Dissertationen zum Thema „Starch, powder“

Skim milk was ultrafiltered to three lactose/protein ratios and spray dried. The skim milk powder was extruded with pearled corn starch at different moisture contents, protein contents, lactose/protein ratios, and feed rates (control variables). Response surface methodology and a central composite in cube experimental design were used. This design required 30 experimental runs with 16 factorial points, 8 axial points, and 6 center points for replication. The physical and functional properties evaluated were expansion ratio, product temperature, bulk density, color, shear stress, viscosity, and water absorption index (response variables). Scanning electron microscopy was done to evaluate the microstructural attributes of the extrudates. A quadratic model was used to express the response variables in terms of the control variables. Response surfaces were generated by assigning center point values to 2 of the 4 control variables and then solving the fitted equations as a quadratic in the remaining 2 control variables. An increase in moisture content decreased expansion ratio, product temperature, color, and water absorption index, and increased bulk density, shear stress, and viscosity. An increase in protein content decreased product temperature, shear stress, viscosity, and water absorption index, increased color, and had no effect on expansion ratio and bulk density. An increase in lactose/protein ratio decreased product temperature, viscosity, and water absorption index, and had no effect on expansion ratio, bulk density, color, and shear stress. Feed rate did not have significant individual effect on any response variable. Expansion ratio had a negative correlation with bulk density (r = -0.61) and shear stress (r = -0.62) and a positive correlation with product temperature (r = 0.52). Bulk density and shear stress were positively correlated (r = 0.69), and product temperature and water absorption index were positively correlated too (r = 0.81). Expansion ratio, bulk density, color, and shear stress were chosen to determine a combined set of extrusion conditions most likely to produce an extrudate with properties suitable for a snack-type product.

Nasal administration has potential for the treatment of indications requiring a fast onset of effect or for drugs with low oral bioavailability. Liquid nasal sprays are relatively common, but can be associated with suboptimal absorption from the nasal cavity; this thesis shows that nasal absorption can be significantly enhanced with a dry powder formulation. It was shown that interactive mixtures, consisting of fine drug particles adhered to the surface of mucoadhesive carrier particles, could be created in a particle size suitable for nasal administration. Sodium starch glycolate (SSG), a common tablet excipient, was used as carrier material. In vitro evaluation of the formulation indicated that the mucoadhesion of the carrier was unlikely to be affected by the addition of a drug. The powder formulation did not improve the in vitro transfer of dihydroergotamine across porcine nasal mucosa compared with a liquid formulation; however, the results were associated with methodological shortcomings. The binding of model substances to SSG and three other excipients was evaluated. Ion exchange interactions were for example detected between SSG and cationic drugs, but these interactions were most extensive at low salt concentrations and should unlikely affect in vivo bioavailability at physiological salt concentrations. Absorption of the peptide drug desmopressin from the SSG nasal formulation, from a novel sublingual tablet formulation and from a commercial nasal liquid spray was evaluated in a clinical trial. While no improvement over the liquid spray was seen with the sublingual tablet, plasma concentrations after the nasal powder formulation were three times higher than those after the liquid spray. All formulations were well accepted by the volunteers. The use of currently available mucoadhesive carrier particles in interactive mixtures offers potential for a new method of producing nasal powder formulations that should also be applicable to large scale production.

