nadykto, Volodymyr Kyurchev, Valerii Adamchuk und Viktor Kaminskiy. „Experimental Investigation of Plow-Chopping Unit“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 1 (04.01.2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010030.
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The article presents research results of a machine-tractor unit that performs two technological operations simultaneously: (i) chopping plant residues (sunflower stubble); (ii) covering the chopped stubble with the soil. The first operation is carried out with a front-mounted plant residues chopper, and the second one is carried out with a rear-mounted plough. The chopper’s working devices are rotated by the tractor’s front power take-off (PTO), which has two operating modes: 540 and 1000 rpm. It was determined that to reduce the dynamic load in the drive of the chopper’s plant residues working devices, to chop these residues qualitatively, and then to cover them with the soil, the tractor’s front PTO should be adjusted to a speed of 1000 rpm. With this mode of the chopper’s working device’s rotation, the difference in its vertical vibrations’ dispersion and the tractor front axle’s oscillations is insignificant. The variance of the plowing depth vibrations (1.44 cm2), changing aperiodically in the frequency range of 0–2.5 Hz, is not accidentally less than the variance of irregularities vibrations of the longitudinal field profile (2.75 cm2). The plough draft resistant oscillations of the plow-chopping unit had the least impaction at the plowing depth oscillations. The proof of this is the small value of the cross correlation function; for such oscillating processes as ‘plough draft resistance—plowing depth’, it was equal to 0.22, which is 3.4 times less than for oscillating processes ‘surface’s longitudinal profile—plowing depth’. The number of chopped particles less than 15 cm in length increased by 1.5 times, and the number of particles longer than 30 cm decreased by 3 times. With the complete incorporation of plant residues into the soil, their non-chopped part did not exceed 1%.
8
Kraska, Piotr. „The effect of soil extracts from a monoculture of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under different tillage systems on the germination of its seeds“. Acta Agrobotanica 64, Nr. 1 (2012): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2011.010.
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The present experiment was carried out in the period 2006-2008. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous soil extracts from the soil of a spring wheat monoculture on seed germination energy and capacity, the length of the first leaf and of the longest radicle as well as the number of radicles. Moreover, the content of 0-dihydroxyphenols in the soil was compared in the last year of the study. The soil used to prepare the solutions came from a field experiment established on medium heavy mixed rendzina soil. Spring wheat, cv. Zebra, was grown using plough tillage and two conservation tillage methods in the presence of undersown crops (red clover, Westerwolds ryegrass) and stubble crops (lacy phacelia, white mustard). Germination energy of the seeds watered with the soil extracts from the ploughed plots was significantly higher than this trait in the seeds watered with the extracts from the conservation tillage treatments with spring disking of the catch crops. Germination energy and capacity of spring wheat in the control treatment watered with distilled water were significantly higher compared to the other treatments under evaluation. Spring wheat watered with the aqueous extract prepared from the soil obtained from the plough tillage treatment produced a significantly longer first leaf compared to the treatments in which both conservation tillage methods had been used. The shortest leaf and the lowest number of radicles were produced by the seedlings watered with the soil extract from the treatment with the white clover stubble crop. Radicle length was not significantly differentiated by the soil extracts under consideration. The content of 0-dihydroxyphenols in the rendzina soil determined during the spring period was higher than that determined in the autumn. The content of 0-dihydroxyphenols in the soil was lower in the conservation tillage treatments with autumn incorporation of the catch crops than in the plots in which plough tillage and conservation tillage with spring disking of the catch crops had been used. The type of catch crop used did not have a significant effect on the soil content of these compounds. At the same time, it was found that the treatments in which the catch crops had been sown tended to have higher contents of these compounds compared to the plots without catch crops.
9
PALA, M., J. RYAN, J. DIEKMANN und M. SINGH. „BARLEY AND VETCH YIELDS FROM DRYLAND ROTATIONS WITH VARYING TILLAGE AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS“. Experimental Agriculture 44, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2008): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006960.
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SUMMARYWith increasing land-use pressure in semi-arid, dryland Middle Eastern agriculture, fallow-based cereal production has given way to cropping intensification, including legume-based rotations along with conservation tillage and on-farm straw disposal. Such agronomic developments can only be biologically and economically assessed in multi-year trials. Thus, this 10-year study examined the influence of tillage systems (conventional and shallow or conservation) and variable stubble management, including compost application, on yields of barley and vetch grown in rotation. Barley yielded higher with compost applied every two or four years than with burning or soil-incorporating the straw and stubble. Barley straw and grain yields were generally higher with the mouldboard plough. Similarly with vetch, treatments involving compost application yielded significantly higher than burning or incorporating the straw and stubble. Despite yearly differences between crop yields, the pattern of treatment differences was consistent. Thus, the cereal–vetch rotation system is sustainable, while excess straw could be used as compost with benefit to the crop. Though there was no clear advantage of the shallow conservation-type tillage, the energy costs are less, thus indicating its possible advantage over conventional deep tillage in such rotational cropping systems
10
Burgess, LW, D. Backhouse, BA Summerell, AB Pattison, TA Klein, RJ Esdaile und G. Ticehurst. „Long-term effects of stubble management on the incidence of infection of wheat by Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, Nr. 4 (1993): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930451.
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The effect of 3 stubble management regimes (burning after harvest, incorporation with a disc plough, retention on the surface) on the incidence of infection of wheat with Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1 was studied for 5 seasons at 2 sites at Moree, New South Wales. One site had high initial incidence (site A) and the other low initial incidence (site B). There were no differences in incidence of infection between retained and incorporated treatments. Stubble burning reduced the increase in incidence of infection in 2 of 5 years at site A and 3 of 4 years at site B. Failure of control in other years was attributed to susceptible weed hosts and poor burns. When stubble was retained on the plots at site B that had been burnt, incidence of infection in the next season increased to a level not significantly different from the retained or incorporated treatments. Incidence of infection at the fourth consecutive wheat crop at both sites was close to the maximum recorded, which was 92% at site A and 65% at site B. There was no evidence of a decline in incidence by the time of the most recent season assessed (eighth year of continuous wheat cultivation at site A, and sixth year at site B). In most years, the differences in yield between treatments were not significant.
11
Kollmorgen, JF, PE Ridge und RFde Boer. „Effects of tillage and straw mulches on take-all of wheat in the Northern Wimmera of Victoria“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, Nr. 3 (1987): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870419.
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In 4 trials in the Northern Wimmera of Victoria, the incidence and severity of take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were generally unaffected by tillage treatments (nil, chemical weed control; subsurface, blade plough and rod weeder; conventional scarifier, cultivator and harrows). At 1 site at 1 sampling time disease incidence was higher after conventional tillage than after subsurface tillage and at another site in 1 year out of 3, disease severity was greater after nil tillage than after conventional tillage. A stubble mulch of 4 t ha-1 of straw and burial at 5 or 10 cm reduced survival of the take-all fungus in wheat crowns.
12
Boykov, Vasiliy Mihaylovich, Sergey Viktorovich Startsev und Aleksey Vladimirovich Ageev. „The results of experimental studies of arable unit MTZ-82+PBS-3M“. Agrarian Scientific Journal, Nr. 5 (28.05.2019): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i5pp73-77.
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It is given the description of the design and specifications developed in Saratov State Agrarian University plow-blade grader of general purpose PBS-3M aggregated with tractors of traction class 1.4. In the result of experimental researches of the arable unit consisting of the MTZ-82 tractor and the plow PBS-3M on a stubble background of the field with soil of low humidity and high hardness operational and technological indicators of the unit on the main dump processing of the soil are defined. Studies were conducted in three ways: plough PBS-3M fitted with three frames, fitted with two frames, with removed front frame; fitted with two frames, removed the rear frame. The graphical dependences of the plow traction resistance and the unit performance on the speed of MTZ-82+PBS-3M are presented.
13
Loke, P. F., E. Kotzé und C. C. Du Preez. „Impact of long-term wheat production management practices on soil acidity, phosphorus and some micronutrients in a semi-arid Plinthosol“. Soil Research 51, Nr. 5 (2013): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12359.
