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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Stepover faults“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Stepover faults"
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Wang, Hui, Mian Liu, Benchun Duan und Jianling Cao. „Rupture Propagation along Stepovers of Strike-Slip Faults: Effects of Initial Stress and Fault Geometry“. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, Nr. 3 (07.04.2020): 1011–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190233.
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ABSTRACT Large earthquakes on strike-slip faults often rupture multiple fault segments by jumping over stepovers. Previous studies, based on field observations or numerical modeling with a homogeneous initial stress field, have suggested that stepovers more than ∼5 km wide would stop the propagation of rupture, but many exceptions have been observed in recent years. Here, we integrate a dynamic rupture model with a long-term fault stress model to explore the effects of background stress perturbation on rupture propagation across stepovers along strike-slip faults. Our long-term fault models simulate steady-state stress perturbation around stepovers. Considering such stress perturbation in dynamic rupture models leads to prediction of larger distance a dynamic rupture can jump over stepovers: over 15 km for a releasing stepover or 7 km for a restraining stepover, comparing with the 5 km limit in models with the same fault geometry and frictional property but assuming a homogeneous initial stress. The effect of steady-state stress perturbations is stronger in an overlapping stepover than in an underlapping stepover. The maximum jumping distance can reach 20 km in an overlapping releasing stepover with low-static frictional coefficients. These results are useful for estimating the maximum length of potential fault ruptures and assessing seismic hazard.
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Konon, Andrzej, Szymon Ostrowski, Barbara Rybak-Ostrowska, Mirosław Ludwiniak, Michał Śmigielski, Michał Wyglądała, Joanna Uroda, Sebastian Kowalczyk, Radosław Mieszkowski und Agnieszka Kłopotowska. „Mnin restraining stepover – evidence of significant Cretaceous–Cenozoic dextral strike-slip faulting along the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone?“ Acta Geologica Polonica 66, Nr. 3 (01.09.2016): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agp-2016-0019.
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Abstract A newly recognized Mnin restraining stepover is identified in the Permo-Mesozoic cover of the western part of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt (Poland), within a fault pattern consisting of dextral strike-slip faults. The formation of a large contractional structure at the Late Cretaceous – Cenozoic transition displays the significant role of strike-slip faulting along the western border of the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone, in the foreland of the Polish part of the Carpathian Orogen. Theoretical relationships between the maximum fault offsets/ mean step length, as well as between the maximum fault offsets/mean step width allowed the estimation of the values of possible offsets along the Snochowice and Mieczyn faults forming the Mnin stepover. The estimated values suggest displacements of as much as several tens of kilometres. The observed offset along the Tokarnia Fault and theoretical calculations suggest that the strike-slip faults west of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt belong to a large strike-slip fault system. We postulate that the observed significant refraction of the faults forming the anastomosing fault pattern is related also to the interaction of the NW-SE-striking faults formed along the western border of the Teisseyre- Tornquist Zone and the reactivated WNW-ESE-striking faults belonging to the fault systems of the northern margin of the Tethys Ocean.
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DeLano, Kevin, Jeffrey Lee, Rachelle Roper und Andrew Calvert. „Dextral, normal, and sinistral faulting across the eastern California shear zone–Mina deflection transition, California-Nevada, USA“. Geosphere 15, Nr. 4 (24.06.2019): 1206–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01636.1.
