Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Structuralism – congresses“

This study discusses whether a biography can function as a source and a methodology in the research of humanities. Taking biography as a source, researchers of humanities can use a collection of biographical facts as research material or make it as a resource of writing. While taking it as a methodology, they manage to apply biographical methodology as a science in their research. This is not a simple issue because the 1980s biographical thinking cannot adapt themselves with the latest development in the science of humanities after the emergence of post-structuralist approaches. The approach of scientific biography of 1990s cannot adapt itself either, and seems to be awkward, and difficult to be followed up. Therefore, the authority of history as a science in universities in Indonesia needs to hold a congress to seek a contemporary biographical thinking which can keep up with the influence of post-modern approach [beyond modernism] and post-structuralist theories [beyond structuralism] in the researches of humanities. This study attempts to give some preliminary thoughts by revealing the weaknesses of the previous biographical methodology and also attempts to complete it by offering some alternative thoughts through borrowing or absorbing relevant post- structuralist theories.

The objective of the article is to investigate the history of the establishment and activities of the Ioanykiivskyi Almshouse based on materials from the journal «Kyiv Diocesan News». The methodological framework of the study is based on general scientific principles of scientific validity, objectivity, systematicity, structuralism, historicism, and methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and application aimed at comprehensive coverage of facts and phenomena, the use of reliable, verified information, and presenting the material in a clear sequence. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study and systematization of reports from the Ioanykiivskyi Almshouse, which were submitted for consideration at diocesan congresses and published in the journal «Kyiv Diocesan News», helping to form an understanding of the establishment and functioning of the shelter as an important component of the social protection system for lonely, disadvantaged representatives of the clergy and the charitable activities of the Orthodox Church as a whole. Conclusions. Within the social welfare system of the Orthodox Church, particular support was needed for lonely and disadvantaged members of the clergy, especially widows and orphans. Thanks to a donation of 50,000 rubles from Metropolitan Ioanykii, who transferred it to the Kyiv Diocesan Guardianship, the idea of establishing an almshouse named after the benefactor became feasible. The shelter was located in the premises of a former theological school in the town of Bohuslav, Kaniv County. Admission to the shelter was upon request to the diocesan guardianship with mandatory certification by the local charitable council. When vacancies were available, individuals from the clergy were admitted to the almshouse for a fee, which was used for the needs of the shelter. Several dozen individuals, mostly women, were constantly residing in the institution. The funding for the shelter was provided from the interest on the Ioanykiivskyi capital. The rules for staying in the almshouse and the work schedule were regulated by the provisions. Over time, the living conditions in the shelter improved, funds were allocated for repairs, and medical assistance. The question of opening a school for children was constantly raised, as envisaged by the provisions, but due to a lack of funds, this was never realized.

The paper seeks to offer an expert examination and brief overview of the development of Literary Comparison as a separate scientific discipline in the Slovak Republic, to present its current status and to consider the possibilities for its further realization in the future. The beginnings of Literary Comparison understood as a methodological paradigm in Slovakia can be traced back to the early works of Mikuláš Bakoš from the early second half of the twentieth century, whose primary researches are in the domain of historical poetics, formalism and structuralism. Decades later, the well-known Slovak theorist Dionýz Ďurišin reflects, and at the same time creatively shapes the postulates of his papers by building on his already well-known theory of special inter-literary communities, inter-literary centers and of characteristics of the inter-literary process. Drawing on national literature as a concept, Dionýz Ďurišin develops a whole theoretical model of rethinking world literature, and his terminological categories also inspire the academic sculptor Ludwig Korkoš, who “revives” them in an artistic way in the nineties of the 20th century. Today, in the Slovak Republic there is a Center for Research on the Heritage of Dionýz Ďurišin at the Faculty of Pedagogy at Comenius University Bratislava under the leadership of prof. Maria Bátorová; while the subject of Literary Comparatics is taught as a compulsory subject at the Faculty of Arts at the same University in Bratislava under the guidance of prof. Zvonko Taneski, and also an elective at the Universities “Constantine the Philosopher” in Nitra, “Matej Bel” in Banska Bystrica and “Pavol Jozef Šafárik” in Prešov. In 2015, the Czech-Slovak Association for Comparative Literature was formed, which recently became a full member of the International Association for Comparative Literature AILC / ICLA. The Slovak headquarters of the Association are at the Institute of World Literature at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, and the president of the Slovak section of the same Association is prof. Róbert Gáfrik. The Association organizes domestic scientific conferences and congresses and regularly participates in appropriate scientific symposia abroad. In the last decade new representative collections have been published devoted to literary comparison in several academic centers in Slovakia. A good platform for presenting and publishing new posters from comparative literary science has become the prestigious scientific journal World Literature Studies, which is periodically published by the Institute of World Literature in Bratislava, and its status and prospects are growing as the magazine is registered, i.e. indexed in several important world scientific databases.

