Dissertationen: „Stress (Psychology) Physiological effect“

1

Poirier, Patrick. „Effect of chronic stress on prefrontal cortical function“. Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86861.

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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a brain region thought to mediate cognitive functions such as working memory. Chronic stress has been shown to reduce working memory. In this thesis study, the effect of chronic stress on PFC functions was assessed in adult rats.
First, contrary to previous evidences, chronic stress induces working memory performance alterations differentially in two populations of rats. One group displayed a decrease of performance only at 30 second delay, while the other had a decrease and increase at 0 and 30 seconds respectively.
Then, the effect of chronic stress on synaptic plasticity induction in the hippocampus-PFC network was investigated. High-frequency tetanic stimulation (HFS) of the dorsal hippocampus that induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex in normal conditions was unable to induce LTP after chronic stress in the infralimbic cortex, whereas long-term depression (LTD) instead of LTP was induced in the prelimbic cortex.
Given that synaptic plasticity has been shown to depend on NMDA receptors in the PFC, NMDA subunit expressions before and after chronic stress was examined. There was a decrease of NR1 subunits expression in the prelimbic, but not infralimbic cortex. In contrast, the NR2A/NR2B ratio was increased in the infralimbic, but not prelimbic cortex. These results suggest that chronic stress disrupts PFC functions through dynamic modulation of distinct neural networks within the PFC.
Le cortex préfrontal (PFC) est une région du cerveau qui contrôle les fonctions cognitives comme la mémoire de travail. Dans cette thèse, l'effet du stress chronique sur des fonctions du PFC a été analysé chez des rats adultes.
Premièrement, les performances de la mémoire de travail ont été mesurées avant et après exposition au stress chronique. Nous avons constaté que le stress chronique induit des changements de performances de la mémoire de travail différemment selon deux populations de rats. Une des populations a démontré une diminution de performance seulement à 30 secondes de délai. Au contraire, l'autre a démontré une diminution de performance à 0 seconde et une amélioration de performance à 30 secondes.
En plus, nous avons évalué l'effet du stress chronique sur l'induction de la plasticité synaptique dans le réseau reliant l'hippocampe au PFC. Dans les conditions initiales, une stimulation tétanique à haute fréquence (HFS) dans l'hippocampe dorsal provoquait une potentialisation à long terme (LTP) dans le cortex prélimbique et infralimbique Or après exposition au stress chronique, une stimulation tétanique à haute fréquence n'a pas entraîné de potentialisation à long terme dans le cortex infralimbique. De plus, une exposition au stress chronique a provoqué l'apparition dans le cortex prélimbique d'une dépression à long terme (LTD) plutôt qu'une potentialisation à long terme.
Étant donné que la plasticité synaptique dépend des récepteurs de NMDA dans le PFC, nous avons examiné l'expression de sous-unité de NMDA avant et après exposition au stress chronique. En accord avec les changements synaptiques distincts de plasticité entre le cortex prélimbique et infralimbique après exposition au stress chronique, nous avons observé que l'expression de la sous-unité NR1 a diminué dans le prélimbique, mais non dans l'infralimbique. En revanche, le ratio de NR2A/NR2B a augmenté dans le cortex infralimbique, mais non dans le prélimbique. Ces résultats suggèrent que le stress chronique perturbe les fonctions du PFC par la modulation dynamique des réseaux distincts neurologiques dans le PFC.

2

France, Christopher R. (Christopher Robert). „Cardiovascular responses to psychological stress and caffeine“. Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74649.

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While considerable information exists regarding the independent effects of caffeine and psychological stress on cardiovascular activity, there is relatively little information on their combined effects. Since caffeine may enhance cardiovascular responsivity to psychological stress, research on hemodynamic responses to caffeine-stress combinations may help elucidate mechanisms of hypertension development. In a series of studies, regular consumers of caffeine were exposed to laboratory and naturalistic stressors with and without prior caffeine intake. Among the findings were (1) caffeine and stress produced additive increases in blood pressure, (2) caffeine appears to potentiate beta-adrenergic responsivity to active coping, but not passive coping, stressors, (3) caffeine enhanced emotional responses to stress, and (4) cardiovascular responses to caffeine and stress in a naturalistic setting were similar to those observed in the laboratory. These results indicate that caffeine may enhance cardiovascular and psychological responses to stress, and that these responses may contribute to risk for essential hypertension.

3

Walker, Douglas W. (Douglas Wallace). „Effects of Experimental Psychological Stress on Human Physiological Functioning: Mediation by Affiliation“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277708/.

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This investigation sought to identify differences in the human psychophysiological stress response when mediated by affiliation, by assessing heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), electrodermal activity (EDA), serum Cortisol (SC) concentration, interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentration, and state anxiety among subjects who underwent an anagram solution task. Thirty male subjects from the University of North Texas were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions and asked to solve a series of difficult anagrams either alone or with a companion. Subjects assigned to the control condition were asked to copy permutations of the anagrams. Before, and immediately after the anagram/copying tasks HR, SBP, DBP were measured, blood samples drawn, and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) administered to all subjects. EDA was measured throughout all trials. Changes from baseline through the experimental period for all dependent variables were analyzed by employing difference scores derived from contrasting baseline and experimental measures. These scores were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) resulting in one significant between group effect among all dependent variables examined. Contrary to stated hypotheses, the alone condition significantly differed from the companion and control conditions by demonstrating a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline through the experimental period. It was concluded that the decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline through the experimental period for the alone group was a result of chance sampling of individuals possessing unique psychophysiological response patterns. Appraisals of inter-group differences in response patterns across all dependent variables suggest that an insufficient stressor, and limitations in design, statistical analysis, and measurement may have contributed to this investigation's results. Implications of findings were discussed along with suggestions for future research.

4

Lee, Suhyun. „Long-term metabolic effects of stress and antidepressants : a novel paradigm of antidepressant-induced weight gain in the post-stress acclimation period“. Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/125029.

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Despite the frequent use of antidepressants and the high incidence of obesity in Australia and many other developed countries, the relationship between major depressive disorder, obesity and antidepressant use remains complex. The association between antidepressant use and body weight gain has been widely reported. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this association are still poorly understood. In this thesis, an animal paradigm that addresses the "paradoxical" weight loss of rodents during antidepressant treatment was developed. The paradigm referred here as the SAD model and consisting of short-term exposure to recurrent restraint stress (RRS) and antidepressant treatment for two weeks, followed by long-term high-fat diet was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats for 296 days. The phenotypic characteristics of the SAD model were compared to the diet-induced obesity (DIO) model, a model of obesity solely induced by high-fat diet. Immediately after the RRS period, groups of animals that underwent RRS had significantly lower body weight in comparison to the DIO group. The rate of weight gain during the catch up growth phase was significantly greater in the SAD model than in the DIO model. During the post-restraint period, the SAD model of fluoxetine-treated group became heavier than the DIO model, however this happened only in the animals in the upper half of body weight gain, i.e. the obesity prone group. Body weight gain in the SAD model in comparison to the DIO model was referred as "SAD-induced weight gain". The SAD model of fluoxetine-treated group had significantly greater body length and enhanced morphological features of the trabecular and cortical bones in comparison to the DIO model, these findings suggest that the SAD-induced weight gain was accompanied by growth via the growth hormone (GH)/Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) somatotropic axis. However, pituitary GH and plasma IGF-I levels were not different at the end point of the experiment. Igf-1 mRNA expression in the liver was significantly higher in groups that underwent RRS, which may have occurred as a compensatory mechanism for the decreased IGF-I levels during the RRS period. We also investigated whether "SAD-induced weight gain" was accompanied by a metabolic/lipid dysregulations. Plasma leptin, cholesterol, vanilmandelic acid, and free fatty acid levels were not significantly different between groups. Thus, SAD-induced weight gain is not accompanied by further increases in fat mass or metabolic dysregulations. Our results showed that the RRS and the fluoxetine treatment result in decreased plasma triglyceride levels when compared to the DIO model. Thus, the "protective" effect of fluoxetine in metabolic dysregulations may be sustained long-term. Our results suggest that individuals who are already prone to obesity may have increased risk of weight gain with antidepressant treatment. Antidepressant-induced weight gain is more likely to be associated with growth during the post-stress acclimation period, rather than with increases in fat mass and metabolic dysregulations. However, mechanisms behind the antidepressant-induced weight gain require further investigation. This thesis has contributed towards a better understanding of long-term effects of environmental factors such as stress and diet, and antidepressants in post-stress acclimation weight gain.