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Abstract Strike-slip faults commonly include extensional and contractional bends and stepovers, whereas rotational stepovers are less common. The Volcanic Tableland, Black Mountain, and River Spring areas (California and Nevada, USA) (hereafter referred to as the VBR region) straddle the transition from the dominantly NW-striking dextral faults that define the northwestern part of the eastern California shear zone into a rotational stepover characterized by dominantly NE-striking sinistral faults that define the southwestern Mina deflection. New detailed geologic mapping, structural studies, and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology across the VBR region allow us to calculate Pliocene to Pleistocene fault slip rates and test predictions for the kinematics of fault slip transfer into this rotational stepover. In the VBR, Mesozoic basement is nonconformably overlain by a Miocene sequence of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite volcanic rocks that yield 40Ar/39Ar ages between 22.878 ± 0.051 Ma and 11.399 ± 0.041 Ma. Miocene rocks are unconformably overlain by an extensive sequence of Pliocene basalt and andesite lava flows and cinder cones that yield 40Ar/39Ar ages between 3.606 ± 0.060 Ma and 2.996 ± 0.027 Ma. The Pliocene sequence is, in turn, unconformably overlain by Quaternary tuffs and sedimentary rocks. This sequence of rocks is cut by NS- to NW-striking normal faults across the Volcanic Tableland that transition northward into NS-striking normal faults across the Black Mountain area and that, in turn, transition northward into NW-striking dextral and NE-striking sinistral faults in the River Spring area. A range of geologic markers were used to measure offset across the faults in the VBR, and combined with the age of the markers, yield minimum ∼EW-extension rates of ∼0.5 mm/yr across the Volcanic Tableland and Black Mountain regions, and minimum NW-dextral slip and NE-sinistral slip rates of ∼0.7 and ∼0.3 mm/yr, respectively, across the River Spring region. In the River Spring area, our preferred minimum dextral slip and sinistral slip rates are 0.8–0.9 mm/yr and 0.7–0.9 mm/yr, respectively. We propose three kinematic fault slip models, two irrotational and one rotational, whereby the VBR region transfers a portion of dextral Owens Valley fault slip northwestward into the Mina deflection. In irrotational model 1, Owens Valley fault slip is partitioned into two components, one northeastward onto the White Mountain fault zone and one northwestward into the Volcanic Tableland. Slip from the two zones is then transferred northward into the southwestern Mina deflection. In irrotational model 2, Owens Valley fault slip is partitioned into three components, with the third component partitioned west-northwest onto the Sierra Nevada frontal fault zone. In the rotational model, predicted sinistral slip rates across the southwestern Mina deflection are at least 115% greater than our observed minimum slip rates, implying our minimum observed rates underestimate true sinistral slip rates. A comparison of summed geologic fault slip rates, parallel to motion of the Sierra Nevada block relative to the central Great Basin, from the Sierra Nevada northeastward across the VBR region and into western Nevada are the same as geodetic rates, if our assumptions about the geologic slip rate across the dextral White Mountain fault zone is correct.
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Yang, Jiuyuan, Caijun Xu, Yangmao Wen und Guangyu Xu. „The July 2020 Mw 6.3 Nima Earthquake, Central Tibet: A Shallow Normal-Faulting Event Rupturing in a Stepover Zone“. Seismological Research Letters 93, Nr. 1 (03.11.2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210057.
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Abstract On 22 July 2020, an Mw 6.3 earthquake with a predominantly normal-faulting mechanism struck the Yibug Caka fault zone, central Tibet, where the overall tectonic environment is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip motion. This event offers a chance to gain insight into the tectonic deformation and the cause of shallow normal-faulting earthquakes in this little studied region. Here, we use Sentinel-1A/B Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data to investigate the coseismic and postseismic deformation related to this earthquake. The earthquake ruptured a previously mapped West Yibug Caka fault and is dominated by normal slip with a peak value of 1.9 m at depth of 6.9 km. Postseismic deformation analysis indicates that the observed subsidence signals of up to ∼4.7 cm are a consequence of afterslip. Most of the afterslip is confined at depths between 0.8 and 8.4 km, peaking at 0.27 m at depth of 6.1 km. The significant coseismic slip and afterslip involved in the earthquake highlights a complex interaction between the major normal fault and the secondary synthetic fault. By an integrated analysis of the inversions, regional geology geomorphology, fault kinematics, and seismicity background, we propose a tectonic model that attributes the occurrence of this normal-faulting event to the release of extensional stress in a stepover zone controlled by the northeast-striking sinistral strike-slip Riganpei Co fault and Bu Zang Ai fault. Compared with that the structural stepover often acts as a barrier to affect the propagation of earthquake rupture, our study demonstrates that the failure of a stepover may potentially induce the occurrence of earthquake along the bounding strike-slip faults.
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Zhu, Liangyu, Lingyun Ji, Chuanjin Liu, Jing Xu, Xinkai Liu, Lei Liu und Qiang Zhao. „The 8 January 2022, Menyuan Earthquake in Qinghai, China: A Representative Event in the Qilian–Haiyuan Fault Zone Observed Using Sentinel-1 SAR Images“. Remote Sensing 14, Nr. 23 (30.11.2022): 6078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236078.
