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1
Glaser, Barney G. Basics of grounded theory analysis: Emergence vs. forcing. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1992.
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2
Corsani, Gabriele, und Marco Bini, Hrsg. La Facoltà di Architettura di Firenze fra tradizione e cambiamento. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-416-3.
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The volume comprises the proceedings of the study days in the Faculty of Architecture (29-30 April 2004) broken down into four thematic sections: The original characteristics of the Florentine school, From Higher School to Faculty, the Florentine school and the contributions from outside, Contemporary metamorphoses. The contributions focus the phases of formation and evolution of the Higher School (1926) and later Faculty (1936) of Architecture, underlining the most significant passages, starting from the initial consolidation of the didactic structure and the emergence of a "Florentine school" characterised by the two strands traceable to Raffaello Fanoni and Giovanni Michelucci. A parallel experience is provided by the contribution of the external teachers, in particular of the Roman school, with lively and at times conflicting approaches. The present situation, albeit with the necessary disciplinary dialectic, features a settlement of the divergences around themes of the relations between architecture, environment and landscape.
3
Formisano, Ronald P. Populist Currents in the 2008 Presidential Campaign. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036606.003.0009.
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This chapter highlights the populist strains in the 2008 campaigns and connects them to the nation's long history of politics “for the people.” When “Joe the Plumber” heckled Obama in Toledo, when Clinton hoisted a brew at a bar in Indiana, when Palin proudly introduced herself to the nation as a “hockey mom,” they were participating in a tradition of populist electoral appeals that can be traced back to the Whig Party's “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” campaign of 1840. Though populist campaigning took a digital turn in 2008 with the emergence of campaigning via interactive digital communications technologies, this chapter concludes that, as in the past, the populist rhetoric of the 2008 campaigns often had very little to do with policies that promoted the greatest good for the greatest number.
4
Protocol for Enhanced Isolate-Level Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in the Americas. Primary Phase: Bloodstream Infections. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122686.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance plays an important role in the early detection of resistant strains of public health importance and prompt response to outbreaks in hospitals and the community. Surveillance findings are needed to inform medical practice, antibiotic stewardship, and policy and interventions to combat AMR. Appropriate use of antimicrobials, informed by surveillance, improves patients’ treatment outcomes and reduces the emergence and spread of AMR. This protocol describes the steps and procedures to establish/enhance AMR surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean. It provides technical guidance to integrate patient, laboratory, and epidemiological data to monitor AMR emergence, trends, and effects in the population. It also provides the necessary elements to move from aggregated data to isolate-level data surveillance starting with blood isolates. It facilitates uniform data collection processes, methods, and tools to ensure data comparability within the Region of the Americas. Finally, it builds on over a decade of experience of the regional AMR surveillance network—ReLAVRA by its Spanish acronym—and its procedures are aligned with the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) methodology, enabling countries to participate in the global GLASS AMR surveillance.
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Schaflechner, Jürgen. Hinglaj in Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850524.003.0003.
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This chapter presents three distinct strains of the Goddess’s history, corresponding to the three main historical discourses shaping the current representations of Hinglaj and the ritual journeys relating to her. The first surveys the various mentions of Hinglaj Devi in ancient Sanskrit sources, including her link to the myth of the Goddess Sati. The second demonstrates how Hinglaj rose to her role as an important caste and clan Goddess for contemporary South Asian Hindus. The third provides a glimpse into how the shrine’s Zikri-Muslim history has transformed the Goddess into a representative of communal understanding between Muslims and Hindus in today’s Sindh. Laid over this approach is an overview of the recent infrastructural and other developments at and around the shrine and their effect on these historical narratives, including the recent emergence of the Lasi-Lohana caste as a new and powerful actor in the process of writing and rewriting the history of Hinglaj.
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Morgan, Marina. Other bacterial diseasesStreptococcosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0023.