5

Amstadter, Ananda Beth Laura L. Vernon Laura L. Burkhart Barry R. „Physiological effects of suppression of neutral and traumatic thoughts in posttraumatic stress disorder“. Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Psychology/Dissertation/AMSTADTER_ANA_20.pdf.

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6

Van, Stavel Rosemary. „Effects of exercise on stress : a meta-analysis“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30159.

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Physical exercise is frequently prescribed by clinicians and researchers as an effective stress reduction technique. There has been some research to support this assertion, however the research has been varied in its methodological rigor. The design problems, variations in exercise programs, and the use of a wide range of psychological measures have made results difficult to interpret. Additionally, the psychological benefits and underlying change processes have not been clearly delineated. The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the research in this area in an attempt to answer specific questions regarding the role of exercise in stress reduction. This meta-analytic approach was chosen because it permits the quantitative integration of findings of several studies and consideration of the variables that may influence the variance in study outcomes. The effectiveness of exercise as a treatment for stress, the type of exercise that was most beneficial, and the type of individual who gained the most from the exercise intervention was examined. The 61 effect sizes, which were calculated from 24 studies included in the meta-analysis, were coded along with other variables considered important. Study components such as design type, stress level, type of exercise program, program length, frequency of exercise sessions, attrition rate, psychological measure, composition of sample, gender, and study type were coded as independent variables. Effect size was the dependent variable. Analysis of variance revealed that exercise was an effective stress reducer, stressed people gained a greater stress reduction effect than minimally stressed people, and there were no differences between trait and state anxiety reduction from pre- to post-exercise program. In addition, a one-way ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference between program lengths. Examination of the means revealed that an 8- to 12-week program was most effective in reducing stress. Although there was a greater effect size for unpublished studies than published studies, the pattern of change for each study type was similar. The significance of these results and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

7

Yake, Melissa L. „The effect of stress on eating practices among university faculty“. Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1339600.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between comfort food preferences of college faculty when under normal (non-stressful) and stressful conditions. Thirty-four percent (n=63) of the participants were males and 66 percent (n=121) were females. Sixty-seven percent (n=123) experienced a change in appetite when stressed, with 69 percent (n=85) experiencing an increase and 31 percent (n=38) experiencing a decrease in appetite. Participants chose a significantly wider variety of foods when under stressful conditions for both sweet (p=<.001) and salty/crunchy food categories (p=.004). High restrained eaters chose significantly more types of sweet foods (p=.031) and beverages (p=.020) than low restrained eaters when comparing stressful and normal conditions. These findings suggest the majority of adults may experience changes in appetite with stress, specifically an increased appetite, and may choose more types of sweet and salty/crunchy foods. An individual's restraint level, gender, and age may also play a role in comfort food choice.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

8

Bowin, Beth Marie. „Effects of Canines on Humans' Physiological and Perceived Stress“. ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7368.

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The bond between pet and owner has been shown to decrease stress-related physical, mental, and emotional disorders by lowering blood pressure and heart rate. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a nonpet canine would have the same effect in reducing physical symptoms of stress as a known dog. Human-animal bond theory, Human pressor test. Data were analyzed using repeated measures, analyses of variance, and t tests. Results indicated that interaction with a strange dog lowered heart rate and blood pressure significantly faster in the experimental group than in the control group. The positive social change implications of this research include policy and procedural accommodations for the use of canines as comfort animals for individuals in stressful conditions.

9

Kim, Seong-Han. „The effects of heat stress on operator perceived workload in tracking“. Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171117/.

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10

Sarkissian, Meline Sadanand Ghazar. „Building Spiritual Capital| The Effects of Kundalini Yoga on Adolescent Stress, Emotional Affect, and Resilience“. Thesis, Loyola Marymount University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3561861.

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In order to integrate a mind, body, spirit approach in school settings, yoga programming such as Y.O.G.A. for Youth was introduced to one public and two charter schools in Los Angeles area urban neighborhoods. The study examined the effectiveness of the overall program and its effect on adolescent stress, emotional affect, and resilience. A survey was administered to measure the three dependent variables and informal interviews were conducted to determine the overall effectiveness of the program. The results of the mixed method approach indicated that the overall program was effective in creating a general sense of well-being and statistically significant in alleviating stress (p < .05), increasing positive affect (p < .05), and resilience (p < .001), in the participants (N=30).

11

Dove, Emma Rearne. „An integrative study of the effects of stress, depression and cortisol on eating behaviour, weight change and obesity“. University of Western Australia. School of Anatomy and Human Biologyd, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0024.

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[Truncated abstract] Obesity is rapidly increasing in prevalence and has significant physical and mental health implications. Stress, a general term referring to factors indicative of psychological strain such as depression and anxiety, has been identified as both a cause and consequence of weight gain and obesity in some individuals. In previous research, overeating in response to stress has been investigated as either a means of mood regulation or as a response to strict dietary restraint. Cortisol, a steroid hormone that increases in response to stress, has also been linked with increased food intake in both animal and human studies. Thus, cortisol may be an additional factor contributing to overeating and weight gain in response to stress. If stress does lead to overeating and weight gain, it is also likely that stress will inhibit attempts made by obese individuals at weight loss. The first study of this thesis was a repeated measures treatment study in which the associations of stress and cortisol levels with baseline body mass index and subsequent weight loss were investigated among females participating in a cognitive behavioural weight management programme. A cross-sectional analysis prior to treatment commencement showed that the association of stress and depression with body mass index was moderated by the severity of obesity. Dichotomous thinking, a cognitive style in which events are viewed in polarised 'black and white' terms, mediated the associations of both depression and eating disorder symptomatology with BMI. ... The second study of this thesis was a controlled laboratory-based examination of food intake following an acute psychological stressor. It was hypothesised that high baseline levels of psychological stress, such as depression and anxiety, would be associated with greater increases in negative mood and cortisol levels in response to the acute stressor, both of which, in turn, would be associated with greater food intake. Contrary to the hypothesis, baseline levels of psychological stress were not associated with the extent to which negative mood and cortisol levels increased following the acute stressor. The extent to which negative mood, but not cortisol, increased following acute stress was significantly positively associated with food intake. The results do not support the hypothesis that high cortisol levels are predictive of increased food intake in human females, although the results may have been affected by the broad participant inclusion criteria. The results suggest that increases in negative mood lead to increases in food intake, although it is argued that this is unlikely to be a general effect and suggestions for future research are made. The overall aim of this research was to examine whether stress and cortisol were associated with weight status, acute changes in eating behaviour and changes in weight in the medium-term. The results are discussed in relation to this aim, wth particular focus on the differences between treatment-seeking and community samples, implications for the treatment of obesity (especially when the individual is also experiencing high levels of depression), prevention of weight gain and possible future studies of the effects of stress and depression on weight change and eating behaviour.

12

Neethling, Ian Garth. „Can the Sutherlandia herb or resistance exercise reverse the stress inducing effects of a mild-intermittent stress procedure“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2465.

