Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Standardization of national laws“
Um die anderen Arten von Veröffentlichungen zu diesem Thema anzuzeigen, folgen Sie diesem Link: Standardization of national laws.
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-50 Zeitschriftenartikel für die Forschung zum Thema "Standardization of national laws" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Zeitschriftenartikel für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
1
Bauko, Ján. „Proper names and minority language laws in Slovakia“. Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 71, Nr. 3 (01.12.2020): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2021-0008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract The use of official proper names is regulated by laws that contribute to the social codification and standardization of propria registration. The paper deals with minority language laws concerning the use of proper names of national minorities in Slovakia. The author gives an overview of the laws, or more precisely paragraphs dealing with the use of official anthroponyms, toponyms and names of institutions. In Slovakia, the largest national minority is Hungarian, so the paper gives examples of using the proper names of Hungarians living in Slovakia, that is, from Slovak-Hungarian bilingual municipalities. In an ethnically mixed environment, the variability of the forms of propria increases, since in the official (and non-official) sphere, proper names can be used not only in the state language, but also in the minority language. In bilingual municipalities, bilingual toponyms and names of institutions appear in both languages. Members of national minorities have the option of entering a personal name in the Register Offices in their mother tongue. Minority proper names fulfil an ethno-identification function, they are a source of individual and collective identity.
2
Rusli, Tami. „Concept of Product Responsibility Development and Quality Standardization of Processed Food Products to Improve Competitiveness and National Economic Development“. International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 5, Nr. 4 (13.08.2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2023.5.4.4.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This research was conducted with the aim of finding the development concept of product responsibility and quality standardization of processed food products. This research uses a normative juridical approach which is described descriptively analytically from legal materials and supporting data obtained, which is then analyzed qualitatively juridically. The results obtained from this research are that processed food producers have the responsibility to produce well by meeting the specified quality standards, and if their products harm consumers, they must provide compensation. The application of responsibility for processed food products still uses general legal instruments contained in the Civil Code and sectoral laws. Meanwhile, the implementation of food product standardization still uses legal instruments at the level of government regulations and decisions of the Head of BSN adopted from the provisions of international standards, so it has not provided legal certainty and strong coercive power. As a suggestion, in order to develop product liability and product quality standardization in the future, things that need to be done are strengthening regulations by forming the National Standardization System Law and the Product Liability Law, which include the principle of absolute liability and reverse proof.
3
Rusli, Tami. „Concept of Product Responsibility Development and Quality Standardization of Processed Food Products to Improve Competitiveness and National Economic Development“. International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 5, Nr. 4 (13.08.2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2023.5.4.4.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This research was conducted with the aim of finding the development concept of product responsibility and quality standardization of processed food products. This research uses a normative juridical approach which is described descriptively analytically from legal materials and supporting data obtained, which is then analyzed qualitatively juridically. The results obtained from this research are that processed food producers have the responsibility to produce well by meeting the specified quality standards, and if their products harm consumers, they must provide compensation. The application of responsibility for processed food products still uses general legal instruments contained in the Civil Code and sectoral laws. Meanwhile, the implementation of food product standardization still uses legal instruments at the level of government regulations and decisions of the Head of BSN adopted from the provisions of international standards, so it has not provided legal certainty and strong coercive power. As a suggestion, in order to develop product liability and product quality standardization in the future, things that need to be done are strengthening regulations by forming the National Standardization System Law and the Product Liability Law, which include the principle of absolute liability and reverse proof.
4
Prier, Eric, Clifford McCue und Emily A. Boykin. „Assessing European Union standardization: a descriptive analysis of voluntary ex ante transparency notices“. Journal of Public Procurement 21, Nr. 1 (09.04.2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-12-2019-0086.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Purpose This study aims to empirically assess the standardization of using voluntary ex ante transparency notices to announce the awards of noncompetitive large-value contracts. Design/methodology/approach Based on open data published in the Official Journal of the European Union, a pooled cross-sectional research design is used to determine the level of standardized use of noncompetitive contracting by member states. Findings Findings suggest little evidence of standardization when publicizing direct contract awards, which might warrant remedial measures for promoting standardization by the EU. Moreover, France was found to be a major outlier in the prevalence of using non-competitive direct contract awards procedures. Social implications Maintenance of the European Union is predicated on free, transparent and open competition among member states, and this can only be maintained if each member state transposes EU standards into their national laws. Originality/value Findings suggest little evidence of standardization when publicizing direct contract awards, which might warrant additional remedial measures promoting consistency across the EU. Moreover, France was found to be a major outlier in the prevalence of using non-competitive direct contract awards procedures.