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Farmers continuously remove crop residues for use as building materials, fuel and animal feed or bedding as well as to avoid difficulties during tillage operations. Therefore, demonstrations of the benefits of recycling crop residues are necessary. The aim with this study was to evaluate the influence of different wheat production management practices on acidity and some essential nutrients from a long-term trial on a Plinthosol in semi-arid South Africa. The trial was set up in 1979, and since then two methods of straw management (unburned and burned), three methods of tillage (no-tillage, stubble mulch, and plough), two methods of weed control (chemical and mechanical), and three levels of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (20, 40 and 60 kg ha–1) have been applied. Soil samples were collected in June 2010 at depths of 0–50, 50–100, 100–150, 150–250, 250–350 and 350–450 mm from plots that received 40 kg N ha–1 and were analysed for pH, phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). Results obtained showed that straw burning resulted in higher P and Mn but lower Cu than no-burning. No-tillage, and to some extent stubble mulch, suppressed soil acidification and increased P and Zn compared with ploughing, especially in the surface layers where crop residues accumulate. In contrast, mouldboard ploughing and stubble mulch increased Cu more than no-tillage, possibly due to the strong affinity of organic matter for Cu. Tillage effects on Mn were inconsistent and difficult to explain. Chemical weeding also improved P, probably because of the pesticide application, but resulted in lower pH and Cu values compared with mechanical weeding. Treatment combinations also had an influence on P and, to a lesser extent, on soil pH and Cu, which might be due to the higher organic matter present in no-tilled soils. Irrespective of straw management or weed-control methods, no-tillage resulted in higher P than did ploughing and stubble mulch. Nutrient concentrations and pH values were sufficient for wheat growth under all treatments. However, although the nutrients were highest under straw burning, no-tillage and, to some extent, stubble mulch, wheat yield was higher with unburned straw and mouldboard ploughing. Therefore, an integrated approach from various disciplines is recommended to identify and rectify yield-limiting factors under conservation tillage systems.
14
Cantero-Martinez, C., G. J. O'Leary und D. J. Connor. „Soil water and nitrogen interaction in wheat in a dry season under a fallow - wheat cropping system“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, Nr. 1 (1999): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97097.
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Summary. Measurements of water use, growth and yield of wheat were made in a dry year following 3 methods of long fallow: chemical (CH) (no tillage), blade plough (CB) (subsurface tillage), and a fully tilled fallow (CT) following burning of stubble residues (the popular method). Crops in each fallow method were fertilised with and without nitrogen. All fallow systems produced relatively high yields in the range 2.7–3.8 t/ha, despite less than average rainfall over the 18-month fallow period (539 mm) and a significant dry period extending from before anthesis until maturity. CH fallow, however, accumulated 83 mm more water than CT fallow by sowing time and produced 0.74 t/ha additional yield. This can be attributed to increased water use through greater leaf area index duration during grain filling. The application of nitrogen fertiliser had no effect on the yield of the stubble-retained crops (CH and CB). However following nitrogen application, 1 t/ha less yield was produced under CT fallow than under CH fallow. There were marginal advantages in growth and biomass partitioning from applied nitrogen with increased leaf area index during the early stages of growth. At sowing there was a significant accumulation of mineral nitrogen below 120 cm as a result of a 6-year history of fertiliser application under the chemical fallow. This, however, disappeared by anthesis with a greater nitrogen use. In dry years, that are not catastrophic, fallow with stubble retention and zero tillage (CH) offers some insurance against low yield. This was achieved through improved water availability (320 v. 240 mm in CT) which also may reduce the risk of yield loss through haying off by overdosing with nitrogenous fertilisers when levels of soil mineral nitrogen at sowing are high (200 kg nitrogen/ha).
15
Харак, Р. М., В. І. Левчук und С. П. Лихвенко. „Експериментальне дослідження керованості та тягових показників трактора класу 14 КН на оранці“. Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, Nr. 3 (25.09.2015): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2015.03.23.
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Представлені результати експериментальногодослідження керованості, тягових та економічнихпоказників орного аґреґату в складі трактора МТЗ-50 із плугом ПН 3-35Б на стерні з диференціальнимта заблокованим міжколісним приводом задньогомоста. Спираючись на дані аналізу результатів до-слідження, встановлено погіршення керованостітрактора у випадку блокованого приводу порівняно іздиференціальним. Разом з тим зафіксоване значнезменшення буксування і зростання тягового ККДаґреґату (близько 10 %) у випадку заблокованого при-воду. Проведені також дослідження трактора затяговою характеристикою під час руху у борозніглибиною 30 см (праві колеса) і по стерні (ліві колеса)на III, IV і V передачах, результати яких дають змогузробити висновки про суттєве покращання тяговихпоказників трактора в разі блокованого міжколісно-го приводу.
The results of experimental research of dirigibility, hauling and economic indexes of arable aggregate in composition the tractor of MTZ-50 with the plough of PN 3-35B on stubble with the differential and blocked interwheeled drive of back bridge are presented. As a result of analysis of research results worsening of dirigibility of tractor is set at the blocked drive comparatively with a differential. At the same time, the considerable diminishing of skidding and increase of aggregate hauling efficiency (about 10 %) at the blocked drive were noticed. Researches of tractor are conducted also by hauling recommendation at motion in a furrow depth 30 cm (right wheels) and on stubble (left wheels) on III, IV and the V transmissions. The results allow to draw a conclusion about the substantial improvement of hauling indexes of tractor with the blocked interwheeled drive.
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Mrabet, R. „WHEAT YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY UNDER CONTRASTING RESIDUE AND TILLAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN A SEMIARID AREA OF MOROCCO“. Experimental Agriculture 38, Nr. 2 (28.03.2002): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702000285.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum) production using no-tillage is becoming an increasingly accepted management technology. Major obstacles to its adoption in Morocco, however, are exportation of wheat straw from the field and stubble grazing. Among pertinent solutions is the control of these practices. A four-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of residue level under no-tillage on wheat grain and total dry-matter yields, water use and water-use efficiency, and to compare this with conventional tillage systems. The aim was to evaluate whether all the straw produced is needed for no-till cropping or whether partial removal of straw from the field is possible without any adverse effect on production. No-tillage and deep tillage with disk plough performed equally well and subsurface tillage with an off-set disk produced the lowest yields. Both bare and full no-tillage covers depressed wheat production. Uo to 30% of straw produced under no-tillage can be removed without jeopardizing wheat crop performance.
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PALA, M., H. C. HARRIS, J. RYAN, R. MAKBOUL und S. DOZOM. „TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND STUBBLE MANAGEMENT IN A MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CROP YIELD AND SOIL MOISTURE“. Experimental Agriculture 36, Nr. 2 (April 2000): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700002052.
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The effect of tillage and crop rotations can only be seen over many crop years. Crop yield and soil results are evaluated from two long-term trials, established in 1978–79 and 1985–86 to investigate various forms of tillage and the timing of such operations in various wheat (Triticum aestivum)-based rotations on a Calcixerollic Xerochrept in northern Syria. In a tillage systems trial involving two wheat–legume–watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rotations, deep tillage showed no advantage over a shallow sweep-tillage system, either for soil moisture storage or yield increase of any crop. The zero-till system suited legume crops but gave lower productivity in wheat due to a build up of grassy weeds, and was not suitable for watermelon. Minimum tillage, with its higher energy-use efficiency and yield levels equal to or even slightly above those of deep-tillage systems, appears promising for the lowland areas of West Asia and North Africa. In a tillage timing trial, wheat in a wheat–lentil (Lens culinaris) rotation yielded best after conventional deep disc-plough tillage, but lentil yields were higher in a zero-till system.
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Ерзамаев, Максим, Maksim Erzamaev, Дмитрий Сазонов, Dmitriy Sazonov, Раиль Мустякимов, Rail' Mustyakimov, Сергей Стрельцов und Sergey Strel'cov. „INFLUENCE OF PLOUGH WORKING BODIES KEY PARAMETERS FOR THE QUALITY OF TIERED PLOWING“. Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 2, Nr. 3 (27.07.2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17450.