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On 8 January 2022, a Ms 6.9 earthquake occurred in Menyuan, Qinghai, China. This event provided important geodetic data before and after the earthquake, facilitating the investigation of the slip balance along the seismogenic faults to understand seismogenic behavior and assess seismic risk. In this study, we obtained the interseismic (2016–2021) and coseismic deformation fields of the 2022 earthquake using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and estimated the slip rate, fault locking, and coseismic slip of the seismogenic faults. The results indicated that the seismogenic fault of the 2022 Menyuan earthquake, i.e., the Tuolaishan–Lenglongling Fault, had shallow locked areas before the earthquake; its long-term slip rate could reach 6 ± 1.2 mm/yr. The earthquake ruptured a sinistral strike-slip fault with a high dip angle; the maximum slip magnitude reached 3.47 m, with a moment magnitude of 6.6. The area of coseismic slip > 1.5 m was equivalent to the range of the isoline, with a locking value of 0.6. The interseismic locking region can limit the approximate scope of the coseismic slip distribution. The 2022 Menyuan earthquake released energy that had accumulated over 482 years in the stepover region between the Lenglongling and Tuolaishan faults. The accumulated elastic strain power of the Tuolaishan Fault was equivalent to an Mw 6.79 earthquake. These circumstances in terms of the strain energy balance demonstrate that interseismic locking, as constrained from the geodetic data, and the elapsed time from the previous paleoseismic event are useful for earthquake location and energy predictions.
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TUTKUN, Z., und S. PAVLIDES. „Small scale contractional-extensional structures and morphotectonics along the fault traces of Izmit-Cocaeli (Turkey) 1999 earthquake“. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, Nr. 1 (01.01.2001): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17033.
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The Mw=7.4 Izmit (Kocaeli) earthquake of August 17, 1999 (Turkey) ruptured 100 km at least surface faults on land along the northwestern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). Although the preexisting structures of NAFZ has been divided into segments, showing stepover and pull apart geometry, the earthquake ruptures are generally linear, E-W striking (N80°-100°), right-lateral. In small scale and on the recent sediments they show very typical strike-slip displacements (2 to 5m), pop-ups and pressure ridges (N 40- 70°), Ρ (N80°), R (N100-1100) and R' (~N350°) Riedel shears, extensional cracks (N115°-135°), restraining and releasing bends and small pull apart structures. In the epicentral area (Gölcük-Tepetarla) the seismic ruptures did not follow any known or previously mapped fault, but the morphology and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) show typical and recognizable paleo-earthquake features. That is elongated valleys, shutter ridges, high angle slopes, scarplets, stream offset; while trenching tectonostratigraphy indicate palaeo sag-ponds (clayly deposits) and palaeo liquefaction (C14 dating-Holocene-historical deposits 200 to 11,000 yr. BP).
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Wen, Guisen, Xingxing Li, Yingwen Zhao, Yong Zhang, Caijun Xu und Yuxin Zheng. „Kinematic Rupture Process and Its Implication of a Thrust and Strike-Slip Multi-Fault during the 2021 Haiti Earthquake“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 7 (23.03.2023): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071730.
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A devasting Mw7.2 earthquake struck southern Haiti on 14 August 2021, leading to over 2000 casualties and severe structural failures. This earthquake, which ruptured ~70 km west of the 2010 Mw7.0 event, offers a rare opportunity to probe the mechanical properties of southern Haiti. This study investigates the kinematic multi-fault coseismic rupture process by jointly analyzing teleseismic and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) datasets. We determined the optimal dip of different segment faults through finite-fault inversion, and the results show that the dips of the first, second and third faults are 62°, 76° and 76°, respectively, coinciding with the relocated aftershock distribution. The results estimated from our joint inversion revealed that the slip was dominated by reverse motion in the first segment and strike-slip motion in the second and third segments. Three slip patches were detected along the strike, with a peak slip of 3.0 m, and the rupture reached the surface at the second segment. The kinematic rupture process shows a unilateral rupture with a high centroid rupture velocity (5.5 km/s), and the rupture broke through the stepover and caused a cascade rupture. The rupture front experiences a directivity pulse of high ground motions with high amplitude and short duration, which may be an additional factor explaining the many landslides concentrated on the western end of the fault. The Coulomb failure stress change result indicates the increases in the probability of future events to the east and west of the 2021 main shock.