5
Jazić, Aleksandar. „Arrangement of preventive fire protection in the Republic of Serbia“. Savremene studije bezbednosti, Nr. 1 (2023): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ssb202301067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
One of the most important areas in fire protection is prevention. This area has the most important place, because its regulation directly contributes to the elimination of potential risks and dangers In all countries, this area is regulated by different legal regulations. This establishes a clear organization in preventive action through a different and clearly prescribed set of measures and activities. Prevention within economic entities has an important place in legal regulations. All economic entities are obliged to implement preventive fire protection measures. The most obligations in that area have economic entities whose activity brings with it potentials of risks and dangers. There are several laws in Serbia that regulate the area of preventive fire protection. They also prescribe the obligation of state bodies to deal with preventive fire protection. Standardization of preventive fire protection is the foundation in the implementation of regulations in this area In each state there is a national body responsible for standardization and cooperates with adequate international organizations and related national bodies of other states.
6
Okrepilov, V. V., und A. G. Gridasov. „The role of standardization as a key Tool of Quality Economics in the development of integration of the Eurasian Economic Union“. Economics and Management, Nr. 11 (19.12.2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2019-11-14-19.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The presented study examines the experience of forming a regulatory framework for the integration of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states through the example of standardization as one of the key tools of quality economics.Aim. The study analyzes the major solutions of the EAEU authorities and member countries aimed at increasing the role of standardization in the economic integration of the Union over five years of its existence.Tasks. The authors identify efficient methods for developing standardization for the integration of the EAEU states as well as the most problematic aspects in this field that need to be taken into account in the qualitative strengthening of the Union’s economy.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine the activities of the EAEU authorities and member states aimed at creating a system for the economic integration of the Union during a period of its transition from separate national markets towards a single (common) market.Results. Over five years of operation in the field of stadardization, the Eurasian Economic Union has created the necessary organizational and legal framework to ensure the successful development of integration processes. The national legislation on standardization has been modernized with allowance for the harmonization of these laws. In the next five-six years, the development of international standards for 40 technical regulations is expected to be completed, which would create a regulatory framework for unhindered interaction between all participants of the single (common) EAEU market. Conclusions. The analysis of activities in the field of standardization reveals a sufficiently thought-out and coordinated policy of the EAEU states in creating the necessary conditions for overcoming legal and administrative barriers in the movement of goods and services within the common economic space of the EAEU.
7
Pukharenko, Jurij, und Irina Aubakirova. „Development of regulatory framework in field of restoration materials“. E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 14022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016414022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The restoration of historical objects allows you to save and recreate cultural monuments for the present and future generations. The work provides information on the restoration process, restoration materials, principles of scientific restoration. Based on the example of dry building mixes and ceramic decor, the classification of restoration materials is given and the main technical properties are highlighted, the need for standardization of these materials with the involvement of specialists in the field of building materials science is shown. It is shown that general construction quality indicators do not fully reflect the requirements of restoration materials in terms of reproducing the authenticity of material and technology. A review of the regulatory framework in the field of restoration, including federal laws, codes of restoration rules, interstate, national and international standards, is given. The features and directions of the further development of standardization in the field of restoration materials are highlighted.
8
Forster, Marc. „Functions and Practice of Legal Citing: Towards a Uniform International Quotation System“. International Journal of Legal Information 23, Nr. 2 (1995): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027797.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The question, whether and to what extent the citation of laws, Rechtsprechung and legal doctrine should be internationally standardized, cannot be answered for all branches of law without making certain distinctions. International contracts or codifications with multinational validity (for example, the law of the European Union) have other criteria to fulfill with regard to their function and coordination as does, for instance, the law of criminal procedure of a Swiss canton. The Rechtsprechung of a national supreme court has, as a result of the possibilities of international reception within the scope of comparative law, a different meaning from that of lower authorities. A scholarly paper with an international or comparative law perspective is not oriented toward the same target group nor with the same pretenses as a more practice oriented essay about procedural niceties of a specific national law. Moreover, it appears to me, the “whether” and “how” of an international standardization of the legal citation passes over the true problem. A formal standardization of the legal citation is not the important issue; rather, it is an increase in the mutual understandability of legal materials. Legal citations should be able to be understood as precisely and quickly as possible.