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Thesis (MSc (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
This study aimed to assess the effect of mild psychological stress in male Wistar rats using incremental, intermittent stress on parameters of atrophy, including body mass, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle mass, and mechanisms possibly contributing to atrophy. Serum corticosterone concentrations, 20s proteasome activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) and tyrosine amino-transferase (TAT) activities were determined. I also assessed whether Sutherlandia (Su) or resistance exercise was able to reverse the effects of stress on any of these parameters.

13

Clarke, Kristine Marie. „Effects of graded and steady exercise and self-confidence on stress“. PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3758.

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This study examined the effects of steady, graded, and no exercise on stress reduction, and the effects of self-confidence on stress reduction through exercise. Seventy-two male and female volunteers from the Portland area, ranging in age from 19-49 years, served as subjects. Subjects completed pre and post measures of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the state portion of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Subjects were divided into two experimental and one control group matched according to age and exercise history. The control group kept its exercise at a minimum for eight weeks. Exercise programs for the two experimental groups consisted of twelve minute work bouts on ergometers three times per week, for eight weeks. Work bouts were at a seventy percent maximum heart rate. Due to attrition and a random drop of subjects in the control group, thirty-one subjects remained. Analyses found a significant stress reduction for the steady exercise group (t = -2.81,p = .017), but not for the graded or no exercise group. Stress reduction was negatively correlated with self-confidence, though not significantly, and no significant differences were found between the self-confidence scores. A significant correlation was found between pre-stress scores and preself- conf idence scores (r = -.306,p = .04).

14

Petaishiski, Jayme Nichole. „The buffering effects of perceived fitness on stress reactivity“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2212.

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This study addresses the effects of the changing workforce and the physiological and psychological benefits of fitness. The purpose of this experiment is to test the relationship between situational stressors, perceived fitness, exercise locus of control, self-control, and perceived stress.

15

Spreekmeester, Emma S. „Chronic variable stress : effects of gender, chronic fluoxetine treatment and early life maternal care“. Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84845.

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Exposure to prolonged stress is associated with an increased risk for mood disorders. However, only a small portion of those who experience such distress go on to develop these disorders, suggesting that individual and stress-related variables may increase the vulnerability to the damaging effects of chronic stress. Accordingly, the present series of experiments assess the influence of three factors on vulnerability to long-term exposure to chronic variable stress (CVS) in rats. In particular, we investigated the influence of gender, chronic fluoxetine treatment and early life maternal care on the behavioral and neuroendocrine response to CVS. The results from study 1 suggested that the direction of the behavioral and neuroendocrine response to CVS was in the opposite direction in male and female rats. Studies 2 and 3 revealed that fluoxetine treatment had a gender-dependent ability to reverse some of the effects of CVS, and this was mediated by increasing the rate of habituation to novel, acute stressors. Studies 4 and 5 demonstrated a gender-dependent effect of maternal care on behavior and the neuroendocrine response to an acute stress. In addition, maternal care influenced the impact of CVS exposure in a gender-dependent manner. The results suggested that maternal care affected coping processes in males and females that were expressed in different behavioral tests. Studies 5, 6 and 7 revealed that maternal care influenced the strength of associative fear conditioning to a context associated with shock administration, but did not influence conditioning to a discrete conditioned stimulus associated with shock. These results suggest that maternal care influences the strength of learned associations on a hippocampal-dependent task. Exposure to CVS eliminated the effect of maternal care on the strength of contextual fear conditioning. Thus, conditions in the post-weaning environment, such as CVS exposure, may reverse the effects of maternal

16

Caplandies, Fawn C. „Using the Biopsychosocial Model of Threat and Challenge to Understand the Occurrence of Placebo Effects“. University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1449411406.

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17

Marcello, Brandon M. Kreider Richard B. „Overtraining in sport physiological, psychological and performance effects of participation in Division I competitive softball /“. Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/4959.

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18

Petteys, Annie R. „Effects of neonatal palliative care consultation on parental stress of patients in the neonatal intensive care unit“. Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1522646.

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The hospitalization of one's infant is a stressful situation that can lead to decreased bonding and poor health outcomes. This longitudinal comparative design study examined the effects of neonatal palliative care (PC) consultation on stress levels and satisfaction scores of parents of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants. Clinical data was abstracted from the medical record. Demographic data, stress scores, and satisfaction reports were obtained via self-report.

Mean stress scores indicated most parents experienced moderate stress due to NICU hospitalization. Some parents met diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder. While all parents expressed satisfaction with care received; PC parents were extremely satisfied with care. No statistically significant differences in stress or satisfaction scores were noted between parents who received PC consultation and those who did not. Study conclusions validate previous research regarding NICU parent stress and show that additional quantitative and qualitative research regarding NICU palliative care is warranted.

19

Camp, Robert M. „Effect of Chronic Stress Exposure on Beta-adrenergic Receptor Signaling and Fear- Learning“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1449576849.

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20

Osborne, Connie M. Brajkovich (Connie Marie Brajkovich). „Brief Imagery Training : Effects on Psychological, Physiological and Neuroendocrinological Measures of Stress and Pain“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277739/.

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The present study investigated the influence of a brief, intensive biofeedback-assisted imagery training regimen on psychological, physiological and neuroendocrinological measures of pain and stress in injury related chronic pain patients. The subjects were 36 patients (myelography examcandidates) who were assigned to the imagery or wait-list control group by order of referral presentation and to formulate equivalent groups.

21

Saul, Alison Nicole. „Psycho-physiological stress and its effects on ultraviolet light induced inflammation, DNA damage, and skin carcinogenesis“. Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1172850801.

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22

Maxwell, Whitney Faith. „A Longitudinal Study of the Effect of at Birth Adoptions on Anxiety, Stress Hormones and Adolescent Alcohol Intake: A Nonhuman Primate Model“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3705.

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Adopted individuals have an increased risk for a variety of psychopathological disorders. Studies of the effects adoption in humans are difficult to perform because of the difficulty separating genetic risk and treatment effects. This is a developmental study investigating the effects of at birth adoption using a nonhuman primate model. Three experimental paradigms were used to assess maternal treatment, stress-related behavior, and physiology late in infancy and again later in life. Rhesus monkeys were reared for their first six months of life by either their biological mother or an unrelated, lactating adult female. Adoptions occurred immediately following birth. At six months of age, both groups were exposed to four, 4-day mother-infant separations. Behavioral observations and plasma stress hormones were used to compare the two group's responses to the separation stressor. Maternal treatments were also compared. In a second experiment performed about three years later when subjects were adolescents or young adults, an unfamiliar intruder was placed outside their home pen and stress-related behavioral responses were again measured. In the third experiment, adolescent subjects were allowed free access to a sweetened alcohol solution and daily alcohol consumption was measured across 8-10 weeks. Analyses showed that adopted subjects exhibited more behavior withdrawal and higher ACTH during the Acute and Chronic phases of the separation than infants reared by their biological mothers. This persisted when subjects were again tested with an intruder stressor 1-3 years later, with adopted subjects still showing more behavioral withdrawal during the Intruder Challenge stressor. Adopted subjects also differ in their relationship with their mother, showing more independence at an early age in non-stressful environments. Paradoxically, alcohol intake was lower in adolescents raised by an adoptive mother. Differences in maternal treatment and mismatches in temperament between the adopted mother and her infant are potential mechanisms that lead to the increased stress and anxiety in subjects raised by an adopted mother.

23

Warfel, Regina M. „Effects of Priming Family versus Friend Support and Non-support on Subsequent Cardiovascular Reactivity to Acute Psychological Stress“. Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1248985718.

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24

Manigault, Andrew W. „A Test of the Independent and Interactive Effects of Domain-Specific Awareness and Acceptance Manipulations on Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Stress“. Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1575640418648436.