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Many pyogenic (β -haemolytic) streptococci of clinical significance have animal connections. In the last edition of this book two species of streptococci were considered of major zoonotic interest, namely Streptococcus suis and S. zooepidemicus. Since then, numerous sporadic zoonoses due to other streptococci have been reported, and a newly recognized fish pathogen with zoonotic potential termed S. iniae has emerged. Changes in nomenclature make the terminology confusing. For example, the organism known as S. zooepidemicus — now termed S. dysgalactiae subsp. zooepidemicus — still causes pharyngitis in humans, complicated rarely by glomerulonephritis after ingestion of unpasteurized milk. Pigs remain the primary hosts of S. suis with human disease mainly affecting those who have contact with pigs or handle pork.Once a sporadic disease, several major epidemics associated with high mortality have been reported in China. The major change in reports of zoonotic streptococcal infections has been the emergence of severe skin and soft tissue infections, and an increasing prevalence of toxic shock, especially due to S. suis (Tang et al. 2006), group C (Keiser 1992) and group G β -haemolytic streptococci (Barnham et al. 2002). Penicillin remains the mainstay of treatment for most infections, although some strains of group C and G streptococci are tolerant (minimum bactericidal concentration difficult or impossible to achieve in vivo) (Portnoy et al. 1981; Rolston and LeFrock 1984) and occasionally strains with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for penicillin are reported.Agents preventing exotoxin formation, such as clindamycin and occasionally human intravenous immunoglobulin, may be used in overwhelming infection where circulating exotoxins need to be neutralized in order to damp down the massive release of cytokines generated by their production (Darenberg et al. 2003). Prevention of human disease focuses on maintaining good hygienic practice when dealing with live animals or handling raw meat or fish products, covering skin lesions, thorough cooking of meats and pasteurization of milk.
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Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence Vs. Forcing. Sociology Pr, 1992.
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Schneider, Beth E., und Janelle M. Pham. The Turn toward Socialist, Radical, and Lesbian Feminisms. Herausgegeben von Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger und Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.4.
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The emergence of socialist, radical, and lesbian feminisms during the 1960s was a reaction to, and critique of, liberal feminism. Activists in this women’s liberation branch of the second wave strongly agreed that liberal feminism, with its focus on rights, choice, and personal achievement, was insufficient in its analysis of women’s status and condition. Each of the three strands differed in their analysis of the roots of the problem and in their approaches to social change. This chapter details “the turn” to socialist, radical, and lesbian feminism during the 1960s and 1970s with a focus on the ideological underpinnings, strategies, and organizations, examining the differences between and within each strand. Each of these strands faced varying levels of criticism for their lack of attentiveness to the diversity of women’s experience beyond the interests of a mostly White, middle-class constituency. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on these feminisms.
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Alexander, D. J., N. Phin und M. Zuckerman. Influenza. Herausgegeben von I. H. Brown. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0037.
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Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.
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Yaari, Nurit. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746676.003.0001.
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This chapter examines the lack of continuous tradition of the art of the theatre in the history of Jewish culture. Theatre as art and institution was forbidden for Jews during most of their history, and although there were plays written in different times and places during the past centuries, no tradition of theatre evolved in Jewish culture until the middle of the nineteenth century. In view of this absence, the author discusses the genesis of Jewish theatre in Eastern Europe and in Eretz-Yisrael (The Land of Israel) since the late nineteenth century, encouraged by the Jewish Enlightenment movement, the emergence of Jewish nationalism, and the rebirth of Hebrew as a language of everyday life. Finally, the chapter traces the development of parallel strands of theatre that preceded the Israeli theatre and shadowed the emergence of the political infrastructure of the future State of Israel.
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Como, David R. The House of Stuart, the House of Lords, and the Politics of “Independency”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0011.
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This chapter chronicles shifts in political assumption in late 1643 and early 1644, pointing towards the later revolutionary outcome of 1649. The chapter demonstrates a strain of intensifying hostility towards Charles I, often accompanied by casual discussion of the dethronement or deposition of the king. Alongside this, some partisans began to sharpen expansive visions of parliamentary supremacy, yoking them to tendentious claims for expansive religious and discursive liberty. Simultaneously, there emerged rising challenges to the constitutional status of the House of Lords. By 1644, proponents of these militant positions began to rally behind a nascent “independent” leadership, helping to explain the emergence of an “independent” political coalition (which counterintuitively included many people who were not personally committed to congregational or sectarian forms of church government).
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Beers, Laura. Political Communication. Herausgegeben von David Brown, Gordon Pentland und Robert Crowcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198714897.013.18.
