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Ruraż, Karolina, und Renata Piwowarczyk. „Morphological diversity of pistil stigmas and its taxonomic significance of representatives of holoparasitic Orobanchaceae from Central Europe“. PhytoKeys 215 (06.12.2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.215.96263.
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The stigma is the terminal part of the carpel which receives pollen during the pollination process. Although the role of the stigmas in pollination is the same for all angiosperms, stigmas structures are very diverse. This study aimed to evaluate intraspecific, interspecific and intergeneric stigmas variability and then find differences of the stigma morphology amongst 24 holoparasitic Orobanche and Phelipanche species and provide new insights into its potential taxonomic value. This paper was also focused on selecting the best diagnostic features that would be used for future stigma analysis in other species of Orobanchaceae. These analyses were conducted with fresh, dry and fixed material using stereomicroscopy from different locations from Central Europe. Twenty-one quantitative or qualitative morphological features were analysed. This study highlights the variation of stigma morphology and characters which are useful to improve the taxonomic understanding of problematic taxa. Thus, two main types of stigmas were established, based on tested features: 1–oval, rarely hemispherical in shape, most often one-coloured with lobes separated in Phelipanche stigmas; 2–spherical to hemispherical, rarely oval, multi-coloured with partially fused or separated lobes in Orobanche stigmas. The best diagnostic features of the stigmas for distinguishing the Orobanchaceae are the type and subtype of stigma, the length and area of the stigma, the width of single lobes, the width in the middle part of the stigma, the length of upper and lower separation in the middle part between lobes and the angle between lobes in the upper and lower part. The morphological features of the stigmas are important criteria for distinguishing genera, sections and subsections, as well as related species. In this study, we present the first stigma morphological studies for the most numerous genera from the tribe Orobancheae and this paper may determine features possible to use in solving certain taxonomic problems and evolutionary relationships of the species.
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Rosengren, A. Lina, Timothy W. Menza, Sara LeGrand, Kathryn E. Muessig, Jose A. Bauermeister und Lisa B. Hightow-Weidman. „Stigma and Mobile App Use Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men“. AIDS Education and Prevention 31, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2019): 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2019.31.6.523.
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Young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV. Intersectional stigmas are associated with increased HIV vulnerability, and worse outcomes for YBMSM with HIV. YBMSM find sex partners through sexual networking apps, but stigma on apps has been poorly studied. We conducted cross-sectional analysis of 324 YBMSM seeking sex partners through apps to assess stigma experiences in eight dimensions compared to non-users (N = 150). We conducted detailed stratified analyses to identify granular stigma data. App users had higher median scores than non-users in perceived HIV discrimination, perceived HIV stigma, experienced sexual minority stigma, racial discrimination, and perceived homophobia. We demonstrate higher levels of intersectional stigmas among app users than non-users, but did not find an overall increase in stigma with increasing app use. Considering the prominent role of apps in YBMSM sexual networking, interventions that reduce stigma on apps are needed.
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van der Kooij, Yvonne L., Chantal den Daas, Arjan E. R. Bos, Roy A. Willems und Sarah E. Stutterheim. „Correlates of Internalized HIV Stigma: A Comprehensive Systematic Review“. AIDS Education and Prevention 35, Nr. 2 (April 2023): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2023.35.2.158.
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Internalized HIV stigma is prevalent and research on internalized HIV stigma has increased during the past 10 years. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize research on internalized HIV stigma and relationships with various health-related variables in order to better inform the development of interventions aimed at reducing internalized HIV stigma. We reviewed 176 studies with a quantitative design reporting correlates that were peer-reviewed, published in English before January 2021, drawn from PubMed, PSYCHINFO, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Scopus. Synthesis showed consistent associations between internalized stigma and negative psychological (e.g., depression, anxiety), social (e.g., lack of social support, discrimination, nondisclosure, and intersecting stigmas), and health (e.g., substance use, treatment nonadherence, negative clinical HIV outcomes) variables. We argue for a more socioecological approach to internalized stigma, with greater attention for intersectional stigmas, and more longitudinal research, if we are to effectively develop interventions that reduce internalized stigma.
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Derose, Kathryn P., Jannette Berkley-Patton, Chavon Hamilton-Burgess, Carole Bowe Thompson, Eric D. Williams, Stephen Simon und Jenifer E. Allsworth. „Correlates of HIV-Related Stigmas Among African American Church-Affiliated Populations in Kansas City“. AIDS Education and Prevention 35, Nr. 1 (Februar 2023): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2023.35.1.54.
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HIV-related stigmas contribute to disparities, and contact with HIV-positive individuals has been suggested to reduce stigma. Faith-based organizations have been recognized as important to stigma reduction efforts among African American populations; however, relatively few church-based studies have measured HIV-related stigma. This study uses baseline data (N = 1,448) from a study with 14 African American churches in Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, to examine correlates of HIV-related stigmas among church members and community members accessing church social services using two previously validated scales that measure discomfort interacting with individuals with HIV and anticipated stigma or rejection. Knowing someone with HIV was associated with lower discomfort, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and sexual risk, HIV knowledge, previous communication about HIV at church, and mean drug and homosexuality stigmas. Knowing someone with HIV was not associated with anticipated stigma or rejection after adjustment. Contact-based interventions hold promise for reducing discomfort around people with HIV among church-affiliated populations.
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Woznica, Daniel M., Nasiphi Ntombela, Christopher J. Hoffmann, Tonderai Mabuto, Michelle R. Kaufman, Sarah M. Murray und Jill Owczarzak. „Intersectional Stigma Among People Transitioning From Incarceration to Community-Based HIV Care in Gauteng Province, South Africa“. AIDS Education and Prevention 33, Nr. 3 (Juni 2021): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2021.33.3.202.
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People transitioning from incarceration to community-based HIV care experience HIV stigma, incarceration stigma, and the convergence of these stigmas with social inequities. The objective of this study is to understand intersectional stigma among people returning from incarceration with HIV in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 42 study participants. We analyzed transcript segments and memos from these interviews. Our results showed that anticipated HIV stigma increased participants' difficulty with disclosure and treatment collection. Incarceration stigma, particularly the mark of a criminal record, decreased socioeconomic stability in ways that negatively affected medication adherence. These stigmas converged with stereotypes that individuals were inherently criminal “bandits.” Male participants expressed concerns that disclosing their HIV status would lead others to assume they had engaged in sexual activity with men while incarcerated. AIDS education and prevention efforts will require multilevel stigma interventions to improve HIV care outcomes.
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Schomerus, Georg. „Das Stigma psychischer Krankheit“. Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie 58, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2010): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000035.
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Das Stigma psychischer Krankheit stellt eine erhebliche Belastung für die Patienten dar. Dabei leiden die Betroffenen sowohl unter der Stigmatisierung durch die Öffentlichkeit als auch unter selbststigmatisierenden Kognitionen und Affekten. Beide Formen des Stigmas bedürfen unterschiedlicher Interventionen. Das vorliegende Themenheft stellt aktuelle Arbeiten zur Bekämpfung des öffentlichen Stigmas und über Mechanismen der Selbststigmatisierung und Stigmabewältigung vor. Ansatzpunkte für psychotherapeutische Interventionen zur Reduzierung der Belastung durch Stigma werden diskutiert.
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Bathje, Geoff, und John Pryor. „The Relationships of Public and Self-Stigma to Seeking Mental Health Services“. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 33, Nr. 2 (18.03.2011): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.33.2.g6320392741604l1.
