Dissertationen zum Thema „Statics, 1952“

Class of 2007 Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the relationship of price and prevalence of statins when new mediations enter the market and when old medications are withdrawn from the market. Methods: Patients that received a statin were enrolled in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) from 1992 to 2002. The overall prevalence of each statin as well as the prevalence of each statin for a patient’s drug coverage (no coverage, Medicaid, Medigap, employer coverage, or other public coverage) were analyzed. Results: The overall prevalence of statin was statistically significant for 1992 versus 2002 (p<0.001). When atorvastatin came to the market towards the end of 1996, there was no difference between simvastatin (p=0.24) and pravastatin (p=0.12) in 1997 versus 1998. Conclusions: There was a difference in the prevalence of statins when atorvastatin entered the market. When cerivastatin left the market, there was a difference in the prevalence of statin use. Atorvastatin became the most prevalent statin by the end of 2002. The price of statins appeared to decrease over time from $39.01 in 1992 to $31.95 in 2002. Also, the year atorvastatin was released the average price of statins increased to $36.57 in 1997.

The commentary examines the first 192 verses of Thebaid 6, which describe the preparation and events before the funeral of Ophletes/Archemorus. The commentary explores the cultural effect and “affect” of the text. Philological and intertextual issues are discussed throughout. Textual problems are treated where appropriate. The introduction provides an overview of major themes, concepts and contexts. In the commentary itself, discursive notes introduce shorter lemmata that encompass textual, metrical, linguistic and cultural-historical issues as well as literary interpretation. Theb.6.1-24 describes the summoning of competitors to the first games at Nemea, places those games within the tradition of the other Panhellenic games and finishes with the first simile in the book. The commentary discusses the epinician, aetiological and anachronistic features of the language here and introduces the concept of the “hanging simile”. vv. 25-53 describe an “epic” Dawn, detail the lamenting in and around the palace and summarize the consolation speech of Adrastus. The commentary examines how reader expectations are defeated and how Roman and Greek rituals merge at this point. The rhetorical features of consolatio and the ineffectiveness of oratory to console are considered. vv. 54-83 focus is on the funeral couch of Opheltes. The commentary discusses the metapoetic comment in this passage; also the use of ekphrasis and the emotional significance of the gifts placed on the pyre. vv. 84-117 detail the cutting down of the grove for the funeral pyre, following aspects of the traditional topos and finishing on a second simile, the latter anachronistically describing direptio. The commentary draws out the Greek and indigenous Italian elements of this passage and shows how the language foreshadows future conflict. The animated and hyperreal nature of the landscape is explained in the commentary. vv. 118-134 the gods above and below are given equal altars and the funeral procession starts. The commentary discusses the infernal gods in the context of the poem, elucidating Roman and “Oriental”, as well as Greek, motifs. vv.135-192 Eurydice, mother of Opheltes begins a lament but, on seeing Hypsipyle, she turns it into a recriminatory speech. The commentary examines her speech as an intertextual node around which other mothers, distraught and guilty because of a lost child, can be seen. Her speech, language and non-verbal communication are then associated with these intertexts. Focus is also upon how the speech changes in terms of tone, elevation and erratic structure, and illuminates the historical/eternal conflict between birth mother and wet-nurse. The generic relationship between epic narrative and dramatic structures, such as tragedy and mime are made throughout the commentary especially at 25-192.

We construct a class of solutions to the Cauchy problem of the Klein-Gordon equation on any standard static spacetime. Specifically, we have constructed solutions to the Cauchy problem based on any self-adjoint extension (satisfying a technical condition: ``acceptability") of (some variant of) the Laplace-Beltrami operator defined on test functions in a L^2 space of the static hypersurface. The proof of the existence of this construction completes and extends work originally done by Wald. Further results include the uniqueness of these solutions, their support properties, the construction of the space of solutions and the energy and symplectic form on this space and an analysis of certain symmetries on the space of solutions and of various examples of this method, including the construction of a non-bounded below acceptable self-adjoint extension generating the dynamics.

The purpose of this thesis is to show how the construction of the household as a political entity was undertaken by the Swedish state during the first half of the 1900. The household, mainly perceived as an apolitical subject, is shown to be articulated in response to the problems and ideals as formulated by the ruling body at the time. The thesis examines the period of 1911-1951, generally considered a time of great social upheaval in Sweden. The countries transition from a poor agrarian society to one of the richest countries in the world, drastically changed the perception of what a household was, and what it needed to be. By studying the material produced by Socialstyrelsen between 1913-1951 to examine the budget of different social classes, the thesis finds that the household has been formulated in different ways by the state. In the early years of the 20:th century, the household was articulated as” the frugal household” by the newly formed social authority. It was conceived as a unit for fulfilling the needs of its consistent members. The thesis shows the articulation of this particular idea of the household was an answer to the social problems formulated by the state of the time. The construction of” the frugal household” did not only formulate the thrifty housekeeping ideals of the time, but also became a way to educate the lower classes, whose economic troubles where seen mostly as a lack of self-restraint and good book keeping. As the perceived challenges to the state changed, so too did the use of the household. As the economy expanded ever further down the path of the consumption-driven welfare state, so too did the states idea of what a household was. This thesis shows how the latter use of the household concept is articulated as a unit for consumption. The frugal ideal has grown into a celebrated desire to improve one’s situation through consumption. Furthermore, both these constructions of the household serve to reproduce the core values of the state, as well as the core population of the state.

Den 1 januari 1922 öppnade det Statliga rasbiologiska institutet i Uppsala. Institutet var det första av sitt slag i världen, men kom att bli en mellanhand för den rasbiologiska gemenskapen och fler institut växte fram runt om i världen. Sverige hade sedan Carl von Linnés tid legat i framkant när det gällde att placera in djur, växter och människor i olika raser. Efter Linné följde en rad svenska forskare som också ansågs ligga i framkant i sin rasbiologiska forskning. Men ingen fick sådant internationellt genomslag i sin forskning som Herman Lundborg som ansågs vara den världsledande rasbiologen. Eftersom Herman Lundborg var en världsledande rasbiolog och aktiv inom lobbyverksamheten för att få till ett rasbiologiskt institut, valdes han till den första chefen för Statens institut för rasbiologi.
On January 1, 1922, the Swedish Institute of Racial Biology opened in Uppsala. The institute was the first of its kind in the world but came to be an intermediary for the racial biology community and more institutions emerged around the world. Since the time of Carl von Linnaeus, Sweden had been at the forefront of placing animals, plants and people in different races. After Linnaeus, several Swedish researchers followed, who were also considered to be at the forefront of their racial biology research. But nobody got such an international impact in their research as Herman Lundborg, who was considered the world-leading racial biologist. Therefore, it was natural that he should become the institute's first manager.

