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1
Fisher, A. R. J. „Structural universals“. Philosophy Compass 13, Nr. 10 (11.06.2018): e12518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12518.
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Lewis, David. „Against structural universals“. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 64, Nr. 1 (März 1986): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048408612342211.
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Bigelow, John. „Towards structural universals“. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 64, Nr. 1 (März 1986): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048408612342291.
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Anderson, John. „Substance, structural analogy, and universals“. Language Sciences 39 (September 2013): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.02.005.
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Armstrong, D. M. „In defence of structural universals“. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 64, Nr. 1 (März 1986): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048408612342261.
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Bigelow, John, und Robert Pargetter. „A theory of structural universals“. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 67, Nr. 1 (März 1989): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048408912343641.
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Savage, Patrick E., Steven Brown, Emi Sakai und Thomas E. Currie. „Statistical universals reveal the structures and functions of human music“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, Nr. 29 (29.06.2015): 8987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414495112.
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Music has been called “the universal language of mankind.” Although contemporary theories of music evolution often invoke various musical universals, the existence of such universals has been disputed for decades and has never been empirically demonstrated. Here we combine a music-classification scheme with statistical analyses, including phylogenetic comparative methods, to examine a well-sampled global set of 304 music recordings. Our analyses reveal no absolute universals but strong support for many statistical universals that are consistent across all nine geographic regions sampled. These universals include 18 musical features that are common individually as well as a network of 10 features that are commonly associated with one another. They span not only features related to pitch and rhythm that are often cited as putative universals but also rarely cited domains including performance style and social context. These cross-cultural structural regularities of human music may relate to roles in facilitating group coordination and cohesion, as exemplified by the universal tendency to sing, play percussion instruments, and dance to simple, repetitive music in groups. Our findings highlight the need for scientists studying music evolution to expand the range of musical cultures and musical features under consideration. The statistical universals we identified represent important candidates for future investigation.
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Fagan, David S. „Nasal Elision and Universals: Evidence from Romance“. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 35, Nr. 3 (September 1990): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013700.
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The postulation of diachronic universals derives from certain conclusions reached in the investigation of synchronic universals, i.e., that there are natural (universal) phonological subsystems in languages or dialects, and that there are natural (universal) structural relationships between the elements in these subsystems. In essence, a hypothesis about a particular diachronic universal is a claim that a shared natural state in various languages or dialects is the product of the same diachronic process (a sound change, series of linked sound changes, etc.). A counterproposal to this hypothesis would specify that there are multiple diachronic routes which can link two parallel states in the history of two or more innovating languages or dialects. If the latter view is correct, and I believe that it is, then the theory of diachronic universals will require refinement if it is to retain theoretical value.
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Forrest, Peter. „A SPECULATIVE SOLUTION TO THE INSTANTIATION AND STRUCTURE PROBLEMS FOR UNIVERSALS“. American Philosophical Quarterly 55, Nr. 2 (01.04.2018): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45128608.
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Abstract Typical structural universals are not just the mereological sum of their constituents. Hence, there is the Structure Problem of explaining this non-mereological structure. The Instantiation Problem is that the predicate "U is instantiated by x, y, etc., in that order" is ill-suited to be a primitive, unanalyzed predicate. The proposed solution to these problems is based on the observation that if universal U is said to supervene upon universals V, W, etc., then it is the instantiation of U that supervenes on the instantiation of V, W, etc. Assuming there are few subvenient universals, which is admittedly a speculation, their instantiation may be explained in ways that would be uneconomic if there were too many.
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Takoeva, Tamara A. „LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS AS THE FOUNDATION OF COMPARATIVE RESEARCH“. Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, Nr. 4 (29.12.2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-4-171-183.
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The article is devoted to linguistic universals as one of the most important term of typology and the foundation of comparative research.
Purpose. The analysis is aimed at tracing the history of the emergence and formation of the term linguistic universals, as well as analyzing the available definitions and classifications of universals on the basis of the synthesis of the views of famous linguists and the authors’ own observations, and determining the place of verbal constructions with an aspectual meaning in the system of linguistic universals.
The relevance of the research is due to the constant interest of scientists in particular languages as a product of universal thinking, as well as the discovery of new universals and the need for their description and systematization.
The research material is the texts of translations of Ossetian folk tales into Russian, English and Turkish.
Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is theoretical analysis of literary sources, comparison, generalization, systematization оf empirical data.
Results. The article concludes that there is no unambiguous interpretation of linguistic universals and, consequently, there are different approaches to the definition of the term universals depending on the volume of linguistic phenomena covered by this term. Discrepancies in the set of tools for implementing universal aspectual meanings of the compared languages can be explained by the peculiarities of the structural and typological organization of each specific language.
Practical implications. The results of the analysis can be used in routine didactic processes, contributing to the improvement of the methodology of teaching a practical course of languages, a course of theoretical grammar, translation theory.
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Eckman, Fred R. „The Structural Conformity Hypothesis and the Acquisition of Consonant Clusters in the Interlanguage of ESL Learners“. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13, Nr. 1 (März 1991): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100009700.
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The validity of two implicational universals regarding consonant clusters was tested in an analysis of the interlanguage of 11 subjects who were native speakers of Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. The results were strongly supportive of the two universals, suggesting the possibility that primary language universals hold also for nonprimary languages.
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Solovyev, Valery. „Universals for the New Structural Level of Clause Representation“. Journal of Universal Language 3, Nr. 2 (30.09.2002): 75–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22425/jul.2002.3.2.75.
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KALHAT, Javier. „STRUCTURAL UNIVERSALS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIQUENESS OF COMPOSITION“. Grazer Philosophische Studien 76, Nr. 1 (2008): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789401206020_003.
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Mormann, Thomas. „Structural Universals as Structural Parts: Toward a General Theory of Parthood and Composition“. Axiomathes 20, Nr. 2-3 (06.06.2010): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10516-010-9105-0.
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Carroll, Susanne, und Jürgen M. Meisel. „Universals and Second Language Acquisition“. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, Nr. 2 (Juni 1990): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100009086.
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On the basis of a critical analysis of the articles in this issue, we argue for a shift in emphasis in the investigation of universals in second language acquisition (SLA). To construct a psycholinguistically plausible theory of acquisition, research must proceed simultaneously on a number of different fronts: the elaboration of (a) a theory of computation consistent with human biology, (b) a theory of structural universals and variation, (c) a theory of meaning, and (d) a theory of pragmatics which must tie in with both a theory of cognitive development and a theory of sociocultural knowledge. None of the theories popular at present address all of these issues. We suggest that there is much room for consensus, but that achieving it will require keeping an eye firmly focused on the long-term objectives.