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25

Jeftha, Ellen Magdalena. „Die toepassing van die ondersteuningsfunksie in supervisie aan maatskaplike werkers in 'n geestesgesondheidsopset“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52230.

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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to investigate the sources of stress and burnout in the social work profession and specifically in mental health settings. In order to achieve this, a literature study is undertaken which identified the sources of stress and burnout as external and internal stresses. External stresses can be identified as the administrative function of supervision, the educational function of supervision, and the relationship between the supervisor, the social worker and the client, aspects in the social work profession and the organisation. The personality and gender of the social worker are discussed as internal sources of stress. Social workers' experiences of stress and burnout are explored against the background of the socio-economic and political changes after the first democratic election in 1994 in South Africa. The literature review also indicated that there are peculiar stresses in mental health settings due to the clients' mental conditions. An exploratory study was undertaken in which 17 social workers in the Peninsula, working in mental health settings, participated. Information on the research topic was obtained by means of anonymous questionnaires. A group interview was arranged to ensure that all the questionnaires were received. It was found that since the 1994 democratic election, social workers worked under more stressful circumstances due to limited resources, restructuring, decreased manpower, a higher caseload, deinstitutionalisation of mental patients and an increased amount of uncertainty with regard to job security. Aspects in the social work profession that caused the most stress were identified as insufficient salaries and limited opportunities for promotion. The participants revealed uncertainty with regard to their future in the social work profession. Social workers acknowledge the importance of the supportive function of supervision but are also of the opinion that individuals should take responsibility to address burnout. Strategies that can be used by the social worker, the organisation and the supervisor to address burnout, are discussed. On the basis of the results and conclusion of the study, recommendations are made to supervisors, as well as further research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel na die bronne van stres en uitbranding in die maatskaplikewerkberoep en spesifiek in 'n geestesgesondheidsopset. Ten einde hierin te slaag, word 'n literatuurstudie onderneem en word die bronne van stres en uitbranding geïdentifiseer as eksterne stressors soos byvoorbeeld die administratiewe funksie van supervisie, die onderrrigfunksie van supervisie, die verhouding tussen die supervisor en die maatskaplike werker, die klientsisteem, aspekte in die maatskaplikewerkberoep en die organisasie, en interne stressors waaronder die maatskaplike werker se persoonlikheid en geslag bespreek is. Die sosio-ekonomiese en politieke veranderinge wat ingetree het na die eerste demokratiese verkiesing in 1994 in Suid-Afrika is in ag geneem en maatskaplike werkers se belewing van stres en uitbranding is teen hierdie agtergrond verder ge-eksploreer. Die literatuurstudie dui aan dat eiesoortige stressors in 'n geestesgesondheidsopset bestaan wat hoofsaaklik verband hou met die unieke kliëntsisteem en hul siektestoestand. 'n Verkennende studie is onderneem waartydens maatskaplike werkers in die skiereiland wat in 'n geestesgesondheidsopset werk, betrek is. Inligting is bekom deur middel van anonieme vraelyste. 'n Groeponderhoud het verseker dat al die vraelyste terug ontvang is. Daar is bevind dat maatskaplike werkers onder meer stresvolle omstandighede voor die 1994 verkiesing vanwee beperkte hulpbronne, herstrukturering, verminderde mannekrag, verhoogde gevalleladings, deïnstitusionalisering van pasiënte en groter onsekerheid met betrekking tot werksekuriteit. Aspekte in die maatskaplikewerkberoep wat die meeste stres veroorsaak is onder andere onvoldoende vergoeding en beperkte bevorderingsgeleenthede. Die respondente weerspieël 'n onsekerheid met betrekking tot hul toekoms in die beroep. Maatskaplike werkers erken die belangrikheid van die ondersteuningsfunksie in supervisie, maar is ook van mening dat individue 'n verantwoordelikheid het om self uitbranding aan te spreek. Strategieë wat die maatskaplike werker, die organisasie en die supervisor kan aanwend om uitbranding aan te spreek word derhalwe bespreek. In die lig van die bevindinge van die ondersoek, word aanbevelings aan supervisors gemaak ten opsigte van verdere navorsing.

26

Rakoff, Simon. „Expanding Leader Capability: An Exploratory Study of the Effect of Daily Practices for Leader Development“. [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2010. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1267652992.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University, 2010.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed March 26, 2010). Advisor: Al Guskin, Ph.D.. "A dissertation submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership and Change program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2010."--from the title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 258-265).

27

Kearns, Nathan T. „Effects of Bodily Arousal on Desire to Drink Alcohol among Trauma-Exposed Emerging Adult College Students“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157520/.

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Alcohol consumption on college campuses is a major public health concern, particularly among emerging adults. Extant literature has identified trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress as robust risk factors for problematic alcohol use. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are less well-studied. Research indicates that bodily arousal is a fundamental feature of trauma exposure and posits that internal stimuli (e.g., heart pounding) at the time of trauma may manifest into conditioned cues that can trigger posttraumatic responding and related symptomatology, including alcohol use. However, past work supporting these assertions have used paradigms purposefully designed to evoke memories of the trauma, making it difficult to conclude whether the subsequent alcohol craving was due more to the explicit memory cue or the associated bodily arousal. The current study examined whether an implicit, trauma-relevant cue of bodily arousal (via hyperventilation) – independent of any explicit memory cue – would elicit increased desire to drink among 80 (Mage = 20.34; 63.8% female) trauma-exposed, emerging adult students. Results found no statistically significant difference in change in alcohol craving between the hyperventilation and control tasks. However, exploratory analyses indicated that trauma type (i.e., interpersonal/non-interpersonal) may moderate this relationship; more specifically, individuals reporting interpersonal trauma as their most traumatic event evidenced a significantly greater increase in desire to drink following hyperventilation compared to the non-interpersonal index trauma group. Generally, results suggest that bodily arousal, without an explicit trauma reminder, is not a specific and/or powerful enough trauma-relevant cue to reliably influence alcohol cravings across all trauma exposed emerging adult students. Suggestions for future directions to help in identifying at-risk subgroups, as well as methodological and procedural improvements, are discussed.

28

Riley-Behringer, Maureen Elizabeth. „Effects Of Prenatal Risk and Early Life Care on Behavioral Problems, Self-Regulation, and Modulation of Physiological Stress Response in 6 to 7 Year-Old Children of Intercountry Adoption (ICA)“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1427990709.

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29

Costa, Ana Cristina B. „The Effects of Organizational Justice and Exercise on the Relationship between Job Stressors and Employee Health“. PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1853.

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Recent decades have seen an explosion of research centered on understanding the influential impact that job stressors have on employees' subjective well-being, and now more recently, on objective assessments of physical health. Utilizing baseline data from a larger study funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), I conducted a field study on blue-collar employees from two organizations in the construction industry, with the goal of exploring the impact of job stressors on job satisfaction (subjective well-being) and body mass index (objective health), as well as the influence of organizational justice as a moderator and exercise as a mediator in those relationships. In support of previous research, results show that job stressors (job demands, low skill discretion, and low decision authority) all had significant direct effects on job satisfaction in the expected directions, signifying that the fewer demands and more control one has in their work role, the more satisfied one is. Results also indicate that distributive and procedural justice have significant main effects on job satisfaction, illustrating that higher perceptions of justice are related to higher levels of job satisfaction. With respect to objective health, the data provides empirical support for the relationship between job control (skill discretion and decision authority) and BMI; however, job demands did not have a significant main effect on BMI. More importantly, the rarely studied relationship between organizational justice and BMI was investigated (Robbins et al., 2012), with results indicating that procedural and distributive justice are important influences on one's BMI level. Post hoc analyses revealed that distributive and procedural justice are two relevant mediators to consider in the job stressor-job satisfaction relationship, illustrating the importance of considering employees' fairness perceptions with regards to their satisfaction levels. Moreover, exercise was found to be a significant moderator to the relationship between job demands and BMI, as well as the relationship between distributive justice and job satisfaction, shedding light on physical activity within the work and health contexts as a factor that interacts with employees' perceptions of justice and their workload demands to impact their psychological and physical health. Considering the cross-sectional nature of these data, all mediation and moderation results should be interpreted with caution. With empirical support found for the direct association between job stressors and organizational justice and the outcomes of job satisfaction and BMI, this study has significant implications for researchers and practitioners alike to further expand upon these findings and implement them into organizational practice in support of the Total Worker Health initiative, which aims to promote employee safety and health (Schill & Chosewood, 2013). Results suggest a healthy workforce is the result of the combination of employers transforming the work environment into a more just, transparent and trustworthy place to work, starting with the dynamics between supervisors and their employees, in conjunction with targeted interventions on employees' modifiable behaviors, such as engaging in physical activity and healthier eating habits.

