Bücher: „Static SIMS“

1

Surface analysis of polymers by XPS and static SIMS. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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2

1924-, Guilds John Caldwell, Hrsg. The Simms reader: Selections from the writings of William Gilmore Simms. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001.

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3

Morgan, Peggy Sims. War stories: As told by the men of the 738th Field Artillery Battalion / [compiled by Peggy Sims Morgan, Sharon Garrison Ausloos]. [United States: s.n., 2001.

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4

S, Watson Charles. From nationalism to secessionism: The changing fiction of William Gilmore Simms. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1993.

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5

Services, United States Congress Senate Committee on Armed. Nominations of Robert B. Sims and Robert K. Dawson: Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, on nominations of Robert B. Sims to be Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, Robert K. Dawson to be Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works, September 12, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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6

1971-, Xie Zuhua, und Sima Guang 1019-1086, Hrsg. Gu dai Zhongguo de tu xiang chang juan: Zi zhi tong jian = Comprehensive mirror for aid in government. Beijing: Hai tun chu ban she, 2012.

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7

The seven deadly sins: Settling the argument between born bad and damaged good. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2011.

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8

The seven deadly sins. London: Ebury, 2011.

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9

Nominations of Ronald Sims, Fred P. Hochberg, Helen R. Kanovsky, David H. Stevens, Peter Kovar, John D. Trasviña, and David S. Cohen: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session on nominations of Ronald Sims, of Washington, to be Deputy Secretary, Department of Housing and Urban Development; Fred P. Hochberg, of New York, to be president and chairman, Export-Import Bank; Helen R. Kanovsky, of Maryland, to be general counsel, Department of Housing and Urban Development; David H. Stevens, of Virginia, to be Assistant Secretary for Housing-Federal Housing Commissioner, Department of Housing and Urban Development; Peter Kovar, of Maryland, to be Assistant Secretary for Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs, Department of Housing and Urban Development; John D. Trasviña, of California, to be Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, Department of Housing and Urban Development; David S. Cohen, of Maryland, to be Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing, Department of the Treasury, April 23, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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10

Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Labor-management relations and customer services at the Simi Valley, California, post office : report to the Chairman, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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11

Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Labor-management relations and customer services at the Simi Valley, California, post office : report to the Chairman, Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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12

Paul, Wright, Hrsg. US destroyers 1934-45: Pre-war classes. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2010.

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13

(Editor), J. C. Vickerman, D. Briggs (Editor) und Alex Henderson (Editor), Hrsg. The Wiley Static Sims Library. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1996.

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14

G, Newman John, und Hohlt Teresa A, Hrsg. Static SIMS handbook of polymer analysis: A reference book of standard data for identification and interpretation of static SIMS data. Eden Prairie, Minn: Perkin-Elmer Corp., Physical Electronics Division, 1991.

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15

Briggs, D. Surface Analysis of Polymers by XPS and Static SIMS. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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16

Chalker, P. R., und P. Marriott. An Initial Statement of Polymer Surface Chemistry Using Static SIMS. AEA Technology Plc, 1988.

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17

Phil Sims: Color in My Mind. Richter Verlag, 2009.

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18

Nogŭn-ni Sakŏn Hŭisaengja Simsa mit Myŏngye Hoebok Wiwŏnhoe., Hrsg. Nogŭn-ni sakŏn hŭisaengja simsa pogosŏ. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Nogŭn-ni Sakŏn Hŭisaengja Simsa mit Myŏngye Hoebok Wiwŏnhoe, 2006.

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19

Ronneberg, Espen. Climate Change and the role of the Alliance of Small Island States. Herausgegeben von Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky und Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0034.

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This chapter highlights the importance of addressing climate change, especially for small island developing states (SIDS) located in the Pacific region. It also looks into the role of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) in the protection of SIDS. Global climate change, resulting in sea level rise, poses a threat to the very existence of the peoples of the Pacific region. In response, the AOSIS came together in 1990 at the Second World Climate Conference as an informal grouping of like-minded countries. They joined forces through recognition that SIDS from all regions of the world share a number of common characteristics and extreme vulnerabilities to a range of external forces, in particular climate change.