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The purpose of the research is improvement of soil level processing quality by justification of key parameters of working bodies of the combined plow. The combined plow consisting of a frame and sections of working bodies is developed for realization of technological process of level processing of the soil with loosening of the subarable horizon. The working section supports the movements of the unit which are consistently established in the direction plow cases of the top tier with a ploughshare surface and the lower tier without ploughshare surface, containing a chisel and dump surface. For implementation of agrotechnical requirements to level processing of the soil the theoretical research on installation of depth of the course of cases of the top and lower tiers of the combined plow is conducted. The interrelation of bottom crests height of furrow from arrangement of working bodies in section and the angle of shift of the soil is investigated by chisel in the case of the lower tier. The distance between the case of the top tier and the case of the lower tier of the combined plow in the longitudinal plane for ensuring the free movement of the soil and stubble is proved. The carried-out theoretical justification and settlement and graphic determination of constructive parameters of working section cases of the combined plow are shown that their rational values are equal: width of capture of cases of the top and lower tier – 0.45 m; chisel width – 0.07 m; an interval of arrangement of working bodies on a plow – 0.45 m; distance between the case of the top tier and the case of the lower tier of the combined level plow – 0.55 m; depth of the course of the case of the top tier – 0.06- 0.18 m; the layer height which is cut out by the case of the lower tier – 0.25-0.35 m; processing depth chisel – 0.06-0.08 m.
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Karpagam, C., T. Selvaraj, P. Mooventhan und V. Venkatasubramanian. „Social and technological dimensions; and constraint analysis in sugarcane cultivation of Theni district of Tamil Nadu, India“. Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, Nr. 2 (14.06.2019): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2102.
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Bridging the yield gap in any crop cultivation should be the prime objective of any research efforts. By following the recommended production-cum-protection technologies, farmers can bridge the yield gap in any crop. As per sugarcane is concerned, the average cane yield in Tamil Nadu is 101 t/ha, which is lower than the potential yield of 203.7 t/ha resulting in yield gap of 50.42%. With this in mind, a study has been initiated to explore the social and technology dimensions and constraints involved in cane cultivation to addressing the issue of yield gap. Six blocks from Theni district under Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd were selected as study area. Information collected from sixty sugarcane farmers with semi structured interview schedule. The study revealed that majority (91.7%) of the respondents had more than 5 years of experience in sugarcane cultivation. Further, it revealed that the technologies, seed rate (83.3%), planting season (75.00%), primary tillage with mould board / disc plough (67%), gap filling, two split application of N and K (58.3%) and Organic fertilizer application (58.3%), stubble shaving, off baring (50.0%) had adoption rate of more than 50 percentage. Major constraints faced by cent per cent of the respondents were; non availability of labour and high labour cost, prolonged drought and water scarcity, low procuring cost per by sugar factory, yield reduction due to continuous cultivation of sugarcane. The novelty and importance of the study is that it mainly analysis all the sugarcane production and protection technologies from seed rate to harvest in three point continuum viz., fully adopted, partially adopted and not adopted.
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Robinson, D. A., und J. Boardman. „Cultivatino practice, sowing season and soil erosion on the South Downs, England: a preliminary study“. Journal of Agricultural Science 110, Nr. 1 (Februar 1988): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079818.
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SummarySeven plots were laid out for the 1985–6 growing season on the Chalk Downs near Lewes, East Sussex, to study the relationship between cultivation practice, soil conditions and erosion rates. Three plots were sown with cereals in autumn and three in spring. The seventh plot was ploughed and kept bare. In both spring and autumn, one plot was conventionally cultivated by ploughing and harrowing, one was direct drilled through burnt stubble and the third was direct drilled through the debris of the previous year's straw and stubble. Erosion was greatest from the conventionally cultivated plots and least from those direct drilled through unburnt stubble. Monitoring of moisture, infiltration, strength and compaction properties of soils suggests that from late autumn onwards soil conditions on the plots were very similar and the major factor determining the different erosion losses from the plots was the percentage vegetal cover (crop, weeds and residues). The results suggest that direct drilling through unburnt stubble may be a way of obtaining high yields with low erosion risk on the Downs, but the long-term consequences of such a practice remain unknown.
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Prymak, І., А. Panchenko, M. Voitovyk, V. Karpenko, S. Levandovska und І. Panchenko. „The evolution of theoretical and practical basis of proceeding from beard tillage to beardless tillage and from surface tillage to no-tillage of Ukrainian soils since the middle of the first part of the 20th century up today“. Agrobìologìâ, Nr. 2(142) (22.12.2018): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-6-17.
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The evolutional way of developing of the theoretical and practical basis of main tillage since the middle of the first part of the 20th century up today is highlighted. Exaggerated ideologization of science, government monopoly of academician V.R. Williams from thirties to fifties years of the 20th century caused big losses in agrarian science, especially in farming and agriculture sciences. The disaster of Williams was caused by absolute priority of soil conditioning and universalization of developed by him grass rotation system of farming. Till fifties in crop farming arable tillage to the depth at least 20–22 cm dominated completely. The first person in the USSR to refuse from a plough was T.S. Maltsev who recommended to hold deep beardless tillage once in 4–5 years, and for the rest of the time to use surface one (up to 8 cm) or surface tillage (10–12 cm) with discs. After T.S. Maltsev works, the issues of differentiation of tilled soil layers under beardless and surface tillage became especially controversial. The final boost for the development of theoretical and practical basis of tillage minimization was soil protecting system suggested by the group of scientists of the former All-Soviet Union Research Institute of grain growing headed by O.І. Baraievyi. It was based on beardless tillage, sowing with stubbly seeding machines, flap and buffer planting, snow capture etc. Early adopters of a full refusal from beard tillage in Ukraine during 80–90ies years were І.Ye. Shcherbak, F.M. Morgun, M.K. Shykula, S.S. Antonets and their students and followers. Nowadays the majority of national scientists consider the differential different depth tillage as the most effective one during crop rotations, which includes alternation of different ways, events and means of soil tillage depending on ecological conditions, crops biological features, structure of crop acreage, fertilization systems and plants protection etc. In scientists opinion, the minimal tillage is available on 3 millions of hectare and no-tillage is available on 5,49 millions of hectare out of 30 millions of tilled soils in Ukraine. In thirties V.R. Williams and M.S. Sokolov criticized surface tillage. Academician M.M. Tulaykov who was openly against doctrines of V.R. Williams recommended surface tillage in dry regions which in his opinion had to protect tilled soil from wind formed processes. He claimed that surface tillage is economically suitable for poor husbandries and that dust storms are the result of a constant daily soil drifting caused by deep tillage. In forties an American farmer E. Folkner widely promoted surface tillage together with soil mulching with plant matters of green crops. The first person to refuse from beard tillage in the first part of the 20th century in the Soviet empire was T.S. Maltsev. He proved decisively the advantages of beardless tillage over beard one in Transurals. T.S. Maltsev suggested the whole range of tools for soil tillage developed by him, the main of which were cultrate pulverizers and a beardless plough. The necessity of tillage with plough was the main stereotype existing in the world tillage theory and practice till the fifties. Scientific inheritance of M.M. Tulaykov became one of the bases for reconsideration of the concept of V.R. Williams existing in Ukraine. He concluded that it was necessary to change beard tillage to surface one to the depth 10-12 cm under which root system of one-year-old plants would be decomposed in tight soil where anoxic conditions must dominate. And to cultivate bottom layers it was necessary to hold deep tillage with beardless ploughs once in 4–5 years. The first person to refuse from a plough in the USSR was T.S. Maltsev. He suggested using surface plowing with disc tillers and deep beardless tillage (40–50 cm) once in 4–5 years instead of tillage in crops rotation of Transural. In 1952 he made a beardless plough for the first time. The most controversial issue among the scientists of Ukraine was differentiation of the tilled layer and its effect on crop productivity under beardless and surface tillage. In sixties and seventies O.I. Baraiev and his colleagues from All Soviet Union Research Institute of grain farming headed by him developed for the first time a soil protective system based exceptionally on different depth beardless tillage in crop rotations, usage of stubbly seeding machines, subsurface cultivators, soil spikers, coulisse fallow, buffer planting etc. In Ukraine during eighties and nineties years a complete refusal from beard tillage in favor of beardless tillage was supported by І.Ye. Shcherbak, F.T. Morgun, M.K. Shykula, S.S. Antonets and other scientists and experts. High weed infestation of fields under such tillage was the main obstacle to its widespread usage. In the 21st century the majority of scientists recommend differential different depth main tillage which suggests different ways, events and means of its implementation in crop rotations depending on biological features of crop, soil and climate conditions, fertilizing systems, plant protection etc, 13 millions hectare of tilled soil is technologically suitable for minimum tillage in Ukraine, and the rest 5,5 million hectare do not even need tillage at all. Key words: tillage, soil, evolution, plough, subsurface cultivator, erosion, minimization, differentiation.