9
Terenin, A. P., und T. I. Zvorykina. „ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION ON THE BASIS OF CERTIFICATION“. Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 23, Nr. 4 (2023): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2023-23-4-27-31.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article considers strategic planning of sustainable development of the region as an object of regulatory regulation, concludes that, along with the adopted laws, presidential decrees, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, standardization becomes an effective planning tool, and provides standards for the sustainable development of administrative-territorial entities. To assess the effectiveness of the application of standards for sustainable development, the authors make recommendations on the formation, along with the certification system operating at the international level, of a proposal for a voluntary national certification system, and the organizational structure of certification participants is also proposed.
10
Krigsvoll, Guri, Marina Fumo und Renata Morbiducci. „National and International Standardization (International Organization for Standardization and European Committee for Standardization) Relevant for Sustainability in Construction“. Sustainability 2, Nr. 12 (20.12.2010): 3777–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su2123777.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
11
Sipos, Anna Magdolna. „Summum bonum az európai könyvtárügyben? Az európai integráció és a könyvtárak jogi szabályozása“. Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 5, Nr. 1-2 (01.01.2010): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2010.1-2.21-27.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
As a survey which was examining law regulations of public libraries led by UNESCO delegated Frank Gardner in the middle of 1960s pointed, the laws governing library's op-eration are similar in several countries of the European continent but at the same time they are also aligning to the national specialities. In the recent past European council and EBLIDA analysed the same in the standardizing Europe. This survey came to the same conclusion, but showed even more similarities. The study introduces the factors determin-ing the recent standardization processes of the Library case in Europe, line up the pros and contras against standard legal regulation and highlights similarity and diversity.
12
Popovych, Tetiana G., Oleksandr V. Bezukh, Hryhoriy I. Trofanchuk und Tetiana B. Pozhodzhuk. „Economic Law and Standardization: A Basis for Avoiding Risks in Business“. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (31.12.2020): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.52.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Currently, in Ukraine, there is a system of technical regulation as part of the general system of standardization. Technical regulation is defined as a means of state regulation, which, like any legal regulation, is implemented by appropriate legal means. This explains the relevance of this study. This paper investigates the Economic Code of Ukraine, several Ukrainian laws (the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Audit", the Law of Ukraine "On Standardization", the Law of Ukraine "On Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment", etc.), and State standards. Technical regulation was also considered as a general category and a legal phenomenon, as a result of which it was noted that the technical regulation adopted in Ukraine for dividing products into food and non-food products is only a matter of supervision over the conformity of goods and the use of conditions for a specific legal act and type of product. It was concluded that standardization proceeds from social regulation and generates norms of a technical, organizational, or other orderly nature, transforming into legal provisions. Therewith, technical regulation also derives from legal regulation and gives rise to technical guidelines, which constitute statutory regulations that form part of the national legislation of Ukraine, including economic legislation. As a result, it is proposed to improve and supplement the wording of Part 2 Article 16 of the Law of Ukraine "On Standardization", and it is also proposed to reword Article 24 of the Law of Ukraine "On Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment".
13
Rysbergen, K., D. Pashan, Z. Sadyrbaeva und N. Barmeshova. „Fundamentals of standardization in the field of onomastic activity Republic of Kazakhstan“. Adam alemi 92, Nr. 2 (15.06.2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.2/1999-5849.14.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Onomastic names, including the names of toponyms of our country, are one of the main factors determining national and state identity. Over the years of independence, many measures have been carried out aimed at nationalizing the content of onomastic names. However, there are many problems that have not yet been solved. One of them is the problem of standardization. In official documents and unofficial documents, not only human names are written in several variants, but also the names of lands and waters. During the consideration of this issue, the experience of countries with a sufficiently developed system of onomastic standardization was considered. From this point of view, we focused on the implementation of specific tasks in laws, concepts, programs related to the field of onomastics in our country. The solution of these issues remains the main task until the transition of our writing to the Latin alphabet. By the time the Latin alphabet was introduced, our standardized onomastic names would have entered the international, global information space without hindrance, and some problem in the field of onomastics would have been solved.