Redundant parallel kinematic machines are parallel mechanisms to which one or more kinematic branch is added in order to improve their mechanical properties, in particular, their stiffness. Redundant parallel kinematic machines have then more actuators than their degree of freedom. New calibration methods are developed in this thesis in order to deal with the particularities related to the actuation redundancy. First, calibration methods using geometrical models are tested. Several measurement systems and control models are compared. A self-calibration is also carried out, where the redundant branches are switched to a passive mode. Thus, they play the role of the measurement system and the mechanism can be calibrated without the help of extra sensors. Geometrical calibration methods, however, do not take into account the internal constraints due to the redundancy. Elastic deformations are neglected although they are shown to have an influence on the positioning accuracy after the calibration. Modeling methods are then developed that take into account the geometry of the mechanism as well as the stiffness of its elements to improve the accuracy of the calibration. With such modeling methods, it is possible to determine the tool-center-point position for redundantly actuated parallel mechanisms from geometrical and stiffness parameters and given positions for all actuators. The modeling methods are first demonstrated on a simple mechanism. They are then tested on a real machine and used in calibration processes.
Mechanismen mit redundanter Parallelkinematik sind Parallelmechanismen, denen eine oder mehrere kinematische Ketten zugefügt werden, um die mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere die Steifigkeit, zu verbessern. Maschinen mit redundanter Parallelkinematik besitzen dann mehr Antriebe als ihr Freiheitsgrad erfordern würde. In dieser Dissertation werden neue Kalibrierungsmethoden entwickelt, um die mit der Antriebsredundanz gebundenen Besonderheiten zu betrachten. Zuerst werden Kalibrierungsmethoden basierend auf geometrischen Modellen getestet. Verschiedene Messmethoden und Messsysteme werden verglichen. Eine Selbstkalibrierung wird durchgeführt. Bei dieser Kalibrierungsmethode werden die redundanten Antriebe freigeschaltet und als Messsystem genutzt. Die Maschine kann dadurch ohne externes Messsystem kalibriert werden. Dennoch betrachten geometrische Kalibrierungsmethode keine internen Verspannungen, die mit der Redundanz verbunden sind. Die elastischen Verformungen werden vernachlässigt, obwohl gezeigt wird, dass sie einen Einfluss auf die Positioniergenauigkeit nach der Kalibrierung haben. Es werden deshalb Modellierungsmethoden entwickelt, die sowohl die Geometrie des Mechanismus als auch die Elementsteifigkeit betrachten, um die Genauigkeit der Kalibrierung zu verbessern. Mit solchen Methoden ist es möglich, die Werkzeugposition redundanter Parallelkinematiken aus den Geometrie- und Steifigkeitsparametern und allen Antriebspositionen zu bestimmen. Die Modellierungsmethoden werden zuerst an einem einfachen Mechanismus angewandt. Sie werden danach an einer realen Maschine getestet und in einem Kalibrierungsprozess genutzt
Les mécanismes à cinématique parallèle redondante sont des mécanismes parallèles auxquels a été ajoutée une branche cinématique, ou plus, dans le but d'améliorer leurs propriétés mécaniques, en particulier, leur rigidité. Les mécanismes à cinématique parallèle redondante possèdent donc plus d'actionneurs que leur degré de liberté. De nouvelles méthodes d'étalonnage sont développées dans cette thèse afin de prendre en compte les spécificités liées à la redondance d'actionnement. Les méthodes d'étalonnage utilisant des modèles géométriques sont d'abord testées. Plusieurs systèmes de mesure et plusieurs modèles de contrôle sont comparés. Un auto-étalonnage est aussi réalisé. Pour cette méthode d'étalonnage, les actionneurs redondants sont mis en mode passif et jouent le rôle de système de mesure. Le mécanisme peut être étalonné sans ajout de codeurs. Cependant, les méthodes d'étalonnage géométriques ne prennent pas en compte les contraintes internes liées à la redondance. Les déformations élastiques sont négligées bien qu'il soit montré qu'elles ont une influence sur la précision de positionnement après étalonnage. Des méthodes de modélisation qui prennent en compte la géométrie du mécanisme ainsi que la rigidité des éléments sont donc développées pour améliorer la précision de l'étalonnage. Avec de telles méthodes, il est possible de déterminer la position de l'outil des mécanismes à redondance d'actionnement à partir de paramètres géométriques et élastiques et de la position de tous les actionneurs. Les méthodes de modélisation sont d'abord appliquées sur un mécanisme simple. Elles sont ensuite testées sur une machine réelle et utilisées dans des processus d'étalonnage.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 11, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry." Discipline: Chemistry; Department/School: Chemistry.

Machine components made of steel are subjected to heat treatment processes for improving mechanical properties in order to enhance product life and is usually done by quenching. During quenching, heat is transferred rapidly from the hot metal component to the quenchant and that rapid temperature drop induces phase transformation in the metal component. As a result, quenching generates some residual stresses and deformations in the material. Therefore, to estimate the temperature distribution, residual stress, and deformation computationally; three-dimensional finite element models are developed for two different steel components – a spur gear and a circular tube by a static and a dynamic quenching analyses, respectively. The time-varying nodal temperature distributions in both models are observed and the critical regions are identified. The variations of stress and deformation after quenching along different pathways for both models are studied. The convergence for both models is checked and validations of the models are done.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Artes, Departamento de Artes Visuais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes, 2013.
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A presente investigação se debruça sobre a associação entre os Sudários de Bené Fonteles, que formam a série Sudários / Auto-Retratos, o painel cerâmico Le Chemin de la Croix, de Henri Matisse e a exposição The Stations of the Cross. Lema Sabachtani, realizada em 1966, por Barnett Newman, assim como sobre a natureza desta associação e como ela pode ser abordada pela História da Arte, teórica e metodologicamente. Esta pesquisa trata, portanto, da espessura do olhar entre aquele que vê a obra de arte e a própria obra porque trata dos espaço-tempi em que sua percepção se abre a uma rede de relações. Diante de uma obra nos desfiguramos e reconfiguramos enquanto sua imagem se modifica. Mas quando a obra concerne a uma transformação exemplar, esses conteúdos de desdobram e se redobram em inúmeras questões, como é o caso do tema da transformação mais recorrente em nossa cultura cristã e ocidental, no grande drama expresso pela Paixão. O interesse por essas obras, portanto, foi imposta pela expressa categoria de identificação autoimpingida do artista com o tema, com o pathos do processo de criação e com a temporalidade complexa que a constelação dessas obras acaba por sedimentar. Assim, a investigação levou à reflexão sobre o impacto do jogo entre o pathos e o anacronismo sobre o discurso na História da Arte como montagem de tempos heterogêneos, baseada em pressupostos oferecidos por Aby Warburg, Walter Benjamin e Georges Didi-Huberman. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The subject of this PhD research project is the association of Henri Matisse's Chemin de la Croix, Barnett Newman's Stations of the Cross. Lema Sabachtani Exhibition and Bené Fonteles' Sudários, as well as what the order of this association and how it can be brought up by Art History, theoretically and methodologically. Therefore, this research is about of the thickness of the outlook between the one who sees the artwork and the artwork itself, because it talks about the space-times in that perception that opens itself into a web of relations. In front of an artwork we desfigure and reconfigure ourselves as the image modifies. But when the artwork approaches to a model transformation, these contents unfold and refold themselves in numerous questions. That is the case of the more recurrent transformations in our Western Christian culture, in the great drama expressed by the Passion. The interest by these artworks, therefore, was imposed by the artist’s self-inflicted identification category with the subject, with the pathos of the creation process and with the complexity of the temporality that the constellation of these works deposits. Thus, the inquiry induced to the speculation about the impact of the relation between the pathos and the anachronism about the discourse in the Art History as montage of heterogeneous times, based in presuppositions offered by Aby Warburg, Walter Benjamin and Georges Didi-Huberman.

Uppsatsen handlar om 1944 samt 1953 års Statens offentliga utredningars föreställningar om abort och de som genomgick detta ingrepp, hur deras sociala situation såg ut samt i vilka sammanhang männen omnämndes. De använda källorna är alltså Betänkande i abortfrågan samt Abortfrågan. Syftet är att bidra med en historievetenskaplig undersökning om abort eftersom de flesta forskningar har förekommit inom juridik och medicin. Studien är uppdelad i tre delar: Definitionen av abort, De aborterande kvinnorna och Männens roll, som tillsammans ger en helhetsbild. Yvonne Hirdmans teoretiska diskussion om genusordning och genuskontrakt fungerar som ett ramverk i min studie. Resultatet visar att familjelivet och äktenskap var normer som skulle följas vilket innebär att abort endast skulle göras av kvinnor som var sjuka eller svaga. Kvinnan skulle alltså vara moder enligt normen och mannen försörjare samt överhuvud. Vidare visar undersökningen på att mannens sociala och ekonomiska situation påverkade abortbeslutet. De föreställningarna påverkades av kommitténs könsfördelning och politiskt ideologiska utgångspunkter.