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Shuster, Olena, Oleh Hapchenko und Agata Rozhkova. „WORLDVIEW UNIVERSALS IN LITERARY TRANSLATION“. Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2022, Nr. 35 (August 2022): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-35-13.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of rendering linguistic manifestations of worldview universals in English-Ukrainian literary translation. The fantasy genre as the material of the study proves to be the author’s embodiment of worldview universals, which, in their interaction and connection, set a holistic, generalized image of the human world. Worldview universals are categories that accumulate historically stored social experience. The system of worldview universals is the space in which a person of a certain culture evaluates, interprets and experiences the world, integrates all the phenomena of reality that appear in the sphere of his experience. It has been proved that the fantasy work of J. Rowling is represented by the opposition of the “good” and the “evil”, which are constituted by the realities of the magical world. The results of the structural-semantic analysis of the thematic groups of the worldview universals that create the philosophical concept of the fantasy work and the lexical units that actualize them made it possible to set the following groups of realities: onomastic realities, everyday realities, ethnographic and mythological realities, the realities of the state-administrative system and public life. The comparative analysis of the peculiarities of translation of the realities of the magical world suggests that the translator resorts to different translation techniques: actually descriptive translation, as well as various combinations of descriptive translation: transcription and descriptive translation in the translation commentary, transcription and descriptive translation in the text of the work, graphic transfer (preserving the original writing) and descriptive translation in the text of the work, calque translation and descriptive translation in the translation commentary.
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Bhawuk, Dharm P. S. „vAde vAde jAyate tattvabodhaH: Toward epistemic harmony through dialogue“. Theory & Psychology 30, Nr. 3 (Juni 2020): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354320922613.
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Examining the concept of epistemic violence and its two antecedents, three strategies—developing Indigenous constructs and theories, going beyond the search for universals, and eliminating structural causes of violence—are proposed to generate dialogue between researchers for epistemic harmony.
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Evans, Nicholas, und Stephen C. Levinson. „The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2009): 429–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999094x.
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AbstractTalk of linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective. This target article summarizes decades of cross-linguistic work by typologists and descriptive linguists, showing just how few and unprofound the universal characteristics of language are, once we honestly confront the diversity offered to us by the world's 6,000 to 8,000 languages. After surveying the various uses of “universal,” we illustrate the ways languages vary radically in sound, meaning, and syntactic organization, and then we examine in more detail the core grammatical machinery of recursion, constituency, and grammatical relations. Although there are significant recurrent patterns in organization, these are better explained as stable engineering solutions satisfying multiple design constraints, reflecting both cultural-historical factors and the constraints of human cognition.Linguistic diversity then becomes the crucial datum for cognitive science: we are the only species with a communication system that is fundamentally variable at all levels. Recognizing the true extent of structural diversity in human language opens up exciting new research directions for cognitive scientists, offering thousands of different natural experiments given by different languages, with new opportunities for dialogue with biological paradigms concerned with change and diversity, and confronting us with the extraordinary plasticity of the highest human skills.
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Cabrera, Derek, Laura Cabrera und Elena Cabrera. „Perspectives Organize Information in Mind and Nature: Empirical Findings of Point-View Perspective (P) in Cognitive and Material Complexity“. Systems 10, Nr. 3 (19.04.2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10030052.
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The importance of perspective-taking crosses disciplines and is foundational to diverse phenomena such as point-of-view, scale, mindset, theory of mind, opinion, belief, empathy, compassion, analysis, and problem solving, etc. This publication gives predictions for and a formal description of point-view Perspectives (P) or the “P-rule”. This makes the P-rule foundational to systems, systems thinking and the consilience of knowledge. It is one of four universals of the organization of information as a whole. This paper presents nine empirical studies in which subjects were asked to complete a task and/or answer a question. The samples vary for each study (ranging from N = 407 to N = 34,398) and are generalizable to a normal distribution of the US population. As was evident in Cabrera, “These studies support—with high statistical significance—the predictions made by DSRP Theory (Distinctions, Systems Relationships, Perspectives) point-view Perspectives including its: universality as an observable phenomenon in both mind (cognitive complexity) and nature (material complexity) (i.e., parallelism); internal structures and dynamics; mutual dependencies on other universals (i.e., Distinctions, Systems, and Relationships); role in structural predictions; and, efficacy as a metacognitive skill”. These data suggest that point-view Perspectives (P) observably and empirically exist, and that universality, efficacy, and parallelism (between cognitive and material complexity) exist as well. The impact of this paper is that it provides empirical evidence for the phenomena of point-view perspective taking (“P-rule”) as a universal pattern/structure of systems thinking, a field in which scholarly debate is often based on invalidated opinioned frameworks; this sets the stage for theory building in the field.
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Vanderbauwhede, Gudrun, Piet Desmet und Peter Lauwers. „The Shifting of the Demonstrative Determiner in French and Dutch in Parallel Corpora: From Translation Mechanisms to Structural Differences“. Meta 56, Nr. 2 (14.10.2011): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006186ar.
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This paper focuses on translational shifts with respect to the demonstrative determiner in French and Dutch in parallel corpora. The paper aims to identify the types of translation shifts that occur systematically, and to explore the underlying mechanisms and semantic effects of this process. For this purpose, a well-balanced sub-corpus of the Dutch Parallel Corpus is used, making it possible to analyze both directions (French – Dutch and Dutch – French). In this corpus, 50% of the demonstrative determiners are translated by a demonstrative in the target text (in both directions). In 20% of the cases, the demonstrative is translated by a definite article, or vice versa, while 30% are translated by another grammatical element (e.g., indefinite determiner, adverb, personal pronoun) or vice versa. The parallel corpus study reveals that translational shifts with respect to French and Dutch demonstratives can be attributed to three different mechanisms: (1) translator preference related to translation universals at the level of the noun phrase (omissions, additions and reformulations of the noun phrase), (2) specific manifestations of translation universals within the noun phrase (syntagmatic and paradigmatic explicitation and implicitation involving demonstrative shifting) and (3) structural divergences between the French and Dutch demonstrative determiner systems (fixed expressions and semantic differences). This analysis demonstrates the usefulness of a detailed parallel corpus study, which clearly distinguishes between changes occurring at different levels, in accounting for divergent translations of the demonstrative determiner in different languages. To this end, several types of explanation drawn from various fields (such as translation studies and contrastive linguistics), must be considered.