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20

Hunter, Francis T. Beatty, Jellicoe, Sims And Rodman: Yankee Gobs And British Tars, As Seen By An Anglomanic. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.

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21

Hunter, Francis T. Beatty, Jellicoe, Sims And Rodman: Yankee Gobs And British Tars, As Seen By An Anglomanic. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.

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22

Gromski, Mark A., und Kai Matthes. Anesthetic Implications of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) and Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery (SILS). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0021.

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This chapter introduces the concepts of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS). The field of NOTES has evolved over the past decade, and this developmental framework is also outlined to help better understand the current state of the field. NOTES describes a minimally invasive approach to surgical diseases in which instruments are passed transluminally to achieve access to the desired body. SILS is a minimally invasive approach carried out as an extension of traditional laparoscopic surgery. The anesthetic implications of NOTES and SILS are explained, including potential complications that are unique to each. Finally, future directions in developmental endoscopy are discussed to give a sense of what types of procedures may become available or commonplace in the coming decade.

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23

Leach, Dr Richard, und Professor Derek Bell. Fluid management and nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565979.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 covers fluid management and nutrition, including information about assessment of the circulation, fluid management, shock states, SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, vasopressor and inotropic therapy, and nutrition.

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24

Carey, Patrick W. The Confessional Seal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889135.003.0003.

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The chapter demonstrates how Catholic sacramental confession influenced the American legal system and expanded the notion of religious liberty in the United States. It describes a precedent-setting legal decision in New York City in 1813 on the confessional seal—that is, the priest’s canonical obligation to preserve the secrecy of a penitent’s confession of sins. A New York court in People v. Phillips declared that a priest who had learned of a crime through a penitent’s confession of sins was not obliged to reveal that information in a court trial. That legal decision was periodically cited in subsequent court cases in the United States and laid the grounds for subsequent statutory laws in various states that protected in particular the confessional seal and more generally clerical confidentiality. The legal case also became the occasion for the first major American Catholic apologetical attempt to defend the Catholic understanding of sacramental confession.

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25

Choi, Mihwa. Ordering Society through Confucian Rituals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190459765.003.0004.

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Sima Guang, leader of the faction advocating enhancement of bureaucratic power, authored a Confucian family ritual manual. He believed in the moral reformation of society through the dissemination of Confucian ritual norms and maintained that rituals were the locus in which the hierarchical social order could be manifested according to official rank. He especially objected to lavish burials performed by wealthy people in the belief that such burials implied a social imaginary of the wealthy where status could be improved by material investments in ritual performance. Sima Guang’s conception of ritual testifies to his vision of society or social imaginary in which official ranks are the fundamental basis of social hierarchy.

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26

Crouch, Colin. Social Investment, Social Democracy, Neoliberalism, and Xenophobia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0034.

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The first social investment welfare state (SIWS) strategy in the 1990s marked a constructive compromise between social democracy and neoliberalism, but it left too many social democratic needs unfulfilled. But any attempt at its renegotiation must deal with the fact that neoliberals today are more aggressive than in the late 1990s. However, the rise of xenophobic populism and its threat to the neoliberal project might persuade policymakers of the relative attractiveness of a positive relationship with social democracy. A reformulated version of SIWS along Hemerijck’s lines would be a fundamental part of such a relationship, and this is what is discussed throughout this chapter.

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27

Carey, Patrick W. Trent and Penance in the Colonial Period. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889135.003.0002.

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The Catholic penitential tradition in colonial America was influenced by the Council of Trent (1545–63), which was itself affected in part by the polemics of the Protestant Reformation. The entire penitential tradition that colonial Catholics inherited from Trent included special days of prayer and fasting, abstinence from meat on Fridays, and the yearly sacramental practice of confessing one’s personal sins to a priest. Trent declared, in opposition to Protestant reformers, that penance was one of the sacraments ordained by Christ. The sacrament included the penitents’ acts of contrition, confession, and satisfaction (penance) and the priest’s act of absolution. Sacramental confession became a special bone of contention between Protestants and Catholics, especially in the nineteenth century. The polemics, though, preserved something of the biblical language and made the confession of sins to a priest a major part of the Catholic experience in the United States until the mid-1960s.