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This chapter offers a critical overview of the emergence of different strands of historical enquiry into political communication, a term of art rarely used in Britain until the 1960s and only taken seriously by historians from the 1980s. The chapter pays particular attention to the history of political communication in the era of mass democracy and the mass media and focuses on the relationship between the British left and the media as a lens onto wider developments. The final section examines how, particularly after the election victory of New Labour in 1997, a new generation of historians has explored the phenmenon of mediated political communication and its intersections with areas of popular culture with increasing sophistication.
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Sweet, Alec Stone, und Clare Ryan. Beyond Borders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825340.003.0007.
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This chapter charts the growing capacity of the European Court to protect the rights of those who are not citizens of member states of the Council of Europe. The Court’s sustained commitment to robustly enforcing the right to life, the prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment, and the right to a court and judicial remedy facilitated the development of three strains of cosmopolitan jurisprudence. The first operationalizes the Kantian principle of hospitality, covering expulsion, extradition, and the treatment of refugees. The second extends protections to persons whose rights have been violated by states who are not parties to the Convention, or by state parties exercising jurisdiction outside of Convention territory. The third instantiates dialogues with other treaty-based regimes when it comes to overlapping obligations to protect rights. These dialogues suggest that constitutional pluralism is an emergent property of the structure of international law beyond Europe.
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Sill, Geoffrey. Developments in Sentimental Fiction. Herausgegeben von Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.019.
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The sentimental strain in English fiction, which represents men of feeling and women of sensibility engaging in acts of sympathy and benevolence, became prominent in the 1760s through the novels of Charlotte Lennox, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Sterne, Henry Mackenzie, and others, building primarily on the work of Samuel Richardson and Henry and Sarah Fielding. The reformation of male manners, the feminization of taste and consumption, the grounding of ethics in human nature rather than rationalism or faith, and the emergence of a theory of moral sensibility all contributed to the popular reception of sentimental fiction. Frances Burney’s first two novels, Evelina and Cecilia, successfully combined sentiment with the comedy of Fielding and the moral sententiousness of Richardson, but in the third, Camilla, Burney felt the pressure of an increasing taste for realism, which eventually lessened the predominance, though it did not entirely eliminate, the sentimental form.
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Lee, Alexander. History, Providence, and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199675159.003.0003.
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A few years after the humanist dream of a revivified Empire had put down roots in Padua, a parallel strain of imperialist thought was germinating in Verona. There in the shadow of the cathedral library, a small group of like-minded figures were attempting to revive classical culture more through the study of history and philology than through stylistic imitation. Like their Paduan contemporaries, they were deeply troubled by the condition of their times, and lamented the emergence of factionalism and tyranny. They, too, longed for peace and liberty, and saw the Empire as their best hope. But as this chapter shows, they were more concerned with the fate of humanity as a whole than with that of a single city; and rather than relying on the letter of feudal law, they instead founded their imperialism on a deep appreciation for the Roman past and the Church Fathers.
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Hughes, Gillian. Fiction in the Magazines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0025.
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This chapter focuses on magazine fiction. Magazine fiction before 1820 has been viewed as irredeemably derivative and ephemeral. Notions of the canon, however, are now wider than they were and there is more interest in the typical as well as in the best fiction of the period. Novelists themselves read magazine fiction, which formed part of the cultural context from which their work developed and in which it may be understood: specific strands of eighteenth-century magazine fiction share ground with the writings of Jane Austen, for instance, or anticipate the subject matter of the Brontës. Indeed, the emergence of the professionally written tale in the 1820s can be seen as meeting a growing desire for more sophisticated magazine fiction and as providing for the needs of those who were attempting to produce it.
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Homeless Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients in SAAP 2006-07: A report from the SAAP National Data Collection. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2009.
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Briggs, Laura. Transnational. Herausgegeben von Lisa Disch und Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.49.