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ZHIRKOVA, EUGENIA E. „STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF FIGURATIVE AND ONOMATOPOEIC VOCABULARY OF THE YAKUT AND JAPANESE LANGUAGES“. Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Nr. 4 (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2020_6_4_51_60.
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The article aims at comparative analysis of the figurative and onomatopoetic vocabulary of the Yakut and Japanese languages, which is richly presented in both languages and reflects their national identity. This study contributes into identifying interlanguage universals and national specifics in this layer of the language vocabulary. The focus is made on determining the features of the structure of the vocabulary of the languages under consideration. For this, the phonetic structure of such words is analyzed, based on the research of L. N. Kharitonov and E. D. Polivanov. The morphological structure of figurative verbs was also investigated, as well as the influence of the structural form on the semantics of the word. A comparative analysis of the structures revealed similarities both in the word-building patterns of the vocabulary units and in their functioning in the sentence. It was found that the main part of the figurative vocabulary in the Yakut language is represented by figurative verbs described in detail by L...
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Ponti, Edoardo Maria, Helen O’Horan, Yevgeni Berzak, Ivan Vulić, Roi Reichart, Thierry Poibeau, Ekaterina Shutova und Anna Korhonen. „Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing“. Computational Linguistics 45, Nr. 3 (September 2019): 559–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00357.
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Linguistic typology aims to capture structural and semantic variation across the world’s languages. A large-scale typology could provide excellent guidance for multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly for languages that suffer from the lack of human labeled resources. We present an extensive literature survey on the use of typological information in the development of NLP techniques. Our survey demonstrates that to date, the use of information in existing typological databases has resulted in consistent but modest improvements in system performance. We show that this is due to both intrinsic limitations of databases (in terms of coverage and feature granularity) and under-utilization of the typological features included in them. We advocate for a new approach that adapts the broad and discrete nature of typological categories to the contextual and continuous nature of machine learning algorithms used in contemporary NLP. In particular, we suggest that such an approach could be facilitated by recent developments in data-driven induction of typological knowledge.
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Petuhov, Sergey. „MUSIC, UNIVERSALS OF GENOMIC DNAs, GENETIC INTELLIGENCE, AND THE CONCEPT OF A STOCHASTIC SYSTEM OF PROTOREGULATION“. Medicine and Art 1, Nr. 2 (10.08.2023): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.60042/2949-2165-2023-1-2-40-57.
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This work is devoted to the structural links between the musical harmony of the Pythagorean fifth scales and the system of hydrogen bonds in genetic molecules DNAs. Hidden regularities in the stochastic organization of hydrogen bond sequences in the genomic DNAs of higher and lower organisms have been discovered. The regularities described are candidates for the role of universal regularities of biological evolution. An idea is advanced on the fundamental role of stochastic regularities in the genetically inherited organization of biological bodies. In the presented study, the author's method of binary stochastics hierarchy for genetic and physiological studies was used.
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Marom, Shimon, und Goded Shahaf. „Development, learning and memory in large random networks of cortical neurons: lessons beyond anatomy“. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 35, Nr. 1 (Februar 2002): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583501003742.
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1. Introduction 631.1 Outline 631.2 Universals versus realizations in the study of learning and memory 642. Large random cortical networks developing ex vivo 652.1 Preparation 652.2 Measuring electrical activity 673. Spontaneous development 693.1 Activity 693.2 Connectivity 704. Consequences of spontaneous activity: pharmacological manipulations 724.1 Structural consequences 724.2 Functional consequences 735. Effects of stimulation 745.1 Response to focal stimulation 745.2 Stimulation-induced changes in connectivity 746. Embedding functionality in real neural networks 776.1 Facing the physiological definition of ‘reward’: two classes of theories 786.2 Closing the loop 797. Concluding remarks 848. Acknowledgments 859. References 85The phenomena of learning and memory are inherent to neural systems that differ from each other markedly. The differences, at the molecular, cellular and anatomical levels, reflect the wealth of possible instantiations of two neural learning and memory universals: (i) an extensive functional connectivity that enables a large repertoire of possible responses to stimuli; and (ii) sensitivity of the functional connectivity to activity, allowing for selection of adaptive responses. These universals can now be fully realized in ex-vivo developing neuronal networks due to advances in multi-electrode recording techniques and desktop computing. Applied to the study of ex-vivo networks of neurons, these approaches provide a unique view into learning and memory in networks, over a wide range of spatio-temporal scales. In this review, we summarize experimental data obtained from large random developing ex-vivo cortical networks. We describe how these networks are prepared, their structure, stages of functional development, and the forms of spontaneous activity they exhibit (Sections 2–4). In Section 5 we describe studies that seek to characterize the rules of activity-dependent changes in neural ensembles and their relation to monosynaptic rules. In Section 6, we demonstrate that it is possible to embed functionality into ex-vivo networks, that is, to teach them to perform desired firing patterns in both time and space. This requires ‘closing a loop’ between the network and the environment. Section 7 emphasizes the potential of ex-vivo developing cortical networks in the study of neural learning and memory universals. This may be achieved by combining closed loop experiments and ensemble-defined rules of activity-dependent change.
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Marillaud, Pierre. „Greimas’ Semiotic Thinking and Its Evolution between “Structural Semantics” (1970) and “Semiotics of Passions” (1991)“. Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 5, Nr. 4 (2019): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2019-5-4-6-37.
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By the time of triumphant structuralism, in 1970-1980, Greimas had achieved an overwhelming reputation thanks to the publication of his “Structural Semantics”. However, this success quickly disappeared due to several factors. The first factor was his constant search for the “universals of thought” by which he closed the semiotic system onto itself. The second factor was his perception of the existence of different languages as a simple epiphenomenon. Finally, his actantial diagram, with a privileged place to the sender-judicator, came to be treated as a single tool introducing a transcendence which itself became asymptotic of the Absolute. As a result, Greimas made some mistakes, even a huge misinterpretation, in his analysis of the short story by Maupassant “The Two Friends”. While acknowledging what semiotics owes to Greimas, in this article, we will try to show some of the ways that prevented Greimassian semiotics from becoming a confidential discipline.
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Cabrera, Derek, Laura Cabrera und Elena Cabrera. „Distinctions Organize Information in Mind and Nature: Empirical Findings of Identity–Other Distinctions (D) in Cognitive and Material Complexity“. Systems 10, Nr. 2 (23.03.2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10020041.