30

McKinnon, Aimee. „Assessing physiological sensitivity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder“. Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/110198/.

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People who have endured horrific events often bear predictable psychological harm. The symptoms of this harm can persist to produce a recognised clinical syndrome, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The lived reality of PTSD is a condition in which sufferers experience unbearable emotional reactions to traumatic reminders and exist in a persistent state of fear. Although the psychiatric and psychological construct of PTSD has been hotly contested, research and clinical opinion seem to converge around a state of enhanced sensitivity to threat, underpinned by chronic physiological hyper-arousal. This thesis has been concerned with the development of assessment measures that are sensitive to physiological hyper-arousal, including pupillometry and visual contrast sensitivity. In three experiments, a sample of 73 participants recruited from military, addiction and homelessness charity services were assessed for PTSD symptomology with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-V, and the self-report Impact of Event Scale-Revised. During passive viewing of emotive images, individuals with PTSD showed pupil responses that were influenced more by emotive stimuli than controls, and showed a reduced constriction of the pupil to light; revealing altered states of arousal. Due to methodological differences, a task assessing pupil responses to emotive sound clips failed to replicate this result. The assessment of visual contrast sensitivity revealed the heterogeneous nature of PTSD. Multi-dimensional assessment of symptom subscales showed that higher levels of re-experiencing symptoms were related to heightened visual sensitivity, but avoidant symptoms were related to lower sensitivity. Overall, the assessment of psychophysiological responses in PTSD demonstrated the utility of pupillometry for the assessment of PTSD, contributed to the literature on the regulation of the autonomic nervous system in PTSD, and highlighted the diversity of the clinical construct due to opposing effects of the symptom subscales.

31

Shapiro, Shauna. „Mindfulness-based stress reduction and breast cancer“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289809.

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The current study was designed to test the efficacy of a meditation-based intervention, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), for women with stage II breast cancer. This prospective randomized study examined the effects of psychological and sleep functioning in the MBSR treatment group compared to a control group. The treatment consisted of a group format focusing on training participants in mindfulness meditation and its application to daily life. Participants in the control group recorded the stress management activities they chose to engage in each day. Results indicated that over time all participants' psychological well-being improved regardless of experimental condition. The MBSR condition did not improve significantly more than the control condition. Within the MBSR group, however, those participants reporting greater mindfulness meditation practice improved on both sleep and psychological variables more than those who practiced less. Implications of the study findings are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.

32

Martin, David E. „The effect of heat stress on excess post exercise oxygen consumption“. Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834623.

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While a great deal of research has been directed towards the phenomena of excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the effect of thermal stress on EPOC is not well defined. To assess the effect of heat stress on EPOC, seven healthy, active subjects (4 female, 3 male; 23.9 ± 2.0 years of age) performed 4 trials: one control (quiet rest) and one exercise (45 minutes of cycling at 65% VO2max workload) trial in moderate (23° C, 50% humidity) and hot (35° C, 50% humidity) environments. Oxygen consumption (V02), heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT) were assessed pre, during and post control or exercise. Subjects were monitored until post exercise VO2 had returned to within ±2% of baseline. EPOC was determined by subtracting baseline VO2 from total V02 during the post exercise period. During the first 15 minutes (acute) post exercise, a significant EPOC (p = 0.0019) was seen in both exercise conditions over both control conditions. During the slow phase (> 15 minutes post exercise to baseline), there was no significant difference between the hot control (HC), moderate exercise (ME), or hot exercise (HE) EPOC. Total time post exercise until baseline was achieved was 35, 44, and 51 minutes for HC, ME, and HE respectively. HR was significantly elevated in both exercise conditions. During the acute post exercise period, HR in HE was elevated above MC, ME and HC (p < 0.05). RT was elevated in both exercise conditions during and post exercise. The present data indicate that heat stress does not have a significant effect on the magnitude or duration of EPOC.
School of Physical Education

33

Hamilton, Jessica Leigh. „Physiological Markers of Stress Generation and Affect Reactivity in Depression“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/460183.

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Psychology
Ph.D.
Although existing research has evaluated physiological and environmental risk factors for depression, these processes are often examined in isolation without considering the dynamic relationships in risk for depression. The present study evaluated physiological markers of resting and stress-reactive respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA and RSA reactivity) as predictors of depressive symptoms and interpersonal stress generation, a mutable and potent vulnerability for depression. Further, we examined whether stress generation predicted subsequent depressive symptoms. In a sample of late adolescents (N = 105; 18-22 years; 76% female), individuals who screened in for a history of clinical and subclinical depression participated in a micro-longitudinal assessment with a diagnostic interview, in-laboratory socio-evaluative stressor task, and two weeks of daily assessments of stressful events and depressive symptoms. First, results indicated that there were no clinical or physiological differences between individuals with a clinical or subclinical depression history. Our multilevel modeling analyses revealed that: 1) only lower levels of resting RSA predicted depressive symptoms over the two-week period; 2) only lower RSA reactivity predicted greater interpersonal stress generation, but not independent stressors; 3) interpersonal stress generation mediated the relationship between RSA reactivity and depressive symptoms, but not resting RSA and depressive symptoms; 4) sex differences only occurred in the relationship between resting RSA and depressive symptoms; and 5) there were no interactive effects of resting RSA and RSA reactivity on depression or interpersonal stress generation. These findings highlight the importance of assessing both resting RSA and RSA reactivity in the examination of depression and depression-related processes.
Temple University--Theses

34

Davies, Thomas Sebastian. „Acute arterial responses to physiological and psychological stress“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1388/.

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the western world. As accumulating evidence emerges that risk of developing cardiovascular disease increases with higher levels of blood pressure, the early detection of those with hypertension becomes an increasing priority. Blood pressure is influenced by numerous factors, including the properties of the large arteries. This thesis sought to examine the effects of acute physiological and psychological stress on indices of arterial function. During likely elevation of sympathetic outflow following isometric exercise, indices of conduit and central artery function indicated stiffening in excess of 10%. During and following acute mental stress the large arteries exhibited a similar stiffening response, despite decreased resistance in the peripheral vasculature. These decreases in arterial compliance resulted in increased amplitude and premature return of arterial pressure waves and lead to a 15% augmentation in central systolic pressure during both forms of stress. These findings may have important clinical implications as increased central pressure elevates left ventricular workload. During graded dynamic exercise, reduced arterial compliance was shown to have progressive influence on the interaction between the heart and the vasculature. These studies provide valuable insight into the cardiovascular response to physiological and environmental stress.

35

Nelson, Sonja C. „Stress, coping, and recurrent abdominal pain in adolescents“. Scholarly Commons, 2002. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2642.