Neste trabalho, inicialmente, foram obtidos TPSs (amidos termoplásticos) com diferentes concentrações de amido e plastificantes, por processamento em câmara de mistura, com o objetivo de determinar formulações para estudo em extrusora reativa. As formulações de TPS que apresentaram os melhores resultados de torque reométrico foram as que continham 39%m/m de amido. Investigou-se a influência da velocidade da rosca na obtenção de TPS por extrusora reativa, e os resultados mostraram que este parâmetro teve pequena influência na estabilidade do amido termoplástico, sendo possível utilizar 150 rpm de rotação. Foram produzidas 5 blendas com razões de TPS:PEBDL variando de 30:70; 40:60; 50;50; 60:40 e 70:30 para o desenvolvimento de um sistema ligante para a injeção de alumina pelo processo de moldagem de pós (MPI), a partir das quais foi possível analisar a influência do TPS no PEBDL, através de análises de MEV, IF, TGA, DMA e propriedades mecânicas. Quanto maior a concentração de TPS nas blendas, mais heterogênea foi a morfologia observada por MEV e menor o módulo de armazenamento e de perda obtidos por DMA. Este comportamento foi similar ao encontrado pela análise de resistência à tração, que apresentou propriedades mecânicas pobres para elevadas concentrações de TPS. Foram escolhidas três blendas para testar como veículo orgânico em feedstocks de alumina, com carga de partícula sólida de 45%, 50% e 55%v/v de Al2O3. A carga crítica para o sistema ligante-partículas sólidas determinada por reometria de torque foi de 50%v/v de alumina.
In this work, TPSs (thermoplastic starch), with different concentrations of starch and plasticizers for processing in the mixing chamber, were obtained in order to determine formulations for study in a reactive extruder. The TPS formulations that showed the best results for the rheometric torque were those containing 39% w/w starch. The influence of the screw speed to obtain TPS in the reactive extruder was investigated and the results showed that this parameter had little influence on the stability of the thermoplastic starch, allowing the use of 150 rpm rotation speed. Five blends were produced, with TPS:LLDPE ratios of 30:70; 40:60; 50:50; 60:40 and 70:30, to develop a binder for alumina injection by the powder molding process (MPI). From these five systems it was possible to analyze the influence of TPS in LLDPE through SEM analyzes, MFI, TGA, DMA and mechanical properties. The higher the concentration of TPS in blends, more heterogeneous morphology was observed by SEM and the lowest storage and loss modulus were obtained by DMA. This behavior was similar to that found by analysis of tensile strength, which showed poor mechanical properties for high concentrations of TPS. Three blends were chosen for testing as an organic vehicle in alumina feedstocks, with solid particles load of 45%, 50% and 55% v/v of Al2O3. The critical load for the system binder-solid particles, determined by torque rheometry, was 50% v/v of alumina.

[ES] El uso de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott y Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott como materia prima en forma de almidón o harina es una alternativa sostenible y nutritiva al trigo y otros granos. Esta alternativa permite a los agricultores minimizar las pérdidas después de su cosecha y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria ya que sus propiedades nutricionales, digestivas y saludables son reconocidas por la comunidad científica. Sin embargo, la información existente sobre este rizoma dirigida a su aplicación es bastante limitada. Esta tesis expone la caracterización funcional y tecnológica de los almidones obtenidos a partir de cormos y cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. Asimismo, se evaluó tecnológicamente el efecto de la combinación de enzimas, hidrocoloides, almidón de patata, harina pregelatinizada sobre la harina de los cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott en el desarrollo de un pan sin gluten. Además, se evaluaron las propiedades tecnológicas y digestivas de una fórmula básica para puré desarrollada a partir de harina de cormelos de Xanthosoma spp. y Colocasia spp. Además, la revisión bibliográfica realizada permitió poner en contexto los efectos saludables demostrados clínicamente de esta materia prima y sus componentes. Se demostró que existen diferencias significativas entre el almidón de cormos y cormelos de la misma especie. Se concluyó que la harina de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott es una buena opción para incrementar el valor nutricional de los panes sin gluten. Entre las estrategias probadas, el pan elaborado a partir de la mezcla con almidón de patata resultó la menos aconsejable. Además, todas las estrategias aplicadas originaron panes con menor índice glucémico que sus homólogos sin gluten reportados en otros estudios. Por primera vez, este trabajo recomienda el uso de harina de cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott y Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott y para desarrollar purés con un valor nutricional agregado. La revisión bibliográfica realizada permitió recopilar los efectos demostrados clínicamente, concretamente antihiperglucémicos, antihepatotóxicos, antihipertensivos, hipoglucemiantes, anticancerosos, hipolipidémicos y prebióticos, entre otros, de los compuestos bioactivos presentes en esta planta.