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28

Southern Writer and the Civil War: The Confederate Imagination of William Gilmore Simms. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2015.

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29

Rogers, Jeffery J. Southern Writer and the Civil War: The Confederate Imagination of William Gilmore Simms. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2017.

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30

Archer, Richard. Fugitives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676643.003.0011.

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There was no straight line from a racist society to one that supported full equality, and there was no guarantee that a right established one year could not be changed the next. That rang true in the United States and particularly in New England following the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law. This chapter analyzes the four most important fugitive slave cases of the region: William and Ellen Craft, Frederick Minkins, Thomas Sims, and Anthony Burns. The result of those cases—two successful, two not—was a change in New England. Antislavery became socially acceptable, and there was an increased willingness among white New Englanders to accept the equal rights of African Americans. But racism hadn't died. What was different were attitudes about New England and about the slave South. In the short term black New Englanders benefited, but there were limits to progress.

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31

Crawford, James, und Amelia Keene. The Structure of State Responsibility under the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0010.

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While some commentators claim that the rules of State responsibility are irrelevant in applying the European Convention on Human Rights, the rules of State responsibility operate on the completely contrary assumption that they fully apply in the human rights context. The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights sits somewhere between these two positions. In some cases, the State responsibility rules have not been applied, such as when the Court developed a novel ‘acquiescence or connivance’ rule to hold a third State responsible for the acts of another State on its territory (El-Masri) despite Article 16 of the Articles on State Responsibility (ARSIWA); or refused to apply Article 7 of the Articles on the Responsibility International Organisations (ARIO) (Behrami). Nevertheless, more recent cases show that the Court is more fully applying the rules on State responsibility, pulling back from some of its earlier departures (Kotov; Al Nashiri).

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32

Croasmun, Matthew. s/Sin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190277987.003.0002.

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The problem of how to understand the personal language Paul uses to describe s/Sin is introduced. Literary personification is distinguished from what we might call “person-identification” by an element of self-conscious fiction that recognizes a gap between the personal language deployed and the “actual state of affairs.” The problem is that, for readers of Paul, his construal of the “actual state of affairs” is precisely what is at issue. Three emphases in the history of scholarship are considered: Bultmann’s focus on the sins of the individual; Käsemann’s focus on Sin as a cosmic power; and the liberationists’ focus on social sin. Each school demonstrates that the interpreter’s sense of the “actual state of affairs” cannot be removed from the process of interpretation. This sets the stage for careful consideration of our own readerly sense of how individual, social, and cosmic realities might coexist and interact.

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33

Lost Souls: The Seven Deadly Sins and Contemporary American Society. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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34

Wright, James D. Lost Souls: The Seven Deadly Sins and Contemporary American Society. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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35

Trent, James W. Intellectual Disability and the Dilemma of Doubt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199396184.003.0008.

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The decades since the passage of the 1990 Americans with Disability Act, have seen the continuing depopulation of the institutions. Today many have closed, and those that remain have reduced their populations. The community is now the principal focus of services. Yet, intellectual disabled adults continue to have trouble finding gainful employment. The chapter reviews this recent history by considering changing definitions of intellectual disability. It then considers “sins of the past” made recently public: medical experimentation on intellectually disabled people at the Fernald State School and the eugenic sterilization program in North Carolina. Finally, the chapter reviews changing assumptions and attitudes about Down syndrome, and their bearing on “life not worth living” and the new eugenics.

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36

Bittner, Edward A., und Shawn P. Fagan. The host response to trauma and burns in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0304.