14
Contreras, Jorge L. „Private Law, Conflict of Laws, and a Lex Mercatoria of Standards-Development Organizations“. European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 2 (01.04.2019): 245–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019015.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Technical standards created by industry standards-development organizations (SDOs) enable interoperability among products manufactured by different vendors. Over the years, SDOs have developed policies to reduce the risk that SDO participants holding patents covering the SDO’s standards will disrupt or hinder the development and deployment of these standards. These policies, including commitments to license standardsessential patents (SEPs) on terms that are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND), gain transnational application given the international character of SDO activities and are most effectively interpreted and applied on the basis of private law (contractual) principles. However, SDO policies are typically embodied in an SDO’s governing documents, which are in turn regulated by the law of the jurisdiction in which the SDO is based. This somewhat arbitrary linkage of SDO policies to national and state law has created inconsistencies in their interpretation and threatens to spark jurisdictional competition in an unproductive race to the bottom. This article poses the question whether it would be possible to decouple SDO policy interpretation from the patchwork of national and state laws that purport to govern such policies in favour of a common lexicon of interpretive principles derived from the shared understanding of SDO participants: a ‘lex mercatoria’ of standardization.
15
Gryzodub, Oleksandr. „30 років національній системі стандартизації, метрології і контролю якості лікарських засобів в Україні: основні досягнення, проблеми і перспективи розвитку“. SSP Modern Law and Practice 2, Nr. 3 (15.09.2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53933/sspmlp.v2i3.67.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Provision to every citizen, patient, and person in the system of legal relationship "doctor-patient-pharmacist" the right to life, health, and safety during the circulation of vital medicinal products of all clinical and pharmacological, nomenclature and legal, classification and legal groups, guaranteed by created in in Ukraine the system of standardization and quality control of medicines. The system of standardization and quality control of medicines includes the National System of Standardization of Medicines in Ukraine (1992); The system of state control of the quality of medicinal products (1992); Programs for the development of generic drugs in Ukraine (1995); The school of standardization and quality control of medicinal products; Center for standardization, metrology, and quality control in Ukraine. Ukraine got observer status in the European Pharmacopoeia in 1998. The National Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (2001) appeared 6-7 years earlier than other countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation). Two editions of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, totaling thirteen volumes and 7,208 pages, was developed as of 2022 and put into effect. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is fully harmonized with the European Pharmacopoeia and is the basis of the entire system of standardization and quality control of medicinal products in Ukraine. A pharmacopeial language (Ukrainian terminological apparatus), which did not exist before, was developed, and implemented. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is an important reference-informational and educational-methodical material for pharmaceutical enterprises, health care institutions, pharmacies, universities of medical and pharmaceutical profiles. The national system of pharmacopeial standard samples largely meets the needs of national control laboratories, and ranks the 6th in the world in terms of the number of pharmacopeial standard samples. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is the only pharmacopoeia in the world in which standardized validation procedures have been introduced, which has turned validation into an ordinary routine procedure. Ukraine acquired the status of a full member of the European Pharmacopoeia in 2013. European standards for the quality of medicinal products are in force in Ukraine. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine acquired voting membership in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States in 2010. In order to develop texts that are not in the European Pharmacopoeia (in particular, monographs on ready medicines), the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine concluded Agreements with the leading pharmacopoeias of the world – the USA in 2010 and Great Britain in 2013. A powerful market, world- and European-level pharmaceutical industry was created, which was included in the field of health care, which provided the pharmacy network and health care institutions with modern, effective, safe, high-quality, and economically available drugs. The system of legal relations "doctor-patient-pharmacist" is based on the principles of pharmaceutical law, the Constitution of Ukraine, laws, and regulatory acts, timely ensures the right of a person, citizen, and patient suffering from various health disorders in accordance with the ICD-11, on life and health.
16
Вохминцев und Vladislav Vokhmintsev. „Regulatory and legal support of risk management“. Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 11, Nr. 3 (26.06.2016): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20401.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article reviews the main sources of regulatory and legal enforcement of risk management in commercial enterprises: international standards, codes of practice and manual, as well as laws of the Russian Federation, rules and requirements of regulating authorities. The evaluation of the completeness and role of international documents and legal acts in support of the development of risk-management is given; the problem of their use in home business is examined. As a result of comparison of different approaches used in the international standardization of risk management, the main advantages and disadvantages of use of international standards as a guide to risk management and infrastructure management are identified. The ways of improving the regulatory framework of the national risk management are suggested.