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Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) is a chronic pain problem of childhood and adolescence. It is not yet clear whether RAP should be considered a single psychosocial diagnosis or a distinct set of physical symptoms. Reported prevalence rates of RAP vary greatly, especially for the adolescent age group. Stress and depression have been linked to RAP in clinic and community samples. More research is needed on treatments of RAP using larger sample sizes, appropriate controls, and multi-component treatments. Important areas to explore include RAP in non-Caucasian samples, and the relation of RAP to coping strategies. The current study examined the relationship between stress, coping, and abdominal pain in a large, multi-ethnic sample. In addition to psychological variables, prevalence of RAP in multicultural high school students was examined. One hundred fifty-one high school students completed a series of questionnaires which evaluated the students' abdominal pain, stressful life events, daily subjective stress, and coping strategies. The ethnic comparisons in this study were between Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and White Americans. Four outliers were removed from the sample. The diagnostic criteria for abdominal pain were met by 7.3% of the sample. This is similar to rates of RAP in younger samples. There were no significant mean differences in abdominal pain between gender or ethnic groups. Gender, negative life events, common “hassles,” active coping, and passive coping predicted a significant amount of the variability in reported abdominal pain. Active coping and common hassles seem to be the most important factors in the prediction of pain. Implications of these findings and limitations in the current RAP literature are discussed.

36

Andrews, Julie. „Systematic investigation into psychological, physiological & endocrinological components of stress“. Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114136.

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Stress is a major health concern of the 21st century. It has been shown to be associated with a host of negative health outcomes, from a spectrum of several psychopathologies to cardiovascular disease. However, the exact mechanisms resulting in these disease states have not yet been identified. There are two main physiological systems solicited during an acute stress response: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Both the SNS and HPA have been hypothesized to interact, but the precise nature of their relationship is still under study. In addition to the biological response, there also is the subjective emotional experience of stress. As it is hypothesized to be the trigger of the endocrinological and physical responses, a relationship between these three variables is expected, though, literature on this topic has yielded inconsistent findings. The work in this thesis attempted to understand the relationship between the endocrinological, physiological and psychological responses during an acute stressor. To do so, we combined a pharmacological approach with the most widely used laboratory stress task - the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). We suppressed these systems individually and together after which we exposed the participants to the TSST. Throughout the protocol a number of biomarkers of the SNS and HPA were assessed, including salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase, heart rate and blood pressure. State and trait subjective stress were also measured using questionnaires and visual analogue scales. Our first major finding suggested an inverse relationship between the biological systems, HPA and SNS. When one system was suppressed the other showed increased activity. Dysregulation of each of these systems have both been associated with adverse health consequences. Understanding how to keep an equilibrium between the HPA and SNS may thus be an important factor in the prevention of (psycho)pathologies like depression, or cardiovascular disease. We also observed a link between state subjective stress and the SNS. These findings were found to be in-line with the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion, which states that physiological arousal feeds back and contributes to the subjective emotion state. On the other hand, neuroticism was found to be associated with HPA axis activity. This may imply that neuroticism levels would be somewhat more of a threshold of threat detection. Logically it would not be associated with the SNS as it is a transient effect, but more with its biological analogue, the HPA axis. Future research in this field will surely yield interesting findings contributing to the understanding of its emotional component, inner workings and the etiology of its resulting disorders. Most importantly, it will broaden our understanding of this vast concept and hopefully contribute to the prevention of its associated negative health outcomes.
De nos jours, le stress est considéré comme un enjeu sociétal majeur qui continue de prendre de l'ampleur. Il a d'ailleurs été démontré qu'il a un impact néfaste considérable sur la santé et un lien direct avec plusieurs psychopathologies ainsi que les maladies cardiovasculaires. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels le stress cause un état pathologique n'ont pas encore été identifiés. Il y a principalement deux systèmes physiologiques sollicités au cours d'une réaction de stress : le système nerveux sympathique (SNS) et l'axe hypothalamo-pituito-surrénalien (HPS). Une hypothèse d'interaction entre les deux systèmes a été émise; par contre, la nature exacte de leur relation fait toujours l'objet d'études. En plus de la réponse biologique, il y a aussi l'expérience émotionnelle subjective du stress qui est considérée comme étant le déclencheur des réponses endocrines et physiques. Une relation entre ces trois variables semble donc logique, toutefois la littérature sur ce sujet récence plusieurs résultats contradictoires.Par conséquent, cette thèse tente de comprendre la relation entre les réponses endocrines, physiologiques et psychologiques lors d'une situation de stress.Pour ce faire, nous avons combiné une approche pharmacologique avec la tâche de stress psychologique la plus utilisée en laboratoire – le « Trier Social Stress Test » (TSST). Avant d'exposer les participants au TSST, nous avons inhibé les deux systèmes physiologiques, soit individuellement ou collectivement. Tout au long du protocole, plusieurs biomarqueurs des axes SNS et HPS, y compris le cortisol et l'alpha-amylase salivaires, la fréquence cardiaque et la pression artérielle ont été mesurés. Les différentes facettes du stress subjectif ont également été mesurées au moyen de questionnaires et d'échelles visuelles analogiques.Notre première constatation suggère une relation inverse entre les systèmes biologiques HPS et SNS. Lorsqu'un des systèmes est inhibé, l'autre montre une activité accrue. Le dérèglement de chacun de ces systèmes a été associé à des conséquences néfastes sur la santé. Le fait de mieux comprendre la façon de garder un équilibre entre les axes HPS et SNS peut donc être un facteur important dans la prévention des pathologies, comme la dépression et les maladies cardiovasculaires. Nous avons également observé un lien entre l'état subjectif du stress et le SNS. Ces résultats sont en accord avec la « Two-Factor Theory of Emotion » qui stipule que l'activité physiologique contribue à l'état subjectif du stress. D'autre part, l'inquiétude chronique a été associée à l'activité de l'axe HPS, ce qui suggère que le niveau de névrosisme pourrait agir comme seuil de détection du danger. Logiquement, il ne serait pas associé au SNS qui a un effet transitoire, mais plutôt à son analogue biologique, l'axe HPS.Les recherches futures dans ce domaine mèneront certainement à des résultats intéressants qui contribueront à la compréhension des composantes émotionnelles du stress, de son fonctionnement interne et de l'étiologie des troubles qui en résultent. Principalement, il permettra d'élargir notre compréhension de ce vaste concept et de contribuer à la prévention de ses effets néfastes sur la santé.

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Fox, Sheilagh. „Well-Being and Physiological Reactivity to Stress“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6715.

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Because of the impact of stress on health, it is important to understand the variables that underlie cardiovascular reactivity to stress because it may lead to more focused targets of intervention for helping people to reduce or otherwise better manage their stress. The purpose of the present study was to answer the following questions: does lack of eudaimonic well-being (a combination of psychological and social well-being) predict increased cardiovascular reactivity to stress in a clinically distressed population? And does increased eudaimonic well-being protect against increased cardiovascular reactivity to stress when hedonic well-being (a combination of positive affect and life satisfaction) is low and depression and stress are high? If so, then it may be possible to reduce the effects of stress on health even if depression and stress are present. One hundred twenty-nine college students (ages 18-29) who were clinically distressed were administered a questionnaire that included questions about demographic variables and measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, depression, and general perceived stress. After answering the questionnaire, a baseline reading of cardiovascular activity was taken. After the baseline reading, participants were subjected to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), an interpersonal stressor that consists of an anticipation period, a speech, and a math task. Measurements of cardiovascular activity were taken throughout the TSST. I predicted that lower levels of eudaimonic and hedonic well-being, mental health, and higher amounts of general perceived stress would predict increased cardiovascular reactivity to the TSST as measured by systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Then, should the prior hypothesis be true, I predicted that higher eudaimonic well-being will suppress the effect of lower hedonic will-being, lower mental health, and higher general perceived stress on cardiovascular activity to acute stress. Results of the study found no effect of eudaimonic well-being, hedonic well-being, depression, and general perceived stress on cardiovascular reactivity during the TSST. The results suggest that there is no relationship between well-being, depression, and general perceived stress and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in a young college student population.