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Following severe traumatic injury, patients enter a state of immune dysregulation consisting of both exaggerated inflammation and immune suppression. Traditionally, the host response has been viewed as an early systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) followed temporally by a compensatory anti-inflammatory or immune-suppressive response syndrome (CARS). While this paradigm has been widely accepted across both medical and scientific fields, recent advances have challenged this concept. The Glue grant investigators recently characterized both the initial inflammatory response to injury and the dynamic evolving recovery process. They found: (1) severe injury produces a rapid (< 12 hours) genomic reprioritization in which 80% of the leukocyte transcriptome is altered; (2) similarities in gene expression patterns between different injuries reveal an apparently fundamental response to severe inflammatory stress, which is far more common than different; (3) alterations in the expression of classical inflammatory and anti-inflammatory as well as adaptive immunity genes occur simultaneously, not sequentially after severe injury; (4) the temporal nature of the current SIRS/CARS paradigm is not supported at the level of the leukocyte transcriptome. Complications are not associated with genomic evidence of a ‘second hit’ and differ only in the magnitude and duration of this genomic reprioritization. Furthermore, the delayed clinical recovery with organ injury is not associated with dramatic qualitative differences in the leukocyte transcriptome. Finally, poor correlation between human and rodent inflammatory genomic responses will alter how the host response is studied in the future.

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37

Wright, A. G. Why photomultipliers? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0001.

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Photon detectors transform information, carried by light, to an electrical analogue. Signals contain information on the time of occurrence and the intensity in terms of the number of photons involved. Photon rates may be constant with time, slowly varying, or transient in the form of pulses. The time response is specified in terms of some property of the pulse shape, such as its rise time, or it may be expressed in terms of bandwidth. Light detector applications fall into two categories: imaging and non-imaging; however, only the latter are considered. Detectors can be further divided into vacuum and solid state devices. Vacuum devices include photomultipliers (PMTs), microchannel plate PMTs (MCPPMTs), and hybrid devices in which a silicon device replaces the discrete dynode multiplier. PIN diodes, avalanche photodiodes (APDs), pixelated silicon PMTs (SiPMs), and charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are examples of solid state light detectors.

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38

Trollope, Anthony. The American Senator. Herausgegeben von John Halperin. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537631.001.0001.

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Arabella Trefoil, the beautiful anti-heroine of The American Senator, was described by Trollope one of the ‘women who run down husbands’. Her actions are seen through the eyes of The American senator of the title, Elias Gotobed, who sits in the US Senate for the fictional state of Mikewa. The guest of John Morton (Arabella’s betrothed), Senator Gotobed learns about the English over one winter in England. He witnesses intrigue and romance (as Arabella stalks the rich but elusive Lord Rufford), and English country life in all aspects from the richest of peers and the poorest of farmers. Through his often-tactless remarks in conversation, through his letters to a friend in America, and through a lecture in London titled “The Irrationality of Englishmen”, he comments on British justice and government, the Church of England, and other aspects of English life.

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39

William A, Schabas. Part 5 Investigation and Prosecution: Enquête Et Poursuites, Art.53 Initiation of an investigation/Ouverture d’une enquête. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0058.

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This chapter comments on Article 53 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 53 takes effect once a ‘situation’ has been triggered, whether it be the result of a Security Council referral, a State Party referral, or exercise of the proprio motu authority of the Prosecutor. It requires the Prosecutor to initiate an investigation, unless he determines that there is no ‘reasonable basis’ to proceed. It sits at the junction between prosecutorial discretion and judicial review, governing, but in only a partial manner, the selection of cases before the Court by the Prosecutor. Article 53 is closely related to article 15. Together, these two provisions define the exercise of discretion by the Prosecutor. They are the key to his independent role in the selection of situations for prosecution by the International Criminal Court.

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40

Mayer, Tilman, Hrsg. 150 Jahre Nationalstaatlichkeit in Deutschland. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748910633.