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The label of mental illness has long been recognized as one of the most powerful of all stigmas. Public stigma, the common societal reactions to people who seek help for psychological distress, can be distinguished from self-stigma, the internalized impact of public stigma. This study examined how awareness and endorsement of public stigma may influence self-stigma. It also examined how both types of stigma are connected to attitudes and intentions to seeking counseling. Awareness and endorsement of public stigma were found to predict self-stigma. Endorsement of sympathy for a person with mental illness was especially predictive of self-stigma, while endorsement of public stigma and self-stigma were independently related to attitudes to seeking counseling. Finally, attitudes were most proximally related to intentions to seek counseling. These results suggest that different aspects of stigma play different roles in influencing attitudes to seeking mental health counseling.
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Warren, Danielle E. „Corporate Scandals and Spoiled Identities: How Organizations Shift Stigma to Employees“. Business Ethics Quarterly 17, Nr. 03 (Juli 2007): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200717347.
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ABSTRACT:I apply stigma-management strategies to corporate scandals and expand on past research by (a) describing a particular type of stigma management strategy that involves accepting responsibility while denying it, (b) delineating types of stigma that occur in scandals (demographic versus character), and (c) considering the moral implications of shifting stigmas that arise from scandals. By emphasizing the distinction between character and demographic stigma, I make progress in evaluating the moral implications of shifting different types of stigma.
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Do, Mai, Hien Thi Ho, Ha Thu Dinh, Ha Hai Le, Tien Quang Truong, Trung Vu Dang, Duong Duc Nguyen und Katherine Andrinopoulos. „Intersecting Stigmas among HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam“. Health Services Insights 14 (Januar 2021): 117863292110135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786329211013552.
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HIV-related stigma remains a barrier to ART adherence among people living with HIV (PLWH) globally. People who inject drugs (PWID) may face additional stigma related to their behavior or identity; yet, there is little understanding of how these stigmas may co-exist and interact among these key populations. This study aims to explore the existence of multiple dimensions of HIV-related stigma, and how they may intersect with stigma related to drug injection. The study took place in Vietnam, where the HIV epidemic is concentrated among 3 key population groups; of those, PWID account for 41% of PLWH. The vast majority (95%) of PWID in Vietnam are male. Data came from in-depth interviews with 30 male PWID recruited from outpatient clinics, where they had been receiving ART medications. Deductive, thematic analysis was employed to organize stigma around the 3 dimensions: enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma. Findings showed that HIV- and drug use-related stigma remained high among participants. All 3 stigma dimensions were prevalent and perceived to come from different sources: family, community, and health workers. Stigmas related to HIV and drug injection intersected among these individuals, and such intersection varied widely across types of stigma. The study revealed nuanced perceptions of stigma among this marginalized population. It is important for future studies to further investigate the influence of each dimension of stigma, and their interactive effects on HIV and behavioral outcomes among PWID.
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McKenzie, Sarah K., John L. Oliffe, Alice Black und Sunny Collings. „Men’s Experiences of Mental Illness Stigma Across the Lifespan: A Scoping Review“. American Journal of Men's Health 16, Nr. 1 (Januar 2022): 155798832210747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883221074789.
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The stigma of men’s mental illness has been described as having wide-reaching and profound consequences beyond the condition[s] itself. Stigma negatively impacts men’s mental health help-seeking and the use of services amid impeding disclosures, diminishing social connection and amplifying economic hardship. Although men often face barriers to discussing their struggles with, and help-seeking for mental illness challenges, research focused on men’s lived experiences of mental illness stigma is, at best, emergent. This scoping review explores men’s mental illness related stigmas synthesizing and discussing the findings drawn from 21 published qualitative articles over the last 10 years. Four thematic findings were derived: (a) the weight of societal stigma, (b) stigma in male-dominated environments, (c) inequity driven stigmas, and (d) de-stigmatizing strategies. Despite evidence that stigma is a common experience for men experiencing diverse mental illness challenges, the field remains underdeveloped. Based on the scoping review findings, research gaps and opportunities for advancing the field are discussed.
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Lannin, Daniel G., Wyndolyn M. A. Ludwikowski, Patrick J. Heath, David L. Vogel, Lukas J. Wolf und Isaac M. Wicker. „How Are Personal Values Linked to Help-Seeking Stigma?“ Counseling Psychologist 48, Nr. 2 (13.11.2019): 249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000019884815.
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The extent to which individuals prioritize different personal values may be conceptually linked to the perceptions of societal stigma associated with seeking psychological help (public stigma), as well as the extent to which they apply that stigma to themselves (self-stigma). We examined how personal values predicted public stigma and self-stigma of seeking psychological help. Undergraduates ( N = 342) from two universities, one historically Black college/university and one predominantly White institution, completed questionnaires assessing personal values and public stigma and self-stigma of seeking psychological help. Self-transcendence values predicted lower self-stigma directly and indirectly via public stigma. Though there were no structural differences between the modeled relationships of values, public stigma, and self-stigma between Black/African American and White/European American undergraduates, the groups differed in their prioritization of self-transcendence, openness to change, and conservation values. Results suggest that understanding how individuals prioritize certain values over others may help explain group-differences in help-seeking stigmas.
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PETTIGREW, T. F. „Stigma: Social Stigma.“ Science 230, Nr. 4725 (01.11.1985): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4725.535-a.
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Lv, Yuanzuo, Sikandar Amanullah, Shi Liu, Chen Zhang, Hongyu Liu, Zicheng Zhu, Xian Zhang, Peng Gao und Feishi Luan. „Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identified Key Pathways and Genes Regulating Differentiated Stigma Color in Melon (Cucumis melo L.)“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, Nr. 12 (16.06.2022): 6721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126721.
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Stigma color is an important morphological trait in many flowering plants. Visual observations in different field experiments have shown that a green stigma in melons is more attractive to natural pollinators than a yellow one. In the current study, we evaluated the characterization of two contrasted melon lines (MR-1 with a green stigma and M4-7 with a yellow stigma). Endogenous quantification showed that the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in the MR-1 stigmas was higher compared to the M4-7 stigmas. The primary differences in the chloroplast ultrastructure at different developmental stages depicted that the stigmas of both melon lines were mainly enriched with granum, plastoglobulus, and starch grains. Further, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify the candidate pathways and genes regulating melon stigma color during key developmental stages (S1–S3). The obtained results indicated similar biological processes involved in the three stages, but major differences were observed in light reactions and chloroplast pathways. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) uncovered a “black” network module (655 out of 5302 genes), mainly corresponding to light reactions, light harvesting, the chlorophyll metabolic process, and the chlorophyll biosynthetic process, and exhibited a significant contribution to stigma color. Overall, the expression of five key genes of the chlorophyll synthesis pathway—CAO (MELO03C010624), CHLH (MELO03C007233), CRD (MELO03C026802), HEMA (MELO03C011113), POR (MELO03C016714)—were checked at different stages of stigma development in both melon lines using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results exhibited that the expression of these genes gradually increased during the stigma development of the MR-1 line but decreased in the M4-7 line at S2. In addition, the expression trends in different stages were the same as RNA-seq, indicating data accuracy. To sum up, our research reveals an in-depth molecular mechanism of stigma coloration and suggests that chlorophyll and related biological activity play an important role in differentiating melon stigma color.