[CA] L'ús de Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott i Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott com a matèria primera en forma de midó o farina, és una alternativa per a minimitzar les perdues després de la seua collita i garantir la seguretat alimentària ja que les seues propietats nutricionals, digestives i saludables són reconegudes per la comunitat científica. Aquesta tesi exposa la caracterització funcional i tecnològica dels midons obtinguts a partir de corms i cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. D'una banda és va avaluar tecnològicament l'efecte de la combinació d'enzims, hidrocol·loides, midó de creïlla, farina pregelatinitzada sobre la farina dels cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott en el desenvolupament d'un pa sense gluten. D'altra banda, es van avaluar les propietats tecnològiques i digestives d'una fórmula bàsica per a puré desenvolupada a partir de farina de cormelos de Xanthosoma spp. i Colocasia spp. que es pot destinar a poblacions vulnerables amb afeccions gastrointestinals, diabètics, celíacs, entre altres. A més, es va realitzar una revisió on s'exposen els efectes saludables demostrats clínicament, dels seus components. Es va demostrar que existeixen diferències significatives entre el midó de corms i cormelos de la mateixa espècie. Per tant, es va concloure que la farina dels cormelos de la Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott és una bona opció per a incrementar el valor nutricional dels pans sense glútens i entre les estratègies provades, el pa elaborat a partir de la mescla amb midó de creïlla va resultar la menys aconsellable, però tots van mostrar menor índex glucèmic que els seus homòlegs sense glútens reportats en altres estudis. A més, per primera vegada es va recomanar l'ús de farina cormelos de Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott i Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott per a desenvolupar purés amb un valor nutricional agregat. La revisió bibilogràfica realitza va permetre recopilar el efectes demostrats clínicament, en concret antihiperglucémic, antihepatotóxic, antihipertensiu, hipoglucemiant, anticancerós, hipolipidémic i prebiòtic, entre altres, dels compostos bioactius presents en aquest rizoma.
[EN] The use of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott as a raw material in form of starch or flour is a nutritious and sustainable alternative to wheat and other grains. This alternative allows farmers to minimize losses after harvest and guarantee food safety since its nutritional, digestive and healthy properties are recognized by the scientific community. Nevertheless, there is still scarce information about these rhizomes that limit their application. This thesis illuminates the functional and technological characterization of the starches obtained from corms and cormels of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. Likewise, the effect of the combination of enzymes, hydrocolloids, potato starch, pregelatinized flour on Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cormels flour toward the development of a gluten-free bread was technologically evaluated. Furthermore, the technological and digestive properties of a basic formula for pastes developed from cormels flour of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott was evaluated. In addition, a review was conducted and the health effects clinically demonstrated are exposed. It was shown that there are significant differences between the starch of corms and cormels of the same species. It was concluded that the flour from Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cormels is a good option to increase the nutritional value of gluten-free breads. Among the strategies tested, the bread made from mixtures with potato starch was the least desirable, but all strategies tested gave breads with lower glycemic index than gluten-free counterparts reported in other studies. For the first time, this works recommends the use of cormels flour from Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott was recommended to develop pastes to nutritional value to gluten-free products. In addition, the bibliographic review carried out allowed the compilation and analysis of the clinically demonstrated effects, especifically, antihyperglycemic, antihepatotoxic, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, hypolipidemic and prebiotic effects, among others, of the bioactive compounds present in these plants.
Authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-095919-B-C21), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project AGL2014-52928-C2-1-R), the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and Generalitat Valenciana (Project Prometeo 2017/189). Tropical Food Research Institute from Cuba provided the rhizomes.
Calle Domínguez, J. (2021). Properties of Malanga Flours and their Use in Pastes and Gluten Free Breads [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168396
TESIS