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Dorsey, Rebecca J., Brennan O’Connell, Kevin K. Gardner, Mindy B. Homan, Scott E. K. Bennett, Jacob O. Thacker und Michael H. Darin. „Tectonostratigraphic record of late Miocene–early Pliocene transtensional faulting in the Eastern California shear zone, southwestern USA“. Geosphere 17, Nr. 4 (14.05.2021): 1101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02337.1.
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Abstract The Eastern California shear zone (ECSZ; southwestern USA) accommodates ~20%–25% of Pacific–North America relative plate motion east of the San Andreas fault, yet little is known about its early tectonic evolution. This paper presents a detailed stratigraphic and structural analysis of the uppermost Miocene to lower Pliocene Bouse Formation in the southern Blythe Basin, lower Colorado River valley, where gently dipping and faulted strata provide a record of deformation in the paleo-ECSZ. In the western Trigo Mountains, splaying strands of the Lost Trigo fault zone include a west-dipping normal fault that cuts the Bouse Formation and a steeply NE-dipping oblique dextral-normal fault where an anomalously thick (~140 m) section of Bouse Formation siliciclastic deposits filled a local fault-controlled depocenter. Systematic basinward thickening and stratal wedge geometries in the western Trigo and southeastern Palo Verde Mountains, on opposite sides of the Colorado River valley, record basinward tilting during deposition of the Bouse Formation. We conclude that the southern Blythe Basin formed as a broad transtensional sag basin in a diffuse releasing stepover between the dextral Laguna fault system in the south and the Cibola and Big Maria fault zones in the north. A palinspastic reconstruction at 5 Ma shows that the southern Blythe Basin was part of a diffuse regional network of linked right-stepping dextral, normal, and oblique-slip faults related to Pacific–North America plate boundary dextral shear. Diffuse transtensional strain linked northward to the Stateline fault system, eastern Garlock fault, and Walker Lane, and southward to the Gulf of California shear zone, which initiated ca. 7–9 Ma, implying a similar age of inception for the paleo-ECSZ.
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Kuşçu, İsmail, Makoto Okamura, Hiromi Matsuoka, Kunio Yamamori, Yasuo Awata und Selim Özalp. „Recognition of active faults and stepover geometry in Gemlik Bay, Sea of Marmara, NW Turkey“. Marine Geology 260, Nr. 1-4 (Mai 2009): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.02.003.
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Wen, Yameng, Daoyang Yuan, Hong Xie, Ruihuan Su, Qi Su, Zhimin Li, Hao Sun et al. „Typical Fine Structure and Seismogenic Mechanism Analysis of the Surface Rupture of the 2022 Menyuan Mw 6.7 Earthquake“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 18 (06.09.2023): 4375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15184375.
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On 8 January 2022, a seismic event of significant magnitude (Mw 6.7, Ms 6.9) occurred in the northeastern region of the Tibetan Plateau. This earthquake was characterized by left-lateral strike-slip motion, accompanied by a minor reverse movement. The Menyuan earthquake resulted in the formation of two main ruptures and one secondary rupture. These ruptures were marked by a left-lateral step zone that extended over a distance of 1 km between the main ruptures. The length of the rupture zones was approximately 37 km. The surface rupture zone exhibited various features, including left-lateral offset small gullies, riverbeds, wire fences, road subgrades, mole tracks, cracks, and scarps. Through a comprehensive field investigation and precise measurement using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, 111 coseismic horizontal offsets were determined, with the maximum offset recorded at 2.6 ± 0.3 m. The analysis of aftershocks and the findings from the field investigation led to the conclusion that the earthquake was triggered by the Lenglongling fault and the Tuolaishan fault. These faults intersected at a release double-curved structure, commonly referred to as a stepover. During this particular process, the Lenglongling fault was responsible for initiating the coseismic rupture of the Sunan–Qilian fault. It is important to note that the stress applied to the Tuolaishan fault has not been fully relieved, indicating the presence of potential future hazards.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Stepover faults"
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Flores, Cuba Joseph M. „Earthquake rupture around stepovers in a brittle damage medium“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS301.pdf.