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Kreiner, Glen, Christine A. Mihelcic und Sven Mikolon. „Stigmatized Work and Stigmatized Workers“. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 9, Nr. 1 (21.01.2022): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091423.
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Stigmas pervade organizational life. A stigma is a discrediting social evaluation that devalues an individual or group. We review research on stigmatized work and stigmatized workers, with a particular emphasis on how people become stigmatized and what they (and others) do about it. To do so, we connect stigma to other concepts in its nomological net and compare multiple models of stigma dynamics. We consider the intertwining nature of stigma and identity/image, how context affects stigma, and how stigma is managed by both the stigmatized and the nonstigmatized. We also offer critiques of key blind spots in workplace stigma research and point toward future research in this area that is more interconnected with other literatures and more inclusive of overlooked populations. Our vantage point is that workplace stigma continues to be an exciting domain of research with a high potential for theoretical discoveries and practical applications.
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Hajnal, I. „Stigmatized Properties: Filter Theory“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1218, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1218/1/012033.
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Abstract International literature does not treat stigmatized properties in a uniform manner. In the proposed article, the Author employs the following definition: “A stigmatized property is one assigned with a real or perceived negative external effect on the users. That external effect modifies or reduces property market value through a specific, multilayered filter.” Many property-related stigma cases are mentioned in the literature, such as high-voltage lines, noise, air pollution, airports, haunted properties, and many other similar situations. The various stigmas, as well as identical stigmas on different properties, have been assessed individually so far. Knowing the depreciating mechanism of a stigma allows for valuers the uniform handling of stigmas on different properties, as well as understanding the depreciating mechanisms of new stigmas. Using extensive literature research on various stigma cases, the Author built up a framework that explains the major variables and their interdependencies. As the result of the research, the new theory describes the change in value caused by the stigma takes place through a filter that combines the distance between the stigmatizing factor and the stigmatized property, the environmental conditions and community perceptions and interprets them differently over time.
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Pachankis, John E., Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Katie Wang, Charles L. Burton, Forrest W. Crawford, Jo C. Phelan und Bruce G. Link. „The Burden of Stigma on Health and Well-Being: A Taxonomy of Concealment, Course, Disruptiveness, Aesthetics, Origin, and Peril Across 93 Stigmas“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, Nr. 4 (31.12.2017): 451–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217741313.
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Most individuals are stigmatized at some point. However, research often examines stigmas separately, thus underestimating the overall impact of stigma and precluding comparisons across stigmatized identities and conditions. In their classic text, Social Stigma: The Psychology of Marked Relationships, Edward Jones and colleagues laid the groundwork for unifying the study of different stigmas by considering the shared dimensional features of stigmas: aesthetics, concealability, course, disruptiveness, origin, peril. Despite the prominence of this framework, no study has documented the extent to which stigmas differ along these dimensions, and the implications of this variation for health and well-being. We reinvigorated this framework to spur a comprehensive account of stigma’s impact by classifying 93 stigmas along these dimensions. With the input of expert and general public raters, we then located these stigmas in a six-dimensional space and created discrete clusters organized around these dimensions. Next, we linked this taxonomy to health and stigma-related mechanisms. This quantitative taxonomy offers parsimonious insights into the relationship among the numerous qualities of numerous stigmas and health.
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Galanis, Clifford M. B., und Edward E. Jones. „When Stigma Confronts Stigma“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, Nr. 2 (Juni 1986): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286122003.
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Villar, M., M. Gaget, C. Said, R. B. Knox und C. Dumas. „Incompatibility in Populus: structural and cytochemical characteristics of the receptive stigmas of Populus alba and P. nigra“. Journal of Cell Science 87, Nr. 3 (01.04.1987): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.87.3.483.
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Structural and cytochemical characteristics of stigmas of Populus alba (section Leuce) and P. nigra (section Aigeiros) have been studied to provide an understanding of the cell biology of the interspecific incompatibility reactions between these two species. In addition to specific morphological characteristics, stigma surfaces differ in the presence of an exudate studied by ultrastructural and stigma print techniques. P. nigra shows features of a dry-type stigma covered by a pellicle, whereas P. alba has a copious exudate typical of a wet-type stigma that contains unsaturated lipids.
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Wells, Janelle E., Melanie Sartore-Baldwin, Nefertiti A. Walker und Cheryl E. Gray. „Stigma Consciousness and Work Outcomes of Senior Woman Administrators: The Role of Workplace Incivility“. Journal of Sport Management 35, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0422.
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Stigmas and incivility are common across all facets of sport, yet empirical examination is lacking, especially when it comes to women in leadership positions. In intercollegiate athletics, the senior woman administrator position is designated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association as the highest ranking woman serving the athletic department, so this study examined the extent to which stigma consciousness and workplace incivility impact the work outcomes of 234 senior woman administrators. Structural equation modeling and open-ended responses demonstrated that stigma consciousness is associated with higher perceived incivility, which is associated with lower job satisfaction and perceived organizational opportunity. Thus, stigma consciousness and workplace incivility not only operate as influential independent factors within the workplace setting, but stigma consciousness also serves as an antecedent to workplace incivility. Managerial strategies empowering professionals may help reduce stigmas, prevent uncivil behaviors in the workplace, and ultimately, improve outcomes.
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Abubakari, Gamji M’Rabiu, Debbie Dada, Jemal Nur, DeAnne Turner, Amma Otchere, Leonne Tanis, Zhao Ni et al. „Intersectional stigma and its impact on HIV prevention and care among MSM and WSW in sub-Saharan African countries: a protocol for a scoping review“. BMJ Open 11, Nr. 8 (August 2021): e047280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047280.
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IntroductionResearch has established that various forms of stigma (HIV stigma, gender non-conforming stigma and same-gender sex stigma) exist across Sub-Saharan Africa and have consequences for the utilisation of HIV prevention and care services. Stigmas are typically investigated in HIV literature individually or through investigating individual populations and the various stigmas they may face. The concept of intersectionality highlights the interconnected nature of social categorisations and their ability to create interdependent systems of discrimination based on gender, race, sexuality and so on. Drawing from perspectives on intersectionality, intersectional stigma denotes the convergence of multiple marginalised identities within an individual or a group, the experiences of stigma associated with these identities as well as the synergistic impact of these experiences on health and well-being. With respect to HIV, public health scholars can examine the impacts of intersectional stigmas on HIV prevention and care utilisation.Methods and analysisReviewers will search systematically through MEDLINE, Global Health, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection and Africa Index Medicus and citations for quantitative studies, qualitative studies and grey literature that include data on stigma and HIV among men who have sex with men and women who have sex with women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Eligible studies will include primary or secondary data on stigma related to HIV risk factors experienced by this population. Studies will be written in French or English and be published between January 1991 and November 2020. All screening and data extraction will be performed in duplicate, and if discrepancies arise, they will be settled by GM’RA, LEN, DD or AO. Findings from this study will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required as there will be no human participants and no protected data will be used in this study. We will disseminate findings through peer-reviewed manuscripts, conferences and webinars.
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Galen, Candace, und R. C. Plowright. „Testing the accuracy of using peroxidase activity to indicate stigma receptivity“. Canadian Journal of Botany 65, Nr. 1 (01.01.1987): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-015.