Orientador: Caroline Joy Steel
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A extrusão é a principal tecnologia utilizada na obtenção de cereal matinal ready-to-eat (RTE), sendo o amido o principal constituinte estrutural. O processo ocorre sob condições de alta temperatura, alta pressão, baixa umidade e cisalhamento. Atentos à crescente demanda de consumidores preocupados com a saúde, estudos têm mostrado que é possível introduzir ingredientes na formulação de extrusados que incrementem o seu valor nutricional e/ou funcional e, no caso de cereal matinal, a farinha de trigo de grão inteiro e os produtos derivados de frutas são exemplos com potencial de associar funcionalidade ao produto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha de milho (FM) por farinha de trigo de grão inteiro (FTGI), da umidade de alimentação da matéria-prima e da temperatura de extrusão sobre as propriedades tecnológicas, sensoriais e nutricionais de cereal matinal RTE. Os cereais matinais foram elaborados seguindo um delineamento composto central rotacional 23 (18 ensaios), sendo as variáveis independentes: proporção de FTGI, umidade de alimentação da matéria-prima e temperatura das zonas 3 e 4 da extrusora. Os produtos extrusados foram avaliados quanto aos aspectos físicos, químicos, nutricionais e sensoriais. O ponto ótimo foi selecionado de forma empírica, tendo como critérios de definição expansão intermediária, máximo teor de fibra alimentar (considerando os valores estabelecidos pela legislação), mínima dureza e máxima crocância, principalmente após imersão em leite. Com base nisso, quatro formulações de cereal matinal foram processadas nas condições de temperatura e umidade do ponto ótimo (100°C e 16%, respectivamente) e com inclusão de casca de jabuticaba em pó (CJP), sendo: (1) 100% de FM; (2) 20% FM + 80% FTGI; (3) 10% FM + 10% CJP + 80% FTGI e (4) 90% FM + 10% CJP. Os cereais resultantes foram igualmente avaliados quanto a sua qualidade tecnológica (índice de expansão, densidade aparente, textura a seco, textura em leite, índice de solubilidade em água, índice de absorção de água), nutricional (fibra alimentar total, perfil de fenólicos e atividade antioxidante) e sensorial (testes de aceitação e de intenção de compra). O perfil de fenólicos e a atividade antioxidante dos cereais matinais e matérias-primas foram avaliados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e pela capacidade de absorbância do radical oxigênio (ORAC). A combinação de FTGI com FM foi uma boa alternativa para o incremento do teor de fibra alimentar nos produtos extrusados. As propriedades de textura dos extrusados, dureza e crocância, foram principalmente influenciadas pela FTGI e umidade de alimentação; com alterações nas propriedades após imersão em leite. Em relação à cor, os cereais elaborados com alto teor de FTGI à alta temperatura ou alto teor de umidade foram mais escuros. A natureza do amido, tão bem como a presença de fibra governou o processo de gelatinização, a formação do complexo amilose-lipídeo e a retrogradação. Os cereais matinais contendo FTGI e CJP apresentaram aceitáveis características físicas e sensoriais. Antocianinas, cianidina 3-glicosídeo e delfinidina 3-glicosídeo, e ácido ferúlico foram os compostos fenólicos predominantes na CJP e FTGI, respectivamente, e também presentes nos cereais após extrusão, os quais apresentaram atividade antioxidante in vitro
Abstract: Extrusion is the main technology used to obtain "ready-to-eat" (RTE) breakfast cereals, being starch their main structural component. The process submits the ingredients to conditions of high temperature, high pressure, low moisture, and shear. Aware of the growing demand of consumers concerned with their health, studies have shown that is possible to introduce ingredients that enhance the nutritional and/or functional value of extruded products and, in the case of breakfast cereals, whole-grain wheat flour and fruit products are examples with the potential of associating functionality to the product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of corn flour (CF) by whole-grain wheat flour (WGWF), extrusion temperature and raw-material moisture content on the technological, sensory and nutritional properties of RTE breakfast cereals. The breakfast cereals were produced following a 23 central composite rotatable design (18 trials), being the independent variables: WGWF ratio, feed moisture and temperature of 2rd and 3th barrel zones. The extruded products were evaluated in terms of physical, chemical and nutritional aspects. The optimum point (OP) was selected, empirically, considering intermediate sectional expansion, maximum dietary fiber (legislation value), minimum compression force and maximum crispness, mainly after immersion in milk. In a second stage, four breakfast cereal formulations were processed at temperature and feed moisture corresponding to the OP (100°C and 16%, respectively) and with jabuticaba peel powder (JPP) inclusion, being: (1) 100% CF; (2) 20% CF + 80% WGWF (3) 10% CF + 10% JPP + 80% WGWF e (4) 90% CF + 10% JPP. The breakfast cereals were evaluated in terms of technological (expansion index, bulk density, dry texture, texture after soaking in milk, water solubility index and water absorption index), nutritional (total dietary fiber) and sensorial quality (sensorial acceptability and purchase intention). The phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of cereals and raw materials were also evaluated by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC assay), respectively. The combination of wholemeal wheat flour with corn flour was a good alternative for increasing the fibre content of extruded products. The textural properties of the extrudates, hardness and crispness, were mainly influenced by WGWF and feed moisture; with changing in properties after soaking in whole milk. In relation to color, the extrudates elaborated with high amount of WGWF at high temperature or high feed moisture content was darker. The starch nature as well the fiber presence governed the starch transformations and interactions (gelatinization, amylose-lipid formation and retrogradation). The low sugar breakfast cereals from WGWF and JPP showed acceptable physical and sensory characteristics. The anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside (cyd-gluc) and delphinidin 3-glucoside (dpd-gluc), and ferulic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds in raw materials (JPP and WGWF, respectively), and were also identified in extrudates, which showed in vitro antioxidant activity
Doutorado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutora em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Jon M. Faubion
Endosperm texture is an important characteristic in determining wheat processing and end-use. The presence of puroindoline proteins on the starch surface is the biochemical marker for wheat hardness. Near-isogenic samples over expressing puroindolines have been used to assess the effect of wheat hardness on final product characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine differences among starch isolated from near-isogenic samples and to investigate the role starch surface components play in pasting. The use of near-isogenic samples over expressing puroindolines combined with the use of two methods of starch isolation (batter and dough) was an effective means to create samples with varied amounts of surface components. Starch thermal properties were characterized and surface proteins and lipids were quantified. Starch isolated from hard wheat cultivars presented more similarities with starch isolated from its soft near-isogenic line when a dough method was used than when a batter method was used. Starch from soft experimental lines isolated using a batter method showed increased MVA peak viscosity, breakdown and swelling power. Increased levels of LysoPC in starch isolated from hard wheat cultivars or soft experimental lines by dough method could have complexed with amylose and restricted granule swelling. Thereby, decreasing peak viscosity, breakdown and swelling power.