38

Katopodis, Angela. „Gender differences in the response of the HPA-axis to alcohol and stress“. Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82262.

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Stress plays a significant role in the initiation and continuation of drinking. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown a higher incidence of alcoholism in males than females. Objective. The current studies aimed to investigate the presence of gender differences in the interactions of ethanol and stress with the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. Methods. Participants included 12 males and 10 females with no previous personal or familial history of alcoholism. Plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol were estimated following a placebo drink, a low and a high dose of alcohol and a psychological stress task performed 30 minutes after the ingestion of the placebo, the low and the high alcohol drinks. Results. Male participants presented a more pronounced response of the HPA-axis to both alcohol and psychological stress. Prior ingestion of the low and to a lesser extent of the high dose of alcohol induced a more pronounced and longer lasting attenuation of the HPA-axis response to stress in males than females. Conclusions. There are gender differences in the interactions of ethanol and stress with the HPA-axis, which may contribute to the gender differences in alcohol consumption.

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Wolpert, Chantelle. „The relation of chronic stress during middle childhood to allostatic load in adolescence“. Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3624241.

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The association between stress and illness is well recognized. One recently proposed pathway between these constructs is the Allostatic Load framework, which is a biological-process model in which chronic stress is linked to physiological dysregulation. The current study tested one part of the Allostatic Load process model by looking at a spectrum of chronic stressors experienced in everyday life by healthy, typically¯-developing children during middle childhood, to find out whether their exposures are associated with the development of Allostatic Load at age 15. This was done by utilizing the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD SECCYD) data and drawing on the Allostatic Load model. The level of chronic stress experienced during middle childhood is associated positively with Allostatic Load in adolescence. The Home/Family context is more predictive of Allostatic Load in adolescence than stress experienced in the Extrafamilial context. However, this relationship is moderated by the sex of the research participant: the relationship between Home/Family stress and Allostatic Load was only significant for males. In contrast, the relationship between Extrafamilial stress and Allostatic Load was only significant for females.

40

Reveles, Alexandra K. „Experience of Microaggressions: White Bystanders’ Physiological and Psychological Reactions“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7477.

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The negative impacts of discriminatory events to the physiological and psychological stress of the recipient has been thoroughly documented. However, there is little to no evidence about the impacts to bystanders of these events, particularly White bystanders. Psychological impacts may emerge through academic achievement, which has implications for educational institutions and their diversity initiatives. This study examined the impact of witnessing discriminatory events on academic achievement, biological markers of distress, and emotional distress. Academic achievement was negatively impacted for participants in the microaggression and blatant racism conditions when compared to a control condition. Study participants also experienced negative emotional impacts. These were evident through a decrease of positive emotion and an increase of negative emotion throughout the study. Counter to the stated hypothesis, biological markers of distress did not demonstrate a negative impact from the discriminatory event. Microaggressions, specifically, were not found to have negative impacts on academic achievement. There were also no differences in the relationship between biological markers of distress and academic achievement among the three conditions. These findings suggest that discriminatory behavior negatively impacts White bystanders emotional state and academic achievement.

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Taylor, Robert E. „A Quantitative Relationship Between Spirituality, Stress, and Burnout among Office Workers“. Thesis, Keiser University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13858402.

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This study employed a quantitative correlational research design to determine the extent of the relationship between professionals' spirituality, stress, and different dimensions of burnout in the workplace. Instruments included the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey (MBI-GS) Burnout Inventory. The study was conducted among male and female full-time employees working in an office setting located in the United States of America ( N = 92) using an internet-based questionnaire service. Results indicate that spirituality was positively correlated with the Exhaustion and Cynicism burnout dimensions, and negatively correlated with the professional efficacy burnout dimension. The findings suggest that spirituality is a crucial predictor of occupational stress and burnout in the workplace and could be used as a coping strategy.

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Glover, Liesl Lin. „Clinician Trainees Physiological Reactivity, Perceived Stress, and Self-Efficacy In Response to Client Suicidality“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1414154478.

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Dedovic, Katarina. „Psychological stress and vulnerability for Major Depressive Disorder: cortisol, brain structure, function, and cognitive processing in young adults“. Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96675.

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Psychological stress has an important impact on one's physical and mental health. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis and the subsequent increase in the stress hormone cortisol constitutes the organism's main response to stress. Individual differences in stress response contribute to one's vulnerability and resilience to a host of physical and psychological ills. Understanding the regulatory networks underlying stress processing in both healthy and vulnerable populations is essential. The work presented in this thesis aimed to investigate neural correlates of psychological stress processing and the HPA axis function in samples of healthy individuals as well as those with distinct vulnerability to a stress-related illness, Major Depressive Disorder. Our literature review revealed that only studies using serial subtraction or the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST), a task that combines mental arithmetic and negative social evaluation components, were able to induce a significant cortisol stress response. Deactivation in orbitofrontal regions and the limbic system were most consistently observed in response to psychological stress. Exposing healthy subjects to a new, event-related version of MIST revealed that reduction of brain activity in the limbic system observed previously was specifically associated with the processing of social evaluative threat, a key component of psychological stress. We then examined HPA axis function (both basal and reactive) and the HPA regulatory brain areas for evidence of dysregulation in a sample of healthy young adults who showed varying levels of depressive tendencies, but at subclinical levels. This was the first time that these concepts were assessed in a subclinically depressed population. The subjects with increased subclinical levels of depression showed impairments in HPA function (in a form of blunted cortisol awakening response and blunted stress response), as well as impairment in certain key regions within the HPA axis regulatory network (for e.g. small hippocampal volumes and dysregulated medial orbitofrontal cortex). I conclude the thesis by proposing a basic model of a neural network underlying stress processing in a healthy population, and also outline nodes at which this network might be affected in subclinically depressed populations. Some research avenues for future studies are also highlighted.
L'expérience de stress psychologique peut compromettre la santé mentale et physiologique d'un individu. L'activation de l'axe hypothalamo-surrénalien, caractérisée par la libération subséquente de cortisol, constitue la principale réponse physiologique de stress. La susceptibilité ou la résilience pour un ensemble de maladies d'ordre physiques ou psychologiques est influencée par la variabilité interindividuelle dans la réponse de stress. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre le fonctionnement des systèmes régulateurs de la réponse de stress comparativement chez des sujets sains et vulnérables. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse investigue les processus neuronaux et endocrinologiques du stress psychologique chez des sujets sains exprimant divers degré de susceptibilité à la dépression majeure, une psychopathologie reliée au stress. Notre revue de la littérature suggère que l'exposition à une épreuve de soustraction en série de même que l'exposition au Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST), une épreuve de calcul mentale dans lequel le sujet est évalué négativement, peuvent induire une augmentation significative de cortisol. Au niveau neuronal, la réponse de stress psychologique se manifeste par une réduction de l'activité du cortex orbitofrontal et des régions du système limbique. L'exposition de sujets sains à une nouvelle version du MIST, employant un paradigme événementiel, a démontré que la réduction de l'activité du système limbique était spécifiquement associée aux éléments de menace psychosocial, une composante clé dans l'induction de la réponse de stress. Nous avons ensuite étudié l'activité de l'axe hypothalamo-surrénalien, (basale et réactive) en relation avec les régions cérébrales régulatrices afin d'observer certaines irrégularités chez de jeunes adultes sains qui présente divers degré de susceptibilité au développement de trouble dépressifs tout en demeurant sous le seuil clinique. Les sujets présentant un profil dépressif sous clinique élevée on démontrer un dysfonctionnement de l'axe hypothalamo-surrénalien, (une suppression des niveaux de cortisol à l'éveil et en réponse de stress) ainsi que l'altération de régions cérébrales régulatrices de la réponse de stress (volume hippocampique réduit, dysfonctionnement de l'activité du cortex orbitofrontale médial). Je conclue cette thèse en proposant un modèle d'interaction cérébrale impliqué dans la réponse de stress chez des sujets sains en soulignant les possibles sites de dysfonctionnement chez les sujets présentant un seuil dépressif sous clinique élevée. Finalement, quelques projets futurs seront présentés.