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The transdisciplinary importance of distinctions is well-established as foundational to such diverse phenomena as recognition, identification, individual and social identity, marginalization, externalities, boundaries, concept formation, etc., and synonymous general ideas, such as thingness, concepts, nodes, objects, etc. Cabrera provides a formal description of and predictions for identity–other distinctions (D) or “D-rule” as one of four universals for the organization of information that is foundational to systems and systems thinking, as well as the consilience of knowledge. This paper presents seven empirical studies in which (unless otherwise noted) software was used to create an experiment for subjects to complete a task and/or answer a question. The samples varied for each study (ranging from N = 407 to N = 34,398) and were generalizable to a normal distribution of the US population. These studies support—with high statistical significance—the predictions made by DSRP theory regarding identity–other distinctions including its: universality as an observable phenomenon in both mind (cognitive complexity) and nature (ontological complexity) (i.e., parallelism); internal structures and dynamics; mutual dependencies on other universals (i.e., relationships, systems, and perspectives); role in structural predictions; and efficacy as a metacognitive skill. In conclusion, these data suggest the observable and empirical existence, universality, efficacy, and parallelism (between cognitive and ontological complexity) of identity–other distinctions (D).
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Cabrera, Derek, Laura Cabrera und Elena Cabrera. „Relationships Organize Information in Mind and Nature: Empirical Findings of Action–Reaction Relationships (R) in Cognitive and Material Complexity“. Systems 10, Nr. 3 (26.05.2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10030071.
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Diverse phenomena such as feedback, interconnectedness, causality, network dynamics, and complexity are all born from Relationships. They are fundamentally important, as they are transdisciplinary and synonymous with connections, links, edges, and interconnections. The foundation of systems thinking and systems themselves consists of four universals, one of which is action–reaction Relationships. They are also foundational to the consilience of knowledge. This publication gives a formal description of and predictions of action–reaction Relationships (R) or “R-rule”. There are seven original empirical studies presented in this paper. For these seven studies, experiments for the subjects were created on software (unless otherwise noted). The experiments had the subjects complete a task and/or answer a question. The samples are generalizable to a normal distribution of the US population and they vary for each study (ranging from N = 407 to N = 34,398). With high statistical significance the studies support the predictions made by DSRP Theory regarding action–reaction Relationships including its universality as an observable phenomenon in both nature (ontological complexity) and mind (cognitive complexity); mutual dependencies on other universals (i.e., Distinctions, Systems, and Perspectives); role in structural predictions; internal structures and dynamics; efficacy as a metacognitive skill. In conclusion, these data suggest the observable and empirical existence, parallelism (between cognitive and ontological complexity), universality, and efficacy of action–reaction Relationships (R).
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Cabrera, Derek, Laura Cabrera und Elena Cabrera. „Systems Organize Information in Mind and Nature: Empirical Findings of Part-Whole Systems (S) in Cognitive and Material Complexity“. Systems 10, Nr. 2 (05.04.2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10020044.
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Part-whole Systems (S) structure is foundational to a diverse array of phenomena such as belonging and containment, networks, statistics, reductionism, holism, etc. and is extremely similar if not synonymous with sets, sorts, groups, combinations and combinatorics, clusters, etc. In Cabrera (1998), part-whole Systems (S) or “S-rule” is established as one of four universals for the organization of information and thus is foundational to systems and systems thinking as well as the consilience of knowledge. In this paper, seven empirical studies are presented in which (unless otherwise noted) subjects completed a task. Ranging from n = 407 to n = 34,398, the sample sizes vary for each study but are generalizeable to a normal distribution of the US population. With high statistical significance, the results of these studies support the predictions made by DSRP Theory regarding part-whole Systems (a.k.a., “S-rule”) including: the universality of S-rule as an observable phenomenon in both mind (cognitive complexity) and nature (ontological complexity) (i.e., parallelism); the internal structures and dynamics of S-rule; S-rule’s mutual dependencies on other universals of DSRP (Distinctions, Systems, Relationships, and Perspectives (i.e., Distinctions, Relationships, and Perspectives); the role S-rule plays in making structural predictions; and, S-rule’s efficacy as a metacognitive skill. In conclusion, these data suggest the observable and empirical existence, universality, efficacy, and parallelism (between cognitive and ontological complexity) of part-whole Systems (S).
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Atran, Scott. „Folk biology and the anthropology of science: Cognitive universals and cultural particulars“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, Nr. 4 (August 1998): 547–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98001277.
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This essay in the “anthropology of science” is about how cognition constrains culture in producing science. The example is folk biology, whose cultural recurrence issues from the very same domain-specific cognitive universals that provide the historical backbone of systematic biology. Humans everywhere think about plants and animals in highly structured ways. People have similar folk-biological taxonomies composed of essence-based, species-like groups and the ranking of species into lower- and higher-order groups. Such taxonomies are not as arbitrary in structure and content, nor as variable across cultures, as the assembly of entities into cosmologies, materials, or social groups. These structures are routine products of our “habits of mind,” which may in part be naturally selected to grasp relevant and recurrent “habits of the world.” An experiment illustrates that the same taxonomic rank is preferred for making biological inferences in two diverse populations: Lowland Maya and Midwest Americans. These findings cannot be explained by domain-general models of similarity because such models cannot account for why both cultures prefer species-like groups, although Americans have relatively little actual knowledge or experience at this level. This supports a modular view of folk biology as a core domain of human knowledge and as a special player, or “core meme,” in the selection processes by which cultures evolve. Structural aspects of folk taxonomy provide people in different cultures with the built-in constraints and flexibility that allow them to understand and respond appropriately to different cultural and ecological settings. Another set of reasoning experiments shows that Maya, American folk, and scientists use similarly structured taxonomies in somewhat different ways to extend their understanding of the world in the face of uncertainty. Although folk and scientific taxonomies diverge historically, they continue to interact. The theory of evolution may ultimately dispense with the core concepts of folk biology, including species, taxonomy, and teleology; in practice, however, these may remain indispensable to doing scientific work. Moreover, theory-driven scientific knowledge cannot simply replace folk knowledge in everyday life. Folk-biological knowledge is not driven by implicit or inchoate theories of the sort science aims to make more accurate and perfect.
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Sviridova, Ľubovʼ O. „Intertext in the hermeneutics of myth“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, Nr. 4 (57) (2023): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2023-4-75-79.