17
SVIRIDOVSKA, Anastasiia. „Standardization of implementation of the mandatory privately managed pillar of the pension system of Ukraine“. Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2021, Nr. 2 (15.11.2021): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2021.02.114.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
According to the current legislation, the modern Ukrainian pension system is not yet fully formed. In Ukraine, PFC contributions currently form a source of pension benefits for citizens. The solidarity pension system is crumbling . That is, as in the rest of the world, the nation is aging, the share of retirees is growing, and there is less able-bodied population. The search for new ways to save for old age is in the direction of creating a mandatory accumulation under the supervision of the state. Thus, today, a second level of the pension system, mandatory accumulative component, and a rather underdeveloped and unpopular non-state pension system, which forms the third level of the national pension system, do not function. However, in 2020, the work on the concept and bill on the mandatory savings system was intensified. Its introduction is seen as a tool that can increase both the level of pensions and their differentiation. But the world experience of such reforms shows that the real effect on payments from the savings system will have to wait at least 15-20 or even 25 years. The article examines the issue of introducing a funded pension level at the legislative level. According to the results of an expanded analysis of 19 draft laws on reforming the current pension legislation and proposals for new laws on these issues in the period from 2018 to 2021, we can conclude that there is no single concept of amending legislation, so most bills are either withdrawn or sent for further refinement. Currently, various aspects of the pension system of Ukraine are regulated by a large number of legislative acts, so there are signs of dispersion in these draft legislative changes. Most of the bills are developed to enhance the welfare of certain categories of citizens, including servicemen, single mothers, victims of the Chernobyl accident, war veterans and more. The issues of the accumulative pension system are mainly raised in the bills of 2020–2021.
18
Sun, Weiwei, Xueli Zhang, Min Yuan und Zheng Zhang. „Complex Network Analysis of China National Standards for New Energy Vehicles“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 2 (07.01.2023): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021155.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Standards are technical measures to regulate and promote sustainability. China National Standards for new energy vehicles (NEV) are developing at an increasing rate. We explored the functions and citation network the China national standards from a complex-network perspective. Different types of standards were clustered and citation relationships were identified based on standards’ document analyses. In this paper, the evolution of standard nodes and citation links are presented, and implications for future standardization work are proposed. In total, 114 existing standards were identified through desktop research and network analysis by using the Gephi ForceAtlas2 algorithm. This study can be helpful for future standardization in areas such as autonomous driving and carbon-related standards based on citation-network analysis.
19
Popova, Liliia, und Anatolii Khromov. „STANDARDIZATION IN THE FIELD OF ARCHIVAL AFFAIRS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION IN UKRAINE“. Administrative law and process, Nr. 4(35) (2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2021.4.01.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article is devoted to the study of standardization in the field of archival affairs and record keeping in the conditions of development of the world information space and digitalization of society. The aim of the article is to study the current national archival legislation, national standards in the field of archives and record keeping and identify the state and problems of harmonization of international standards in Ukraine in the development of global information space and digitalization of society. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the works of leading domestic and foreign scholars on harmonization and standardization in the field of archives and record keeping, legislation and regulations governing activities in this area. In the process of research general scientific and special legal methods of cognition were used. Among the general scientific methods used is the dialectical method, which is revealed using the methods of analysis and synthesis, ascent from simple to complex, from abstract to concrete, abstraction, idealization and formalization. Results. In recent years, Ukraine has followed international and European standardization rulesand procedures, as well as the direct implementation of international standards. At the sametime, the current state of standardization in the field of archives and record keeping in the contextof informatization and digitalization of society can be described as one that lags far behind theinternational. A number of standards in the field of archiving and record keeping are analyzed.As a result of research of theoretical and organizational-practical principles of harmonizationand standardization in the field of archives and record keeping in Ukraine, a number of problemsrelated to financial problems, low level of information-analytical and organizational support ofstandardization process, etc. It is concluded that the harmonization of international standards inthe field of archives and record keeping in Ukraine largely depends on optimizing the structure ofstate archives of Ukraine and, accordingly, their activities, which will increase the efficiency ofthe archival industry as a whole.Prospects for further research will be aimed at further studying the international experienceof standardization in the field of archives and record keeping, harmonization of internationalstandards into national practice, which will help increase the effectiveness of archival practice.