The paper seeks to offer an expert examination and brief overview of the development of Literary Comparison as a separate scientific discipline in the Slovak Republic, to present its current status and to consider the possibilities for its further realization in the future. The beginnings of Literary Comparison understood as a methodological paradigm in Slovakia can be traced back to the early works of Mikuláš Bakoš from the early second half of the twentieth century, whose primary researches are in the domain of historical poetics, formalism and structuralism. Decades later, the well-known Slovak theorist Dionýz Ďurišin reflects, and at the same time creatively shapes the postulates of his papers by building on his already well-known theory of special inter-literary communities, inter-literary centers and of characteristics of the inter-literary process. Drawing on national literature as a concept, Dionýz Ďurišin develops a whole theoretical model of rethinking world literature, and his terminological categories also inspire the academic sculptor Ludwig Korkoš, who “revives” them in an artistic way in the nineties of the 20th century. Today, in the Slovak Republic there is a Center for Research on the Heritage of Dionýz Ďurišin at the Faculty of Pedagogy at Comenius University Bratislava under the leadership of prof. Maria Bátorová; while the subject of Literary Comparatics is taught as a compulsory subject at the Faculty of Arts at the same University in Bratislava under the guidance of prof. Zvonko Taneski, and also an elective at the Universities “Constantine the Philosopher” in Nitra, “Matej Bel” in Banska Bystrica and “Pavol Jozef Šafárik” in Prešov. In 2015, the Czech-Slovak Association for Comparative Literature was formed, which recently became a full member of the International Association for Comparative Literature AILC / ICLA. The Slovak headquarters of the Association are at the Institute of World Literature at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, and the president of the Slovak section of the same Association is prof. Róbert Gáfrik. The Association organizes domestic scientific conferences and congresses and regularly participates in appropriate scientific symposia abroad. In the last decade new representative collections have been published devoted to literary comparison in several academic centers in Slovakia. A good platform for presenting and publishing new posters from comparative literary science has become the prestigious scientific journal World Literature Studies, which is periodically published by the Institute of World Literature in Bratislava, and its status and prospects are growing as the magazine is registered, i.e. indexed in several important world scientific databases.