Thesis (MA (Public and Development Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
In any organisation it is of the utmost importance that employees form part of the decisions made by management that influence them personally as well as those decisions that have an influence on their daily responsibilities. A sound principle that could be practised by managers to address this aspect is that of participative management. Although it will depend on the type of manager there is legislation in South Africa that forces managers to ensure that their personnel are managed in a participative manner. There are formal and informal methods to practice participative management in an organisation and certain factors that will have an influence on the successful implementation of this type of management style. In this research the focus will be on participative management at the police stations in the Eastern Metropole, Western Cape as well as a benchmarking with the police departments in Wyoming, United States of America. The methods that will be used to gather information to evaluate participative management will entail a questionnaire that has to be completed by the employees at the identified police stations and personal interviews with the individual Station Commissioners and Chiefs at the police departments in Wyoming. The analysis in relation to the questionnaires, interviews and literature review has been used by the researcher to formulate the findings and recommendations. The employees who work at the police stations in the Eastern Metropole are satisfied with the amount of responsibility and accountability that is delegated to them by the management. The employees are therefore adequately empowered to render a professional service to their respective clients. There is a need for the management at the police stations in the Eastern Metropole to improve on the following: to make use of the ideas, talents and suggestions of employees; to obtain commitment from employees before embarking on a course of action; to utilize the ideas on how to solve problems and improve service delivery by employees; the identifying of critical outputs and goals by the employees for their work, although the Performance Enhancement Process has ensured the opportunity it seems that the negotiation of the outputs in the individual performance plans of employees still need improvement; to create a working environment where employees are treated as stakeholders and democracy is enhanced by means of participative management; and the dispute settlement between management and unions. That the management at station level: do not always consult with employees in relation to decisions that affect them; and there are not always opportunities created for employees to participate in decisionmaking. The legislation and collective agreements that relate to participative management in the SAPS are not always adhered to by the management at the police stations in the Eastern Metropole, Western Cape. Shop stewards should get more involved at station level in the representation of their respective employees. Participative management is being practised at the police stations in the Eastern Metropole, but there is a need for the improvement thereof. The police departments in Wyoming do not have legislative prescriptions to formal participative management as the Police Service of South Africa. The organisational The informal methods used in Wyoming to practice participative management are very similar to that of South Africa, despite the fact that there is no legislation or prescriptions to the adherence thereof. The researcher is of the humble opinion that a clear policy in relation to the practice of participative management in police organisations at station level should be compiled that will incorporate existing legislation and collective agreements in the SAPS as well as the methods to practice participative management. The shop stewards that represent their employees at the police stations in the Eastern Metropole, Western Cape should be sensitised on their role and responsibilities. Managers at the police stations in the Eastern Metropole, Western Cape should again be sensitised on the legislation and collective agreements that relate to participative management and that a suggestion box, quality circles and a participative management forum be implemented at station level.

In 1923 the Oregon Agricultural College began broadcasting market information and weather reports to farmers in the Willamette Valley. By 1958 the programming had expanded to include everything from symphonies to lectures in psychology. This thesis poses the following questions: How did the producers and funders of Station KOAC understand the medium’s potential to reach spaces they believed were isolated from the promise of modernity? What were the values that the state prioritized through its funding of Station KOAC? How did listeners understand and experience KOAC? Based on archival research, I argue that the station was recruited to welcome rural and domestic listeners into modernity and simultaneously task them with the maintenance of traditional institutions on which the state relied. However it also brought information and companionship to listeners, who claimed their own citizenship through state supported radio.

Uppsatsen belyser förändring av arbetslöshetspolitiken och de konfliktytor som denna resulterade i mellan 1928 och 1932 i Växjö stad, samt på vilket sätt detta speglar den rikspolitiska utvecklingen. Detta har genomförts genom analys av pro-tokoll från Växjö stads stadsfullmäktige, samfällda drätselkammaren, arbetslöshets- och hjälpkommittén, samt Växjö socialdemokratiska arbetarkommun och två fack-förbund.Studien visar på att det skedde en förändring i vilka arbetsmarknadsåtgärder som genomfördes i staden samt att konfliktnivån ökade mellan företrädarna för de olika politiska partierna.Arbetsmarknadsåtgärderna gick från att förespråka både en understöds- och arbets-linje bestående av nödhjälpsarbeten och kommunala reservarbeten, till att slopa un-derstödslinjen helt; inom politiken och kommunorganen gick utvecklingen från en relativ samsyn till mer och mer polarisering.

Après un bref historique de la radiodiffusion française, cet ouvrage essaie de saisir le fonctionnement du "phénomène radio" bordelaise, à travers quatre grands points : -Analyse de l'histoire de quatre radios bordelaises (radio Télé Garonne, radio 100, radio Angora, radio Bordeaux Gironde) grâce à une observation participante d'un minimun de trois mois. - Présentaion des animateurs, grâce à un question permettant la mise en relation de différents paramètres concernant l'émission, la rémunération, la profession, les attachements politiques. . . Etc, de l'animateu. -Description de l'anatomie des radios locales à travers les programmes diffusés, grâce à une analyse de contenu, selon les méthodes de tendances de Laswell, Berelson, et Kyser, effectuée sur un enregistrement d'une semaine (programmation et informatisation). Ainsi pour chacune des émissions, huit objectifs sont expliqués : l'objet, la méthode, les traits personnels, les origines, les buts, la forme syntaxique, et l'intensité émotionnelle. -Utilisation des quatre radios locales par les auditeurs, grâce à un questionnaire concernant l'âge, le sexe, la situation de famille, le genre d'émission préférée, les attitudes générales d'écoute. . . Etc
After a brief survey of the history of the french radio broacasting system, this study nill focas on an approach of the radio phenomenon in Bordeaux. Fourmain points will be developped. -An analysis of the history of four radio stations in the Bordeaux area (Tele Garonne, radio 100, radio Angora, radio Bordeaux Gironde) made possible by an observation "from the inside" of a minimun time of tree months. -Apresentation of the staff (disc jockeys, journalists. . . ) through a questionnaire allowing the comparaison of various parameters concernig the programme, remenuration, job, poloticanions, etc. . . Of the person. -Description of the structures of local radio stations by an analysis of the programmes contents according to the methods of tendancies analysis of Caswell, Berelson an Kayser, programmes and news having been recorded for one week, therefore, for each programme, weil consider eighet points: the object, the method, the characteristics, the origins, the aims, the syntax and the emotional contents. - How the listeners "use" these four radio stations will also be studied thants to a questionnaire concerning the age, sex, family, situation, kind of favorite programme, general listening attitudes, etc. .

En viktig del i diskussioner av kärnkraft är frågan om det avfall som skapas i driften av kärnreaktorer. Undersökningen har identifierat en förändring i uppfattningen av avfall under perioden mellan 1956, då kärnkraften var i sitt tidiga stadium, och 1980 då densamma har implementerats kommersiellt i Sverige. Uppsatsens syfte är att närmare förstå vilken roll diskussioner om kärnenergins restprodukter hade under denna förändring. Detta görs genom att använda sig av statens offentliga utredningar som material och användning av Sheila Jassanoff och Sang-Hyun Kims teoretiska ramverk sociotechnical imaginaries. Dessa används båda för att belysa utvecklingen av synen av avfallet som skapas av kärnenergin. Materialet visar hur avfallsfrågan diskuterades av experter och hur problematik eller icke-problematik togs upp till regeringen som hade beställt utredningen.

Nous avons d’abord entrepris de tracer un tableau de la Norvège en nous reportant à des ouvrages d’auteurs tels Raymond Aron (1905-1983) et son « Guerre et paix entre nations », de Francis Fukuyama (1952-) avec son étude « The Origins of Political Order » [Les origines de l’ordre politique], de Hans Magnus Enzensberger (1929-), auteur de « Norsk utakt » [La Norvège qui marche à contretemps], d’Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) et son « Peer Gynt », et de nombreux écrits d’Olav Riste (1933-) et d’autres auteurs.A la fin de cette première partie notre analyse a permis d’identifier l’isolationnisme traditionnel et défensif des Norvégiens que nous désignons comme étant du premier degré, puis une seconde forme d’isolationnisme appelé organique et du second degré, car intériorisé et ainsi occulté.Nos sources principales ont été les Comptes rendus de réunions du Comité des Affaires étrangères et de la Constitution au Storting (Parlement) à Oslo.La deuxième partie de cette thèse traite la période de 1940 à 1949 qui se termine par l’adhésion de la Norvège au Pacte atlantique et l’OTAN en 1949, car le pays n’avait tout simplement pas d’autre choix. En troisième partie nous suivons la Norvège dans une phase d’internationalisation profonde de 1950 à 1972 où le pays adhère, de nouveau sous la contrainte, d’abord à l’Association européenne de libre échange puis cherche à se joindre à la Communauté économique européenne. L’échec au référendum sur l’Europe en 1972 est à imputer en très grande partie à son isolationnisme que nous qualifions d’extraordinaire
We start by building up a portrait of Norway by referring to works by authors such as Raymond Aron (1905-1983) and his «War and peace between nations» [Guerre et paix entre nations], Francis Fukuyama (1952-) with his study of « The Origins of Political Order », Hans Magnus Enzensberger(1929-), author of « Out-of-step Norway » [Norsk utakt], Henrik Ibsen and his « Peer Gynt» as well as numerous writings by Olav Riste (1933-) and other contributors.At the end of this first part our analysis has uncovered the traditional and defensive isolationism of the Norwegians which we qualify as being of the first degree, then a second degree isolationism, organic in character, since it is interiorised and hence hidden.Our main sources are accounts of meetings of the “Committee for Foreign affairs and of the Constitution” at the Storting (Parliament) in Oslo.The second part of this thesis deals with the period from 1940 to 1949 where Norway joined the Atlantic pact and NATO in 1949, quite simply because the country had no other choice. In the third part we look at Norway during her period of opening up to the international community from 1950 to 1972 where the country joins, again because she was forced to, first the European Free Trade area (EFTA), then is a candidate for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). The loss at the referendum on Europe in 1972 is mostly due to her isolationism that we in the end shall qualify as being extraordinary