20
Miro, Fidel. „Transportation Disaster Risk Analysis on The Road Segment Tapan (South Pesisir, West Sumatera) – Sungai Penuh (Kerinci, Jambi)“. Devotion : Journal of Research and Community Service 4, Nr. 12 (20.12.2023): 2330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.59188/devotion.v4i12.638.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Road segments ranging from local roads to national roads are the most urgent arteries in the mobilization of goods and people and determine the progress of economic development. Therefore the road must be constructed in accordance with the standards set out in the laws and regulations, including here the national road that has high economic value that connects the two regions of the two provinces namely Tapan Pesisir Selatan in the West Sumatra province and the Sungai Penuh Kerinci in Jambi province the two regions is closely related in economic and trade relations and the distance is only close to 64 km, but the terrain conditions have the potential to cause traffic accidents because natural factors penetrate row hills that have high geographical and national road standardization factors that do not have the attributes of road safety equipment complete. In this regard, it is necessary to examine how much the level of potential hazards caused by roads through disaster risk analysis in the transportation sector using the disaster risk analysis model. The results of the analysis using the disaster risk analysis model of the Tapan Sumbar - Sungai Penuh Kerinci Jambi road have a high hazard vulnerability level of 8.05 or above 5 means that this road needs to be improved both its construction and road safety equipment.
21
Micklitz, Hans-W., und Rob van Gestel. „European integration through standardization: How judicial review is breaking down the club house of private standardization bodies“. Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 1 (01.02.2013): 145–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Standardization is slowly but slowly but surely marching forward into the public domain. The revision of the European standardization package is stimulating this development because the use of private standards in public policy is supposed to spur technological innovation and reduce barriers to trade. This may explain why the Commission wants to speed up the standardization process. In the meanwhile, however, a number of important legal issues remain unaddressed in recent European policy and legislation on standardization, such as: how far "delegation" of public rulemaking to private standardization bodies may go and if and when this could come into conflict with the alleged voluntary and self-regulatory nature of these standards; whether copyrights that rest on standards limit the access to pieces of legislation that refer to standards in an unlawful way, and who is responsible for the content of the standards: the state or the market? Our hypothesis is that the "club mentality" of standards makers has, until recently, worked as an effective shield against market dynamics and judicial review. However, under the influence of recent case law from the ECJ and national highest courts, the "club house" of the standards bodies is starting to show cracks.
22
Davydenko, Hanna. „Influence of integration processes on harmonization of Ukraine and EU standards“. Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, Nr. 3(93) (07.07.2019): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2019.03.062.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Introduction. Following the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, Ukraine faces the problem in trade with the EU, as it was expected that the main obstacle would be non-tariff restrictions. The lifting of tariff barriers for domestic producers should help to increase exports to EU countries, but unfortunately for most manufacturers in almost all fields of activity this proved to be an unachievable goal, as the Ukrainian producer immediately faced the problem of non-conformity of the goods with various diversified technical regulations in the EU. Thus, the purpose of the work was to study the importance of maintaining the competitiveness of domestic producers in international markets, namely the interaction of public administration and market self-regulation at national, regional and sectoral levels. As the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Adoption of Standards is important for Ukrainian manufacturers, new Laws of Ukraine «On Standardization», «On Metrology and Metrological Activity» and «On Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment» were adopted. Development Strategy system of technical regulation was approved for the purpose of their implementation, and more than 80 regulatory acts have been developed and adopted. The purpose of the article is to look for mechanisms of public administration to implement the standards of the European Union, as well as to harmonize and adapt Ukrainian legislation to EU quality policy. Methods of research. Using theoretical and methodological provisions, priority directions of implementation and harmonization of European standards for Ukraine are considered: standardization and certification of products, as well as directions of development of the mechanism of state regulation of activation of the import potential of domestic enterprises. In addition, the HACCP Food Standards Systems were considered. The following standards are currently recognized: BRC Technical Standard, Dutch HACCP Standard, International Standard for Auditing Food Suppliers, International Food Standard (IFS), SQF 2000 Standard for Food Safety and Quality. Results. It can be argued that standards to which some Ukrainian exporters are currently not adapted are becoming a major obstacle to trade liberalization with the EU. And despite the fact that the Laws of Ukraine «On Standardization», «On Metrology and Metrological Activity» and «On Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment», important for Ukrainian manufacturers, were adopted. The Strategy of development of the technical regulation system was approved for the purpose of the laws implementation together with other developed 80 regulatory acts. The issue of further harmonization is extremely important and urgent as it will allow domestic producers to sell their products covered by the Agreement on the EU market without additional conformity assessment procedures. Discussion. Further studies should address the development of public administration mechanisms and the problems of implementing European standards in the Ukrainian economy, and ensure the development of a significant number of Ukrainian economic sectors. And, most importantly, the effective development of the social infrastructure of the village should be ensured and the foundation for the proper economic level of its inhabitants should be created.