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Gawęda, Dorota, Marian Wesołowski und Cezary A. Kwiatkowski. „Weed infestation of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) depending on the cover crop and weed control method“. Acta Agrobotanica 67, Nr. 1 (2014): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.007.
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<p>The aim of this 3-year field study was to evaluate the effect of some stubble crops and weed control methods on the species composition, number and air-dry weight of weeds in a spring barley crop grown in short-term monoculture. The study was conducted in the period 2009–2011 at the Uhrusk Experimental Farm, on mixed rendzina soil classified as very good rye soil complex. It included stubble crops which were ploughed under in each year (control treatment without cover crop, white mustard, lacy phacelia, a mixture of legumes – narrow-leaf lupin + field pea) and 3 weed control methods used in spring barley crops (mechanical, mechanical and chemical, chemical weed control). <em>Veronica persica </em>was the weed species that occurred in greatest numbers in the spring barley crop sown after stubble crops. All cover crops reduced the numbers of <em>Avena fatua </em>which was the dominant species in the control treatment. Chemical as well as chemical and mechanical weed control significantly reduced the numbers of <em>Avena fatua</em> compared to the treatment where only double harrowing was used for weed control. The stubble crops did not reduce weed infestation of spring barley. Compared to the control treatment, the ploughing-in of white mustard and the mixture of legumes reduced the dry weight of weeds by 49.1 and 22.7%, respectively. Mechanical weed management proved to be less effective in reducing the number and dry weight of weeds compared to the other weed control methods. A significant negative correlation was found between the dry weight of weeds in the spring barley crop and the dry weight of the ploughed-in white mustard cover crop under the conditions of chemical weed control as well as in the case of the mixture of legumes when complete mechanical and chemical weed control was used.</p>
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Gramss, Gerhard, und Klaus-Dieter Voigt. „Turnover of Minerals and Organics in the Postharvest Herbage of Annuals and Perennials: Winter Wheat and Goldenrod“. Agriculture 8, Nr. 11 (25.10.2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8110170.
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Crossing annual cereals, legumes, and oilseeds with wild rhizomatous relatives is used to create perennial lines that fruit over 2–3 seasons. Contrary to annual crops, the year-round vegetation cover should contribute to carbon sequestration, soil formation, and root mineral preservation. Soil erosion, nutrient leaching, and labor expenses may be reduced. While deep-rooted grasses actually inhibit nitrate leaching, advantages in nutrient storage and soil formation are not yet shown. Therefore, the turnover of organics and minerals in the perennial goldenrod was compared with that of winter wheat between blooming and resprouting (28 February) by gravimetry and ICP-MS. From blooming (23 August) to harvest (13 November), goldenrod stalks of 10,070 (given in kg ha−1) lost 23% by dry weight (DW) and released 14.9/9.6/65.7 in NPK and 2193 in water-soluble organics via leaching and root exudation. Apart from a transient rise of 28.8 in N around 13 November, the stubble/rhizome system held CaKMg(N)P stable at a level avoiding metal stress from 23 August to 28 February. Filling seeds in wheat excluded net losses of minerals and organics from anthesis to harvest (23 July). Stubbles (16 cm) and spilt grains of 2890 represented 41.8/2.91/62.5 in NPK and lost 905 in biomass with 25.4/1.8/59.8 in NPK to the soil by 28 February. In wheat-maize rotations, ploughing was avoided until early March. Weeds and seedlings emerged from spilt grains replaced losses in stubble biomass, N, and P but left 40.5 in K unused to the soil. In wheat-wheat rotations, organics and minerals lost by the down-ploughed biomass were replenished by the next-rotation seedlings that left only 18.3 in K to the soil. In summary, off-season goldenrod rhizomes did not store excess minerals. The rate of mineral preservation corresponded with the quantity of the biomass irrespective of its perennial habit. Released water-soluble organics should foster microbial carbon formation and CO2 efflux while soil improving gains in humate C should depend on the lignin content of the decaying annual or perennial biomass. Clues for NPK savings by perennials were not found.
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Majchrzak, Barbara, Tomasz P. Kurowski und Adam Okorski. „Health of leaves and ears of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated after different forecrops“. Acta Agrobotanica 57, Nr. 1-2 (2013): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2004.012.
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The research was conduced in the years 2000-2002. The aim of the research was to determinate the health of leaves and ears of spring wheat cultivated after spring cruciferae plants such as: spring oilseed rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> ssp. <i>oleiferus</i> Metz.), chiiiese mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i> L.), white mustard (<i>Sinapis alba</i> L.), ole iferous radish (<i>Raphanus sativus</i> var. <i>oleiferus</i> L.), false flax (<i>Camelina sativa</i> L.), crambe (<i>Crambe abbysinica</i> Hoechst.), as well as after oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.) as con trol. Spring wheat cv. Torka was sown after: pIoughed stubble cultivated on this field, ploughed stubble and straw, ploughed stubble with straw and 30 kg nitrogen per hectare. During all the years of studies on leaves and ears of spring wheat septo ria of leaf blotch and glume blotch (<i>Mycosphaerella graminicola, Phaeosphaeria nodorum</i>) were found. Brown rust (<i>Puccinia recondita</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i>) was seen on leaves of wheat only during years 2001-2002. Besides on ears fusarium ear blight (Fusarimn sp.) was present in 2002 and sooty mould (<i>Cladosporium sp., Alternaria</i> sp.) in 2001. According to health of overground parts of plants the good forecrops to spring wheat were oat, chinese mustard, oleiferous radish. The biggest impact on presence of diseases of leaves and ears had the weather during years of studies. The use of after harvest rests didn't have significant influence on health of leaves and ears of spring wheat.
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Gawęda, Dorota. „Yield and yield structure of spring barley (Hodeum vulgare L.) grown in monoculture after different stubble crops“. Acta Agrobotanica 64, Nr. 1 (2012): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2011.011.
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A field experiment was conducted in the period 2006- 2008 in the Uhrusk Experimental Farm belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The experimental factor was the type of stubble crop ploughed in each year after harvest of spring barley: white mustard, lacy phacelia, winter rape, and a mixture of narrow-leaf lupin with field pea. In the experiment, successive spring barley crops were grown one after the other (in continuous monoculture). The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of stubble crops used on the size and structure of barley yield. The three-year study showed an increasing trend in grain yield of spring barley grown after the mixture of legumes, lacy phacelia, and white mustard compared to its size in the treatment with no cover crop. Straw yield was significantly higher when barley was grown after the mixture of narrowleaf lupin with field pea than in the other treatments of the experiment. The type of ploughed-in stubble crop did not modify significantly plant height, ear length, and grain weight per ear. Growing the mixture of leguminous plants as a cover crop resulted in a significant increase in the density of ears per unit area in barley by an average of 14.7% relative to the treatment with winter rape. The experiment also showed the beneficial effect of the winter rape cover crop on 1000-grain weight of spring barley compared to that obtained in the treatments with white mustard and the mixture of legumes. All the cover crops caused an increase in the number of grains per ear of barley relative to that found in the control treatment. However, this increase was statistically proven only for the barley crops grown after lacy phacelia and the mixture of legumes.
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Nemček, Vladimír. „Abundance of raptors and habitat preferences of the common buzzard Buteo buteo and the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus during the non-breeding season in an agricultural landscape (Western Slovakia)“. Slovak Raptor Journal 7, Nr. 1 (01.01.2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2013-0007.
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Abstract Habitat use and preferences by raptors were studied during three non-breeding seasons (2011-201 3) in an agricultural landscape in western Slovakia. The non-breeding season on agricultural land showed high variation and changes in the cover of habitats related to human activities. The most abundant raptor species were the common buzzard Buteo buteo (L.) (1 52 individuals) and the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus (L.) (78 individuals). The common buzzard preferred alfalfa and avoided ploughed fields. The common kestrel showed a high habitat preference for alfalfa, corn fields, stubbles and fallow. It also avoided ploughed fields and wheat.