SUMMARY The impact Ferdinand de Saussure’sCours de linguistique générale(1916) had on Dutch linguistics in the 1930s and 1940s has not yet become the object of a thorough investigation. It can be pointed out, however, that in the interwar period Dutch reactions to theCourswere of a mixed character. When one finds Saussure’s book referred to by leading Dutch linguists such as Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) and A. W. de Groot (1892–1963), the question should be asked to what extent theCourswas seen as a new and important specimen of linguistic theorizing. Moreover, it can be argued that several Dutch linguists felt themselves to be in a different linguistic tradition. Such is definitely the case with Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945). He took part in the organization of the first international congress of linguists (1928) and the first international phonetic congress (1932). Although critical of theCours, he sympathized with the Prague approach to phonology, of which he was one of the early propagandists in Western Europe. However, he did not become a confirmed structuralist. Practising a holistic approach to language and culture he felt more affinity with the ‘Neolinguists’, and tended to revert to 19th-century thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), as some of his papers clearly show. In an intriguing posthumous essay,Het mysterie der menschelijke taal(‘The mystery of human language’, 1946), Van Ginneken acknowledged that over the years language had become a mystery to him.RÉSUMÉ La réception duCours de linguistique générale(1916) de Ferdinand de Saussure parmi les linguistes néerlandais de l’entre deux-guerres n’a toujours pas fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie. Afin de remédier à cet état de choses, nous présentons dans cet article un premier aperçu des réactions fort diverses de quelques linguistes néerlandais, nous limitant à leurs publications des années trente et quarante du siècle dernier. Afin d’expliquer cet accueil réservé auCours de linguistique généralenous montrons que plusieurs de ces linguistes ont bien plus d’affinités avec la tradition humboldtienne qu’avec le structuralisme saussurien. Ainsi, lisant les oeuvres des chefs de file comme Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) et A. W. de Groot (1892–1963), on peut se demander dans quelle mesure ces linguistes considèrent leCourscomme une oeuvre innovatrice et importante en matière de theorie linguistique. Cela vaut aussi pour Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945), qui faisait partie du comité organisateur du Premier congrès international de linguistes (1928) ainsi que du Premier congrès international de phonétique (1932). Van Ginneken reconnaît l’importance de la phonologie de l’Ecole de Prague, et est certes parmi les premiers à la faire connaître en Europe occidentale, sans jamais pour autant devenir un structuraliste convaincu. Son approche holiste du langage et de la culture s’apparente plutôt à la tradition des ‘néolinguistes’ Dans certaines publications il tend manifestement à reprendre les idées des penseurs du XIXe siècle comme Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). A cet égard, dans “Het mysterie der menschelijke taal” (‘Le Mystère du langage humain’), une étonnante étude posthume, Van Ginneken reconnaît qu’avec le temps le langage était devenu pour lui un mystère.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Einfluß von Ferdinand de SaussuresCours de linguistique générale(1916) auf die niederländische Sprachwissenschaft in den dreißiger und vierziger Jahren wurde bisher noch nicht gründlich erforscht. Es gibt allerdings Anhaltspunkte dafür, daß die niederländischen Reaktionen auf denCoursin der Zeit zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen unterschiedlichen Charakters waren. Wenn führende niederländische Sprachwissenschaftler wie Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) und A. W. de Groot (1892–1963) auf de Saussures’ Buch verweisen, sollte man sich fragen, inwiefern derCoursals neues und wichtiges Beispiel sprachwissenschaftlichen Theoretisierens betrachtet wurde. Dem gegenüber könnte man sogar vorbringen, daß mehrere niederländische Sprachwissenschaftler in einer anderen sprachwissenschaftlichen Tradition standen. Dies ist zweifellos der Fall bei Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945). Er beteiligte sich an der Organisation des ersten internationalen Linguistenkongresses (1928) und des ersten internationalen Phonetikkongresses (1932). Obwohl er demCourskritisch begegnete, sympathisierte er mit der Prager Phonologie, zu deren frühen Verfechtern in Westeuropa er gehörte. Zu einem überzeugten Strukturalisten wurde er allerdings nicht. Aus einem holistischen Ansatz Sprache und Kultur gegenüber fühlte er sich mehr den ‘Neolinguisten’ verwandt und neigte dazu, zu Denkern des 19. Jhs. wie Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) zurückzukehren, wie einige seiner Artikel deutlich machen. In einem faszinierenden postumen Aufsatz, “Het mysterie der menschelijke taal” (‘Das Mysterium der menschlichen Sprache’), gesteht van Ginneken ein, daß Sprache ihm im Laufe der Zeit die Sprache zu einem Mysterium geworden sei.

Summary The impact Ferdinand de Saussure’s Cours de linguistique générale (1916) had on Dutch linguistics in the 1930s and 1940s has not yet become the object of a thorough investigation. It can be pointed out, however, that in the interwar period Dutch reactions to the Cours were of a mixed character. When one finds Saussure’s book referred to by leading Dutch linguists such as Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) and A. W. de Groot (1892–1963), the question should be asked to what extent the Cours was seen as a new and important specimen of linguistic theorizing. Moreover, it can be argued that several Dutch linguists felt themselves to be in a different linguistic tradition. Such is definitely the case with Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945). He took part in the organization of the first international congress of linguists (1928) and the first international phonetic congress (1932). Although critical of the Cours, he sympathized with the Prague approach to phonology, of which he was one of the early propagandists in Western Europe. However, he did not become a confirmed structuralist. Practising a holistic approach to language and culture he felt more affinity with the ‘Neolinguists’, and tended to revert to 19th-century thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), as some of his papers clearly show. In an intriguing posthumous essay, Het mysterie der menschelijke taal (‘The mystery of human language’, 1946), Van Ginneken acknowledged that over the years language had become a mystery to him.