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For historians and political scientists alike, nationhood is not a self-evident research landscape. The year 1871 gives them cause to reflect on continuities. The prehistory of conflicts, crises and disasters in the 20th century must not be ignored. The long continuum of international law must be explained. The empire as a recognised economic factor with its remarkable education system actually offered opportunities for the future. The ascents of other forms of state are also impressive, with Versailles playing a major role several times. And, of course, the traces left by Berlin in German history and prominent symbolic sites such as the Reichstag are also important to consider. With contributions by Eberhard Diepgen, Michael Gehler, Christian Hillgruber, Eckhard Jesse, Hanns-Jürgen Küsters, Hans-Christof Kraus, Ulrich Lappenküper, Reiner Marcowitz, Tilman Mayer, Henning Ottmann, Werner Plumpe, Wolfram Pyta, Ulrich Schlie, Brendan Simms

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41

Joshua, Castellino, und Cavanaugh Kathleen A. 6 Minority Rights in Lebanon. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679492.003.0006.

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This chapter is particularly significant as we explore the issue of minority rights in the Middle East. In examining both its history as well as the current Lebanese political landscape, we expose the colonial mythmaking of a ‘territorial unified Lebanon as a nation-state’ which has, historically, rested upon another foundational myth: Lebanon as a secular and tolerant society. Lebanon is significant to the study of minority rights since the earliest documented treaty on minorities was framed in the context of protection for the Maronites. Historiographies on Lebanon often describe Mount Lebanon as a haven for persecuted groups elsewhere in the region from the seventh century onward. Current narratives replicate this notion of a ‘centuries-old heritage as a place of refuge for those fleeing religious intolerance’. Yet such an image sits uneasily with Lebanon’s colonial past and fractured present.

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42

Buch, Elana D. Inequalities of Aging. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479810734.001.0001.

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Paid home care sits at the nexus of two of the United States’ biggest social challenges: rising inequality and an aging population. Policy and advocacy initiatives typically treat poverty and care of the aged as distinct forms of vulnerability. They are seen as having separate social causes that require different solutions. Using rich ethnographic narrative based on fieldwork in Chicago, this book examines the diverse relationships generated by care and their connections to longer national histories, policies, and institutional contexts. The vulnerabilities of older adults and care workers are commingled: low wages and poor working conditions render workers’ lives precarious. In turn, high turnover rates and endemic worker shortages translate into wait lists and lower quality care for older adults. In home care, the fate of older adults and the working poor are bound together, entangled by the broader indifference of a society that devalues both aging and care.

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43

Gow, James. The Essence of Strategy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851163.003.0015.

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The theoretical element that runs through Freedman’s scholarship and the world of strategy is constructivist realism, the implicit theoretical mechanism that underpins Freedman’s scholarship and practice. A form of analysis that combines realism and constructivism presents a ‘distinctive and beneficial’ approach to the study of issues of war and peace – one that runs throughout Freedman’s work and is consciously present in Strategy, where social theory is favored and rational actors are demolished. The chapter discusses each concept, including the constructed character of realism, and attempts to bring them together, arguing that necessity is the quality that sits at the heart of a constructivist realist approach, where the socially generated character of issues and sober acknowledgement that power (and other empirical realities) combine to offer an approach with which flux and stasis in international society and international security can be profitably studied in policy-friendly ways.

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44

McRae, Elizabeth Gillespie. Partisan Betrayals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190271718.003.0006.

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During World War II, segregationist women focused their political efforts on the federal betrayal of white supremacist politics rather than black organizing. They began a long campaign against the executive branch and the Democratic Party, initially by attacking Eleanor Roosevelt for her advocacy of African Americans. Segregationist women cataloged the sins of Democrats in the South and nation which includedsupport for federal aid to education, abolishment of the all-white primary, calls for the Soldier Voting Act, campaigns against the poll tax, and establishing the Fair Employment Practices Committee. Segregationist women cultivated support for Jim Crow by building distrust in the Democratic Party. Calling themselves States’ Rights Democrats, some encouraged the elections of hardline segregationists and contributed to the rise of the Dixiecrats, the demonization of Henry Wallace, and the defeat of moderate Senators in 1950 and 1952. They waged an early campaign to move the South away from the Democratic Party.

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45

Gerber, David A. American Immigration: A Very Short Introduction. 2. Aufl. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780197542422.001.0001.