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Chambers, LK, GR Singleton und MV Wensveen. „Spatial heterogeneity in wild populations of house mice (Mus domesticus) on the Darling Downs, South eastern Queensland“. Wildlife Research 23, Nr. 1 (1996): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960023.
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This study examined habitat use by house mice (Mus domesticus) in an agricultural landscape during a phase of population increase. The primary aim was to determine whether spatial heterogeneity is an important consideration when examining population processes of mice. Mice within a 4-km2 trapping zone were trapped on approximately 36 transects at each of six farms on the Darling Downs, Queensland, in May and June 1992. There were 2100 trap-nights at each farm. Most mice were caught in undisturbed grass verges along fencelines. Undisturbed verges also harboured mice of above-average body condition and had the highest proportion of adult females breeding. High numbers of mice were caught also in roadside verges, long sorghum stubble and ripe summer crops. Few mice were caught in fallow paddocks, short sorghum stubble and ploughed sorghum stubble. Habitat use did not vary with sex or age-class. The distribution of mice amongst habitats varied at each farm. Thus, over the two months there were farm-level differences in how mice used the landscape in this agricultural system. These variations in habitat use by mice were significant at both a fine scale of habitat classification (seven habitat types) and a broader scale (four habitat types) more generally applicable to grain-growing regions in Australia. This study demonstrates that spatial heterogeneity needs to be considered when designing trapping protocols or control strategies for mice.
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Knott, C. M. „The effect of cover crops on the establishment and yield of vining peas and on nitrate leaching“. Journal of Agricultural Science 126, Nr. 4 (Juni 1996): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075560.
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SUMMARYExperiments were designed to assess the effects of cover crops, compared with bare stubble, on the establishment and yield of a following crop of vining peas sown in March. The cover crops of winter wheat (to simulate self-sown wheat) or winter rye, and bare stubble, were ploughed in on different dates: 1 December, 1 February or 1 March. Cover crops were destroyed with or without the use of herbicide. The three experiments in 1990/91, 1991/92 and 1992/93 were sited on a free-draining, sandy loam soil at Thornhaugh, Cambridgeshire.The cover crops, sown as soon as possible in September following a winter wheat crop, had low dry matter (DM) production and nitrogen uptake in the dry autumns of 1990 and 1991, but in the third experiment (1992/93), autumn rainfall was higher than the long-term average and DM production and N uptake were greater. Cover crops reduced the overwinter soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) content in all 3 years compared with bare stubble. However, in spring, SMN increased where cover crops had been incorporated, due to the mineralization of the cover crop residues. Rye captured more nitrogen than wheat.Vining pea vigour and maturity at quick-freezing harvest stage were not affected by cover crop, destruction date or method in any of the three seasons.On the light soil, satisfactory seedbeds were achieved after ploughing at all three timings for experiments in 1990/91 and 1992/93 and vining pea yields were not reduced by cover crops or by destruction date or method. However, delayed ploughing in February and March in the 1991/92 experiment resulted in lower vining pea yields compared with ploughing in December. This was due to poor seedbeds after late ploughing rather than cover crop, stubble treatment or method of destruction.
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Gawęda, Dorota, und Cezary A. Kwiatkowski. „Weed infestation of spring common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in monoculture depending on the cover crop and weed control method“. Acta Agrobotanica 65, Nr. 3 (2012): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.015.
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The aim of this 3-year field study was to evaluate the effect of some stubble crops and in-crop weed control methods on the species composition, number and air-dry weight of weeds in a wheat crop grown in short-term monoculture. The study was conducted in the period 2009-2011 in the Uhrusk Experimental Farm on mixed rendzina soil classified as very good rye soil complex. It included various types of stubble crops ploughed in each year (control treatment without cover crop, white mustard, lacy phacelia, a mixture of legumes – narrow-leaf lupin + field pea) and methods of weed control in spring wheat (mechanical, mechanical and chemical, chemical weed control). On average during the study period, all stubble crops used reduced the air-dry weight of weds in the treatments with mechanical weed management relative to the control treatment. Irrespective of the weed control method, the number of weeds in the wheat crop was significantly lower only after the ploughing in of white mustard. Mechanical weed management proved to be less effective in reducing the number and dry weight of weeds compared to other weed control methods. The white mustard and legume mixture cover crops had a reducing effect on the number of weed species in relation to the treatment without cover crops. The highest floristic diversity of weed communities was found in the spring wheat crop in which only mechanical weeding alone was used.
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Lukashyk, Pavel, Martin Berg und Ulrich Köpke. „Strategies to control Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) under organic farming conditions“. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, Nr. 1 (25.02.2008): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507002013.
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AbstractThree strategies for controllingCirsium arvenseincluding (i) repeated stubble tillage with subsequent forage crop cultivation, (ii) repeated mowing of a ryegrass–clover ley and (iii) forage crop cultivation following a ryegrass–clover ley ploughed in May/June were investigated in field experiments over 3 years at the Experimental Farm for Organic Agriculture ‘Wiesengut’ in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. The development ofC. arvense(shoot density, shoot size and ground cover) was regularly assessed on fixed standardized subplots. In the medium-term (9 months), repeated stubble tillage (i) decreased shoot density and regrowth capacity ofC. arvensemore effectively than a mowed ryegrass–clover ley (ii and iii). However, after 22 months, strategies (i) and (ii) resulted in a similar strong reduction ofC. arvenseshoot density of 95 and 97%, respectively. At this time, the efficacy of strategy (iii) (89%) was not significantly different to that of strategies (i) and (ii). After 26 months, the effect of all strategies was still apparent; however, the efficacy of strategy (iii) was significantly lower than that of strategy (ii). Generally, the different strategies showed only minor differences, thus delivering options for optimal strategies of thistle control under given specific conditions of sites and cropping systems.
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Dormaar, J. F., und B. D. Schaber. „Burning of alfalfa stubble for insect control as it affects soil chemical properties“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72, Nr. 2 (01.05.1992): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss92-016.
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Southern Alberta growers often burn fields of seed alfalfa (Medicago sp.) prior to initiation of growth in the spring as a part of an Integrated Pest Management Programme. An 8-yr study compared the effects of (a) fall-burned every year, (b) spring-burned, prior to growth, every year, (c) spring-burned, prior to growth, every other year, and (d) zero burned, on various chemical properties of the upper 50 mm of soil. Burning led to highly significant increases in carbohydrates, total N, NO3-N, and extractable K over the 8 yr. Increases were also highly significant for NH4-N under the fall-burned every year regime. Spring-burning, prior to growth, every other year, led to the least accumulations of measured parameters. Although pest insects were controlled and pedigreed alfalfa seed production was increased under the various burn treatments examined within the conditions of the experiment, changes in certain soil chemical properties identified the need to monitor subsequent crop behavior once the alfalfa fields have been ploughed. Key words: Fire, prescribed burning, pest management, seed alfalfa
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VINTEN, A. J. A., B. C. BALL, M. F. O'SULLIVAN, J. K. HENSHALL, R. HOWARD, F. WRIGHT und R. RITCHIE. „The effects of cultivation method and timing, previous sward and fertilizer level on subsequent crop yields and nitrate leaching following cultivation of long-term grazed grass and grass-clover swards“. Journal of Agricultural Science 139, Nr. 3 (November 2002): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859602002502.