The advent of the printing press proved to be a decisive factor in the cultural development of mankind as a whole. In Eastern Europe, the complex path to the new information technology had its own specific characteristics: revolutionary technology was first used for the needs of East Slavs in 1517–1519 in the Czech kingdom and from there it was transferred to Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1521–1522. The process of developing the printed word is linked to the figure of Francis Skorina (1470–1551), who, after the Congress of Vienna, was given the opportunity to become a book publisher in Prague. The focus of the proposed study is a corpus of Cyrillic printed monuments, which together tell an entertaining story of equal cultural and technological cooperation in the first quarter of the 16th century. In the context of mastering and adapting the latest technology, it is noteworthy that the Cyrillic Prague editions are characterized by exceptionally high polygraphy quality, which exceeds the level of Czech printing of the first half of the 16th century. Therefore, they are nowadays regarded not only as valuable works of East Slavic cultural heritage but also as outstanding monuments of Czech printing (významné bohemikální památky). From the perspective of encompassing philology (celostní filologie), from a modern methodological base and a new phase in the development of Prague functional structuralism, the article raises the question of how many of these printed monuments intended for the East Slavic reader were published in Prague at that time.

Contemporary conservatism places an affinity for, fidelity to, and defense of the U.S. Constitution at the center of its electoral, institutional, and movement politics. Through a survey of popular constitutional discourse in postwar conservatism's premiere magazine,National Reviewbetween 1955 and 1980—presented in the context of the development of (conservative) political thought and the institutional infrastructure for idea generation and propagation—I argue that that defense began to assume an ecumenically populist, antielitist, and antijudicial form only beginning in the mid-1950s, and a shared commitment to “originalism” only in the late 1970s. From the 1950s through the late 1970s, conservative constitutional argument was centered not on the judiciary, but rather on the (often divisive) constitutionalism of Congress and the executive, and on divergent views concerning structuralist versus moralist constitutional understandings. Over time, however, through dialogic engagement taking place over and through unfolding political events, the movement's diverse intellectual strands reframed and reinforced their relationship by focusing less on their differences and more on an ecumenically shared populist critique of judicial power emphasizing a virtuousdemosarrayed against an ideologically driven, antidemocratic, law-wielding elite. During this formative period, besides advocating a particular approach to textual interpretation, constitutional discourse played a critical role in fashioning movement symbols and signifiers, forming hopes and apprehensions, defining threats and reassurances, marking friends and enemies, stimulating feelings of belonging and alienation, fidelity and betrayal, and evoking both rational logics and intense emotions—all of which motivate and inform the heavily constitutionalized politics of American conservatism today.

The imposition of official state ideology (Marxism-Leninism) is characteristic for Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics of the middle and second half of the 20th century. It was the leading methodology for solving the problems of nature and essence of the human language. With its help, it was possible to study internal structure of the linguistic system and use linguistic research methods, which are the subject of general linguistics. Issues that are related to the problems of ideology and specific linguistics (Ukrainization, Russification, Romanization, Magyarization, etc.) are not considered and addressed. The subject of research is the penetration of official state ideology into linguistic questions about the nature and essence of language, its reflection in the methods of linguistic research. In Ukrainian Soviet theoretical linguistics of the 1930–1940s, Marism was officially propagated as a proletarian ideology directed against bourgeois comparative studies. Some Ukrainian linguists, following Ivan Meshchaninov (which then was the official head of Soviet linguistics), used the name Marr as a “shield”. They started with quoting Marr in their own works, but that did not affect much the language material investigation (for example, Academician Mykhailo Kalynovych (1888-1949) and others). After appearance of Stalin’s work “Marxism and Problems of Linguistics” (1950), well-known quotes from this work occured widely in Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics. They were about the class nature of the language, developed the ideas of revolutionary upheavals in it, stated the need for a dialectical combination of language learning with the history of the society. They have been quoted in the linguistic literature of Ukraine until the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). In Romania, they have been quoted until the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1965). Only by this time the development of linguistic structuralism had begun, because the linguistic outlook of the “leader” allowed comprehending lingual facts exclusively within the framework of comparative-historical and descriptive paradigm.