Cette thèse de musicologie historique utilise la programmation radiophonique du poste CKAC de Montréal dans l’entre-deux-guerres afin de remettre en question une homogénéité présumée de la chanson folklorisée chez les grandes figures que sont Madame Bolduc, Charles Marchand, Ovila Légaré et l’abbé Gadbois. L’analyse proposée se focalise sur les pratiques de la chanson métissées au folklore canadien-français dans les domaines du chant, de la danse et du conte. Cette démarche est combinée à l’identification d’émissions de radio où les artistes ont des pratiques du répertoire en commun. La thèse met ainsi en évidence deux réseaux de collaborations. Le premier réseau d’artistes, les « Lyriques », assez près de L’Heure provinciale à CKAC, favorise des voix de type classique et bénéficie d’un appui de la critique, surtout à la revue La Lyre. On y retrouve notamment Charles Marchand et ses Troubadours de Bytown, le Quatuor Alouette, le Trio lyrique de Lionel Daunais et La Bonne chanson de l’abbé Gadbois. L’esthétique de la chanson des « Lyriques » est tournée vers l’Europe dans une pratique hybride entre opérette et chanson montmartroise, dans l’esprit de Théodore Botrel et de la diseuse Yvette Guilbert. Le deuxième réseau d’artistes est celui des « Veillées », associé de près à la Living Room Furniture à CKAC, en écho aux artistes des Veillées du bon vieux temps de Conrad Gauthier sur la scène du Monument national. En plus de ce dernier, le groupe des « Veillées » rassemble notamment Ovila Légaré, Madame Bolduc, le violoneux Isidore Soucy et une série de comédiens. L’esthétique de la chanson du groupe des « Veillées » est tournée vers les Amériques dans un métissage de théâtre burlesque et d’orchestres de musique de danse instrumentale canadienne-française, jusqu’à un certain point similaires à ceux de jazz swing, de tango et de rumba. Les ensembles identifiés n’étant pas non plus parfaitement homogènes, il ressort enfin des groupes des « Lyriques » et des « Veillées » quelques artistes en marge ou à la croisée des deux esthétiques. Il s’agit d’une part des chanteurs de variétés Ludovic Huot, Georges Beauchemin, Fernand Perron, Albert Marier et Jean Lalonde, qui combinent l’opérette, les chansons américaines et latines. On pense d’autre part au théâtre lyrique de Jeanne Maubourg, Caro Lamoureux, Roméo Mousseau et Gaston Saint-Jacques, qui oscille entre la chanson sur le mode lyrique léger et les sketches dramatiques. Il y a encore un nombre important de petits et grands orchestres qui accompagnent la musique de danse des hôtels, cabarets et théâtres de Montréal. L’insistance sur les pratiques hybrides de la chanson permet au final de nuancer une perception généralement unidimensionnelle des artistes de la chanson à l’époque, Charles Marchand le folkloriste ou Madame Bolduc la turluteuse, par exemple.
Cette thèse de musicologie historique utilise la programmation radiophonique du poste CKAC de Montréal dans l’entre-deux-guerres afin de remettre en question une homogénéité présumée de la chanson folklorisée chez les grandes figures que sont Madame Bolduc, Charles Marchand, Ovila Légaré et l’abbé Gadbois. L’analyse proposée se focalise sur les pratiques de la chanson métissées au folklore canadien-français dans les domaines du chant, de la danse et du conte. Cette démarche est combinée à l’identification d’émissions de radio où les artistes ont des pratiques du répertoire en commun. La thèse met ainsi en évidence deux réseaux de collaborations. Le premier réseau d’artistes, les « Lyriques », assez près de L’Heure provinciale à CKAC, favorise des voix de type classique et bénéficie d’un appui de la critique, surtout à la revue La Lyre. On y retrouve notamment Charles Marchand et ses Troubadours de Bytown, le Quatuor Alouette, le Trio lyrique de Lionel Daunais et La Bonne chanson de l’abbé Gadbois. L’esthétique de la chanson des « Lyriques » est tournée vers l’Europe dans une pratique hybride entre opérette et chanson montmartroise, dans l’esprit de Théodore Botrel et de la diseuse Yvette Guilbert. Le deuxième réseau d’artistes est celui des « Veillées », associé de près à la Living Room Furniture à CKAC, en écho aux artistes des Veillées du bon vieux temps de Conrad Gauthier sur la scène du Monument national. En plus de ce dernier, le groupe des « Veillées » rassemble notamment Ovila Légaré, Madame Bolduc, le violoneux Isidore Soucy et une série de comédiens. L’esthétique de la chanson du groupe des « Veillées » est tournée vers les Amériques dans un métissage de théâtre burlesque et d’orchestres de musique de danse instrumentale canadienne-française, jusqu’à un certain point similaires à ceux de jazz swing, de tango et de rumba. Les ensembles identifiés n’étant pas non plus parfaitement homogènes, il ressort enfin des groupes des « Lyriques » et des « Veillées » quelques artistes en marge ou à la croisée des deux esthétiques. Il s’agit d’une part des chanteurs de variétés Ludovic Huot, Georges Beauchemin, Fernand Perron, Albert Marier et Jean Lalonde, qui combinent l’opérette, les chansons américaines et latines. On pense d’autre part au théâtre lyrique de Jeanne Maubourg, Caro Lamoureux, Roméo Mousseau et Gaston Saint-Jacques, qui oscille entre la chanson sur le mode lyrique léger et les sketches dramatiques. Il y a encore un nombre important de petits et grands orchestres qui accompagnent la musique de danse des hôtels, cabarets et théâtres de Montréal. L’insistance sur les pratiques hybrides de la chanson permet au final de nuancer une perception généralement unidimensionnelle des artistes de la chanson à l’époque, Charles Marchand le folkloriste ou Madame Bolduc la turluteuse, par exemple.
This music history thesis studies chanson radio broadcasting at CKAC station in Montreal during the interwar period. The data collected challenges an assumed homogeneity of French Canadian folk-influenced chanson legendary icons such as Madame Bolduc, Charles Marchand, Ovila Légaré and priest Charles-Émile Gadbois’ songbook La Bonne chanson. The analysis focuses on chanson influences that meld French Canadian folk music with the performing arts of singing, dancing, and telling tales. The research seeks to point out radio programs where chanson artists share a common repertory. This thesis thus argues that two artist networks coexist. The first network gathers Art Song performers featured on CKAC program L’Heure provinciale. It favours classically trained voices and benefits from the approval of local music critics, especially from magazine La Lyre. This network includes such featured singers as Charles Marchand and the Bytown Troubadours, Quatuor Alouette, Lionel Daunais and his Trio lyrique as well as priest Gadbois’ songbook La Bonne chanson. Chanson æsthetics among Art Song performers is primarily influenced by Europe. The practices blend opera, operetta and Montmartre chanson, in the spirit of Théodore Botrel and French diseuse Yvette Guilbert. The second network is the one of Veillées (Evenings), featured on CKAC program Living Room Furniture. The name itself echoes the fiddle musicians and actors from Conrad Gauthier’s Veillées du Bon Vieux Temps, presented at Monument National. In addition to Monsieur Gauthier, the Veillées network gathers Ovila Légaré, Madame Bolduc, fiddler Isidore Soucy and several actors. Chanson æsthetics of Veillées performers is largely defined by the Americas in a blend of local burlesque comedy and French Canadian fiddle dance music orchestras, similar to those for jazz swing, tango and rumba. Both networks aren’t homogeneous. One finds among Art Song and Veillées artists a few performers standing on the edge of the two æsthetics. A first category features pop romance singers like Ludovic Huot, Georges Beauchemin, Fernand Perron, Albert Marier and Jean Lalonde, combining operetta, American pop songs and Latin rhythms. A second, with Jeanne Maubourg, Caro Lamoureux, Roméo Mousseau and Gaston Saint-Jacques, performs chansons mixing a sweet lyrical tone and drama sketches. A third category gathers all small and large orchestras that perform dance music in Montreal hotels and theaters. In the past, Charles Marchand has usually been depicted in a simple folk performer style. Madame Bolduc has herself been personified as a mere diddling performer during the Stock Market Crash. The thesis focus on cross-pollinating chanson practices enables one to move beyond a general perception that these artists are mostly one-dimensional.
This music history thesis studies chanson radio broadcasting at CKAC station in Montreal during the interwar period. The data collected challenges an assumed homogeneity of French Canadian folk-influenced chanson legendary icons such as Madame Bolduc, Charles Marchand, Ovila Légaré and priest Charles-Émile Gadbois’ songbook La Bonne chanson. The analysis focuses on chanson influences that meld French Canadian folk music with the performing arts of singing, dancing, and telling tales. The research seeks to point out radio programs where chanson artists share a common repertory. This thesis thus argues that two artist networks coexist. The first network gathers Art Song performers featured on CKAC program L’Heure provinciale. It favours classically trained voices and benefits from the approval of local music critics, especially from magazine La Lyre. This network includes such featured singers as Charles Marchand and the Bytown Troubadours, Quatuor Alouette, Lionel Daunais and his Trio lyrique as well as priest Gadbois’ songbook La Bonne chanson. Chanson æsthetics among Art Song performers is primarily influenced by Europe. The practices blend opera, operetta and Montmartre chanson, in the spirit of Théodore Botrel and French diseuse Yvette Guilbert. The second network is the one of Veillées (Evenings), featured on CKAC program Living Room Furniture. The name itself echoes the fiddle musicians and actors from Conrad Gauthier’s Veillées du Bon Vieux Temps, presented at Monument National. In addition to Monsieur Gauthier, the Veillées network gathers Ovila Légaré, Madame Bolduc, fiddler Isidore Soucy and several actors. Chanson æsthetics of Veillées performers is largely defined by the Americas in a blend of local burlesque comedy and French Canadian fiddle dance music orchestras, similar to those for jazz swing, tango and rumba. Both networks aren’t homogeneous. One finds among Art Song and Veillées artists a few performers standing on the edge of the two æsthetics. A first category features pop romance singers like Ludovic Huot, Georges Beauchemin, Fernand Perron, Albert Marier and Jean Lalonde, combining operetta, American pop songs and Latin rhythms. A second, with Jeanne Maubourg, Caro Lamoureux, Roméo Mousseau and Gaston Saint-Jacques, performs chansons mixing a sweet lyrical tone and drama sketches. A third category gathers all small and large orchestras that perform dance music in Montreal hotels and theaters. In the past, Charles Marchand has usually been depicted in a simple folk performer style. Madame Bolduc has herself been personified as a mere diddling performer during the Stock Market Crash. The thesis focus on cross-pollinating chanson practices enables one to move beyond a general perception that these artists are mostly one-dimensional.