This research examined three different diving stances during the competitive grab start of swimming--that of the standard position, called the Toes-Over position, the Toes-Back position where the swimmers were not permitted to curl their toes over the edge of the $-$10 degree inclined starting block and the Level position where the platform was levelled. A starting position was being sought which would increase a swimmer's projection angle from the blocks and thus flight time before entry. Eight female swimmers were filmed using a stationary cinecamera while reaction forces were collected, simultaneously, by a force platform mounted on the starting block. Net forces and moments of force at the three leg joints were calculated using inverse dynamics (Winter, 1979). The powers produced by these net moments were then computed to determine which muscle groups contributed to the work done during the start. Based on the results of this study there were no significant differences in the performances of female swimmers using the grab start technique in terms of takeoff velocity, takeoff angle or horizontal distance for the dive when starting from a level surface or $-$10 degree inclined surface. The hip extensor muscles provided the greatest amount of power during the propulsive (thrust) phase of the swim start.

Why do strong states, despite their far superior military capabilities, experience increasing difficulties in defeating small states in asymmetric conflicts? In this thesis I develop a conceptual framework based on Keohane & Nye's theory of complex interdependence, in which I argue that the increased degree of mutual interdependence among strong states leads to decreased cost-tolerance when exercising military power. This, in turn, leads to power being exercised in other forms such as different types of sanctions, influence on political agendas or through political pressure made possible by asymmetric vulnerabilities. The conceptual framework is tested with descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression on all 118 cases of asymmetric conflicts fought between 1945 and 2003. The results challenge existing knowledge about factors such as the importance of military power, troop commitment, external support, the nature of government and freedom of the press. At the same time, risks are identified in small states’ strategies that are based on external support. The result of the study indicates that such strategies lead to increased cost-tolerance among strong intervening states.

Meta-governance recently emerged in the field of governance as a new approach which claims that its use enables modern states to overcome problems associated with network governance. This thesis shares the view that networks are an important feature of contemporary politics which must be taken seriously, but it also maintains that networks pose substantial analytical and political challenges. It proceeds to investigate the potential possibilities and problems associated with meta-governance on both theoretical and empirical levels. The theoretical discussion examines meta-governance in relation to governmentality, and it puts forward the claim that meta-governance may be understood as a specific type of neo-liberal governmentality. The meta-governance perspective regards networks as a complementary structure to traditional administration that can be utilized in the implementation and realization of public policy, but which also preserves the self-regulating and flexible character of networks. This generates a contradiction between the goals of public management and the character of networks that requires further investigation. The combination of the specific dynamics of the political field of security, the diminishing role of sovereign powers, the emergence of security networks, and the meta-governance stance adopted by the Swedish state constitutes a situation that should have been favorable for the successful employment of meta-governance. The empirical investigation of meta-governance is divided into two parts. The first part reviews the historical process involved and shows how the Swedish government and public authorities have adopted a meta-governance stance. The second analyzes the specific instruments and strategies that have been deployed in the governance of security communications and in the management of Sweden’s new security communications system which is an important aspect of security networks. The historical study together with the analysis of the meta-governance tools deployed reveals that the meta-governors neither reached the goals specified, nor fulfilled the overall purpose of successful security communications. I argue on the basis of the theoretical and empirical findings obtained in the present study that it is very difficult to successfully employ meta-governance in respect to security and crisis management, and that we have sound reasons to suspect that meta-governance will run into similar difficulties in other political fields as well. I conclude that meta-governance is a far more difficult practice than has been anticipated by existing theories and policy recommendations. Turning to meta-governance as a way to govern and control organizations may in fact lead to further fragmentation and distortion of public politics.