One of Woody Allen's first jobs was as a gag/joke writer indirectly for New York gossip columnists. To coordinate with the appearance of famous people at grand openings, Allen would write appropriately witty lines that a star's press agent would work hard to get placed in a newspaper column like Walter Winchell's. The lines would be treated as authentic quotes as the star entered the premiere, club or ceremony (Lax 71). His reputation grew from this ability to see what would be humorous to say in a very public setting, or just generally what would make a particular star look more engaged, more intelligent or more alluring. The presence, at least according to the gossip columnist, was real; what the famous person said was a fiction. If we turn the crystal around somewhat you can see quite a different engagement with the fictional real life. Jackie Chan, possibly the best-known film star, plays a variety of roles from police detective (the Police Story series to his Hollywood Rush Hour) to some saviour of a particular school of kung fu (think of the Dragon Lord series). One of the features of action/kung fu are the fight scenes, elaborately staged stunts of flying bodies and various forms of body blows that have become the base aesthetic of videogames such as Tekken. They have been reformed as a slightly changed aesthetic and with a great deal more pyrotechnics by director John Woo and his series of gun operas, from A Better Tomorrow to the Hollywood-financed Face/Off. The stunts in these various films are appealing in their fetishistic stop in the narrative. For a moment everything is arrested for the movement of bodies. The outcome, although not assured in each battle, is more or less guaranteed in the ultimate survival/triumph of Jackie Chan as hero. Like watching Western professional wrestling the question is always asked: 'was that real?' The melodramatic quality of the films combined with Chan's use of physical humour makes the audience debate the reality of the action sequences. Jackie Chan turns the question around as he resolutely performs all of his "stunts" in his own movies and he reinforces his real through the final trailer in his films as the credits roll, which shows the failed attempts at doing the various stunts where the blood flows and the ambulance occasionally arrives to take Chan away (Chan). Chan is more real in his fictional constructions because there is no blue screen or stunt double hanging from the bus or falling through glass ceilings. One of Chan's laments as he ages is that to ensure his career's longevity he must eventually adopt the "fake" "blue-screen" action style of the Stallones, Willises and Schwarzeneggers of the world. A third angle to view the crystalline refractions of public life is to observe President Clinton in his various representations during his impeachment trial. There are three moving images presented. First, there is the presidential image -- he continues to make speeches (think of the bizarre State of the Union address at the end of January; he presents policy initiatives and meets with international leaders, and we see these moments on the evening news or in stills for the newspaper front pages). Second, there are the medium close-ups edited with close-ups of the president's face, Hilary Clinton's face and their hands: this is the familial Clinton. Third is the washed-out videotaped evidence that Clinton gave to the Grand Jury investigation about his affair with Monica Lewinsky that the trial managers from the House of Representatives are using in the Senate impeachment trial: here is the juridical Clinton which melds the public and the private (think of Monica Lewinsky's testimony: "I saw him more as a man than a President"). Making sense of public life is then not so much about getting to the real or the non-fiction, although that seems to be the will-to-narrative that drives our desire to watch and listen to gossip about the famous. The fictions produced are deployed realities, produced and proliferated for certain functions (Foucault). Woody Allen's unseen efforts are producing the more complete self, where the public arena becomes an elaborate Lacanian mirror stage for an audience. Max Factor's make-up techniques in Hollywood are a similar technology that transforms the self into an image. Jackie Chan's apparently real stunt work has been redeployed into the exigencies of publicity for a Hollywood film; as Redford's Sundance Festival's construction of independent film becomes part of Hollywood's industrial appropriation machine, Jackie Chan willingly becomes part of the revitalisation of Hollywood through the Hong Kong aesthetic. His "real" invigorates the decaying action genre with its extratextual narrative of personal risk. Woody Allen's and Jackie Chan's fictions have been well integrated into the system of representation; after all, as members of the entertainment industry their world is a fictional space that intersects with reality to connect to an audience. Clinton represents something quite transitional and significant in his versions of the self. There are clear deployments of the self put in place by Kenneth Starr and the Congressional Republicans (sounds like a good name for a pop band) that not only place the fictional purity of the President against the backdrop of deceit and adulterated philandering. But there is also the remarkable play of the fictional deployed selves to the audience. This is not the end of the politician's career as we witnessed with Gary Hart's decline or a myriad of other American congressmen who have fallen into the fictions and moralities of a sex scandal. What we are witnessing is the sophisticated reading of the fictional public life by the cognoscenti who just happen to be the entire American populace. Grossberg once wrote in a lament that the right had monopolised what he called the affective economy in the United States. What he meant was that the right was able to mobilise sentiment and, in that way, shape the political and cultural agenda (Grossberg). The Clinton impeachment trial with its three clear versions of the self demonstrates that the overriding fiction of all the representations and the confusion between the real and the fictional production of the self -- something that has been a given in contemporary (we could call it modern) politics -- no longer works. What an audience now looks for is slippage in the fictional plates that reveal something else. The risk is perpetual that the manufactured fiction will not hold and another fiction will supplant it. Refracted, reflected and rerefracted, the fiction of public life has been revealed by its own mechanisms of concealment. Its crystalline structure is solid zirconium which is really quite fine. References Chan, Jackie, with Jeff Yang. I Am Jackie Chan: My Life in Action. St. Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 1998. Foucault, Michel, in Rabinow and Dreyfus. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983. Grossberg, Lawrence. It's a Sin: Politics, Postmodernism and the Popular. Sydney: Power, 1988. Lax, Eric. Woody Allen: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1991. Marshall, P. David. Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1997. Citation reference for this article MLA style: P. David Marshall. "The Fiction of Public Life." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.1 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9902/life.php>. Chicago style: P. David Marshall, "The Fiction of Public Life," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 1 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9902/life.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: P. David Marshall. (1999) The fiction of public life. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9902/life.php> ([your date of access]).