Current research on corporate cash holdings is set within the contemporary corporate cash-holding conceptual framework established by Opler et al. (1999), which consist of the static trade-off theory, the pecking-order theory and the free cash-flow theory. Most empirical studies on this area are focused on developed markets. This study is the first investigation to comprehensively examine the determinants and implications of corporate cash reserves in a developing market namely China based upon a sample of publicly listed Chinese firms between 1998 and 2006.Current research on corporate cash holdings is set within the contemporary corporate cash-holding conceptual framework established by Opler et al. (1999), which consist of the static trade-off theory, the pecking-order theory and the free cash-flow theory. Most empirical studies on this area are focused on developed markets. This study is the first investigation to comprehensively examine the determinants and implications of corporate cash reserves in a developing market namely China based upon a sample of publicly listed Chinese firms between 1998 and 2006.By combining the abovementioned three non-mutually exclusive theories, this study proposes a new integrated trade-off theory. The integrated theory posits that there is a target level of cash reserves determined by weighing the demand for and supply of corporate cash reserves. The empirical results confirm the existence of target levels, and that firms adjust their actual levels of cash holdings toward the target levels rapidly. Among the three proxies for target cash reserves used, this study found that both the average industry cash reserves and the predicted cash value regressed from a series of firm characteristics were valid proxies. The latter proxy is believed to provide the most accurate estimation as it takes consideration of firm specific characteristics. Results indicate that the speed of adjustment of cash holdings in China is more rapid than the speed of adjustment found in developed countries and the speed of adjustment relating to capital structure changes.This study also investigates how maintaining persistently excess cash reserves (PECR) affects firms’ subsequent investment behaviours. The results indicate that firms maintaining PECR have significantly more investment expenditures, as well as less financial constraints as indicated by reduced investment-cash flow sensitivity in subsequent years. This finding enriches the literature pertaining to financial flexibility as the status of PECR can serve as a good proxy for financial flexibility. Additional analysis indicate that PECR status has diminishing effect on subsequent short term debt, long term debt, and equity financing, consistent with the financing hierarchy set by the pecking order theory. Further analysis provides empirical evidences that in those PECR firms, there is no evidence of investment financial constraints, but the problem of over investment is serious.

The transformation of the rangelands of the South Island of New Zealand during the pastoral era fits into the wider international context of European expansion into the 'new' world. European settlers displaced native peoples, introduced 'old' world animals and plants, and imposed a capitalist system that converted local resources into international commodities. In New Zealand the orthodox explanation of the pastoral impact on the rangelands claims that pastoralists introduced an unsustainable system of land use to the region. The pastoralists� indiscriminate burning practices and overstocking with sheep opened up the country to invasion by rabbits. Burning and overgrazing by sheep and rabbits stripped the natural fertility of the soils and left the country depleted, eroded, and overwhelmed by pests and weeds. This thesis sets out to test those claims. It explores burning, the stocking of the rangelands with sheep and the impact of rabbits in detail. It also examines other land management practices, as well as sheep breeding, to see what impact they had on the landscape. The timeframe is set between 1841, when formal British settlement was established in the South Island, and 1912, by which time most of the great estates and stations had been broken up into smaller runs and farms. The thesis uses station diaries, memoirs, contemporary newspapers and farming journals to assess what happened on the ground during the pastoral era. In particular, the thesis uses Mt Peel Station as a case study to examine the intensification in land use that took place between 1841 and 1912, in order to explain the transformation of the landscape and to answer the questions: what happened, how did it happened and why did it happened as it did? These sources illustrate that the pastoral era was characterised by innovation. Pastoralists had access to technical and scientific information from around the world. Some conducted their own experiments to improve the productivity of the land and their stock. There was also a learning process involved in adapting their methods to fit the local rangeland environments. They were not simply rapacious capitalists out to strip the wealth from the land for their own personal gain; indeed, many pastoralists set out to establish viable and sustainable enterprises. The thesis argues that the rangelands consisted of a variety of landscapes and climates. Differences in resource endowments had a considerable influence in shaping the environmental outcomes on different stations. Aridity and rabbits were two key factors in the depletion of the vegetation and the degradation of the landscape in the rangelands. Runs in semi-arid districts that were overwhelmed by rabbits suffered long-term damage. In districts where rainfall was more reliable stations that had been overrun by rabbits recovered remarkably quickly. Stations like Mt Peel, that were largely unaffected by the first rabbit plague, were able to maintain and even increase their productivity up to the time they were subdivided. The orthodox analysis of the transformation of the rangelands in the pastoral era does not account for these differences in outcomes.