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Intertextuality is considered as a dialogical interaction of various sign systems, a significant hermeneutic category, and therefore as a property of thinking, a mechanism of interpretation, correlation of one text with another. The image of the palimpsest is used as a metaphor of the intertext, the multilevel unity of which makes it possible to show the property of consciousness to correlate and synthesize various texts. An attempt is made to differentiate the collective and individual plans of intertext in mythological thinking. The first is associated with the archetypes of the collective unconscious, the universals of the imaginary, and the second is due to the depth of personal perception, outlook and development of imaginative thinking. With a structural-semiotic understanding of culture as a text, the palimpsest turns out to be an image that allows showing the multilevel complexity of cultural memory, creativity and thinking, in other words, the image of an operational invariant, a matrix for many variations of reading. As an example of universal mental operations, the phenomena of miracle and laughter are given. The first is interpreted as a semantic coincidence of a mental fact and an event, the second – as a dual mental interpretation of the event.
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Lü, Mingchang. „Perceptual effects on the interpretation of English stops by Taiwan Mandarin speakers“. Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 49, Nr. 1 (25.05.2023): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.21037.lu.
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Abstract Given relevant experimental evidence and language universals, this paper investigates the adaptation patterns of English stops in Taiwan Mandarin and argues in favor of the substantial existence of the perceptual phase in loanword adaptation, counter to Paradis & Tremblay’s (2009) phonological view on a similar issue. The statistically based results from a corpus of established loanwords support the view that interpretation of foreign stops is largely conditioned by a handful of perceptual factors, i.e., syllable position, aspiration and voicing, sonority, and the masking effect of [s]. These effects serve as part of the perceptual cues and function with the structural constraints at the level of perception, which generates an underlying representation that awaits evaluation at the level of production.
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Popova, Galina S. „Universals and Particulars of Ceremonial Culture: Natural and Human Congruity of the Traditional“. REGIONOLOGY 27, Nr. 3 (30.09.2019): 513–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.107.027.201903.513-533.
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Introduction. The article discusses the state of preservation of universal and unique components in the structure of the traditional ceremonial culture of the Yakuts (who call themselves the Sakha), which is relevant in the modern society operating in the context of progressing processes of urbanization and globalization. The purpose of the research is to study the ceremonial traditions of the Sakha from the point of view of the principle of human congruity of culture and to structure this stratum of ethnic culture in accordance with the three substances of the spirit, soul and somatics of man. Materials and Methods. The work was carried out on the basis of cultural methodology using the methods of included observation, comparative analysis and generalization of the results of applied research and the author’s field materials. Results. The author has established and structured the elements of an integral novenary system of universals of the ceremonial culture of the Yakuts (Sakha). It has been revealed that these elements of traditional culture are generally preserved and function in a modern ethno-society to different extents of activity. It has been corroborated that, depending on the internal and external factors of cultural genesis, these components can be activated or pushed into the shadows, alienated from the people at different historical times; but something once created in a culture never disappears but remains in the cultural memory of the people. It has been proved that the latter happened to the ceremonial traditions of the Sakha, when in the post-Soviet time it became possible to openly perform both festive and daily rites and naturally follow the traditions of the ancestors when a person feels the need to do so. Discussion and Conclusion. Rites are historically shaped by ethnic communities for the purpose of naturally congruent existence and prosperous life in a given cultural landscape, as well as necessary components of the inner culture of the individual. The work is of practical significance for the structural and functional analysis as well as diachronic-synchronous study of the modern existence of the ceremonial culture of any ethnic group.
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Mantovan, Lara, und Carlo Geraci. „The syntax of nominal modification in Italian Sign Language (LIS)“. Sign Language and Linguistics 20, Nr. 2 (31.12.2017): 183–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.00002.man.
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Abstract In this paper, we investigate structural aspects of nominal modification in Italian Sign Language (LIS), a language with a relatively flexible word order. In order to tackle the issue, this study combines different approaches, including generalizations from typological universals on word order, their formal counterparts, and a variationist approach to language facts. Data come from the largest corpus of LIS currently available. Despite the absence of categorical rules, our mixed approach shows that LIS data are consistent with the general tenets of nominal modification. Results from the statistical analysis indicate that the attested language-internal variability is constrained both by linguistic and social factors. Specifically, a fine-grained structure of nominal modification is able to capture the internal variability of LIS. Processing effects, age, gender, and early exposure to the language also play a relevant role in determining order preferences.
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Sabancheev, Rustam Yu. „Yu.M. Lotman’s Semiosphere and V.S. Stepin’s Cultural Universals in the Context of the Study of Collective Memory“. Voprosy Filosofii, Nr. 7 (2023): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-7-143-147.
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The author of the article considers the actual problem of the methodological foundations of the interdisciplinary approach in modern humanities through the prism of comparing two different concepts of the phenomenon of culture. One of them is presented in the works of Yu.M. Lotman, whose research methods can be described as structural-semiotic. The second concept grows out of the works of V.S. Stepin, who mostly used scientific and philosophical methodology in his study of culture. Carrying out a comparative analysis of both approaches and the corresponding theoretical constructions, the author of the article notes that the content of the main concepts of the two concepts – cultural universals, sociocode, semiosphere, cultural text – demonstrates the presence of common tendencies of Lotman and Stepin in their attempt present the cultural continuum as something integral, systemic. At the same time, it becomes obvious that, in developing their concepts, both Stepin and Lotman assigned an important role to the mechanisms of collective memory. Thus, their works become consonant with modern European studies of this issue, and also continue the Russian philosophical tradition. The conclusions presented in the article are of methodological significance for philosophers and humanities scholars (philologists, culturologists, psychologists, political scientists) in the course of interdisciplinary research work of which the problems of collective memory are becoming increasingly relevant today.
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Štubňa, Pavol. „Sociálne a vzdelávacie funkcie (literárnych) naratív“. Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne, Nr. 19 (22.02.2021): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pss.2020.19.18.
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The study deals with social and educational functions of (literary) narratives – both oral and written – in everyday life of a socially grounded individual. Narratives (or stories told or read) play an essential role in building and strengthening social bonds within a community (by spending time together, informing its members of preferred social values and behaviour patterns, etc.) The author sustains that narratives circulating within a particular community (or ethnic group, nation) should be viewed and analyzed from the perspective of cultural anthropology. As an educational tool, stories are utilized not only in families and schools, but also in penitentiary and correctional institutions or in public reading courses. The author also pays attention to particular structural components of “captivating” narratives (such as novelty, surprise, cognitive and/or emotional relevance to the reader, etc.) and so-called narrative universals – themes, types of characters, plots and settings that are common to all cultures worldwide (such as romantic love, human desires and needs, sacrifice, etc.).