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Nesta dissertação, o objetivo é avaliar o comportamento dos membros da Câmara dos Deputados frente às propostas desenvolvimentistas durante o governo de Juscelino Kubitschek. Atualmente, muito se discute sobre o papel do Legislativo durante o período de auge do desenvolvimentismo no Brasil. Se as interpretações clássicas apontavam o Executivo como núcleo decisório, reinterpretações têm emergido em direção à hipótese de que o Congresso não esteve excluído desse processo. Dessa forma, as decisões concernentes a políticas desenvolvimentistas não apenas teriam sido expressão do Executivo, mas também das maiorias congressistas. O mecanismo pelo qual isso teria se tornado possível foi o de delegação de poder. De modo a reassegurar a presença de uma maioria desenvolvimentista na Câmara dos Deputados, o trabalho analisará o posicionamento de congressistas quanto a votações de conteúdo desenvolvimentista ao longo da fase de ápice das controvérsias do desenvolvimento brasileiro, com maior ênfase no período do governo de Juscelino Kubitschek. Tais votações serão catalogadas após exposições a respeito de questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimentismo e serão selecionadas pelo seu conteúdo. Os temas considerados mais importantes são: política alfandegária, infraestrutura, integração regional, isenções, subsídios e crédito.
In this work, the objective is to evaluate the behavior of members of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil in the face of developmentalist proposals during the Kubitschek government. Currently, there is much discussion about the role of the Congress during the heyday of developmentalism in Brazil. If the classical interpretations pointed to the Executive as the core decision-making, interpretations have emerged toward the hypothesis that the Congress was not excluded from this process. Thus, decisions concerning developmentalist policies have not only been an expression of the Executive, but also of congressional majorities. The mechanism by which this would become possible was the delegation of power. In order to reassure the presence of a developmentalist majority in the Chamber of Deputies, this paper will analyze the position of Congress in relation to votes of developmentalist content during the heyday of the controversies of Brazilian development, with greater emphasis on the period of Kubitschek. These votes will be cataloged after exposures on issues related to developmentalism and will be selected for their content. The issues considered most important are: customs policy, infrastructure, regional integration, exemptions, subsidies and credit.

I consider two alternative solutions to the problem of computing the values of theoretical quantities, and, thus, of testing theoretical hypotheses, viz., Sneed's structuralist eliminationism and Glymour's bootstrapping. The former attempts to solve the problem by eliminating theoretical quantities by means of the so-called Ramsey-Sneed sentence that represents the global empirical claim of the given theory. The latter proposes to solve the problem by deducing the values of the theoretical quantities from, among others, the very hypothesis to be tested. I argue that in those cases where the theoretical quantities are not strongly Ramsey-eliminable-which seems to be the case for most of the actual physical theories-eliminationism does not succeed in computing the values of theoretical quantities and is compelled to use bootstrapping in this task. On the other hand, we see that a general notion of bootstrapping-which, though implicitly, is present as a subreasoning in structuralism-provides a formally correct procedure for computing theoretical quantities, and thus contributes to the solution to the problem of testing theoretical hypotheses involving these quantities.