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A 3-year field experiment was conducted in 1996–98 near Penicuik, Scotland, to investigate the fate of N released after cultivation of previously long-term grass and grass-clover swards. The effects of timing of cultivations (autumn and spring), tillage methods (no tillage, ploughing to 200 mm and ploughing to 300 mm) and fertilizer N for spring (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha) and winter barley (0, 60, 120, 180 kg N/ha) on yield, N uptake and nitrate leaching were measured.In 1996, after spring cultivation, on plots previously in grass, spring barley grain yield and N uptake did not respond to N fertilizer, but on plots previously in grass-clover there was a nearly linear response to N. In 1997, the spring barley responded to N fertilizer at all levels. Yields of 1997 winter barley after grass did not show a response above 60 kg N/ha, but increased with fertilizer N up to at least 120 kg N/ha after grass-clover. In 1998, there were strong effects of N fertilizer and cultivation method on grain yield and N uptake of both spring barley and winter barley. Winter barley grain yield was significantly higher in plots previously in grass than in plots previously in grass-clover in 1998, though not in 1997. Winter barley yields were higher than spring barley at the same fertilizer N level.Throughout the 3 years, the no-tillage plots had consistently lower yields than the ploughed plots, but there was no consistent difference between the ploughed and deep ploughed treatments. There were strong interactive effects between tillage and previous sward in 1997. No-tillage under spring barley generally yielded lower than ploughing due to difficulties in weed control and the frequent anaerobic conditions in the soil.Annual leaching losses were relatively small (6·4–19·6 kg N/ha). In 1996–97, more N was leached from the plots left in stubble following spring barley than from those planted with winter barley after either spring barley or grass in 1996, but in 1997–98 more N was leached from plots in winter barley than from those in over-winter stubble. Nitrate leaching was least under no-tillage, though the effect was not significant.
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UUSITALO, R., E. TURTOLA und R. LEMOLA. „Phosphorus losses from a subdrained clayey soil as affected by cultivation practices“. Agricultural and Food Science 16, Nr. 4 (04.12.2008): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960607784125393.
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Conservation tillage practices are included in the Finnish Agri-Environmental Program as phosphorus (P) loss control measures, but only few experiments have been performed to check their effectiveness in the local conditions. We studied surface and subsurface losses of P from a clayey underdrained field (Jokioinen/ Kotkanoja; Vertic Cambisol/Typic Cryaquept), with 2% mean slope, during two separate experimental periods. Primary tillage treatments of the first experimental period of three years were moldboard ploughing (to 2023 cm depth) vs. no autumn tillage (wintertime stubble). During the second experimental period of five years, the treatments were moldboard ploughing (2023 cm) vs. shallow (to 58 cm) autumn tillage. The stubble treatment of the first experimental period produced higher dissolved reactive P (DRP) losses (104259 g ha1 yr1) than autumn ploughing (7796 g ha1 yr1), and equally high particulate P (PP) losses (mean 660, 2351300 g ha1 yr1). During the second experimental period, shallow autumn tillage produced 28% higher DRP losses (mean 120, 107136 g ha1 yr1) than ploughing (83117 g ha1 yr1) and 11% higher PP losses (mean 1090, 6861336 g ha1 yr1) than ploughing (7831253 g ha1 yr1). Surface runoff made up 28% and 16% of the total flow from the ploughed soil during the first and the second experimental period, respectively, as compared to 50% for the stubble and 44% for the shallow autumn tillage. Routing of flow between surface and subsurface pathways had a major influence on the P losses. In the relatively flat landscapes of the main agricultural areas of southern Finland, the potential for decreasing agricultural P losses by reduced tillage appears limited.;
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VANHALA, P., und L. PIETOLA. „Effect of conservation tillage and peat application on weed infestation on a clay soil“. Agricultural and Food Science 12, Nr. 2 (02.01.2003): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5748.
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Amendment of soil with peat is an attempt to avoid crop yield variation in the transition to conservation tillage, as it improves seedbed conditions and crop growth in drought-sensitive clay soils. Weed infestations were compared in 1999-2000 between the original and peat-amended clay (Typic Cryaquept, very fine, illitic or mixed) under different autumn tillage systems in an oats-barley rotation. In a field experiment, sphagnum peat (H = 4) had been spread (0.02 m 3 m -2 ) on the soil surface in August 1995. Tillage treatments included mouldboard ploughing (to 20 cm) and stubble cultivations of different working depths (8 or 15 cm) and intensity (once or twice). Weed biomass and density were assessed by an area of 1 m 2 per field plot in August 1999-2000 and June 2000. The 1999 season was dry, but soil moisture conditions were more favourable in 2000. Peat application tended to increase the number of volunteer oats and Chenopodium album in 1999, while decreasing Galium spurium biomass. Ploughing significantly increased the abundance of Chenopodium album and Lamium purpureum in barley (Hordeum vulgare) in 1999. Weed infestation was much lower in 2000, and tillage effect on Chenopodium album was minor in oats (Avena sativa). Growth of Lamium purpureum and Fumaria officinalis was stimulated in ploughed soils both years. Intensity and working depth of stubble cultivation had no significant effect on weeds.;
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Martin Polo, J. L., C. J. Valle Gutierrez, A. Blanco de Pablos und M. E. Sánchez Rodríguez. „Forages resources in "dehesa" system: fertilization, tillage and forage sowing. I. Influence to the environment (soil and vegetation)“. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 1, Nr. 1 (01.03.2003): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2003011-6.
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This work studies the ecological impact to the environment (soil, vegetation) produced by the application of differenttreatments, such as phosphoric fertilization, superficial tillage on the pasture, or deep ploughing and sowing fodder, ontwo types of soil, slate and granite over the period 1994-1997. The evolution of the chemical and granulometric compositionof the soil and also the covering and floral composition of the vegetation was monitored. The duration of the residualeffect was also considered, in order to determine the best possible time to carry out these practices. The evolution ofthe pH and the levels of organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, clay, lime and humidity werethe main factors surveyed on the soil. For each type of treatment, the floral abundance and density of the vegetation wasrecorded and catalogued. One of the conclusions obtained was that both the content in organic matter of the soil and thefloral cover decreases with sowing of fodder. The recovery of the soil organic matter usually takes more than four years,whereas the vegetation cover reaches its initial levels after three years. By the end of the experimental period these coverlevels are even higher than the original ones. In three year old oat stubble, pastures that can be related to syntaxonomicunits (Koelerio Corynephoretea y Molinio-Arrhenateretea) were seen. The plots of fertilized pasture showed higher levelsof legumes whereas the plots that had been fertilized and ploughed showed increased values of both legumes and grasses.The oat stubble showed higher levels of Composites after the first year, but their presence decreased with time.
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Pinke, Gyula, Éva Dunai und Bálint Czúcz. „Rise and fall of Stachys annua (L.) L. in the Carpathian Basin: a historical review and prospects for its revival“. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 68, Nr. 7 (30.05.2021): 3039–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01219-z.
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AbstractStachys annua (L.) L., a melliferous archaeophyte plant became a dominant weed of the cereal stubbles of the Carpathian Basin in the medieval three-field system. By the middle of the nineteenth century, this plant provided more than two-thirds of the Hungarian honey production, and its high quality monofloral honey turned into a characteristic brand of the Hungarian apiculture. Recognizing its importance, S. annua also briefly became a minor crop cultivated in “bee gardens” and arable fields in the late nineteenth century, possibly also in response to the first signs of its upcoming decline. Starting with the advent of the steam plough, the twentieth century has brought a drastic decline for S. annua due to a combination of deeper and earlier tillage operations, agrochemicals, and new competing weed species (in particular the common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia). The last remnant stands of this previously dominant weed species are of considerable ecological and historical value as farmland biodiversity hotspots. These sites are important refuge for rare weeds, wild pollinators (including bumblebees), and declining farmland birds, which could be targeted by eco-schemes under the European Union’s (EU’s) greening Common Agricultural Policy. The rediscovery of the cropping potential of S. annua and the development of an appropriate technology would also allow its cultivation as a valuable bee forage, catch crop, green cover, or oilseed plant in the future.
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LUTMAN, P. J. W., S. E. FREEMAN und C. PEKRUN. „The long-term persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in arable fields“. Journal of Agricultural Science 141, Nr. 2 (September 2003): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003575.