Il seguente lavoro di tesi ha lo scopo di verificare una procedura di dimensionamento per silo contenenti polveri solide - Jenike's procedure - che è utilizzata al fine di ottenere, durante lo svuotamento degli impianti, il mass flow come regime di flusso. Tale verifica della procedura consiste nel confrontare i valori calcolati dell'angolo di inclinazione rispetto alla verticale della tramoggia del silo e della dimensione principale della sezione d'uscita con i valori direttamente misurati in un silo di piccole dimensioni. L'esecuzione della Jenike's procedure richiede una caratterizzazione della flowability delle polveri indagate: chalk, sawdust, perlite e potato starch. La misurazione delle flow properties delle polveri solide è stata effettuata utilizzando una RST-XS (Ring Shear Tester). Le prove svolte con tale strumento sono lo yield locus test e il wall yield locus test, permettendo di misurare così yield loci, wall yield loci e flow fuctions. In parallelo a questo lavoro sono state effettuate misurazioni dell'AOR (Angle of Repose) al fine di cercare una correlazione diretta con l'angolo di inclinazione della tramoggia dell'impianto pilota. Durante lo svolgimento del progetto è inoltre stato implementato uno stress sensor all'interno del silo con lo scopo di effettuare misurazioni dello stato degli stress agenti in pianta. E' stato ottenuto che la Jenike's procedure sovradimensiona di un certo valore il silo pilota. Ulteriori indagini riguardanti il metodo adottato per effettuare il dimensionamento potrebbero presumibilmente permettere la riduzione del sovradimensionamento. Per quanto riguarda il confronto tra AOR e l'angolo di inclinazione della tramoggia non è stata invece trovata alcuna correlazione. Mentre i valori dello stress misurati con lo stress sensor sono emersi conformi con i valori attesi dalle relazioni teoriche (Janssen's equation e method of Arnold and McLean).

A Sceptical Aesthetics of Existence: The Case of Michel Foucault Emmanouil Simos (Hughes Hall) Michel Foucault's genealogical investigations constitute a specific historical discourse that challenges the metaphysical hypostatisation of concepts and methodological approaches as unique devices for tracking metaphysically objective truths. Foucault's notion of aesthetics of existence, his elaboration of the ancient conceptualisation of ethics as an 'art of living' (a technē tou biou), along with a series of interconnected notions (such as the care of the self) that he developed in his later work, have a triple aspect. First, these notions are constitutive parts of his later genealogies of subjectivity. Second, they show that Foucault contemplates the possibility of understanding ethics differently, opposed to, for example, the traditional Kantian conceptualisation of morality: he envisages ethics in terms of self-fashioning, of aesthetic transformation, of turning one's life into a work of art. Third, Foucault employs these notions in self-referential way: they are considered to describe his own genealogical work. This thesis attempts to show two things. First, I defend the idea that the notion of aesthetics of existence was already present in a constitutive way from the beginning of his work, and, specifically, I argue that it can be traced in earlier moments of his work. Second, I defend the idea that this notion of aesthetics of existence is best understood in terms of the sceptical stance of Sextus Empiricus. It describes an ethics of critique of metaphysics that can be understood as a nominalist, contextualist, and particularist stance. The first chapter discusses Foucault's late genealogy of the subject. It formulates the interpretative framework within which Foucault's own conceptualisation of the aesthetics of existence can be understood as a sceptical stance, itself conceived as nominalist, contextualist and particularist. As the practice of an aesthetics of existence is not abstract and ahistorical but the engagement with the specific historical circumstances within which this practice is undertaken, the second chapter reconstructs the intellectual context from which Foucault's thought has emerged (Heidegger, Blanchot, and Nietzsche). The third chapter discusses representative examples of different periods of Foucault's thought -such as the "Introduction" to Binswanger's "Traum und Existenz" (1954), Histoire de la folie (1961), and Histoire de la sexualité I. La volonté de savoir (1976)- and shows in which way they constitute concrete instantiations of his sceptical aesthetics of existence. The thesis concludes with responses to a number of objections to the sceptical stance here defended.