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Chovanes, Andrew B. „On Vietnamese and Other Peasants“. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17, Nr. 2 (September 1986): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400001028.
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This essay considers some theoretical perspectives which provide interpretations of two significant issues which cut across all the discipline lines in the social sciences and the humanities. The first issue concerns the nature of historical movement. While the world views of modern science and mechanistic Marxism claim that both knowledge and history develop in a continuous progressive manner, this notion has been challenged by historians, philosophers and social scientists who argue that historical movement in knowledge and institutional domains proceeds in a sharply discontinuous manner characterized by abrupt transformations and disjunctions. The second issue considers the compelling question of whether any researcher can proceed on the basis of a value-free research design, or whether all methodological and theoretical claims must be inevitably influenced and conditioned by the values and ideations of the theorist's culture. In terms of this controversy, the lines are clearly drawn between the notions of historical and cultural relativism predominant in Anglo-American historical and social science inquiry, and the claims of certain formalist-structuralist theorists who assert the existence of transhistorical and transcultural structural universals.
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Wang, Zhongzheng, und Ievgenii N. Stepanov. „COMMON AND SPECIAL IN THE SYSTEMS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS ON THE MATERIAL OF COMPARISON OF THE CHINESE, CANTONESE, RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES“. Мова, Nr. 39 (05.09.2023): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4558.2023.39.284915.
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The purpose of the article is to identify common and special features in the systems of one of the linguistic universals — personal pronouns. The research was carried out on the material of four languages: Chinese, Cantonese, Russian and English. The object of study is the personal pronoun systems of these languages. The subject of the study is the features that unite the systems of personal pronouns of the studied languages, and the features that distinguish each of these systems. The procedures of structural, semantic and comparative analysis methods, elements of sociolinguistic and linguocultural analysis, descriptive method were used in the research process. The results of the research were the identification of common and special features in the systems of the studied languages. It was concluded that in all the studied languages the paradigm of personal pronouns category has 6 positions caused by the categories of person (first, second and third) and number (singular and plural). However, each of the languages has its own peculiarities of the implementation of this paradigm in speech: informative, grammatical, graphical, stylistical and linguocultural.
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Volkovynskyi, Oleksandr, und Serhiy Hnatenko. „EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT &ARCHITECTONICS[ IN CULTURAL AND SCIENTIFIC DIMENSIONS“. IVAN OHIIENKO AND CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE AND EDUCATION, Nr. 19 (29.12.2022): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-7086.2022-19.89-99.
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DIMENSIONSThe main aspects of the overall evolution of the concept «architectonics» from the emergence of its prerequisites and the moment of coining to the present day are considered in the paper. It is highlighted that the foundations of the ap-pearance of the concept «architectonics» date back to the era of antiquity in Greece. Plato`s and Aristotle`s doctrines have been especially instrumental in the formation of the general ideas about systematicity, orderliness, and integrity. Plato`s categories «Ideas (Forms)», «Unity», «Harmony», «Universals» would be useful to the following generations of thinkers, who would discuss architec-tonics. Aristotle emphasized that not only the structural components of a work are important, but also the connections between them. The ancient Greek philos-opher basically prepared the foundations of the concept of architectonics without using the term itself. The term «architectonics» appeared in Marcus Vitruvius’ treatise «Ten Books on Architecture» (Marcus Vitruvius «De architectura libri decem»). According to the principle of parity Vitruvius derives three main laws of architecture – strength (endurance), utility (convenience), and beauty. They were universal in nature and could be applied to works of art of various kinds.The next stages of the concept development occurred in the theoretical works by Philip Sidney, George Puttenham. The concept «architectonics» was especially productively developed in the works of Immanuel Kant, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The concept was further developed in general works on culture studies, including those by Oswald Spengler, Nicolai Hartmann, Roman Ingarden, György Lukács, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, Gilles Deleuze, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht.In contemporary literary studies architectonics is generally considered as the ordered overall integrity of the text and work of literature based on the har-monious correlation of all substantive and formal elements. Architectonics de-termines and correlates the choice of individual elements from the standpoint of the overall organization of the text. The composition is implemented through the qualities of sequence and subordination in the internal arrangement of existing structural elements of the text. The presence or absence of certain elements, the specifi cs of their functional purpose determine the features of the structure.
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Syzonov, Dmytro. „Media phraseology and the category of expressiveness: stylistic interdependencies“. Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, Nr. 38 (2019): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2019.38.94-108.
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The article describes one of the key categories of media phraseology – the category of expressiveness. The author analyses a media phraseological unit (idiom) as a verbal unit of a media text in the context of a media linguistic approach – an innovative direction of modern philology. The scientific article is a continuation of a series of publications about the categories of modern phraseology and stylistic functions that a phraseological unit (idiom) performs in different types of media (web and print). A media phraseological unit (idiom) is considered as a unit which has signs of evaluation, emotionality, intertextuality, structural integrity and idiomaticity, which gives media text figurativeness and expressiveness. The author focuses on the traditional and new phraseological units (idioms) that arise in mass consciousness under the influence of expression. The analyzed modern theories about a phraseological unit in the context of the functional approach – a broad interpretation of the language unit as universals of mass media communication – make it possible to objectify the stylistic potential of a phraseological unit (idiom) in media text using expressiveness. The material collected to “New words and phraseology in Ukrainian media” (2016–2018) professionally compares and interprets with attention to extra- and intralingual features of media communication. This helps the author to prove that expressiveness is one of the dominant factors for the entry of new words into the Ukrainian mass verbal reality. To objectify scientific proofs and their media linguistic interpretation we use illustrative material (advertising, television, radio, Internet), on the example of which we analyze a broad stylistic potential of expression in phraseology. We note that the category of expressiveness in research perspective should be regarded as universal in terms of phraseology, particularly, in media communication.
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Zaslonkina, Anna. „Semantic Primes of Perception from the Perspective of Word Formation“. Linguaculture 9, Nr. 1 (15.06.2018): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/lincu-2018-1-0113.
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The object of the present study is the domain of Greimassian semiotic theory. Several previous findings on supraindividual phenomena were summarized and theoretical underpinnings of the soi-disant thymic category were extended. Investigation of such an object discloses the relation between the experiential (which approximates sensational) and cognitive nature of perception. Whereas conceptual universals that bear the information on feelings, senses and emotions as those inherent in the corporal framework and correspond to the basic level of categorization have already been demonstrated, their iconic efficiency in terms of Piercian semiotics is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the current analysis is to clarify structural-semantic links between derived and root words constituting the thymic lexical corpus of modern English. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how the motivational means conditioned by the classification of associative-figurative and evaluative features of the conceptual triad SENSE: FEELING: EMOTION are exteriorised within the thymic category. These characteristics can be developed and enhanced through the iconic reflection of the correlation between the native speakers’ evaluation of the sign acting as a motivator and expressive as well as gnoseological functions of perception.