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Stigma peroxidase activity was tested in flowers of Pedicularis canadensis and Clintonia borealis at discrete age-classes during the course of anthesis. For recipient flowers of each age-class pollen adhesion, rate of pollen germination, and total number of grains germinating on stigmas were scored following hand-pollination. In P. canadensis, the onset of detectable peroxidase activity occurred at the transition from the juvenile to pollen-dehiscing age-class. Concurrently, the stickiness of the stigma surface and total number of grains germinating on the stigma increased significantly. Stigma peroxidase was present to some degree throughout anthesis in C. borealis. However, the percentage of the stigma surface in which peroxidase was detectable increased significantly between straight-sided and medium-curled flower age-classes. Again, corresponding increases occurred in the stickiness of the stigma surface and total number of grains germinating. Results suggest that for both species stigma peroxidase activity is a reliable indicator of receptivity.
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Yang, Yi. „Causes and Recommendations of Stigma in PTSD“. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 9, Nr. 1 (14.09.2023): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/9/20230229.
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In addition to suffering from symptoms, individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also suffer from self-stigma and public stigmatization due to PTSD. This article examines the stigma that patients with PTSD usually experience, and whether these stigmas are related to the identity, economic status, and other co-occurring mental illnesses of patients. Through reviewing the previous studies, this paper discusses the causes, forms and effects of stigma. In addition, it was found that individualized psychotherapy programs and mindfulness can be effective in alleviating the stress of stigma for PTSD patients. And social acceptance and support for the PTSD community can be increased by managing content about the disorder on social media and changing the content framework of news organizations, such as increasing anti-stigma and introducing knowledge about PTSD. The social acceptance and support of the PTSD community can be increased by, for example, increasing anti-stigma and knowledge about PTSD. Future research should focus on addressing the stigma associated with mental illnesses such as PTSD and addressing the psychological damage caused by stigma.
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Manirankunda, Lazare, Aletha Wallace, Charles Ddungu und Christiana Nöstlinger. „Stigma Mechanisms and Outcomes among Sub-Saharan African Descendants in Belgium—Contextualizing the HIV Stigma Framework“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 16 (16.08.2021): 8635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168635.
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HIV-related stigma and discrimination are recognized barriers to HIV prevention, testing and treatment among people of Sub-Saharan African descent (SSA) origin living in Belgium, but insights into HIV related-stigma mechanisms and outcomes are lacking for this population with high HIV prevalence. Guided by Earnshaw and Chaudoir’s stigma framework (2009), we conducted this qualitative study using 10 focus-groups with 76 SSA community members and 20 in-depth interviews with SSA descendants living with HIV to explore specific HIV-stigma mechanisms and outcomes and underlying drivers. Inductive and deductive thematic analysis showed high degrees of stigma among SSA communities driven by fear of HIV acquisition and misconceptions in a migration context, negatively affecting SSA descendants living with HIV. The results allowed for contextualization of the framework: At the community level, prejudices and stereotypes were major stigma mechanisms, while physical distancing, gossips, sexual rejection, violence and increased HIV prevalence emerged as stigma outcomes. Among SSA descendants living with HIV, enacted, anticipated and internalized stigmas were validated as stigma mechanisms, with witnessed stigma as an additional mechanism. Self-isolation, community avoidance and low utilization of non-HIV specialized healthcare were additional outcomes. These results are relevant for tailoring interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma.
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Nkwonta, Chigozie A., Monique Brown, Titilayo James und Amandeep Kaur. „1415. A qualitative study of intersectional stigma among older adults living with HIV who are victims of childhood sexual abuse“. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (01.10.2020): S715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1597.
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Abstract Background Intersectional stigma is based upon co-occurring and intersecting identities or conditions and occurs at multiple levels of influence. Intersectional stigma has been repeatedly associated with poor health behaviors and outcomes. The effect of intersectional stigma among older adults are particularly challenging due to issues related to ageism, loss of social support, and comorbidities. We examined the impact of multiple stigmas on older adults living with HIV who are victims of childhood sexual abuse. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposefully selected heterogeneous sample of 24 adults living with HIV who are 50 years and older in South Carolina. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded using thematic analysis. Results Participants shared experiences and perceptions of stigma and discrimination most commonly related to their HIV status and sexuality at the interpersonal/familial and community levels. Four themes emerged to explain the impact of intersectional stigma: depression, lack of HIV disclosure, limited support, and reduced intimacy. Conclusion The complexity of multiple stigmas profoundly shapes life experiences, opportunities, and mental health of older adults living with HIV. This study highlights that public health programs need to consider the impact of intersectional stigma in order to promote the wellbeing of and improve quality of life for older adults living with HIV. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Breygina, Maria, Dmitry Kochkin, Alexander Voronkov, Tatiana Ivanova, Ksenia Babushkina und Ekaterina Klimenko. „Plant Hormone and Fatty Acid Screening of Nicotiana tabacum and Lilium longiflorum Stigma Exudates“. Biomolecules 13, Nr. 9 (27.08.2023): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13091313.
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Pollen germination in vivo on wet stigmas is assisted by the receptive fluid—stigma exudate. Its exact composition is still unknown because only some components have been studied. For the first time, hormonal screening was carried out, and the fatty acid (FA) composition of lipid-rich (Nicotiana tabacum) and sugar-rich (Lilium longiflorum) exudates was studied. Screening of exudate for the presence of plant hormones using HPLC-MS revealed abscisic acid (ABA) in tobacco stigma exudate at the two stages of development, at pre-maturity and in mature stigmas awaiting pollination, increasing at the fertile stage. To assess physiological significance of ABA on stigma, we tested the effect of this hormone in vitro. ABA concentration found in the exudate strongly stimulated the germination of tobacco pollen, a lower concentration had a weaker effect, increasing the concentration did not increase the effect. GC-MS analysis showed that both types of exudate are characterized by a predominance of saturated FAs. The lipids of tobacco stigma exudate contain significantly more myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resulting in a higher unsaturation index relative to lily stigma exudate lipids. The latter, in turn, contain more 14-hexadecenoic and arachidic acids. Both exudates were found to contain significant amounts of squalene. The possible involvement of saturated FAs, ABA, and squalene in various exudate functions, as well as their potential relationship on the stigma, is discussed.
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Ng, Chee Hong. „The Stigma of Mental Illness in Asian Cultures“. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, Nr. 3 (Juni 1997): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073848.
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Objective: This article reviews the attitudes towards mental illness and psychiatric stigma in Asian cultures. Method: Relevant literature published in English was reviewed. Results: Psychiatric stigmas in Asian cultures share some common features. However, response to mental illness has many variations across cultures. Psychiatric stigma is prevalent and severe in some but not all Asian cultures. Conclusions: The stigma of mental illness needs to be studied within its sociocultural context in order to understand its origins, meanings and consequences. It may be relevant to examine the indigenous concepts, experience and implications of psychological problems to address problems in mental health care relating to stigma.
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Knox, RB, J. Kenrick, S. Jobson und C. Dumas. „Reproductive Function in the Mimosoid Legume Acacia retinodes: Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Characteristics of Stigma Receptivity“. Australian Journal of Botany 37, Nr. 2 (1989): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890103.
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The stigma of Acacia retinodes is receptive from the moment the flower opens (female phase). Receptivity, assessed in terms of pod set, is highest at flower opening, and lowest the following day (male phase). Stigma receptivity is associated with the acquisition of a heterogeneous stigma exudate, the components of which are secreted sequentially during differentiation. Cytochemical probes have tentatively identified the principal components as unsaturated and saturated lipids, free fatty acids, flavonoid aglycones, carbohydrates, proteins and phenolic compounds. The onset of male phase in unpollinated stigmas is associated with a breakdown of the plasma membrane and organelle membranes of stigma cells, and subsequently a browning reaction.