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Les systèmes de failles décrochantes sont constitués d’une variété de complexités géométriques telles que des branchements de failles, des plis et des zones de relais. En particulier, la présence d’une structure de relais peut fortement déterminer la taille finale de la rupture sismique. Ainsi, comprendre la dynamique d’une rupture à travers une telle complexité est crucial pour l’évaluation des risques sismiques. Quelques études ont examiné cette question dans le contexte d’un milieu élastique linéaire. Cependant, lors d’un séisme, des zones d’endommagement sont générées, notamment aux extrémités d’une faille, ce qui modifie considérablement la dynamique globale d’une rupture. En utilisant un modèle micromécanique prenant en compte la croissance et l’ouverture de fissures et leur impact sur l’évolution dynamique des modules élastiques, nous évaluons comment l’endommagement dynamique peut affecter la capacité d’une rupture à se propager au travers des structures de relais. Nous montrons que, parfois, en tenant compte de cette dispersion de l’énergie sur les microstructures formées, les zones endommagées suppriment la capacité de la rupture à passer d’une faille à une autre. Mais, dans certains cas spécifiques, la zone de faible vitesse créée dynamiquement peut au contraire aider la rupture à sauter sur la deuxième faille. En combinant cette étude numérique avec une approche analytique, nous établissons les contours d’une approche systématique utile pour l’évaluation des risques sismiquesStrike-slip fault systems consist of a variety of geometrical complexities like branches, kinks and step-overs. Especially, the presence of a step-over structure can strongly determine the final size of the earthquake rupture. Thus understanding the dynamics of a rupture through such a complexity is crucial for seismic hazard assessment. A few studies have looked at this question within the context of a linear elastic medium. However, during an earthquake off-fault damage is generated, especially at the ends of a fault, which significantly changes the overall dynamics of a rupture. Using a micromechanical model, that accounts for crack growth and opening and its impact on the dynamic evolution of elastic moduli, we evaluate how dynamic off-fault damage can affect the capability of a rupture to navigate through step-over fault structures. We show that, sometimes, accounting for this energy sink, off-damage suppresses the ability of the rupture to jump from one fault to another. Whereas, in some specific cases, the dynamically created low-velocity zone may aid the rupture to jump on the secondary fault. Combing this numerical study with an analytical analysis we set the contours for a systematic approach useful for earthquake hazard assessments
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Rosandich, Brooks. „Extension of a Quaternary-Active Shear Zone across the Reelfoot Fault Stepover Arm: Evidence from P- and SH-wave Seismic Reflection Imaging“. UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/79.
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Many seismic hazard source parameters such as slip rate, total displacement, strain accommodation, geographic fault location, etc. are poorly constrained in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). This is in large part due to the masking effect of the thick Mississippi embayment sediment package on seismogenic structures and features. Consequently, much of the subsurface geologic characterization needed for understanding seismic hazard sources requires geophysical imaging. Recent seismic reflection surveys 12 km NE of the Reelfoot Fault stepover arm of the NMSZ have suggested a northeast-oriented transpressional fault zone extending across the Reelfoot Fault stepover arm where its dextral displacement at seismogenic depth is unbalanced with the surface expression, the Reelfoot Scarp. New high-resolution seismic reflection surveys were acquired across the southwestern back projection of the hypothesized structure at a potential piercing point with the Reelfoot Fault near Proctor City, TN. The resultant images show steeply dipping northeast striking faults with uplifted and arched post-Paleozoic reflectors that extend into the Quaternary sediments, consistent with the findings of the previous surveys. The new imaged faults form a ~500-meter-wide positive flower structure, with vertical displacements of 16 m and 50 m at the top of the Eocene and top of the Paleozoic reflectors, respectively. Results corroborate the Axial Fault extending to the northeast, and provide geological evidence for Reelfoot Fault segmentation. Furthermore, the near-surface SH-wave seismic profiles show the through-going shear deformation has continued into the Quaternary, thus indicating seismogenic strain has not been completely transferred to the Reelfoot Fault, providing additional evidence for accommodating the strain imbalance.
Buchteile zum Thema "Stepover faults"
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Micklethwaite, Steven, Arianne Ford, Walter Witt und Heather A. Sheldon. „Transient permeability in fault stepovers and rapid rates of orogenic gold deposit formation“. In Crustal Permeability, 249–59. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119166573.ch20.
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Unruh, Jeffery R., Francis C. Monastero und Egill Hauksson. „ANATOMY OF A RELEASING STEPOVER BETWEEN THE AIRPORT LAKE FAULT AND THE OWENS VALLEY FAULT THROUGH THE COSO RANGE, CALIFORNIA“. In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-342035.
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