This paper focuses on the most recent period in the development of Russian thought (1960s-1990s). Proceeding from the cyclical patterns of Russian intellectual history, I propose to name it 'the third philosophical awakening.' I define the main tendency of this period as 'the struggle of thought against ideocracy.' I then suggest a classification of main trends in Russian thought of this period: (1) Dialectical materialism in its evolution from late Stalinism to neo-communist mysticism; (2) Neorationalism and Structuralism; (3) Neo-Slavophilism, or the Philosophy of National Spirit; (4) Personalism and Liberalism; (5) Religious Philosophy and Mysticism, both Christian Orthodox and Non-Traditional; (6) Culturology or the Philosophy of Culture; (7) Conceptualism or the Philosophy of Postmodernity.

This chapter describes how a surge of protest over the Vietnam War brought back the classic debate over the nature of revolution. Should change be directed at the interior, at perception and culture, or should it be directed at the exterior, at existing institutions? This debate was framed by 1966's most celebrated play, Marat/Sade. England’s leading culturalist, R. D. Laing, founder of Kingsley Hall in Swinging London, planned an event for the following year: the Congress on the Dialectics of Liberation. He invited Bateson, an old mentor, to speak. Bateson’s letter of acceptance included a scientific critique of radicalism. In the States, the experience of San Francisco Digger founder Emmett Grogan, demonstrated culturalist and structuralist strains within an emerging counterculture. In March of 1967, as the Summer of Love approached, Grogan and the Diggers disrupted a Michigan executive meeting of the Students for a Democratic Society. The event demonstrated fragmentation within a movement suddenly too large and amorphous for its purported leadership. Before leaving for London, Bateson reads Philip Wylie's The Magic Animal in light of his recent friendship with Konrad Lorenz.

This article seeks to delve deeper into the role of structural and infrastructural powers in the co-production of identities, through an exercise tacitly delegated to socialization institutions, passive or negotiated by its recipients. In this context, there are authors who have organized their academic careers emphasizing another perspective of approach, commonly known as structuralism or subject agency. Structuralism, as its name indicates, comes from structure and finds in discourse and its action shaping behavior one of its privileged means. The capacity for agency and self-determination of subjects, in turn, is based on an argument that aims to substantiate the relevance of performativity as being, simultaneously, a consequence and source of discourse, maintaining with it a close relationship of dialogically conditioning reciprocity. In this context, we will seek to analyze authors who adopt one or another theoretical position, using as reference not only their bibliography, but also the case study of Brazilian transvestites who, at a certain point, considered emigrating to Portugal with the aim of dedicating themselves to the professional activity they perform in the sex industry, trying to achieve, like other migrants, better living conditions. To this end, we use participant and non-participant observation - through semi-directive interviews - and we also analyze the evolution of gender relations, which have historically been very hierarchical. The fundamental question we raise is whether the expression of gender, the activity developed and the migratory project undertaken by Brazilian transvestites are situated within the scope of social constraints that pressured them to do so, or whether, on the contrary, such phenomena occur having as their fundamental origin their agency capacity within the superstructure, or even if they result from diverse social combinations between both poles of approach.

Introduction: The Google pronunciation tool is widely used by English teachers to improve students' pronunciation, and is also, and mainly, an accessible tool for online teaching, as it is available free of charge to all users of the platform. Objective: This article questions how beneficial or harmful this use can be for teaching speaking skills. Materials and Methods: This tool was analyzed in this article in light of the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ILF), which proposes a decolonial look at the teaching-learning of the language, untying the concept of proficiency from the perfect imitation of the pronunciation of natives of the countries of greater hegemonic power, mainly the United States and England. We explore the evolution of English teaching in Brazil, highlighting a post-structuralist approach to language, which questions the traditional view of language as a structured system ready to be “acquired”. In this sense, a flexible approach is advocated that values ​​the different variants of English, including that spoken by non-natives. In this article, we carried out an investigation into the use of the tool by a student at level B1 (pre-intermediate). Images of the screen were recorded showing the tool's assessment of the student's pronunciation. Results: The Google tool, although useful, is criticized here for restricting itself to prestigious variants and promoting a purist view of pronunciation. The corrections proposed by the tool demonstrate a restricted view of the language, suggesting modifications that would not interfere with the intelligibility of the student's speech. Conclusion: We propose an expansion of pronunciation options and a more flexible approach to assessing speech intelligibility, reflecting linguistic diversity. These considerations are urgent given the importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in contemporary teaching.