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This chapter argues that the emergence of the subfield transnational feminism (especially but not exclusively in the United States) after 2000 represented the convergence of many strands of thought and activism: postcolonial feminist thought; critical analysis of globalization; and feminist activists’ coming together around decolonization politics, UN conferences, and local and regional encuentros (encounters), tribunals, and other autonomous spaces. The word transnational, however, was also favored by global capitalism, and feminism was extraordinarily productive for new kinds of exploitation and forms of globalization, for example, the mostly female workforces in export processing zones, microcredit loans, and military efforts to “save” women (as in Afghanistan), and this, too, is an inheritance of transnational feminism. The chapter explores this central contradiction of transnational feminist scholarship and activism, as well as contributions from queer and sexuality studies, feminist disability studies, Native feminism, and other substantive areas of feminism.
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Gioli, Giovanna, und Hamish Kallin, Hrsg. Thinking as Anarchists. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474483131.001.0001.
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Thinking as Anarchists brings together a series of influential papers from the Italian anarchist journal Volontà and the extended international circle connected to it. Initially published in the early 1980s, most of these papers have never appeared in English before. Together, they form a treasure trove of intellectual provocations on issues as diverse as authority, the state, utopia, freedom, patriarchy, and how we might envisage an anarchist approach to economics. Remarkably far-ranging in their points of reference, these interventions are “interdisciplinary” in the most radical sense of the word. Chiming with whilst strafing against the emergence of post-structuralist thought, these papers sought to reinvigorate the intellectual heart of the anarchist ideal in the dying years of the 20th century. Thinking as Anarchists is an essential text for historians of anarchism, and an engaging intervention for all those who theorise for a radically better world.
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Cobb, Harold M. The History of Stainless Steel. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.hss.9781627083560.
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The History of Stainless Steel is a retrospective on the development and commercialization of stainless steels, which some consider to be metallurgy’s crowning achievement of 20th century. It takes readers into the dusty shops and labs where discoveries were made by pioneering metallurgists including Elwood Haynes, Benno Strauss, Harry Brearly, Christian Dantsizen, F.M. Becket, P.E. Armstrong, and C.M. Johnson. It explains how these and other visionaries navigated uncharted waters, creating a new class of corrosion-resistant steels and setting off a wave of innovation that reached into nearly every aspect of life. It describes melting and refining advancements, the emergence of duplex and precipitation-hardening stainless steels, and high-profile applications of the "miracle metal" in construction, architecture, aviation, and rail travel. The book also includes information on classification, naming, and numbering systems and a detailed timeline that lists significant events. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-1-61503-011-8, follow this link.
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Genieys, William. C. Wright Mills,. Herausgegeben von Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page und Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.15.
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This chapter examinesThe Power Elite, a radical work by C. Wright Mills that challenges the foundations of US liberal democracy and analyses the conditions under which democratic pluralism in the country can be reversed. Focusing on the theory of divided and united elites in relation to the system of checks and balances, Mills argues that the emergence of a power elite in the United States after 1945 necessitates a reevaluation of the foundations of democratic pluralism due to the significant changes in the competition for power and alternation in office at different levels of government. He also contends that members of only three elite groups had access to positions of national power: the “corporate rich,” the “warlords,” and the members of the “political directorate.” This chapter considers the rise and the fall of the elite model by assessing the four strands of Mills’s thought, one of which concerns the formation of state elites as the “true” power elite.
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Vijaisri, Priyadarshini. Essays on Violence. Bloomsbury Publishing india Pvt. Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9789356405646.
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Essays on Violence:Pollution, Sacrifice and Madnessis an exploration of the intersecting histories of caste and violence in the Indian context foregrounding ideational and temporal continuities and deep linkages between ideas, processes and events by combing historical sources with ethnographic data.Traversing the diverse and conflicting strands in Indian traditions, it traces the centrality of the idea of violence in discourses on sacrificial violence, self, body, evil and danger and their reverberations in critical moments of Indian history. The discourse on caste violence is unpacked through analysis of concepts likedanda,matsyanyayaandvadhoavadha, religious and textual exegesis of negation and demonization and historical sites to locate processes of transitions in cultures of violence via the Telangana armed uprising and imagined cartography of the incipient nation. By drawing attention to the nature of caste violence in postcolonial Andhra, the book offers glimpses into the emergence of contradictory pulls in the forging of caste identities, nationhood and the shifts in the subjectivity of outcastes within the context of repressive political culture of postcolonial democratic experience.