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Smith, L., K. Brewer, R. Gearing, L. C. Carr, D. Clark, A. Robinson und D. Roe. „Bipolar Stigma in Jewish Communities in the United States“. European Psychiatry 65, S1 (Juni 2022): S110—S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.312.
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Introduction This study investigated differences in mood disorder public stigma endorsed by Jewish adults. Specifically, it examined the association between public stigma and the symptomatology and gender of individuals with mood disorders and characteristics of respondents. The symptomatology investigated included major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder presenting with mania or depression. The public stigma factors measured for mood disorders were recovery, relationship disruption, hygiene, anxiety, and treatment/professional efficacy. Objectives Do symptomatology and gender predict stigma for mood disorders? For Jewish adults, do gender, age, religious characteristics, mental health history, and perceived stigma for mental illness predict their stigma toward individuals with mood disorders? Methods A convenience sample of 243 Jewish adults were randomly administered vignettes using a factorial design. MANCOVA was used for analysis. The Mental Illness Stigma Scale (Day et al., 2007) and the Devaluation of Consumer scale (Struening et al., 2001) were used to measure public and perceived stigma respectively. Results showed that recovery, relationship disruption, and hygiene stigmas were associated with vignette subject symptomatology, an interaction was found between respondent gender and age for treatability/professional efficacy stigma, and perceived stigma was correlated with public stigma factors. Consistent with previous research, the highest levels of stigma were found for individuals with bipolar disorder presenting with mania (Wolkenstein & Meyer, 2008). Conclusions These findings increase our knowledge of mood disorder stigma existing in the Jewish community and supports research showing that bipolar disorder presenting with mania is the most stigmatized type of mood disorder symptomatology (Wolkenstein & Meyer, 2008). Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Frelians, Pricilla Pascadeany, und RA Vita Astuti. „Manajemen Komunikasi Stigma pada Perempuan Lajang“. Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI 21, Nr. 1 (25.06.2024): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jik.v21i1.8790.
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The patriarchal and collective culture necessitates women to marry at a certain age, or else they face various stigmas. Women need strategies to deal with these stigmas. This study aims to uncover the Stigma Management Communication (SMC) among single adult women, including their backgrounds and strategies in dealing with stigma. This research is qualitative research with multiple-case study method. Data was collected through interviews with women over 25 years old who currently have a job. Based on Meisenbach's concept of SMC, the results show that SMC is performed differently, such as ignoring, accepting, or confirming according to their individual situations.
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Hill, Briony, und Angela C. Incollingo Rodriguez. „Weight Stigma across the Preconception, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Periods: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Model“. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 38, Nr. 06 (November 2020): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1723775.
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AbstractWeight stigma is a pervasive issue promoting significant adverse health and psychosocial consequences. Preconception, pregnant, and postpartum women are particularly vulnerable to weight stigma, which can directly impact their health and that of the next generation. Of note, weight stigma affects women living with obesity who are already at risk for developing gestational diabetes and experiencing associated stigmas. This narrative review aimed to examine the literature on weight stigma across the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods, specifically to (1) synthesize the evidence using a socioecological lens; (2) develop a conceptual model of weight stigma tailored to women across this life phase; and (3) provide recommendations for future research. To date, weight stigma research across the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum periods has focused predominately on pregnancy and antenatal care. The drivers and facilitators of this stigma are pervasive, occurring across various contexts and settings. Manifestations of weight stigma include decreased reproductive healthcare quality, mental health symptoms, poorer health behaviors, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Future research should further investigate the experiences of women preconception and postpartum, and health/social impacts beyond healthcare. The model herein will guide such research to ultimately identify opportunities for stigma reduction and improve multigenerational health and well-being outcomes.
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Gu, Lily Y., Nanhua Zhang, Kenneth H. Mayer, James M. McMahon, Soohyun Nam, Donaldson F. Conserve, Marian Moskow et al. „Autonomy-Supportive Healthcare Climate and HIV-Related Stigma Predict Linkage to HIV Care in Men Who Have Sex With Men in Ghana, West Africa“. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 20 (01.01.2021): 232595822097811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958220978113.
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In Ghana, the HIV prevalence among MSM is more than 10 times greater than the general population of adults, and rates of engagement in HIV medical care are low among MSM diagnosed with HIV. Using structured surveys, we investigated the impact of HIV-related stigma, same-sex behavior stigma, and gender nonconformity stigma on linkage to HIV care (LTC) in MSM ( N = 225) living with HIV in Ghana. Autonomy-supportive healthcare climate ( OR = 1.63, p < .01), vicarious HIV stigma ( OR = 2.73, p < .01), and age ( OR = 1.06, p < .004) predicted LTC. Conversely, felt normative HIV stigma negatively predicted LTC ( OR = 0.65, p < .05). Finally, we identified regional disparities, with MSM from Takoradi being 4 times and 5 times more likely to be LTC compared to Kumasi and Accra, respectively. Our findings highlight the nuanced roles of stigmas in shaping the HIV care continuum among MSM living with HIV, while revealing potential gaps in current measures of HIV-related stigma.
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Kennedy, Stephanie C., Carmella Miller und Dina Wilke. „Development and validation of the Child Welfare Provider Stigma Inventory“. Journal of Social Work 20, Nr. 6 (29.03.2019): 703–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468017319837518.
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Summary An initial validation of the Child Welfare Provider Stigma Inventory is reported. The Child Welfare Provider Stigma Inventory assesses stigmas held by child welfare professionals toward clients on three domains: Attitudes, Behavior, and Coworker Influence. Methods Initial validation of the Child Welfare Provider Stigma Inventory was conducted with a sample of 360 child welfare professionals in Florida. Scale conceptualization and development, content validation, and construct validation measures are discussed. Findings Preliminary psychometrics indicated good model fit for a three factor multidimensional scale. Racial differences emerged and subgroup models were also validated. Reliabilities were moderate to strong; the global stratified α was .89. Evidence of construct validity supported hypotheses about the accuracy of underlying constructs. Conclusions The Child Welfare Provider Stigma Inventory appears to be a reliable and valid measure of provider stigma. Applications The Child Welfare Provider Stigma Inventory may be useful for agency climate assessment and quality improvement initiatives, as well as for in-service training and social work education.
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Yuantari, Maria Goretti Catur, und Sartika Wulan Setyaningsih. „STIGMA DAN PERILAKU MASYARAKAT PADA TENAGA KESEHATAN DAN PENDERITA COVID-19 : LITERATURE REVIEW“. Care : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan 10, Nr. 1 (28.03.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33366/jc.v10i1.2198.