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The present paper reports on three sets of experiments exploring the persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The first, where known numbers of seeds were buried in September 1991 in two field experiments, demonstrated substantial initial losses of seeds, such that only 0·2 and 3·8% of seeds were still present after 4 months. In these experiments, which were not disturbed by mechanical cultivation, there was little evidence of further decline over the following 13 months. In the second of the two experiments, seeds were then left undisturbed for a further 136 months. A mean of 1·8% of seeds were still present after this period, providing further confirmation of the lack of decline in seed numbers in these undisturbed conditions. In the second pair of experiments, known numbers of seeds of three rape cultivars were broadcast onto plots and then either ploughed into the soil immediately after the start of the experiments, or were exposed to weekly shallow tine cultivation followed by ploughing after 4 weeks. The former created a larger seedbank than the latter. The experiments were then ploughed, annually (Expt 1) or at less frequent intervals (Expt 2); appreciable numbers of seeds survived for 65 months in both. Calculations based on exponential decline curves indicated that 95% seed loss would take 15–39 months, depending on the site, cultivar and initial post-harvest stubble treatment. The third part of the paper is based on more detailed studies of persistence of seeds of six cultivars in Petri dishes and buried in 25 cm pots. This work confirmed that cultivars differed in their persistence, as Apex was confirmed as highly persistent, whereas Rebel was short-lived. There were inconsistencies in the response of cultivar Synergy between the Petri-dish and pot experiment, which need further study. This experiment also reinforced the conclusion of the initial field experiments that little seed loss occurs in the absence of cultivations. Appreciable numbers of rape seeds will persist up to 4 years, in normal cropping conditions and in the absence of cultivation one experiment has confirmed persistence for over 11 years.
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Rahmini, Rahmini, Dede Munawar, Wasis Senoaji und Yuliantoro Baliadi. „Bio-ecology of Slender Black Rice Bug, Paraeucosmetus pallicornis in South Sulawesi“. KnE Life Sciences 2, Nr. 6 (26.11.2017): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1087.
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A study on the bio-ecology of slender black rice bug, Paraeucosmetus pallicornis, was conducted in the research farm of Lolit Tungro, Lanrang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This pest is considered as new rice pest, attacking rice plant especially during generative stage. This pest inserts its stylet and then sucks the sap of the developing rice grain. Light trap was used to catch this pest. Yellow sticky trap and pitfall trap were used to determine the insect population and to find out when the pest infests the plant. Fifteen yellow sticky traps were set diagonally on rice field, and 10 pitfall traps were placed on the ground. The traps were placed on three plots as replication. On the first week of the study, it was found that the number of captured insects from the light trap during harvesting was 193. On the 2nd to 4th weeks, during fallow stubble, the captured insects were 135 -740. In the early of May, the field started to be ploughed as preparation for the next planting season. As the result, the number of insects captured decreased to 53 – 152 insects. The 2013 planting season was started in June. During this period, the bugs captured were only 1 – 3. This indicates that the bugs have already moved or migrated out of the rice field. The average number of eggs laid were 53.3 (1 pair), 124.8 (2 pairs), 142.5 (3 pairs), 202.3 (4 pairs), and 284 (5 pairs) and the average of hatch rate was 29.9%. The damaged rice grain was 38% grains/panicle (ranged 24.2-57.4%). This level of damage indicates that the P. pallicornis contributes to the reduction of rice yield. Keywords: Paraeucosmetus pallicornis, rice pest
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Dalal, R. C., W. M. Strong, J. E. Cooper und A. J. King. „No-tillage and nitrogen application affects the decomposition of 15N-labelled wheat straw and the levels of mineral nitrogen and organic carbon in a Vertisol“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, Nr. 7 (2007): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06118.
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No-tillage (NT) practice, where straw is retained on the soil surface, is increasingly being used in cereal cropping systems in Australia and elsewhere. Compared to conventional tillage (CT), where straw is mixed with the ploughed soil, NT practice may reduce straw decomposition, increase nitrogen immobilisation and increase organic carbon in the soil. This study examined 15N-labelled wheat straw (stubble) decomposition in four treatments (NT v. CT, with N rates of 0 and 75 kg/ha.year) and assessed the tillage and fertiliser N effects on mineral N and organic C and N levels over a 10-year period in a field experiment. NT practice decreased the rate of straw decomposition while fertiliser N application increased it. However, there was no tillage practice × N interaction. The mean residence time of the straw N in soil was more than twice as long under the NT (1.2 years) as compared to the CT practice (0.5 years). In comparison, differences in mean residence time due to N fertiliser treatment were small. However, tillage had generally very little effect on either the amounts of mineral N at sowing or soil organic C (and N) over the study period. While application of N fertiliser increased mineral N, it had very little effect on organic C over a 10-year period. Relatively rapid decomposition of straw and short mean residence time of straw N in a Vertisol is likely to have very little long-term effect on N immobilisation and organic C level in an annual cereal cropping system in a subtropical, semiarid environment. Thus, changing the tillage practice from CT to NT may not necessitate additional N requirement unless use is made of additional stored water in the soil or mineral N loss due to increased leaching is compensated for in N supply to crops.
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Darby, R. J., und D. P. Yeoman. „Effects of methods of cereal straw disposal, seedbed preparation and sowing method on the establishment, yield and oil content of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus)“. Journal of Agricultural Science 122, Nr. 3 (Juni 1994): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067320.
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SUMMARYIn the first of two series of experiments the effects of barley straw disposal by burning, chopping and spreading or baling and removing on winter oilseed rape were tested after seedbed preparation either by ploughing in the residue or incorporation in the soil by tine cultivation. These treatments were compared in four field experiments on silty clay loam soils at Rothamsted, UK from 1986 to 1989. The winter rape was either sown in late August or mid-September in seedbeds where either none or 50 kg N/ha had been applied.In the first season, August-sown rape was successfully established after tine cultivation but very dry conditions prevented seedbed preparation after ploughing, consequently all ploughed treatments were sown in September. Continuing dry conditions delayed emergence of the September-sown crop, the resultant small rape seedlings suffered substantial winter kill in some treatments during a period of abnormally low temperatures. Yield from the August-sown treatments was large (c. 40 t/ha) and showed no effect of straw disposal treatment or additional seedbed N. The yield of the September-sown crop was influenced by the amount of winter kill sustained; the smallest yields resulted from tine incorporation, and the largest after ploughing, where they approached those of the early sown crop.In the following three seasons more plants emerged from September than from August sowings. The application of seedbed N increased the plant population of the August-sown crop where the straw had been burnt. Plant losses over winter ranged from 15 to 20% and were unaffected by straw disposal treatment. There were significant differences in yield resulting from season and sowing date. Incorporating chopped straw by tine cultivation significantly decreased yield which, coupled with a lower oil content in the September-sown crop, gave a significantly smaller oil yield.In a second series of field experiments from 1987 to 1989, the effects of improving the timeliness of rape establishment after winter wheat by broadcasting rape seed into standing wheat was compared with conventional sowing after preparing a post-harvest seedbed. After cereal harvest, straw was disposed of either by baling and removing or chopping and spreading over the rape seed. The application of 50 kg N/ha to the stubble or seedbed was also tested, as was the effect of increasing the seed rate from 8 to 16 kg/ha in two seasons.There were always fewer plants established from broadcasting than from drilling. Generally there were fewer winter losses from broadcast seed than from drilled. Applying N to seedbed or stubble had no effect on plant population or survival except where 16 kg/ha seed was sown in 1989 and increased yield in two of the three seasons.In spite of a smaller plant population from broadcast seed, yields were often larger from broadcast than drilled treatments. On average broadcasting the seed and baling the straw gave the largest yield although this was significant only in 1989.
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Roper, MM, GW Marschke und NA Smith. „Nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) in soils following wheat straw retention: effects of straw management“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, Nr. 2 (1989): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890241.
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The effects of stubble management practices on straw decomposition (C02 production) and nitrogenase activity C2H2 reduction) were examined in situ on a black earth (pH 7.4, clay content 51%)) near Gunnedah in the wheat-belt of New South Walcs. Straw treatments were: (1) mulching (bladeploughed) or surface cultivation (scarification), (2) burning and cultivation, (3) no-tillage, and (4) incorporation (disc-ploughed). In 1979, the straw was mulched on the surface in treatment 1. When moisture was applied, preliminary measurements (1 980) showed that nitrogenase activity was highest in the incorporated treatment with less in the surface mulched and no-tillage treatments respectively. There was only a small amount of activity in the burnt treatment due to some straw remaining. In a longer-term study in 1985 and 1986 straw in treatment 1 was lightly mixed near the soil surface by scarification. Following moisture application, nitrogenase activity was significantly higher in the scarified treatment than in the incorporated treatment, indicating that depth of mixing of straw with soil was important. Nitrogenase activity in the no-tillage treatment was similar to that in the incorporated treatment, and there was substantially less activity in the burnt treatment. Production of CO2 was similar in the straw-retained treatments, but significantly lower in the burnt treatment. In a series of short-term assays throughout 1985, microbial activity from January to May 1985 decreased with falling soil temperature. With the increase in temperature from July to November 1985, there was no corresponding increase in activity. Despite changes in microbial activity throughout the year, there was little change in the numbers of N2-fixing bacteria in the 14-month period from February 1985 to March 1986, indicating stability in the potential for N2 fixation. Although surface-cultivation (scarification) of straw is apparently the most favourable for free-living N2 fixation, other factors such as erosion and disease control need to be considered in deciding which straw management practice is to be adopted.