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Shibamoto-Smith, Janet S., und Vineeta Chand. Linguistic Anthropology. Herausgegeben von Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron und Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0002.
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This chapter reviews the development of linguistic anthropology as it relates to sociolinguistics, including some particulars of the concept of fieldwork and ethnography, as well as some of the changes in the nature of field sites that have occurred over the last few decades. It also looks at some of the new strands of empirical work and theorizing that have emerged as a result of these changes. The chapter ends with some thoughts on how socially oriented linguistics of all sorts might productively work together toward meshing the concerns of quantitative sociolinguistics in the population-wide, emergent patterns of language use that characterize a community of speakers with the historical, discursive, and ideological understandings of on-the-ground speaking events, which remain the core concern of linguistic anthropology.
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Devereaux, Michelle. The Stillness of Solitude. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474446044.001.0001.
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The Stillness of Solitude explores the Romantic connections between a selection of seven films from contemporary American filmmakers Sofia Coppola, Wes Anderson, Spike Jonze, and Charlie Kaufman. Linking the current socio-cultural moment, which has been described as ‘metamodern’, to the Romantic era, it describes how the Romantic relation to selfhood, intersubjectivity, and ‘being in the world’ informs the films studied. The first section of the book lays out the aesthetic argument, the second describes the role of imagination and emotion in creating that aesthetic, and the third explores narratives of personal growth and their relation to cultural history. The overall structure of the book traces the progression of Romantic thought and situates the films historically, while simultaneously engaging with an up-to-the-moment present. It explores gender, childhood, the artistic process, revolution, scepticism, the natural world, love, and death through specific discourses of contemporary film theory including aesthetics, cinematic metatextuality, feminist criticism, eco-criticism and animal studies, and ethical studies. It argues for the emergence of a particular strain of American ‘independent’ cinema that draws extensively on 1970s New Hollywood film in ways differing from 1990s ‘smart’ cinema, and considers how the films use both classical Hollywood and American/European arthouse cinema tropes to create an uneasy dialectic between the two, emphasising the anxieties of our own time, nostalgia for an imaginary past, and fear of an uncertain future.
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Devlin, R. K. What You Need to Know about the Flu. Greenwood, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216034810.
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What You Need to Know About the Flu offers readers a concise yet in-depth look at the influenza virus and the illness it causes, with both a historical perspective and a contemporary discussion of treatment, prevention, and controversies. Seasonal influenza strikes each winter, sickening millions, causing thousands of hospitalizations and deaths, and resulting in millions of dollars in health care costs and lost work productivity. The flu can also cause periodic epidemics and global pandemics. Experts fear the next public health emergency may be a new and deadly strain of influenza. This book is a part of Greenwood’s Inside Diseases and Disorders series. This series profiles a variety of physical and psychological conditions, distilling and consolidating vast collections of scientific knowledge into concise, readable volumes. A list of “top 10” essential questions begins each book, providing quick-access answers to readers’ most pressing concerns. The text follows a standardized, easy-to-navigate structure, with each chapter exploring a particular facet of the topic. In addition to covering basics such as causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management options, books in this series delve into issues that are less commonly addressed but still critically important, such as effects on loved ones and caregivers. Case illustrations highlight key themes discussed in the book, accompanied by insightful analyses and recommendations.
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Kaplan, Jerry. Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190602383.001.0001.
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Over the coming decades, Artificial Intelligence will profoundly impact the way we live, work, wage war, play, seek a mate, educate our young, and care for our elderly. It is likely to greatly increase our aggregate wealth, but it will also upend our labor markets, reshuffle our social order, and strain our private and public institutions. Eventually it may alter how we see our place in the universe, as machines pursue goals independent of their creators and outperform us in domains previously believed to be the sole dominion of humans. Whether we regard them as conscious or unwitting, revere them as a new form of life or dismiss them as mere clever appliances, is beside the point. They are likely to play an increasingly critical and intimate role in many aspects of our lives. The emergence of systems capable of independent reasoning and action raises serious questions about just whose interests they are permitted to serve, and what limits our society should place on their creation and use. Deep ethical questions that have bedeviled philosophers for ages will suddenly arrive on the steps of our courthouses. Can a machine be held accountable for its actions? Should intelligent systems enjoy independent rights and responsibilities, or are they simple property? Who should be held responsible when a self-driving car kills a pedestrian? Can your personal robot hold your place in line, or be compelled to testify against you? If it turns out to be possible to upload your mind into a machine, is that still you? The answers may surprise you.