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ABSTRACTThe increase in Covid-19 cases raises various negative stigmas that develop in society, both inpatients and people with a high risk of being exposed to Covid-19, such as doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel. Stigma can appear in labeling, stereotyping, segregation, deprivation status, discrimination to people that are connected to Covid-19. This study aims to analyze the description of stigma and community behavior towards health workers and Covid-19 sufferers. The study method was a literature review with inclusion criteria in Indonesian or English, sourced from Proquest, PubMed, and Google Scholar from January-December 2020, which was available in full text, and using the keyword stigma among health workers and people with Covid-19. In this literature study, seven articles match the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From this literature review, it is known that the community carries various stigmas and behaviors towards health workers and Covid-19 patients with the causes and solutions that can be done. The negative stigma in Covid-19 patients and health workers must be nullified by optimal health literacy. The role of the government, health practitioners, and community leaders in providing education to the community regarding Covid-19 will help the community not attach a negative stigma to people affected by Covid-19. Keywords : Behavior, Covid-19, Health Worker, Patient, Stigma ABSTRAK Peningkatan kasus Covid-19 memunculkan berbagai stigma negatif yang berkembang di masyarakat, baik pada pasien maupun orang dengan risiko tinggi terpapar Covid-19 seperti dokter, perawat, dan tenaga medis lainnya. Stigma muncul dalam bentuk pemberian label, stereotip, pemisahan, penghilangan status dan diskriminasi pada orang yang berhubungan dengan Covid-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis lebih dalam gambaran stigma dan perilaku masyarakat pada tenaga kesehatan dan penderita Covid-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan kriteria inklusi bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris, bersumber dari Proquest, PubMed, dan Google Scholar sejak Januari - Desember 2020, tersedia dalam fulltext, dan menggunakan kata kunci stigma pada tenaga kesehatan dan penderita covid-19. Pada studi literatur ini didapatkan 7 artikel yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Dari tinjauan artikel ini di ketahui bahwa muncul berbagai stigma dan perilaku yang dilakukan masyarakat pada tenaga kesehatan maupun penderita Covid-19 beserta penyebab muncul dan proses penyelesaian yang dapat dilakukan. Stigma negatif pada penderita Covid-19 dan tenaga kesehatan harus dihilangkan dengan literasi kesehatan dari berbagai pihak. Peran dari pemerintah, praktisi kesehatan, dan tokoh masyarakat dalam memberikan edukasi pada masyarakat terkait Covid-19 akan membantu masyarakat untuk tidak melekatkan stigma negatif kepada orang yang terkena Covid-19.Kata kunci : Covid-19, Pasien, Perilaku, Stigma, Tenaga kesehatan
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Fukushima, Annie Isabel, Kwynn Gonzalez-Pons, Lindsay Gezinski und Lauren Clark. „Multiplicity of stigma: cultural barriers in anti-trafficking response“. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 13, Nr. 2 (18.04.2020): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-07-2019-0056.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to contribute to the social understanding of stigma as a societal and cultural barrier in the life of a survivor of human trafficking. The findings illustrate several ways where stigma is internal, interpersonal and societal and impacts survivors’ lives, including the care they receive. Design/methodology/approach This study used qualitative methods. Data collection occurred during 2018 with efforts such as an online survey (n = 45), focus groups (two focus groups of seven participants each) and phone interviews (n = 6). This study used thematic analysis of qualitative data. Findings The research team found that a multiplicity of stigma occurred for the survivors of human trafficking, where stigma occurred across three levels from micro to meso to macro contexts. Using interpretive analysis, the researchers conceptualized how stigma is not singular; rather, it comprises the following: bias in access to care; barriers of shaming, shunning and othering; misidentification and mislabeling; multiple levels of furthering how survivors are deeply misunderstood and a culture of mistrust. Research limitations/implications While this study was conducted in a single US city, it provides an opportunity to create dialogue and appeal for more research that will contend with a lens of seeing a multiplicity of stigma regardless of the political climate of the context. It was a challenge to recruit survivors to participate in the study. However, survivor voices are present in this study and the impetus of the study’s focus was informed by survivors themselves. Finally, this study is informed by the perspectives of researchers who are not survivors; moreover, collaborating with survivor researchers at the local level was impossible because there were no known survivor researchers available to the team. Practical implications There are clinical responses to the narratives of stigma that impact survivors’ lives, but anti-trafficking response must move beyond individualized expectations to include macro responses that diminish multiple stigmas. The multiplicity in stigmas has meant that, in practice, survivors are invisible at all levels of response from micro, meso to macro contexts. Therefore, this study offers recommendations for how anti-trafficking responders may move beyond a culture of stigma towards a response that addresses how stigma occurs in micro, meso and macro contexts. Social implications The social implications of examining stigma as a multiplicity is central to addressing how stigma continues to be an unresolved issue in anti-trafficking response. Advancing the dynamic needs of survivors both in policy and practice necessitates responding to the multiple and overlapping forms of stigma they face in enduring and exiting exploitative conditions, accessing services and integrating back into the community. Originality/value This study offers original analysis of how stigma manifested for the survivors of human trafficking. Building on this dynamic genealogy of scholarship on stigma, this study offers a theory to conceptualize how survivors of human trafficking experience stigma: a multiplicity of stigma. A multiplicity of stigma extends existing research on stigma and human trafficking as occurring across three levels from micro, meso to macro contexts and creating a system of oppression. Stigma cannot be reduced to a singular form; therefore, this study argues that survivors cannot be understood as experiencing a singular form of stigma.
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Gunn, Alana J., Tina K. Sacks und Alexis Jemal. „“That’s not me anymore”: Resistance strategies for managing intersectional stigmas for women with substance use and incarceration histories“. Qualitative Social Work 17, Nr. 4 (15.12.2016): 490–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473325016680282.
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Significant previous research has focused on how individuals experience stigma when interacting with the public sphere and service agencies; the purpose of this grounded theory study is to explore how formerly incarcerated mothers with histories of substance use experience stigmas from their intimate relationships with family and romantic partners. Using an intersectionality lens, this study reveals that the women perceived multiple stigmas due to their previous substance use, incarceration, and other addiction-related behaviors that challenged their roles as mothers and romantic partners. Compounding the behavioral-related stigmas were race and class-based stereotypes of black criminality that also challenged women’s ability to embody key motherhood and womanhood roles. As a result, the women employed resistance strategies to safeguard against stigma and preserve their recovery. The implications for practice underscore the significance of addressing personal experiences of stigma, complex relational dynamics, and understanding the needs of support systems that are also shaped by the women’s cycles of incarceration and illness.
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Zanelli, Davide, Fabio Candotto Carniel und Mauro Tretiach. „The Interaction of Graphene Oxide with the Pollen−Stigma System: In Vivo Effects on the Sexual Reproduction of Cucurbita pepo L.“ Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 13 (02.07.2021): 6150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136150.
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Applications involving graphene-related materials (GRMs) are becoming very common, raising concerns for their environmental impact. GRMs induce various effects on plants, but those on the sexual reproduction are still largely unknown. Here, the effects of graphene oxide (GO) and GO purified from production residues (PGO) were tested in vivo on the stigma of Cucurbita pepo L. ssp. pepo ”Greyzini” (summer squash). Stigmas were exposed to GO or PGO for three hours and were then analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy to verify possible alterations to their surface. Stigmas were then hand-pollinated to verify the effects of the two GOs on pollen adhesion and germination on the stigma, and, subsequently, on the development of fruits and seeds. Severe damages to the stigma were not detected; nevertheless, both pollen adhesion and germination on the stigma decreased. Moreover, fruits developed defectively with signs of necrosis in the case of GO, whereas fruits did not ripen in the case of PGO and ovules did not develop seeds after both GOs treatments. These results highlight different mechanisms of interaction of the two materials with the pollen-stigma system, suggesting a possible negative impact of GO on the sexual reproduction of other seed plants.
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Baptista, Makilim Nunes, und Cristian Zanon. „Why not Seek Therapy? The Role of Stigma and Psychological Symptoms in College Students“. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 27, Nr. 67 (August 2017): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272767201709.