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Schroder, J. J., L. Ten Holte und B. H. Janssen. „Non-overwintering cover crops: a significant source of N“. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 45, Nr. 2 (01.07.1997): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i2.515.
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In field experiments in 1982-89 at 2 sites in the Netherlands, potatoes cv. Bintje and sugarbeet cv. Monohil or Ovatio in a wheat/potatoes/wheat/sugarbeet rotation were preceded during winter by fallow or a green manure crop of Lolium multiflorum cv. Tetila with 0 (G0), 100 (G100) or 200 kg N/ha (G200) or Trifolium pratense cv. Rotra with no N (RC). Green manure crops were undersown to winter wheat cv. Durin and ploughed in in the first half of November. On average, G0, G100, G200 and RC had then accumulated 22, 93, 125 and 57 kg N/ha, respectively, in the above-ground plant parts. G0 crops tended to immobilize soil mineral N in spring and generally had non-significant effects on the yields of potatoes and sugarbeet, whereas G100, G200 and RC increased the N yields and marketable yields significantly. Effects were mainly attributable to the release of N by the green manures. The fertilizer value of the green manures was evaluated by their effect on economic optimum N rates, the marketable yield and the N yield when no mineral fertilizer N was supplied. The last two methods appeared to be most appropriate for the present experiments. Fertilizer values ranged from -21 to 108 kg N/ha, depending on the type of green manure crop and the calculation method. About half of the N accumulated in above-ground parts of the green manure crop was available to potatoes and sugarbeet from G100 when evaluated by its effect on N yields. From G200 this was even greater, although this may partly have resulted from the transfer of fertilizer N that had not been taken up by the green manure crop. Due to a high content of N in roots and stubble, RC provided, on average, almost double the amount of N accumulated in the above-ground plant parts. Green manure crops also had a minor positive effect on grain yields of winter wheat following potatoes and sugarbeet. At least 35% of the above-ground N in L. multiflorum green manure crops was not utilized within the first 18 months after their incorporation.
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Roper, M. M., S. L. Davies, P. S. Blackwell, D. J. M. Hall, D. M. Bakker, R. Jongepier und P. R. Ward. „Management options for water-repellent soils in Australian dryland agriculture“. Soil Research 53, Nr. 7 (2015): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14330.
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Water-repellent (‘non-wetting’) soils are a major constraint to agricultural production in southern and south-west Australia, affecting >10 Mha of arable sandy soils. The major symptom is dry patches of surface soil, even after substantial rainfall, directly affecting agricultural production through uneven crop and pasture germination, and reduced nutrient availability. In addition, staggered weed germination impedes effective weed control, and delayed crop and pasture germination increases the risk of wind erosion. Water repellency is caused by waxy organic compounds derived from the breakdown of organic matter mostly of plant origin. It is more prevalent in soils with a sandy surface texture; their low particle surface area : volume ratio means that a smaller amount of waxy organic compounds can effectively cover a greater proportion of the particle surface area than in a fine-textured soil. Water repellency commonly occurs in sandy duplex soils (Sodosols and Chromosols) and deep sandy soils (Tenosols) but can also occur in Calcarosols, Kurosols and Podosols that have a sandy surface texture. Severity of water repellency has intensified in some areas with the adoption of no-till farming, which leads to the accumulation of soil organic matter (and hence waxy compounds) at the soil surface. Growers have also noticed worsening repellency after ‘dry’ or early sowing when break-of-season rains have been unreliable. Management strategies for water repellency fall into three categories: (i) amelioration, the properties of surface soils are changed; (ii) mitigation, water repellency is managed to allow crop and pasture production; (iii) avoidance, severely affected or poorly producing areas are removed from annual production and sown to perennial forage. Amelioration techniques include claying, deep cultivation with tools such as rotary spaders, or one-off soil inversion with mouldboard ploughs. These techniques can be expensive, but produce substantial, long-lasting benefits. However, they carry significant environmental risks if not adopted correctly. Mitigation strategies include furrow-seeding, application of wetting agents (surfactants), no-till with stubble retention, on-row seeding, and stimulating natural microbial degradation of waxy compounds. These are much cheaper than amelioration strategies, but have smaller and sometimes inconsistent impacts on crop production. For any given farm, economic analysis suggests that small patches of water repellency might best be ameliorated, but large areas should be treated initially with mitigation strategies. Further research is required to determine the long-term impacts of cultivation treatments, seeding systems and chemical and biological amendments on the expression and management of water repellency in an agricultural context.
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Tkachuk, Oleksander, und Vitalii Ovcharuk. „ECOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF GRAIN PEGULUM CROPS IN MODERN INTENSIVE CROP ROTATIONS“. Agriculture and Forestry, Nr. 3 (30.10.2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-3-14.
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The article discusses the ecological significance of leguminous crops grown in modern intensive crop rotation. In particular, the area under crops of common leguminous crops in Ukraine and the level of their productivity have been analyzed. A comparison is made with the acreage of the most widespread grain crops. The emphasis of the article is aimed at establishing the level of nitrogen fixation of leguminous crops, which have the largest sown areas in Ukraine. The volume of accumulation by these leguminous crops of by-products in the form of their straw and stubble is also calculated. A comparison is made according to these indicators with the most widespread grain crops grown in Ukraine. The data on the content of the main nutrients in the by-products of leguminous crops - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are given. On the basis of these indicators, a calculation was made of the accumulation of the main nutrients in the soil, which can come with the by-products of leguminous crops with an average yield of their seeds. We also compared the obtained indicators with the input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into the soil with by-products of the most common grain crops. Based on this, a conclusion was made about the most effective leguminous crops, the cultivation of which in the modern intensive crop rotation contributes most to the stabilization of the agro-ecological state of the soil. According to the State Statistics Service in Ukraine in 2019, the largest sown area among leguminous crops belonged to peas - 347.0 thousand hectares, which is 61.3% in the structure of all leguminous crops. In total, the sown area for leguminous crops in Ukraine is 566.0 thousand hectares, which is about 2% of the total sown area and this is a very low indicator. Considering the average yield in Ukraine, beans can return more by-products to the soil - 3.5 t/ha, soybeans and peas - by 8.6% less, beans - by 37.1%, and least of all - chickpeas and lentils - 1.7 - 1.8 t/ha. The content of the main macronutrients in the by-products of all leguminous crops is similar and is: nitrogen - 10.0-12.0 kg/t, phosphorus - 3.4-3.6 kg/t, potassium - 4.6-5.0 kg/t. It has been proven that an increase in the area of leguminous crops in an intensive crop rotation will have a positive effect on the agro-ecological state of the soil. In particular, growing beans allows you to get the highest mass of by-products that can be ploughed into the soil - 3.5 t/ha. Also, by-products of beans are characterized by a high content of mineral phosphorus - 3.6 kg/t, which ensures the supply of all mineral phosphorus to the soil - 12.6 kg/ha of all leguminous crops, as well as potassium - 16.5 kg/ha. Soybean by-products are characterized by a high nitrogen content - 12.0 kg/t, phosphorus - 3.6 kg/t and potassium - 5.0 kg/t. This allows, after growing soybeans, to accumulate in the soil with by-products more mineral nitrogen - 38.4 kg/ha. Also, soybeans are characterized by a high symbiotic nitrogen-fixing ability among all leguminous crops - 120 kg/ha. By-products of leguminous crops have a high content of nitrogen - 2.3-2.7 times, phosphorus - 1.5-1.6 times compared to by-products of grain crops. Also, when plowing soybean by-products into the soil, there will be 2 times more mineral nitrogen and 1.1-1.3 times more phosphorus than when plowing winter wheat by-products. Key words: egumes, by-products, nitrogen fixation, nutrients, accumulation, soil.