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Doyle, David M., und Liam O'Callaghan. Capital Punishment in Independent Ireland. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620276.001.0001.
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This is a comprehensive and nuanced historical survey of the death penalty in Ireland from the immediate post-Civil War period through to its complete abolition. Using original archival material, this book sheds light on the various social, legal and political contexts in which the death penalty operated and was discussed. In Ireland the death penalty served a dual function: as an instrument of punishment in the civilian criminal justice system, and as a weapon to combat periodic threats to the security of the state posed by the IRA. In closely examining cases dealt with in the ordinary criminal courts, this book elucidates ideas of class, gender, community and sanity and how these factors had an impact the administration of justice. The application of the death penalty also had a strong political dimension, most evident in the enactment of emergency legislation and the setting up of military courts specifically targeted at the IRA. As this book demonstrates, the civilian and the political strands converged in the story of the abolition of the death penalty in Ireland. Long after decision-makers accepted that the death penalty was no longer an acceptable punishment for ‘ordinary’ cases of murder, lingering anxieties about the threat of subversives dictated the pace of abolition and the scope of the relevant legislation.
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Stephens, Vincent L. Rocking the Closet. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042805.001.0001.
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Rocking the Closet: How Little Richard, Johnnie Ray, Liberace, and Johnny Mathias Queered Pop Music examines the way four popular male musicians who emerged in the 1950s, Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace challenged post-World War II masculine conventions. Rocking is a critical close reading that fuses queer literary theory, musicology, and popular music studies frameworks to develop its argument. Recent scholarship in queer theory and literary history constitutes a key strand of the book’s discussion of queer ambivalence regarding identity. Notably, the book explores how the four artists challenged male gender and sexual conventions without overtly identifying their respective sexual orientations or necessarily affiliating with gay activism, identity politics, or community tropes. The book outlines the emergence of postwar social expectations of male figures and employs these expectations to define a unique a set of five “queering” tools the four musicians employed in various combinations, to develop their public personae and build audiences. These tools include self-neutering, self-domesticating, spectacularizing, playing the “freak,” and playing the race card. Despite the prevalence of postwar gender norms, their deft use of these tools enabled each artist to develop sexually ambiguous personae and capitalize on the postwar audiences’ attraction to novelty and difference. These “queering” tools endure among contemporary musicians who challenge masculine conventions in popular music.
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Rosenberg, Anat. The Rise of Mass Advertising. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858917.001.0001.
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Abstract This book is a first cultural legal history of advertising in Britain, tracing the rise of mass advertising circa 1840–1914 and its legal shaping. The emergence of this new system disrupted the perceived foundations of modernity. The idea that culture was organized by identifiable fields of knowledge, experience, and authority came under strain as advertisers claimed to share values with the era’s most prominent fields, including news, art, science, and religiously inflected morality. While cultural boundaries grew blurry, the assumption that the world was becoming progressively disenchanted, itself closely related to concepts of boundaries, was undermined as enchanted experiences multiplied with the transformation of everyday environments by advertising. Non-rational ontologies and a play of mystery became apparent, involving possibilities for metamorphoses, magical efficacy, animated environments, affective connections between humans and things, imaginary worlds and fantasies that informed mundane lifed. These disrupted assumptions that the capitalist economy was a victory of reason. The Rise of Mass Advertising examines how contemporaries came to terms with the disruptive impact by mobilizing legal processes, powers, and concepts. Law was implicated in performing boundary work that preserved the modern sense of field distinctions. Advertising’s cultural meanings and its organization were shaped dialectically vis-à-vis other fields in a process that mainstreamed and legitimized it with legal means, but also construed it as an inferior simulation of the values of a progressive modernity, exhibiting epistemological shortfalls and aesthetic compromises that marked it apart from adjacent fields. The dual treatment meanwhile disavowed the central role of enchantment, in what amounted to a normative enterprise of disenchantment. One of the ironies of this enterprise was that it ultimately drove professional advertisers to embrace enchantment as their peculiar expertise.