23
Okşaş, Olgay, Esma Gül Emecen Kara, Tansu Özbey, Ersoy Kaçmaz und Mehmet Karaoğlu. „Identifying Similarities of National Yacht Qualifications Using Hierarchical Clustering Methods“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 19 (04.10.2022): 12622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912622.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In parallel with the developments in the yachting sector, the need for qualified yacht masters has increased. Their qualifications are important not only for meeting customers’ demands but also for ensuring maritime safety. In this direction, they play an important role in the sustainability of the sector. However, unlike other seafarers, there is a wide variation in the certification categories and training of countries due to the lack of a worldwide standard. Therefore, the equivalence of qualifications between different countries is indeed a confusing problem. It is especially important to identify similarities for the sake of harmonization and standardization efforts. In this regard, this study aims to analyze the similarities of qualifications for operating commercial yachts. First, licenses that are similar to each other in terms of a category are identified based on proficiency, distance limitations, and vessel sizes. Then, the similarity of their training is detected based on given courses. Towards this aim, a methodology based on hierarchical clustering methods is used. As a result, the levels of similarity between licenses, including internationally recognized licenses, are discussed to reveal the current situation. In addition, a classification method is proposed for standardization of the yacht license categories.
24
SAIKO, Mykhailo. „Translation-oriented terminology in Ukraine: emergence, fundamentals and prospects“. Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, Nr. 74 (2) (2023): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2023.2.04.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article focuses on the development of translation-oriented terminology as a separate convergent field of philological science in Ukraine, the actual date of which can rightly be considered 2020. It is stated that the impetus for its emergence was the limited reproductive (technique/transformational) approach of classical translation studies to the investigation of specialized translation. In addition to its object, subject and a number of tasks, the article identifies five conceptual positions of translation-oriented terminology, which significantly change the view on language and translation. Specifically, it posits that the main function of language and translation is creation rather than communication, whereas translation itself is a third-order simulacrum or hyperreality. Taking into account that the order cannot be born out of chaos, a creator, who relies on empirically verified language principles and laws, but not the observed facts, is an especially relevant figure in the field. The author distinguishes between translational, lexicographic, standard-related and situational areas of translation-oriented terminology research. The article provides a helpful list of resources for potential research in the German-Ukrainian direction, which could facilitate proper multidomain terminology regulation and standardization efforts. Based on the current needs of science and society, including the translation market, the outlined perspectives and tasks of translation-oriented terminology confirm its relevance and importance. It is noteworthy that translationoriented terminology offers a significant advantage compared to other fields due to the applicability of its findings and standardization achievements, which initially address national priorities and ensure the provision of high-quality specialized translations.
25
Meita, Nisfil Maghfiroh. „Standardisasi Laboratorium IPA SMPN 3 Sumenep“. PENDIPA Journal of Science Education 2, Nr. 2 (09.10.2018): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.2.3.227-234.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstraCT[Standardization of science laboratory at SMPN 3 Sumenep]. Schools must have laboratory infrastructure in addition to other educational equipment and tools. Therefore, students can construct thinking from the concrete towards abstract thinking. To get a good laboratory, a standardized laboratory is needed in accordance with national education standards in Indonesia, especially standard facilities and infrastructure. The objectives of this research were to describe 1) the science laboratory equipment of SMPN 3 Sumenep; 2) science laboratory management of SMPN 3 Sumenep; and 3) suitability of the standardization of the science laboratory of SMPN 3 Sumenep with Indonesian government regulation of PERMEN No. 24, 2007. The subject of the research is SMPN 3 Sumenep. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Data collection techniques use interviews, observation, and document scrutiny. The instrument used was an observation instrument with a Guttman scale. Data validity test is done by triangulating data sources. Data were analyzed using models from Miles and Huberman with the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that 1) Science laboratory equipment at Sumenep Junior High School 3 had a percentage of 86.34% with good / ideal criteria and in accordance with the standardization of PERMEN No. 24 of 2007; 2) Management of science labs at Sumenep Junior High School 3; and 3) Science Laboratory of SMPN 3 Sumenep is a good / ideal laboratory for SMP Science Laboratory and has fulfilled standardization based on PERMEN No. 24 of 2007. Keywords: Standardization; Science Laboratory; Indonesian government regulation.