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Abstract: The decision to seek therapy can reduce psychological distress and factors like public stigma, self stigma, fear of self exposure to therapist, among others, may constitute barriers in this process. This study investigated: how is the group of variables described in the literature as predictors of seeking therapy, and the relationship of variables associated with stigma and depressive symptoms, anxiogenic symptoms and stress with this search. For this purpose, 272 students responded scales that assessed these variables. The principal component analysis indicated four clusters of variables (symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress; feelings of shame, inadequacy and inhibition; perception of benefits to seek therapy; self stigma and stigma by the others). These components are hierarchically inserted into the multiple regression, indicating that the symptoms have little importance compared to the attitude of seeking therapy and stigmas.
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Goldstein, Madeleine H., Shamia Moore, Munira Mohamed, Rosalind Byrd, Michael G. Curtis, Whitney S. Rice, Andres Camacho-Gonzalez, Brian C. Zanoni und Sophia A. Hussen. „A qualitative analysis examining intersectional stigma among young adults living with HIV in Atlanta, Georgia“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 8 (10.08.2023): e0289821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289821.
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HIV-related stigma is a barrier to engagement in care for young adults living with HIV. Other intersecting forms of stigma (e.g., racism, sexism, homophobia), may worsen HIV-related stigma and impact engagement in care. From November 2020 to February 2021, we conducted 20 in-depth qualitative interviews among young adults living with HIV attending a large, comprehensive HIV care center in Atlanta, Georgia. Semi-structured interview guides based on Earnshaw and Chaudoir’s HIV Stigma Framework and the theory of intersectionality facilitated discussion around experiences with various forms of stigma and its possible influence on healthcare engagement. Using the social-ecological model, we used thematic analysis to contextualize how young adults living with HIV experienced intersectional stigma and enacted, anticipated, and internalized HIV stigma in both healthcare and non-healthcare settings. Most participants identified as male, Black/African American, and gay. Participants described stigma at intrapersonal, interpersonal, clinic, and community levels. Intrapersonal stigma was associated with delayed care seeking, isolation, and fear of disclosure. Interpersonal stigma included discrimination from family and friends and avoidance of close relationships to elude disclosure. At the clinic level, stigma included negative experiences with staff in HIV and non-HIV healthcare settings, which contributed to decreased engagement in care. Stigma in the community included differential treatment from employers, community leaders, and religious community and was associated with feelings of helplessness related to current societal inequalities. Coping/motivating mechanisms for stigma included prioritizing health, eliciting support from the medical care team and peers. Our findings show different intersecting stigmas are barriers to healthcare at multiple levels for young adults living with HIV, potentially exacerbating existing health and social disparities. To improve engagement in care among young adults living with HIV, future interventions should address the different mechanisms of stigma at community, clinic, interpersonal and intrapersonal levels by enhancing social support and improving healthcare structural competency.
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Kissling, Jonathan, und Spencer C. H. Barrett. „Diplostigmaty in plants: a novel mechanism that provides reproductive assurance“. Biology Letters 9, Nr. 5 (23.10.2013): 20130495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0495.
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Differentiation of female sexual organs in flowering plants is rare and contrasts with the wide range of male reproductive strategies. An unusual example involves diplostigmaty, the possession of spatially and temporally distinct stigmas in Sebaea (Gentianaceae). Here, the single pistil within a flower has an apical stigma, as occurs in most flowering plants, but also a secondary stigma that occurs midway down the style, which is physically discrete and receptive several days after the apical stigma. We examined the function of diplostigmaty in Sebaea aurea , an insect-pollinated species of the Western Cape of South Africa. Floral manipulations and measurements of fertility and mating patterns provided evidence that basal stigmas function to enable autonomous delayed self-pollination, without limiting opportunities for outcrossing and thus avoiding the costs of seed discounting. We suggest that delayed selfing serves as a mechanism of reproductive assurance in populations with low plant density. The possession of dimorphic stigma function provides a novel example of a flexible mixed-mating strategy in plants that is responsive to changing demographic conditions.
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Rhodus, Elizabeth, Steffi Kim und Fayron Epps. „STIGMA IN THE CONTEXT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND RELATED DEMENTIAS (ADRD) WITHIN RURAL AND UNDERSERVED POPULATIONS“. Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (01.11.2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.187.
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Abstract Stigma in the context of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) is associated with a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, social isolation, and poorer caregiver health. This is particularly true for underserved and rural communities; however, little is known about the sources of stigma and implications of stigma within these communities. This symposium explores sources of stigma along with implications of stigma in rural and/or underserved communities and introduces novel interventional considerations for addressing stigma. The first presentation by Rhodus and colleagues highlights implications of stigma in rural Appalachian communities as it relates to ADRD healthcare service and research participation. Next, Sabat and colleagues present findings of a recent intervention program, “Respite for All,” specifically, implications of this program for caregivers’ perception of stigma, as well as the person living with ADRD. This symposium also includes presentations focused on Alaska Native (AN) experiences with stigma and ADRD. Kim discusses findings of a community-based participatory research project using mixed-method to explore structural stigma in rural communities and needed initiatives for familial care partners. To conclude the program, Crouch and Rosich present results of a grounded theory, exploratory study aimed to understand the cultural practices and values that compose AN Elder beliefs and perceptions of ADRD, including stigmas. This symposium will conclude with a discussion on how researchers may begin to integrate approaches to address stigma in rural and underserved communities in order to enhance care utilization and quality of life for older adults caring for and living with ADRD.
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Chen, Chen, Jiasheng Huang, Jin Zhao, Yan Zhang und Nancy Xiaonan Yu. „Resilience Moderated the Predictive Effect of Dual Stigma on Distress Among Chinese Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men“. AIDS Education and Prevention 32, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2020): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.403.
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Previous studies have examined the distinct stigmas of people living with HIV or of men who have sex with men (MSM). To capture the composite stress of HIV-positive MSM and the mixed stigma they experience, we conceptualized a compound stigma combining HIV status and homosexual identity. At two waves with an interval of 6 months, the results of 112 Chinese newly diagnosed HIV-positive MSM showed that dual stigma at baseline increased distress symptoms 6 months later. Resilience moderated these effects, as the dual stigma increased, distress symptoms intensified more rapidly for individuals with lower resilience than they did for those with higher resilience. Our findings highlight that dual stigma, as an intensified risk factor, predicted distress among the Chinese newly diagnosed HIV-positive MSM, conditioned by the protective factor of resilience. The results have strong implications for developing resilience-based intervention programs in this population.
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Eschliman, Evan L., Dung Hoang, Nasim Khoshnam, Vivian Ye, Haruka Kokaze, Yatong Ji, Yining Zhong et al. „A “What Matters Most” approach to investigating intersectional stigma toward HIV and cancer in Hanoi, Vietnam“. JNCI Monographs 2024, Nr. 63 (01.06.2024): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jncimonographs/lgae002.