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Youssef, Mary. Minorities in the Contemporary Egyptian Novel. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474415415.001.0001.
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This book examines questions of identity, nationalism, and marginalization in the contemporary Egyptian novel from a postcolonial lens. Under colonial rule, the Egyptian novel invoked a sovereign nation-state by basking in its perceived unity. After independence, the novel professed disenchantment with state practices and unequal class and gender relations, without disrupting the nation’s imagined racial and ethno-religious homogeneity. This book identifies a trend in the twenty-first-century Egyptian novel that shatters this singular view, with the rise of a new consciousness that presents Egypt as fundamentally heterogeneous. Through a robust analysis of “new-consciousness” novels by authors like Idris ᶜAli, Bahaᵓ Tahir, Miral al-Tahawi, and Yusuf Zaydan, the author argues that this new consciousness does not only respond to predominant discourses of difference and practices of differentiation along the axes of race, ethno-religion, class, and gender by bringing the experiences of Nubian, Amazigh, Bedouin, Coptic, Jewish, and women minorities to the fore of Egypt’s literary imaginary, but also heralds the cacophony of voices that collectively cried for social justice from Tahrir Square in Egypt’s 2011-uprising. This study responds to the changing iconographic, semiotic, and formal features of the Egyptian novel. It fulfills the critical task of identifying an emergent novelistic genre and develops historically reflexive methodologies that interpret new-consciousness novels and their mediatory role in formalizing and articulating their historical moment. By adopting this context-specific approach to studying novelistic evolution, this book locates some of the strands that have been missing from the complex whole of Egypt’s culture and literary history.
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Ledger-Lomas, Michael. Unitarians and Presbyterians. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0005.
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Methodism was originally a loosely connected network of religious clubs, each devoted to promoting holy living among its members. It was part of the Evangelical Revival, a movement of religious ideas which swept across the North Atlantic world in the eighteenth century. This chapter charts the growth and development, character and nature, and consolidation and decline of British Methodism in the nineteenth century from five distinct perspectives. First, Methodism grew rapidly in the early nineteenth century but struggled to channel that enthusiasm in an effective way. As a result, it was beset by repeated secessions, and the emergence of rival Methodist groups, each with their own distinctive characteristics, of which Wesleyan Methodism was the largest and most influential. Second, while Methodism grew rapidly in England, it struggled to find a successful footing in the Celtic fringes of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. Here, local preoccupations, sectarian tensions, and linguistic differences required a degree of flexibility which the Methodist leadership was often not prepared to concede. Third, the composition of the Methodist membership is considered. While it is acknowledged that most Methodists came from working-class backgrounds, it is also suggested that Methodists became more middle class as the century progressed. People were attracted to Methodism because of its potential to transform lives and support people in the process. It encouraged the laity to take leadership roles, including women. It provided a whole network of support services which, taken together, created a self-sufficient religious culture. Fourth, Methodism had a distinctive position within the British polity. In the early nineteenth century the Wesleyan leadership was deeply conservative, and even aligned itself with the Tory interest. Wesleyan members and almost all of Free Methodism were reformist in their politics and aligned themselves with the Whig, later Liberal interest. This early conservatism was the result of Methodism’s origins within the Church of England. As the nineteenth century progressed, this relationship came under strain. By the end of the century, Methodists had distanced themselves from Anglicans and were becoming vocal supporters of Dissenting campaigns for political equality. Fifth, in the late nineteenth century, Methodism’s spectacular growth of earlier decades had slowed and decline began to set in. From the 1880s, Methodism sought to tackle this challenge in a number of ways. It sought to broaden its evangelical message, and one of its core theological precepts, that of holiness. It embarked on an ambitious programme of social reform. And it attempted to modernize its denominational practices. In an attempt to strengthen its presence in the face of growing apathy, several branches of Methodism reunited, forming, in 1932, the Methodist Church in Britain. However, this institutional reorganization could not stop the steady decline of British members into the twentieth century. Instead, Methodism expanded globally, into previously non-Christian areas. It is now a denomination with a significant world presence. British Methodism, however, continues to struggle, increasingly of interest only as a heritage site for the origins of a much wider and increasingly diverse movement.