碩士
中國文化大學
生活應用科學系
100
This study was divided two parts, the first study is added different ratio (2%, 4%, 6%) of Hi-maize 260 resistant starch (RS) and oat powder (OT) substituting the pork backfat for the emulsified meatball. The second study is added different ratio garlic powder ( G ; 0.5%,1.0%,1.5%) and incinerated oyster shell powder ( OY ; 0.5,1.0%) to the emulsified meatball. Meat composition of both parts’ study for control group(C25) is 75 lean to 25% pork fat. The purpose of this study is to compare the previous treatments and control group (conventional meat ball) on the quality, sensory characteristics, functional and nutritional value. The results of two studies are shown as follow. I. Substituting fat study: The result of calories concerns was shown that the OT group was significant lower (p<0.05) than control group. All added OT and RS groups was indicated significant higher (p<0.05) water binding than C25 group. Significant decreasing of increasing of pH value (p<0.05) were found with added substituting amount. In addition, the texture quality of hardness, gumminess, chewiness were also shown significant increasing with substituting amount. However, the cohesiveness was significant decreasing (p<0.05) for the oat powder group. The pH value of shown between 6.4~6.7 is found increasing during the 4 ºC storage up to 14 days. No significant different of TBARS and total microbial count were found among all treatments with C25 group. At 15 days of -20 ºC frozen storage, the group of OT6 and RS6 were shown significant increasing (p<0.05) on L* value but no significant (p>0.05) on a* and b* value compared C25 group. The cohesiveness of texture was found significant reducing with time. Regarding to the total microbial count, the group of OT4 and RS6 were lower than all other substituting groups, but all of them were no significant (p>0.05) difference with C25 group. II. Extra addition of garlic and incinerated oyster shell powder. There are no significant difference (p>0.05) between all garlic and C25 group on the quality tracts. However, the OY group was revealed improving the quality of meat ball resulted from higher water binding and lower cooking loss. At 14 days of 4ºC chilled storage, both groups of garlic and OY were shown significant lower TBARS value (p<0.05). In the meantime, all garlic and OY 1% groups were found that the total microbial count was significant decreasing (p<0.05) than C25 group. At 45 days of -20ºC frozen storage, all treatments were shown the total bacterial count between 2.11 and 5.36. The number is far below the CNS and CAS standard of the chilled and frozen processed meat product. All treatments were also reveals no significant difference at hardness, but garlic did show significant higher color and flavor evaluation than C25 group. Overall acceptance was higher for garlic and RS 2% groups but no significant difference with C25 group. The result was indicated that garlic and OY1% function were not only on taste and quality, but also prolong the shelf life.

碩士
長庚大學
化工與材料工程學系
101
Corn starch powders are granulated in a lab-scale high shear granulator using aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution as the binder solution. The effects of the liquid-to-solid mass ratio (L/S), impeller speed (S), granulation time (T) and impeller inclined angle (θ) on the granule flowability, size and size distribution are investigated. While L/S ratio increases, the granulation rate increases. The granule sphericity and flowability increases with the increasing of L/S and S. When L/S value is 0.3, granulation progress slowly and the granules are with wide distribution. When L/S is greater than 0.4, the granules show good flowability. When L/S is 0.4 and 0.5, the liquid binder is around the critical pore saturation and granule growth can be observed. When L/S is 0.6, some extra large granules (say > 4 mm) are found. When T = 1 min or 3 min, the collisional force between granules increases with the increasing of the impeller rotational speed. High collisional force at 500 rpm causes a smaller granule size and a narrower granule size distribution. A low impeller rotational speed of 100 rpm or 300 rpm causes little deformation during collision and thus granulation progresses slowly. When S = 500 rpm, L/S = 0.4 or 0.5, the three steps in granulation: wetting-nucleation, consolidation-coalescence, and attrition-breakage can be observed. By ANOVA analysis, L/S and S show significance on the granule mass mean diameter. The as-prepared granules are then tabletted. The tablet breakage loading is independent of the L/S value during granulation process. Using granules with the size range between 0.71 mm and 1.00 mm for tabletting, the corresponding tablets are relative strong but the surface is bumpy. breakout force is well, but mottled surface morphology. Using granules (L/S=0.4-0.5, S=500 rpm) with the size range between 0.5 mm and 0.71 mm for tabletting, the corresponding tablets show smooth surface and high breakage loading.