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Zaslonkina, Anna. „Semantic Primes of Perception from the Perspective of Word Formation“. Linguaculture 11, Nr. 1 (10.06.2020): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/lincu-2020-1-0161.
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The object of the present study is the domain of Greimassian semiotic theory. Several previous findings on supraindividual phenomena have been summarized and theoretical underpinnings of the so-called thymic category have been extended. Investigation of such an object discloses the relation between the experiential (which approximates the sensational) and the cognitive nature of perception. Whereas conceptual universals that bear the information on feelings, senses and emotions such as those inherent in the corporal framework which correspond to the basic level of categorization have already been demonstrated, their iconic efficiency in terms of Peircian semiotics is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the current analysis is to clarify structural-semantic links between derived and root words constituting the thymic lexical corpus of modern English. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how the motivational means conditioned by the classification of associative-figurative and evaluative features of the conceptual triad SENSE : FEELING : EMOTION are exteriorised within the thymic category. These characteristics can be developed and enhanced through the iconic reflection of the correlation between the native speakers’ evaluation of the sign acting as a motivator and the expressive as well as gnoseological functions of perception.
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Kasper, Gabriele. „Pragmatic transfer“. Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 8, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1992): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839200800303.
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Throughout the short life of interlanguage pragmatics as a subdiscipline of second language research, it has been a virtually uncontested assumption that non-native speakers' comprehension and production of linguistic action is considerably influenced by their L1 pragmatic knowledge. The literature strongly supports this hypothesis. However, whereas there has been a lively controversy about the role of transfer in the traditional core areas of second language research (syntax, morphology, semantics), there has been little theoretical and methodological debate about transfer in interlanguage pragmatics. As a contribution to such a debate, this article seeks to clarify the concept of pragmatic transfer, proposing as a basic distinction Leech/Thomas' dichotomy of sociopragmatics versus pragmalinguistics and presenting evidence for transfer at both levels. Evidence for purported pragmatic universals in speech act realization and for positive and negative pragmatic transfer is discussed. Further issues to be addressed include the conditions for pragmatic transfer (transferability), the interaction of transfer with non-structural factors (proficiency, length of residence, context of acquisition), and the effect of transfer on communicative outcomes. The article concludes by briefly considering some problems of research method in studies of pragmatic transfer.
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Kokkina, L. R., A. V. Mlynchyk und I. S. Shchetnique. „STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC PECULARITIES OF PHRASES WITH THE “CAT” COMPONENT (BASED ON FRENCH, ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES)“. Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, Nr. 2(49) (16.01.2023): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2022.2(49).268193.
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This paper presents an investigation of structural and semantic pecularities of french, english and ukrainian phrases with the “cat” component. Phraseologisms are an important layer of any language, which function both in colloquial and literary variants, filling with new meaning. Scientific achievements in the studied phraseology of individual languages give a reason to emphasize the presence of various universals in it, and from this it becomes possible to highlight the phenomena of general phraseology. It is from this point of view that this work examines the theoretical foundations of general phraseology as an integral part of the systems of individual languages. One of the sources of enrichment of the literary language with expressive and pictorial possibilities is the national idiomatic heritage, in particular, zoosemic phraseological units. The article examines the current state of developments in the field of modern philology regarding the concept of phraseologism, the peculiarities of the functioning of a phrase with a zoonym component based on the material of modern French, English, and Ukrainian languages. A comparative analysis of the variability of the formation and structural-semantic divergence of the studied units with the “cat” component proves that the inclusion of zoonyms in the phraseology testifies to the important role of animals in the general interpretive picture of the world, which is determined by the traditional model of the transfer of animal qualities to humans and vice versa. The conducted research is based, in particular, on the classification of factual material according to grammatical features, which allows one to clearly understand the similarities and differences in the formation of the corresponding phrases. The few works of domestic and foreign linguists in this field are mainly devoted to the general study of animalisms of all classes. However, they do not fully reflect the role of such representatives of the fauna as the cat in creating the linguistic identity of the nation. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive works that would trace the structural and semantic features of the functioning of zoonyms as part of phraseological units on the material of several languages, which proves the relevance of our research.
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Tikhomirova, E. E., und T. V. Chaplya. „Educational potential of the course "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics"“. Actual Problems of Education, Nr. 1 (02.03.2022): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-8031-2022-1-127-134.
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The authors explore the potential educational opportunities of the training course "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics". The content of these meanings is directly and indirectly connected with the languages of ethics. The analysis is based on a universalist cultural approach, which allows using cultural universals and languages as a way of representing meanings. As cultural methods and techniques of analysis in the course of the study were: content analysis in the study of the content of educational literature in order to detect features of the representation of ethical concepts; method of conceptual analysis of the discovered ethical concepts; comparative-historical method in the analysis of the features of the formation of ethical ideas; structural-functional method in the analysis of the place and functions of education and upbringing in the system of culture. It is concluded that the development and appropriation of ethical concepts allows creating conditions for the education and socialization of students. A specific methodology is proposed for updating ethical concepts and their cultural meanings, which are explicated in the key texts of Russian culture (verbal and visual). In this regard, a system of tasks and exercises has been developed, reflecting the author's program of the course.
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Vikulova, Larisa G., Larisa V. Ukhova, Zhanna K. Gaponova, Lina V. Razumova und Polina S. Ukhova. „The slang of young Russians and French: reinventing scientific linguistic collaboration in the age of coronavirus and containment“. XLinguae 14, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2021): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.04.16.