Religiös asyl är en rättighet som fastslås i FN:s 1951 års flyktingkonvention, vilken utgör en av fåtal grunder till berättigande av flyktingstatus. Felaktig asylbedömning av ett religiöst- eller konvertitärende kan få fatala konsekvenser, t.ex. individens säkerhet äventyras, utsätts för skyddsgrundande behandling eller att livet sätts på spel. Med grund i bl.a. rapporterad problematik, forskning och statliga utredningar mynnar uppsatsen ut i tesen att Migrationsverkets handläggare inte besitter rätt kompetens för att uppfylla de rättssäkerhetskrav som är svenska statens rättsliga skyldighet. Uppsatsens fokusområde riktar sig mot att granska handläggningen av konvertitärenden och religiös asyl, vilket bottnar i en rättsdogmatiks och rättsanalytisk metod. För att fastslå innebörden av rättssäkerhet, utgör rättsteoretikerna Aleksander Peczenik, Robert Thomas och Åke Frändberg grunden – vilkas teorier genomsyrar uppsatsen. I relation till UNHCR:s resolution samt Europeiska Rådets Resolution, har jag funnit minsta gemensamma nämnare. Tillsammans utgör de den idealmodell jag bygger (i vilken uppsatsen tar utgångspunkt), samt vilka rättssäkerhetsgarantier som bör säkerställas i asylutredningen av konvertiter. Utifrån juridisk och rättslig vinkel, belyser första resultatet och slutsatsen att religiös asyl (och konvertiter) framstår vara ett relativt bortglömt område. Ytterligare, utifrån Migrationsverkets egna publicerade material har religiös asyl lyst med sin frånvaro. Det finns ett fåtal dokument som beskriver området i juridisk och rättslig vinkel, men utifrån ett större perspektiv har det hamnat i periferin. Den andra slutsatsen är att ingen av idealmodellens minimikrav för rättssä- kerhet, framstår garanteras. Det finns överhängande och återkommande problematik i handläggningsprocessen, vilket enskilt och tillsammans tenderar urholka individens rättssäkerhet. Problemen har olika grunder, bl.a. subjektivitet från handläggarna, handläggarnas bristande religionskunskap och icke-kvalificerade tolkar. Utifrån en sammanslagning tenderar bristerna bygga en mur mellan sökanden och hennes rätt till rättssäkerhet. Med utgångspunkt i dokumen- terad problematiken och bristande rättssäkerhet, mynnar uppsatsen ut i de-lege-ferenda. I kapitlet de-lege-ferenda presenteras förslag hur Migrationsverkets asyl- och handläggningsprocess bör förändras, för att i högre utsträckning leva upp till idealmodellen och rättssäkerhetskraven.

Multiplications occur frequently in digital signal processing systems, communication systems, and other application specific integrated circuits. Multipliers, being relatively complex units, are deciding factors to the overall speed, area, and power consumption of digital computers. The diversity of application areas for multipliers and the ubiquity of multiplication in digital systems exhibit a variety of requirements for speed, area, power consumption, and other specifications. Traditionally, speed, area, and hardware resources have been the major design factors and concerns in digital design. However, the design paradigm shift over the past decade has entered dynamic power and static power into play as well.

In many situations, the overall performance of a system is decided by the speed of its multiplier. In this thesis, parallel multipliers are addressed because of their speed superiority. Parallel multipliers are combinational circuits and can be subject to any standard combinational logic optimization. However, the complex structure of the multipliers imposes a number of difficulties for the electronic design automation (EDA) tools, as they simply cannot consider the multipliers as a whole; i.e., EDA tools have to limit the optimizations to a small portion of the circuit and perform logic optimizations. On the other hand, multipliers are arithmetic circuits and considering arithmetic relations in the structure of multipliers can be extremely useful and can result in better optimization results. The different structures obtained using the different arithmetically equivalent solutions, have the same functionality but exhibit different temporal and physical behavior. The arithmetic equivalencies are used earlier mainly to optimize for area, speed and hardware resources.

In this thesis a design methodology is proposed for reducing dynamic and static power dissipation in parallel multiplier partial product reduction tree. Basically, using the information about the input pattern that is going to be applied to the multiplier (such as static probabilities and spatiotemporal correlations), the reduction tree is optimized. The optimization is obtained by selecting the power efficient configurations by searching among the permutations of partial products for each reduction stage. Probabilistic power estimation methods are introduced for leakage and dynamic power estimations. These estimations are used to lead the optimizers to minimum power consumption. Optimization methods, utilizing the arithmetic equivalencies in the partial product reduction trees, are proposed in order to reduce the dynamic power, static power, or total power which is a combination of dynamic and static power. The energy saving is achieved without any noticeable area or speed overhead compared to random reduction trees. The optimization algorithms are extended to include spatiotemporal correlations between primary inputs. As another extension to the optimization algorithms, the cost function is considered as a weighted sum of dynamic power and static power. This can be extended further to contain speed merits and interconnection power. Through a number of experiments the effectiveness of the optimization methods are shown. The average number of transitions obtained from simulation is reduced significantly (up to 35% in some cases) using the proposed optimizations.

The proposed methods are in general applicable on arbitrary multi-operand adder trees. As an example, the optimization is applied to the summation tree of a class of elementary function generators which is implemented using summation of weighted bit-products. Accurate transistor-level power estimations show up to 25% reduction in dynamic power compared to the original designs.

Power estimation is an important step of the optimization algorithm. A probabilistic gate-level power estimator is developed which uses a novel set of simple waveforms as its kernel. The transition density of each circuit node is estimated. This power estimator allows to utilize a global glitch filtering technique that can model the removal of glitches in more detail. It produces error free estimates for tree structured circuits. For circuits with reconvergent fanout, experimental results using the ISCAS85 benchmarks show that this method generally provides significantly better estimates of the transition density compared to previous techniques.

This dissertation examines two daily newspapers’ representations of eugenics from the incipient racial biological investigation 1919 until 1958, and the State Institute for Racial Biology is reorganized. The dissertation also aims to examine whether there are any distinct turning points where the newspapers distance themselves from the ideas and the research of eugenics. The analysis material is based on newspaper articles from two national dailies, i.e., Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The theoretical framework and method are based on Fairclough’s discourse theory and analysis to observe and elucidate how eugenics is represented over a longer period of time. The conclusion of the dissertation is that the newspapers continuously designate racial biology as something unique and being the salvation from degeneration until Herman Lundborg resigns as head of the institute. After Gunnar Dahlberg took over the managerial position the activities at the Institute changed course and the research undertaken there became engaged in medical genetics and social medicine instead of racial biology. The main argument for the establishment of the institute was that it would provide protection for the Swedish race. The norms and attitudes were more about the science and somewhat about nationalism, while what we now call racism did not seem to be included at all. The discourses about racial biology that have arisen have been maintained in society through the newspapers, as the recipients have been continuously fed with praiseworthy and warning words. This fits with Foucault’s reasoning and theory which he clarifies the fact that discourses are conditioned by how society discusses about something that over time has been an influence on how people are classified or treated by the newspapers that maintains it.

This thesis deals with bridging of a lowland valley and the creek Dolanský in the section Jánovce – Jablonov on the Slovak motorway D1. Four variants of the bridge have been developed. Subsequently prestressed single box gilder with large overhangs that are supported by precast struts was selected as the most suitable variant. The construction of the bridge will take place in a formwork suspended on overhead launching scaffolding. The static assessment according to the Europan standard has been drawn up for this variant. The load of the bridge is projected according to the ČSN EN 1991-2 - Traffic loads on bridges and the dimensoin of concrete structures according to the ČSN EN 1992-2 - Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rules. The calculation of load is done using computer software SCIA Engineer 10.1 and Midas Civil.