碩士
佛光大學
政治學系
100
This thesis purports to explore the relationships between power and knowledge via examining the contents of Taiwan’s elementary school’s social subject textbooks over three periods: before and after lifting of martial law and the alteration of political parties. It makes use of content analysis and historical comparative analysis to analyze the proportion of China-centered stance and Taiwan-centered stance in elementary school’s social subject textbook page by page. This thesis analyzes three versions of the textbooks - the 1964 version, the 1982 national version and the 1992 version. The study results in these conclusions: 1.The 1964 version（National Institute for Compilation and Translation）: China-centered stance significantly overwhelmed Taiwan-centered stance. 2.The 1982 version（National Institute for Compilation and Translation）: Taiwan-centered stance caught up with China-centered stance. 3.The 1992 version（Hanlin）: Taiwan-centered stance dominated. 4.The political stance of these three versions of textbooks reflected the political stance of the people in power, which could be seen in the change of the proportion of China-centered stance over Taiwan-centered stance. Finally, based on the result of the research, it gives suggestions in terms of the three dimensions: writing and editing of textbooks, the authority of education, and the successive research.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
105
Recently, the number of people who has handicap handbook are growing, most of them are limb disorder. They always have degenerative arthritis, paralysis, and stroke. These diseases make the elders difficult with walking because of the weakness of the quadriceps or dysfunction in the knee joint. The stance control knee orthosis consists of a knee joint and knee lock control mechanism. It can provide the stability while patients sit or walk. It also can reduce the oscillation of body during walking. 　　The purpose of this research is to develop an orthosis with two main functions. One is the knee control mechanism and the other is the power sharing mechanism. Both mechanisms are respectively controlled by a cam and the ratchets. The knee control mechanism provides knee joint stability and the power sharing mechanism transmits the power from hip motor to knee angle help patients sit or stand in sit-to-stand motion. In order to simplify the control strategy, the two cams are controlled by one actuator. This thesis also test the orthosis after manufactured for the feasibility of two mechanisms.

American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law. These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism. In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method. This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior. The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent. The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will. Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.

Tese de doutoramento em Altos Estudos Contemporâneos, na especialidade de Ciência Política (História Política e Estudos Internacionais), apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra
A presente investigação analisa e compara material publicado por dois jornais, – Folha de São Paulo, do Brasil, e Público, de Portugal -, sobre referendos realizados nos dois países, respectivamente, em 2005 e 2007. O objetivo é verificar se nesse material há falas com argumentos que possam ser considerados úteis para contribuir com um processo deliberativo, na perspectiva da democracia defendida por Jürgen Habermas. Ancorado numa sugestão de Simone Chambers, o material jornalístico é classificado como retórica plebiscitária ou retórica deliberativa. A retórica plebiscitária se caracteriza pela presença de mais elementos que não contribuem para a realização de uma deliberação pública, enquanto a deliberativa contém significativa presença de subsídios considerados importantes para o desenvolvimento desse processo. O reforço de alguns elementos no material jornalístico, – e a investigação avalia e quantifica quais elementos a mídia privilegia -, pode fazer com que se aproxime ou se distancie daquilo que é qualificado como importante para um debate público numa perspectiva habermasiana. A decisão de acionar mais um ou outro elemento está entre as opções que a mídia faz. Ao optar, ela sai de uma zona de fronteira, com várias possibilidades em aberto, e realiza um processo de demarcação. E, ao demarcar, ela estabelece limites, seja para um ou para outro processo. Considerando que a mídia tem potenciais ambivalentes, a investigação assume este pressuposto: não é possível definir a priori o papel que a mídia desempenha em eventos específicos de deliberação pública, como no caso dos referendos, isto porque em seu material comparecem todos os elementos da retórica, tanto os tendentes a favorecer como aqueles que prejudicam um processo deliberativo. Mas dada sua lógica de produção e divulgação, ela revela alguns dos seus limites que a impedem de complexificar os temas da agenda pública. E a hipótese que se assume nesta tese é que as escolhas da mídia privilegiam mais os elementos da retórica que se coadunam com a lógica da evidência, que é refratária a um processo argumentativo. Por acionar em maior número os elementos que são limitadores de um processo argumentativo, é temerário apontar a mídia como fórum central para a deliberação pública. E, se o seu poder de abrangência pode ser tomado como potencialmente útil para a realização de processos deliberativos nas democracias contemporâneas, a simples disponibilidade desse dispositivo não permite chegar à conclusão açodada de que sua prática contribua efetivamente para o desenvolvimento do debate público. Pelo seu potencial, e por permitir que em seu interior também circule material identificado como uma retórica deliberativa, até pode-se ver na mídia um ator capacitado a realizar um papel complementar, mas não central, no processo mais amplo da deliberação pública. E, nessa linha de análise, não se pode descartar por completo a possibilidade de o material produzido pela mídia ser desencadeador de um processo deliberativo na sociedade ao ser apropriado ou reinterpretado de diferentes maneiras pelos diversos atores da esfera pública.