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Abstract Background Vietnam is experiencing a growing burden of cancer, including among people living with HIV. Stigma acts as a sociocultural barrier to the prevention and treatment of both conditions. This study investigates how cultural notions of “respected personhood” (or “what matters most”) influence manifestations of HIV-related stigma and cancer stigma in Hanoi, Vietnam. Methods Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with people living with HIV in Hanoi, Vietnam. Transcripts were thematically coded via a directed content analysis using the What Matters Most conceptual framework. Coding was done individually and discussed in pairs, and any discrepancies were reconciled in full-team meetings. Results Analyses elucidated that having chữ tín—a value reflecting social involvement, conscientiousness, and trustworthiness—and being successful (eg, in career, academics, or one’s personal life) are characteristics of respected people in this local cultural context. Living with HIV and having cancer were seen as stigmatized and interfering with these values and capabilities. Intersectional stigma toward having both conditions was seen to interplay with these values in some ways that had distinctions compared with stigma toward either condition alone. Participants also articulated how cultural values like chữ tín are broadly protective against stigmatization and how getting treatment and maintaining employment can help individuals resist stigmatization’s most acute impacts. Conclusions HIV-related and cancer stigma each interfere with important cultural values and capabilities in Vietnam. Understanding these cultural manifestations of these stigmas separately and intersectionally can allow for greater ability to measure and respond to these stigmas through culturally tailored intervention.
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Casimiro-Soriguer, Inés, David Aguilar-Benitez, Natalia Gutierrez und Ana M. Torres. „Transcriptome Analysis of Stigmas of Vicia faba L. Flowers“. Plants 13, Nr. 11 (23.05.2024): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13111443.
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Pollination in angiosperms depends on complex communication between pollen grains and stigmas, classified as wet or dry, depending on the presence or absence of secretions at the stigma surface, respectively. In species with wet stigma, the cuticle is disrupted and the presence of exudates is indicative of their receptivity. Most stigma studies are focused on a few species and families, many of them with self-incompatibility systems. However, there is scarce knowledge about the stigma composition in Fabaceae, the third angiosperm family, whose stigmas have been classified as semidry. Here we report the first transcriptome profiling and DEGs of Vicia faba L. styles and stigmas from autofertile (flowers able to self-fertilize in the absence of manipulation, whose exudate is released spontaneously) and autosterile (flowers that need to be manipulated to break the cuticle and release the exudates to be receptive) inbred lines. From the 76,269 contigs obtained from the de novo assembly, only 45.1% of the sequences were annotated with at least one GO term. A total of 115,920, 75,489, and 70,801 annotations were assigned to Biological Process (BP), Cellular Component (CC), and Molecular Function (MF) categories, respectively, and 5918 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the autofertile and the autosterile lines. Among the most enriched metabolic pathways in the DEGs subset were those related with amino acid biosynthesis, terpenoid metabolism, or signal transduction. Some DEGs have been related with previous QTLs identified for autofertility traits, and their putative functions are discussed. The results derived from this work provide an important transcriptomic reference for style-stigma processes to aid our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in faba bean fertilization.
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Donaldson, Phillip, Erika Langham, Talitha Best und Matthew Browne. „Validation of the Gambling Perceived Stigma Scale (GPSS) and the Gambling Experienced Stigma Scale (GESS)“. Journal of Gambling Issues, Nr. 31 (01.11.2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2015.31.8.
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Australian research shows that stigma is a major barrier to treatment seeking (Rockloff, 2004) and may impede the accurate measurement of problem gambling prevalence. To date, no validated tool is available to assess the stigma associated with gambling. This project investigated both internally experienced and externalised (perceived) stigma associated with gambling, as measured with two new survey instruments were developed for this purpose. We reviewed existing measures of stigma associated with other non-gambling behaviours (e.g., alcohol, drug abuse, smoking, eating disorders) to construct items that were conceptually related to gambling behaviour. The scales were then validated by using a large representative community sample (N = 1366). Internal reliability analysis, factor analysis, and multivariate analysis were used to analyse the results and to explore the measurement of perceived and self-stigma in a community sample, taking into account respondents' gambling experience and relevant socio-demographic information. Results supported a model of perceived stigma along two dimensions (Contempt and Ostracism) and a unidimensional model of experienced stigma. The scales were shown to have strong psychometric properties and to differentiate well between stigmas associated with recreational and problem gambling behaviours. A scale that measures stigma related to gambling behaviour will provide researchers, policymakers, industry bodies, and clinicians with a tool that contributes to a growing understanding of the gambling experiences of individuals and the impacts of gambling on communities.
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Nunkoosing, Karl. „Commentary on “De-fusing and re-fusing face-to-face encounters involving autistic persons in Hong Kong”“. Tizard Learning Disability Review 26, Nr. 1 (02.02.2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-12-2020-0042.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on Alex Cockain’s article “De-fusing and re-fusing face-to-face encounters involving autistic persons in Hong Kong”. Design/methodology/approach The commentary considers the issues raised in Cockain’s article primarily from a focus on Goffman’s concept of “stigma”. Cognitive, emotional and behavioural components of stigma are examined and its wider relevance considered. Findings There has been less research on the stigma of learning disability than on that of mental health, despite a very early study of learning disability (Edgerton, 1967) using the concept only four years after the publication of Goffman’s (1963) seminal work. A number of points of relevance of stigma are identified including to social role valorisation, visible and invisible stigmas, the concept of “passing”, microaggression, disablism and labelling. Originality/value The commentary illustrates the relevance of the concept of stigma to other aspects of learning disability and disability scholarship.
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Johnson, Tiffany D., Aparna Joshi und Toschia Hogan. „On the front lines of disclosure: A conceptual framework of disclosure events“. Organizational Psychology Review 10, Nr. 3-4 (27.04.2020): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041386620919785.
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An important yet understudied element of the stigma disclosure calculus is the response of individuals who are the recipients of stigmatizing information—individuals who are essentially on the front lines of disclosure. Stigma disclosure recipients (SDRs) have a profound influence on disclosers’ workplace experience, yet there is a minimal understanding of how SDRs manage their responses during disclosure encounters. This article contributes to stigma identity management and workplace diversity research by focusing on the antecedents and outcomes of SDRs’ responses in organizations. We apply a novel event systems perspective to disclosure events, which allows us to develop a generalizable framework to understand the psychological and behavioral responses of SDRs across different types of stigmas. Our framework offers a unique perspective on how disclosure events trigger stigma-induced identity threat, which underlies a range of SDRs’ hostile and supportive behaviors. Overall, we propose that these responses of SDRs have important implications for the perpetuation and dismantling of stigma in the workplace. We offer implications for research and practice.
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Gómez Martínez, Sarai, Hugo Enrique Hernández-Martínez, Julieta Givaudan Jiménez, Juan Carlos Guerrero-García, Pablo Eduardo Saucedo-Alvarado und Ana Luisa Velasco. „Importancia del estigma en epilepsia a una enfermedad mortal“. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 65, Nr. 6 (10.11.2022): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2022.65.6.02.
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Stigma is a phenomenon characterized by a negative response to a person possessing a different attribute within the social group it develops. Two types of stigmas have been described: perceived (felt) and promoted (enacted). Among the diseases with the greatest burden associated with stigma is epilepsy, one of the most prevalent neurological diseases worldwide and with a chronic course. In recent years, greater interest has been shown in the study of this phenomenon since it directly affects the quality of life of people with epilepsy, influencing their personal, academic and work development and prognosis. Keywords: Epilepsy; stigma; perceived; promoted; attitudes
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Bártlová, Sylva. „Disease as a stigma“. Kontakt 8, Nr. 2 (15.12.2006): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/kont.2006.044.
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Skinner, Anita. „Stigma“. Nursing Standard 30, Nr. 15 (09.12.2015): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.15.61.s52.
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Fitzpatrick, Mike. „Stigma“. British Journal of General Practice 58, Nr. 549 (01.04.2008): 294.1–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08x280092.
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