Au Sahel, la variabilité climatique a d'abord été analysée à partir de la pluviométrie. Mais celle-ci ne concerne que quelques dizaines de jours dans l'année, alors que les jours sans vent sont peu fréquents. La variabilité climatique est donc analysée ic à partir de l'analyse de la dynamique éolienne au sol et de ses conséquences en lien avec la dégradation environnementale entre 1950 et 2009. - Appréhender les variations climatiques à partir de la direction et de la vitesse du vent mesurées par les stations synoptiques (TCM). Les variations journalières reflètent le rôle de la turbulence thermique. Les cycles saisonniers sont distingués par les directions et les vitesses du vent en lien avec les mouvements de la ZCIT et du FIT. Les périodes de forte aridité sont mises en évidence par des baisses significatives des vitesses moyennes. Les vents au sol distinguent différents types de sécheresses, ce que la pluviométrie ne permettait pas. Ainsi donc, les mesures d'observation du vent fournies par les stations synoptiques aboutissent à des résultats homogènes et en conformité avec les connaissances antérieures issues principalement de l'analyse d'autres paramètres. Ces mesures météorologiques sont donc fiables et d'un intérêt certain. - Comparer les observations météorologiques des vents avec les réanalyses 20CR, NNR-1, ERA-40 et ERA-Interim. Les séries mensuelles présentent de bonnes corrélations à Niamey et Maïné-Soroa, mais pas à Bilma. L'analyse du cycle annuel montre de fortes sur/sous-estimations des vents par les réanalyses. L'évolution interannuelle des vents en été (JJA) et hiver (DJF) montre que ces discordances varient selon les vents, les stations, les périodes et les réanalyses. Au total, ce sont donc ERA-40 et NNR-1 qui sont les plus proches des observations alors que 20CR s'écarte le plus fortement. La comparaison des observations avec les mesures météorologiques assimilées par NCAR (SYNOP) indique que les faibles corrélations des réanalyses avec les mesures TCM pourraient être liées aux fichiers SYNOP en raison de l'importance des données manquantes ou erronées. - Analyser la variation de la conséquence combinée des variations pluviométriques et des vents à travers la visibilité horizontale et les types de temps liés aux basses visibilités (chasses-sables, brumes de sable et brumes-sèches). Les variations interannuelles indiquent des baisses importantes de la visibilité en lien avec les variations de la pluviométrie. Mais l'augmentation des phénomènes météorologiques liés aux basses visibilités indique aussi un changement climatique plus précoce que ce qui est généralement admis sur la base de la seule évolution pluviométrique. Ces modifications concernent la zone saharienne, la plus sensible à l'érosion éolienne, dès la fin des années 1950. Pour les stations sahéliennes, une première dégradation est visible vers 1970, puis une seconde au début des années 1980. Il est possible qu'une nouvelle dégradation observable uniquement à Niamey dans les années 1990 et 2000 soit d'origine anthropique. Analyser la relation vitesse du vent-visibilité horizontale au cours du cycle annuel. Compte-tenu du gradient pluviométrique et de la position amont-aval des stations sur la trajectoire éolienne d'échelle continentale NE-SW, nous observons une évolution qui laisse supposer qu'interviennent d'autres facteurs. En effet, on passe progressivement d'un véritable cycle d'hystérésis à Maïné-Soroa en période humide à une forte relation binaire que vient à peine perturber une courte saison des pluies à Nguigmi en période aride. On peut donc supposer une relation binaire : s'agit-il de la végétation ou d'un facteur anthropique ?

Master's thesis deals with influence of various factors on the concrete compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. This work concentrates mainly on the influence of early curing and air entrainment of concrete. One part of this work is the evaluation of laboratory measurement, which was carried out on cubes of standard and norm prisms. The development of elastic moduli was monitored in time to 730 days of age with respect to air entrainment and curing conditions. The second part of the experiment deals with a comparison of theoretical creep curves depending on the value of the modulus of elasticity based on different standards. Again, the air entrainment effect and influence of initial conditions are reflected.

Cette thèse présente une étude comparative qui s’impose entre deux villes dont les circonstances historiques et les développements urbains sont similaires à plus d’un aspect. L’une est française, l’autre égyptienne. Il s’agit d’Arromanches et d’Alexandrie. La première, une simple bourgade de pêche, se transforme petit à petit à une activité maritime, pour devenir une station balnéaire de renommée sur la côte normande. De l’autre côté, Alexandrie qui non seulement s’est grandie dans l’espace, mais elle s’est entourée de quelques petites stations satellites estivales profitant de sa réputation balnéaire. Cette recherche a dû revenir un siècle environ en arrière, afin de maitriser le développement des deux villes côtières dès la moitié du XIXème siècle. Mais, il y a surtout l’aspect historique. Lorsque les Alliés, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ont réalisé leur victoire en en Egypte, celle d’El- Alamein, où les Allemands ont dû également reculer en 1942. Cette côte rappelle, donc, une autre victoire en France, sur les plages du débarquement du 6 juin 1944, dont Arromanches était l’un des premiers théâtre des combats. Outre le développement touristique, la thèse expose les travaux qui ont transformé ces sites pour perpétuer l'histoire: comment ces deux localités qui ont marqué la Seconde Guerre mondiale sont-elles devenues de lieux de mémoire, par excellence? Des monuments commémoratifs avec des musées ont été bâtis, et des terrains ont été réservés pour de nombreux cimetières. D’autre part, on montrera que les manifestations officielles et populaires qui ont été organisées pour le souvenir des soldats morts pour la Liberté, sont devenues annuelles, avec de plus en plus d’enthousiasme
The following dissertation is a comparative study between two cities whose historical circumstances and urban development’s are similar to more than one aspect. One in French, the other Egyptian. We talk about Arromanches and Alexandria. The former, a simple fishing village, is gradually transformed to a maritime industry to become a well-known seaside resort on the Normandy coast. In the other side, Alexandria has grown not only in space, but it is also surrounded by a few summer suburb stations taking advantage of its seaside reputation. This research had to go back about a century so as to control the development of coastal towns from the mid nineteenth century. However, one should not forget the historical aspect; when the Allies during the Second World War, have achieved their victory in Egypt, that of El-Alamein, when Germans had also declined in 19942. This coast reminds us therefore of another victory in France, on the landing beaches in June 1944, in which Arromanches was one of the first battlefield. In addition of the touristic dimension, this paper presents the different studies that have transformed these sites to perpetuate history: how have these two places, which marked World War II, become memorial sites par excellence? Memorials and museums were built, and lands were reserved for many cemeteries. On the other hand, the paper will also show that the official and popular events that have been organized for the memory of the soldiers, who died for freedom, have become annual, with gradually more enthusiasm

The thesis deals with the measurement of the elastic modulus of concrete in existing structures and possibilities of applicability of equations for the calculation of characteristic values of concrete compressive strength on the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity is determined by dynamic and static methods on specimens taken from the concrete blocks, whose composition varies by a water cement ratio and varying amounts of admixtures. In conclusion, the results of the measurements are compared and the characteristic values of the modulus of elasticity is determined.

Darbe nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Respublikos jūros erdvių delimitavimas po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Pirmiausia pateikiamos jūros erdvių sąvokos, jų delimitavimo principai, nustatyti atitinkamose konvencijose ir Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje. Po to yra analizuojamos Lietuvos derybos dėl jūros erdvių delimitavimo su kaimyninėmis valstybėmis – aptariama derybų eiga, pateikiamos pozicijos atitinkamais klausimais, jų pagrindimas, derybų rezultatai. Derybų pozicijos bei rezultatai yra vertinami pagal konvencijas, nustatančias jūros erdvių delimitavimą, ir pagal teismų praktiką.
The object of this work is the analysis of maritime delimitation of the Republic of Lithuania after the independence reestablishment. Firstly it is presented maritime definitions, principles of the maritime delimitation established in the conventions and in the case of law. Latter in the work it is analyzed Lithuanian negotiations with the neighbourhood states on the maritime delimitation. It is discussed the processes of the negotiations, presented the positions on the respective questions, the substantiation of the mentioned positions, the results of the negotiations. The positions and outcomes of the negotiations are estimated according to the conventions on the maritime delimitations and according to the case of law.

O presente trabalho apresenta o conceito de portal urbano rodoviário como a porta de entrada de uma cidade. Analisa portais de seis cidades: Londrina (PR), Jaú (SP), Vitória (ES), Brasília (DF), Cuiabá (MT), e Goiânia (GO), projetados por arquitetos de renome, como Vilanova Artigas, Carlos Maximiliano Fayet, Lucio Costa e Paulo Mendes da Rocha, sua importância para o desenvolvimento da cidade em que se encontra e sua possível descaracterização, pois estudos a respeito dessa apropriação espacial nas edificações públicas projetadas com o cuidado de fornecer ambientes agradáveis ao usuário, merecem destaque entre as publicações da área de arquiteturae urbanismo. Essas análises têm início à luz de um contexto histórico sociocultural em que se ergueram tais portais, no glamour do modernismo e influências das escolas paulista e carioca, envolvendo questões de tipologia entre outras, evoluindo para a realidade atual, na qual algumas edificações se encontram em funcionamento, de acordo com a atividade proposta ainda em projeto, sem deixar de levar em consideração a recente possibilidade de transformação do espaço oferecido por esses edifícios, em razão da ocupação de um centro de lojas e lanchonetes.
The present work introduces the concept of an urban road gate as the main entrance of a city. Therefore, it analyses the gates present in six cities: Londrina(PR), Jaú (SP), Vitória (ES), Brasília (DF), Cuiabá (MT), and Goiânia (GO) which all of them have been designed by famous architects, such as: Vilanova Artigas, Carlos Maximiliano Fayet, Lucio Costa e Paulo Mendes da Rocha. The present study, analyses the importance of the gates to the development of the city in which it was built and its possible mischaracterizing, once it is important that studies are carried regarding the present usage of this typology of building, which was conceived with the purpose of providing pleasurable public spaces to the general population and due to that, these gates deserve distinction among the publications about architecture and urbanism. The studies about the gates start with the understanding of the social cultural context in which they were designed and built, the glamour of modernism and the influences of the architectural production of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and São Paulo (SP) concerning subjects as typology and others, evolving until the actual situation, where some of the buildings still working and functioning, following the activities proposed in the original design, as well as the recent possibility of transformation of these spaces, due to the creation of a commercial center and food chains.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: A, page: 4028. Adviser: David W. Patterson. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 270-284) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