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From the beginning, remote work was considered in connection with social and environmental problems. The pandemic and coronavirus have left many teachers and researchers unable to experiment with online work. This new way of organizing work is at the heart of exciting research in various fields: remote collaborative science, imaging, training, and distance learning are an opportunity to demonstrate relevance and find new ways of working and interacting. This article is in the framework of a scientific project carried out over a year at a distance. He deals with the problem of learning the youth language (youth slang, the term is used in Russian linguistics) and aims to present the results of a comparative study of the structural and semantic features of shale of Russian and French youth. Language experiments are based on data from students of Yaroslavl State University and the University of Poitiers. The first part deals with the description of the procedure for collecting, verifying, and processing language data, as well as the methodology for collecting; it is based on psycholinguistic experiments, field studies, and sociological studies conducted in the student environment of the two countries. The second part of the article presents the results of the semantic and structural analysis of lexical units, morphological and semantic families representing argotisms (slanguismes, in Russian) of young people recorded during the survey. The derivational mechanisms used in French and Russian youth slang are studied and interpreted. This allowed the authors to discover language universals common to young Russian and French speakers, as well as to identify culturally relevant linguistic units capable of modelling and presenting the collective identity of Russian and French students, their language image of the world, and their language personality.
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Turlybekova, Inkar, und Saule Nurkenova. „National Phraseological Units of Speech Behavior in the Kazakh, Russian and English Languages“. Zeitschrift für Slawistik 69, Nr. 1 (25.03.2024): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2024-0004.
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Summary The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of studying the phraseological systems of a particular language through the prism of national and cultural code of ethnicity, a value-based approach to the linguistic and communicative paradigm on the example of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages, the creation of national speech universals, identifying the area of their functioning and understanding of phraseological structures by native and non-native speakers of the language. The purpose of the study is an in-depth analysis of national, and cultural characteristics through the verbalisation of thought processes displayed in a diachronic language section. The main method of investigation is theoretical, involving the collection and study of a wide range of scientific literature on the stated topic, the identification of the main national elements through the study of the lexical-structural realisation of the value priorities of the people at the level of speech behaviour. The study addresses the unique transmission of folk wisdom by intralingual and extralingual means, the verbalisation of a nation’s thought activity and its results, different aspects of the study of these issues in world science for a complete language picture of a particular nation, the basic similarities, and differences in the mechanisms of operation of different language systems are analysed in detail. The materials presented in the study can be used in further phraseological studies on the moral values of the nation on the example of linguistic culture, the creation of linguistic studies on the influence of verbal and non-verbal factors on the development of people, to study the structural, semantic, stylistic characteristics of speech behaviour, to turn scientific interests into anthropocentric trends, to record and categorise the connotations of stable units and their speech equivalents in dictionaries, textbooks, scientific studies.
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Andrason, Alexander. „NOMINAL KAŊ FORM IN BASSE MANDINKA – ITS COGNITIVE MAPPING AND TAXONOMICAL STATUS (PART 1)“. Lingua Posnaniensis 55, Nr. 1 (01.06.2013): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2013-0001.
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Abstract The present study, divided into a series of two papers, provides a detailed empirical description and cognitive-grammaticalization analysis of the meaning of a Mandinka verbal expression compounded of the non-verbal predicator be ‘be’, a verbal noun expressing a given action and the postposition kaŋ ‘on, at’ (so-called the Nominal KAŊ form). Method: The author follows the cognitive approach to verbal semantics which consists first of determining the exact range of contextually induced senses and next of unifying such values into a consistent map based upon certain diachronic universals or grammaticalization paths. Results: The synchronic inventory of senses of the Nominal KAŊ form (i.e. progressive, continuous, progressive-iterative, iterative, habitual and durative values) shows that this construction can be mapped using the imperfective path as a template of chaining. This mapping, hypothesized on the ground of synchronic semantic evidence and typological diachronic laws, is next corroborated by the structural properties of the Nominal KAŊ locution, especially by its locative and nominal character. Conclusion: All the evidence enables the author to semantically define the NomKAŊ form as a nonadvanced imperfective path. Part 1: In the first article of the series, the author deals with methodological issues and with an empirical study where he determines the precise extent of the semantic potential of the Nominal KAŊ form.
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Andrason, Alexander. „Nominal KAŊ form in Basse Mandinka: Its cognitive mapping and taxonomical status (Part 2)“. Lingua Posnaniensis 56, Nr. 2 (01.12.2014): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2014-0010.
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Abstract Purpose: T he present study, divided into a series of two papers, provides a detailed empirical description and cognitive-grammaticalization analysis of the meaning of a Mandinka verbal expression compounded of the non-verbal predicator be ‘be’, a verbal noun expressing a given action and the postposition kaŋ ‘on, at’ (so-called the Nominal KAŊ form). Method: T he author follows the cognitive approach to verbal semantics which consists first of determining the exact range of contextually induced senses and next of unifying such values into a consistent map based upon certain diachronic universals or grammaticalization paths. Results: T he synchronic inventory of senses of the Nominal KAŊ form (i.e. progressive, continuous, progressive-iterative, iterative, habitual and durative values) shows that this construction can be mapped using the imperfective path as a template of chaining. This mapping, hypothesized on the ground of synchronic semantic evidence and typological diachronic laws, is next corroborated by the structural properties of the Nominal KAŊ locution, especially by its locative and nominal character. Conclusion: A ll the evidence enables the author to semantically define the NomKAŊ form as a nonadvanced imperfective-path gram. Part 1: In the second article of the series, the author designs the map of the semantic potential of the Nominal KAŊ locution and corroborates it by analyzing formal properties of this construction
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Smith, Kenny, Amy Perfors, Olga Fehér, Anna Samara, Kate Swoboda und Elizabeth Wonnacott. „Language learning, language use and the evolution of linguistic variation“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, Nr. 1711 (05.01.2017): 20160051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0051.
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Linguistic universals arise from the interaction between the processes of language learning and language use. A test case for the relationship between these factors is linguistic variation, which tends to be conditioned on linguistic or sociolinguistic criteria. How can we explain the scarcity of unpredictable variation in natural language, and to what extent is this property of language a straightforward reflection of biases in statistical learning? We review three strands of experimental work exploring these questions, and introduce a Bayesian model of the learning and transmission of linguistic variation along with a closely matched artificial language learning experiment with adult participants. Our results show that while the biases of language learners can potentially play a role in shaping linguistic systems, the relationship between biases of learners and the structure of languages is not straightforward. Weak biases can have strong effects on language structure as they accumulate over repeated transmission. But the opposite can also be true: strong biases can have weak or no effects. Furthermore, the use of language during interaction can reshape linguistic systems. Combining data and insights from studies of learning, transmission and use is therefore essential if we are to understand how biases in statistical learning interact with language transmission and language use to shape the structural properties of language. This article is part of the themed issue ‘New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences’.
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López César, Isaac, und Javier Estévez‐Cimadevila. „World Expos. Five structural approaches“. Estoa 7, Nr. 13 (30.06.2018): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18537/est.v007.n013.a1.
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