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American Immigration: A Very Short Introduction traces three massive waves of immigration from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, and analyzes the nature of immigration as a purposeful, structured activity, attitudes supporting or hostile to immigration, policies and laws regulating immigration, and the nature of and prospects for assimilation. There have been some dramatic developments since 2011, including the crisis along the southwestern border and the intense conflict over illegal immigration. The population of the United States has diverse sources: territorial acquisition through conquest and colonialism, the slave trade, and voluntary immigration. Many Americans value the memory of immigrant ancestors, and are sentimentally inclined to immigrant strivings. Alongside this sits the perception that immigration destabilizes social order, cultural coherence, job markets, and political alignments. The nearly 250 years of American nationhood has been characterized by both support for openness to immigration and embrace of a cosmopolitan formulation of American identity and for restrictions and assertions of belief in a core Anglo-American national character.

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46

Newman, Mark. Epidemics on networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the spread of diseases over contact networks between individuals and the methods used to model this process. The chapter begins with an introduction to the classic models of mathematical epidemiology, including the SI model, the SIR model, and the SIS model. Models for coinfection and competition between diseases are also discussed, as well as “complex contagion” models used to represent the spread of information. The remainder of the chapter deals with the behavior of these models on networks, where the behavior of spreading diseases depends strongly on network structure. It is shown that the SIR model maps to a bond percolation process on networks, allowing us to solve for static properties such as the total number of individuals infected in a disease outbreak. The case of the configuration model is developed in detail and the calculations are extended to competing diseases, coinfection, and complex contagion. Time-dependent behavior of diseases on networks is also studied using various differential equation approximations, including pair approximations and degree-based approximations.

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47

Milton, Patrick, Michael Axworthy und Brendan Simms. Towards A Westphalia for the Middle East. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947897.001.0001.

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It was the original forever war, which went on interminably, fueled by religious fanaticism, personal ambition, fear of hegemony, and communal suspicion. It dragged in all the neighboring powers. It was punctuated by repeated failed ceasefires. It inflicted suffering beyond belief and generated waves of refugees. No, this is not Syria today, but the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), which turned Germany and much of central Europe into a disaster zone. The Thirty Years' War is often cited as a parallel in discussions of the Middle East. The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the conflict in 1648, has featured strongly in such discussions, usually with the observation that recent events in some parts of the region have seen the collapse of ideas of state sovereignty--ideas that supposedly originated with the 1648 settlement. Axworthy, Milton and Simms argue that the Westphalian treaties, far from enshrining state sovereignty, in fact reconfigured and strengthened a structure for legal resolution of disputes, and provided for intervention by outside guarantor powers to uphold the peace settlement. This book argues that the history of Westphalia may hold the key to resolving the new long wars in the Middle East today.

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48

Levinthal, Daniel A. Evolutionary Processes and Organizational Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684946.001.0001.

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Strategists are encouraged to identify sustained competitive advantages. This volume takes a different tact and provides a perspective on how organizations adapt over time to changing circumstances. This process is characterized as not driven by the inspired wisdom of a grand strategist, but by an ecology of initiatives within the organization. A central role of the organization is to mediate between the market forces in which it operates and the culling and amplification of these initiatives within the organization. In this spirit, a useful touchstone is that of Mendel, who sits intermediate between the blind watchmaker of a purely Darwinian process and a “chess master” strategist as suggested by stylized rational choice approaches. The “Mendelian executive” operates with intentionality, but this intentionality is with respect to the design of the experimental process rather than the identification of specific pathways forward. The two core conceptual pillars of the work are that of path-dependence, what are the adjacent “spaces” to which an organization might move, and “artificial selection,” how the organization mediates aggregate immediate outcomes and the allocation of resources and rewards to the various initiatives and actors within the organization. Entities that have a sustained lifespan are not static, but engage in processes of renewal, whether cells in the human body or lines of business within a firm. A conceptual framework is provided to illuminate some of the fundamental mechanisms underlying this process.

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49

Taylor, Corey. Seven Deadly Sins: Settling the Argument Between Born Bad and Damaged Good. Penguin Random House, 2012.

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50

Taylor, Corey. Seven Deadly Sins: Settling the Argument Between Born Bad and Damaged Good. Da Capo Press, 2012.

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