Defence date: 7 March 2003
Examining board: Prof. Stefano Bartolini (EUI) ; Dr. Ghia Nodia (Ilya Chavchavadze University for Language and Culture, Tbilisi) ; Prof. Philippe Schmitter (EUI) ; Prof. Robert Service (St. Anthony's College, Oxford)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Coplanar microstrip structures placed on dielectric substrates are used as high frequency electro-optic modulators. The method of lines, a mathematical technique for solving partial differential equations, has been applied to solve for the propagation characteristics of such a configuration. It has been determined that simple transmission line models are adequate to describe this system. The propagation characteristics are expressed in terms of the equivalent impedance and the phase velocity of the signal on the microstrip. In order to maximize the effective bandwidth of the modulator, the impedance is matched to that of the surrounding dielectric substrate, and the difference in the phase velocities of the two signals is minimized. The numerical technique developed here allows for the analysis of inhomogeneous dielectric substrates, so that trench structures for tuning the propagation characteristics to their desired values can be modelled. The numerical results for typical structures are presented, and suggest that the method of lines is a viable one for analyzing these modulator structures.
Graduation date: 1991

碩士
國立臺東大學
體育學系碩士班
103
At the beginning of the 20th century, the time gradually changed, the media dissemination also from the sound generation, gradually transformed the image the generation, recorded is being important in our country the big event, from "red leaves youth baseball" and "baseball three-time champion" and "jones cup basketball tournament" and "Barcelona Olympic Games - baseball" ...... and so on event, is many once lived in that age people important memories. Such touching and crazy story, always makes everybody feel that honorable and proud, to the modern age because of by the dissemination of media, having made the people patriotic heart establish contacts, makes the author innermost feelings curious , is thinking Those years of wireless television stations retransmit, condense the touching story in people heart. To understand the third child stage and history between movement retransmission, not only that is the modern movement history researcher, wanted the return to original state in the past the process and evolution of media promotion movement, let the evolution of more people understanding movement program, and can allow the people to understand the relations of movement and media. The objective of this research in the discussion wireless television station movement program development, with the historical research law, collects the home to hold the analysis and discussion with this research related periodical and by article content, simultaneously supplements with the history methodology, collected 1962 to 1994, during this, various newspapers, articles, magazines and related historical data, from 1962 to 1994 Taiwan three wireless television station, sports program that broadcasts. This three wireless television sports program evolves are: 1、 TTV -- The first establishes television station , characterized by broadcast the baseball basketball program, Taiwan Television Enterprise Ltd. has two important matter in the movement program evolution: 1, baseball, basketball is the oldest Taiwan Television broadcast sports programs,Is a major promoter of sports. 2,Founded in 1985 Sports group, in 1988 founded the sports department, all of unprecedented breakthrough. 2、 CTC--Gives priority to the feminine program, is characterized to broadcast the jones cup basketball and tennis program, CTC has two important matters in the movement program evolution: 1, CTC has for long invested broadcast that the feminine movement program, letting the female can have many options. 2, CTC to broadcast Taiwan area sports competition since 1979 almost broadcast year is also, became gives the strength that the domestic athlete supported. 3、CTS--Is primarily the Olympic soccer, is characterized by to broadcast live the World Cup soccer program, CTS has two important matters in the movement program evolution: 1, CTS made in 1984 our country to broadcast live very important one year. 2, CTS regarding a big merit of movement retransmission, was CTS from 1982 to 1998, in successively served as general manager of the tenure of the then chairman of the Football Association , to promote mission that the country broadcast fully, let the people at the World Cup Soccer in that period, can penetrate the live transmission of CTS channel, letting the people can appreciate to the first-class soccer sports, raised our country soccer standard.

Hot carrier effects in sub-micron lightly doped drain (LDD) n-channel MOSFETs under static (DC) stress are studied in order to establish the degradation mechanisms of such devices. Degradation is monitored as a function of time at various gate voltages. Under accelerated aging conditions (i.e. large drain voltages) the gate voltage for maximum degradation is found to be different than the gate voltage for which the substrate current is maximum; this is in contrast to the results of previous workers who found degradation and substrate current to be strongly correlated. However, under normal operating conditions, degradation and substrate current are found to be correlated. Furthermore, through the use of charge pumping measurements it is shown that two primary mechanisms are accountable for the degradation of these devices at small and large gate voltages. First, at large gate voltages there is an increase in the degradation which is predominantly due to electron injection and trapping in the oxide. An alternating static injection experiment shows that this type of electron trapping degradation is recoverable. Second, at small gate voltages degradation is mainly related to interface state generation near the drain LDD region. Floating gate measurements demonstrate that electron and hole injection occurs at large and small gate voltages, respectively. It is also shown that maximum interface state creation occurs when electron and hole injection happens simultaneously.
Graduation date: 1994

This thesis describes the analysis and comparison of Folded Source-Coupled Logic (FSCL) with standard static CMOS, cascode voltage-switch logic and differential split-level logic gates. The advantages of FSCL are low switching noise and high operating speed. The effect of voltage and device scaling on these topologies is evaluated in terms of average delay, power dissipation at maximum frequency, power-delay-product and current spike noise. Several two-summand adders are designed and simulated using MOSIS 1-μm CMOS process parameters and evaluations are performed in terms of area, delay, noise and power dissipation.
Graduation date: 1994

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of a long-term static stretching program on flexibility and spinal reflexes in the human soleus muscle. Day-to-day reliability over two days of H-reflex gain (Hslp/Mslp) and pre-synaptic inhibition of spinal reflexes in the human soleus was measured in an initial study. Thirty subjects (age=23.4 ± 3.9 yr, height=175.64 ± 10.87 cm, weight=84.5 ± 24.18 kg) with no history of lower leg pathology and/or injury within the previous 12 months volunteered. The slopes of the ascending portions of the H-reflex and M-wave recruitment curves were used to evaluate H-reflex gain (Hslp/Mslp). The mean soleus H-reflex from 10 conditioning stimulations and 10 unconditioned stimulations was used to calculate the amount of pre-synaptic inhibition. Measurements of H-reflex gain and pre-synaptic inhibition yielded test-retest reliability of R=.95 and R=.91, respectively. The contribution of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic reciprocal mechanisms in flexibility adaptations has not been measured during the same study. A long-term static stretching program (5 times per week for 6 weeks) of the soleus implemented within an experimental group of 20 subjects was used as an intervention to measure both spinal control flexibility changes. Additionally, 20 control subjects were measured that did not participate in the stretching program. Passive ankle dorsiflexion, Hmax/Mmax, H-reflex gain (Hslp/Mslp), pre-synaptic and post-synaptic reciprocal mechanisms were measured at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks for all 40 subjects. A 2 (Group) X 2 (Sex) X 3 (Time) mixed MANOVA with Tukey HSD with (a<0.05) was used. Only ROM had a significant interaction between Group and Time, whereas, a significant difference was not detected in the other dependent variables. The experimental group demonstrated significantly improved dorsiflexion ROM from baseline to 3 weeks (mean=6.2 ± .88, P<0.001), 3 weeks to 6 weeks (mean=4.9 ± .84, P<0.001), and baseline to 6 weeks (mean=11.2 ± .91, P<0.001). Consequently, the increase in flexibility by 42% after 30 stretching sessions was not the result of spinal reflex changes.
Graduation date: 2006