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White, Christina Noel. „An examination of the social self preservation model and the physiological resonance of social stress“. Thesis, Saint Louis University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1541150.

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The social self preservation model posits that threats to the social self result in a unique and coordinated psychobiological response that evolved due to its adaptive benefits. Stressors that threaten the social self elicit feelings of shame and other negative self-conscious emotions, as well as increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. The current study sought to test this model by exposing individuals to an acute stressor, and determining if they exhibit the emotional, physiological, and behavioral components proposed by the self preservation model. In addition, the physiological and emotional reactions of an observing participant were assessed to determine if they too exhibited a physiological and emotional reaction to observing an individual under social stress. Results supported the social self preservation model in that participants undergoing the acute stressor task exhibited significantly greater cortisol response and self-reported personal distress, as compared to observing participants. The social self preservation model was also extended by the current findings in that participant submissive nonverbal behavior, particularly gaze aversion, was related to their physiological response. Observing participants exhibited a significant salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) response, demonstrating the physiological effects of observing an individual experiencing social stress. In addition, observing participants with greater trait empathy levels exhibited significantly greater physiological reactivity as well as self-reported personal distress. These findings suggest that nonverbal behavior may be a mechanism of physiological resonance of stress.

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Aufegger, Lisa. „The investigation of musicians' physiological and psychological responses to performance stress“. Thesis, Royal College of Music, 2016. http://researchonline.rcm.ac.uk/354/.

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Stress in music performance shows an intrinsic relationship with changes in cardiovascular functioning and emotions, yet to date, studies analysing these stress indicators are few and far between. The overarching aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate performance stress through the lens of both self-reported anxiety and physical stress signatures in heart rate variability. For rigour, this is achieved through a close examination of the relationship between stress and structural complexity of heart rate variability in response to different conditions musicians underwent: (1) a low- and high-stress performance and (2) a simulated performance environment. In my thesis I approached the problem in a comprehensive way and investigated five Studies. Studies 1 and 2 (Chapters 3 and 4) employ new heart rate variability methods to analyse physical stress. Study 3 (Chapter 5) compares heart rate variability responses before and during a performance in a simulated and a real-life performance environment; Study 4 (Chapter 6) qualitatively addresses further enhancements related to simulated performance environments. Study 5 (Chapter 7) examines heart rate variability responses to simulated performance feedback of different emotional valence. Results provide conclusive evidence that musicians performing in high-stress conditions display lower levels of structural complexity in the heart rate variability (signature of high stress), in particular prior to the performance, and a statistically significant elevation of subjective anxiety. The findings show that both simulated and real performance scenarios create similar physical and emotional responses. Interviews with musicians reveal the benefits of simulations in combination with complementary training methods. More immediate follow-up research may focus on heart rate variability responses to other training strategies, such as Alexander Technique and physical exercise; use a greater selection of standardised self-assessments; and evaluate musicians experiencing severe performance stress, for which this thesis has paved the way.

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Miller, Lana L., und University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. „The effects of selenium on the physiological stress response in fish“. Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/397.

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Selenium (Se), an essential element, can bioaccumulate and become toxic. The main toxicity symptom in fish, teratogenicity, is mediated by oxidative stress; however, little is known about the effect of Se on the physiological stress response (PSR). The effects of Se on the PSR and oxidative stress parameters were investigated in rainbow trout, brook trout, and white suckers. The PSR was activated by acute and sub-chronic laboratory exposures to NaSeO3, but not exposure to environmental levels of Se. Species-specific sensitivity to Se may be explained by biochemical differences. Rainbow trout (exhibit oxidative damage with Se exposure) have greater GSH reserves (cycles with Se causing oxidative stress) than brook trout. Selenium in agricultural drain water did not accumulate to dangerous levels in white suckers, but additional stressors (e.g. pesticides) were present. Differences in sensitivity to Se may alter competitive interactions between species, changing community compositions and putting additional pressure on threatened species.
xiii, 150 leaves ; 29 cm.

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Julian, Teresa W. „Physiological and social-psychological bases of stress associated with the male mid-life transition /“. The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487332636474028.

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48

White, Lynn H. „Task-specific effects of glucose and stress on memory“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ44628.pdf.

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49

Deschamps, Sophie. „Infant modulates stress responsiveness in lactating female rats“. Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78351.

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In these studies, we first compared the neuroendocrine responses between early (EL, PPD3-5), late (LL, PPD 15) lactating and virgin (V) females to a male intruder in the home cage. We next investigated whether the presence of the pups at the time of exposure to stress could modify the magnitude of the hormonal response to a male intruder in the home cage or to a predator odor (fox urine) in a novel environment. In the male intruder paradigm, levels of CRF mRNA expression in the PVN and CeA were lower in LL compared to EL or V females and plasma ACTH and B secretion was also reduced in LL compared to EL females. In EL females, the presence of the pups with their mothers at the time of stress significantly increased plasma ACTH and B responses to either male intruder or predator odor compared to EL females without their pups for 2.5hrs or 48 hrs. These studies point out to the critical role of the pups in modulating the maternal response to stressors that represent a threat for the litter.

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Rowe, Wayne 1961. „Neurotensin as a key regulator of stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocorticoid activity and behavior“. Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35481.

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Central administration of pmol and low nmol doses of neurotensin (NT), rapidly stimulated hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) activity, increasing adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (B) release for several hours. This suggests potent effects of centrally administered NT and a role for this neuropeptide in HPA regulation. Of several brain areas thought to be involved in mediating NT-induced effects, one site of particular interest is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVNh). Chronic implants of the NT antagonist, SR 48692 (powdered form), into the PVNh area decreased HPA activity under both basal and stress-induced conditions. These findings suggest an endogenous role for NT in mediating hypophysiotropic HPA signalling. Decreases in immunoreactive (ir) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression was also seen following chronic SR 48692 exposure (day 7). This decrease in irCRH levels paralleled the SR 48692-induced inhibition in ACTH and B release, suggesting that CRH is involved in mediating SR 48692-induced effects on HPA activity.
Chronic intracerebroventricular (icv) delivery of NT (1 pmol/h for 14 days) into the rat brain had an opposing effect than that of SR 48692.
Chronic NT treated animals demonstrated increased fear/anxiety-related behavior. Decreased mean locomotor activity was observed in the chronic NT-treated (1 pmol/h for 14 days) animals upon exposure to a novel environment. Thus, a NT-CRH mechanism of action appears to be involved in mediating behavioral responses to stress. In addition to a proposed role for CRH mediating NT-induced HPA regulation, it also appears to be mediating fear/anxiety-related behavior.
Finally, we examined the status of NT receptors in animals with known deficits in HPA function. Aged, 24 month old Long-Evans rats, were identified as either aged, cognitively impaired (AI) or aged, cognitively unimpaired (AU) compared to young adult control rats. The AI animal showed decreased levels of [125I]NT binding sites in areas such as CA3 (42%) and DG (55%) of the hippocampus and the PVNh (72%) compared to the young controls. The fact that this is occurring in the animal known to exhibit HPA hyperactivity lends further support for a NT role in regulating HPA function. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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