26
Genschel, Philipp, und Raymund Werle. „From National Hierarchies to International Standardization: Modal Changes in the Governance of Telecommunications“. Journal of Public Policy 13, Nr. 3 (Juli 1993): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00001045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThe emergence of large technical systems like railroads, telecommunication networks or power grids was closely associated with hierarchical governance. Despite the success of hierarchical structures in promoting the development of these systems they have recently come under strain. They are suspected of being too slow, too cumbersome, and too unimaginative to deal with the complexity and turbulence of modern technology. Practical people as well as academics look for functional alternatives. One of the alternatives is the decentralisation of technical control via standards. The paper investigates this alternative by analysing the role that standards have achieved in telecommunications after the hierarchical order was eroded by globalisation and deregulation. It discusses how the demise of hierarchy has boosted the ‘demand’ for standards and how the institutional infrastructure for standardisation was adapted to meet this demand.
27
Moonti, Roy, Yusrianto Kadir, Marten Bunga, Ibrahim Ahmad und Yoslan K. Koni. „PENERAPAN PERATURAN KAPOLRI NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2010 TENTANG PENANGANAN PENJINAKAN BOM“. IBLAM LAW REVIEW 2, Nr. 2 (30.05.2022): 38–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v2i2.76.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness implementation regulation of the chief of Indonesian national police 11 of 2010 regarding the handling of bomb disposal and to find out what factors influenced bomb disposal procedures in Gorontalo Province. The type of research used in this research is empirical normative legal research. The type of research used is empirical normative legal research. Normative law research uses normative legal case studies in the form of legal products, for example reviewing draft laws. The subject of the research is the law which is conceptualized as a norm or rule that applies in society and becomes a reference for everyone. Empirical legal research is research that uses empirical legal case studies in the form of community behavior. The results of the research obtained are that regulation of the chief of Indonesian national police number 11 of 2010 concerning the handling of bomb disposal in Gorontalo Province has not been effective because it was found that there are still several aspects that are not following the provisions in regulation of the chief of Indonesian national police, for example, related to personnel standardization, individual equipment is not adequate, Some of the new unit equipment are complete and some are damaged, then spare parts are not ,available as well as administrative processes that are often ignored and the factors that affect the bomb disposal procedure in Gorontalo province, namely inadequate facilities and infrastructure, incomplete personnel / human resources, insufficient budget and no insurance for each Jibom personnel.
28
Baidur, Oleksii. „IMPROVEMENT OF THE CYBER PROTECTION OFTHE ARMED FORCES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE EXPERIENCE OF COUNTERING MILITARY CYBER ATTACKS OF THERUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2022“. Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique 1, Nr. 17 (2022): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2022.17.3145.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article considers the possibilities of improving the cyber defense system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in accordance with the goals and objectives defined in the decisions of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine and the Laws of Ukraine. A review of the requirements of normative documents on information and cyber security of Ukraine and similar documents of the United States of America was carried out. The considered algorithm for developing a risk management system in the direction of information security is outlined in the USA national standards. The scientific novelty of the work is that in the process of developing the risk management system in the information and communication systems (ICS) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, it was proposed to create an decision support system that will be based on a specialized knowledge base capable of accumulating experience both during cyber-defense measures of the ICS and during the implementation of cyber-influences on the ICS of the enemy. An overview of open international standardization methods and relevant knowledge bases that can be used to update information on vulnerabilities and countermeasures in IC systems was carried out. The joint to use of open knowledge bases and specialized knowledge bases potentially can create new opportunities not only during cyber defense, but also during the implementation of cyber influences on the ICS of the enemy, therefore, this direction of research is promising and corresponds to the national interests of Ukraine
29
Pais, Sofia Oliveira. „The Huawei Case and Its Aftermath: a New Test for a New Type of Abuse“. Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 10, Nr. 16 (2017): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2017.10.16.1.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Competition law sets limits on the exercise of intellectual property rights by dominant companies, namely in cases involving standard essential patents (SEPs). This article will examine the framework for SEP owners’ right to seek an injunction, discussing competitive problems that such situations may cause as well as the solutions adopted by the European Institutions, comparing them with the US and Japanese approach, and finally reflecting upon the opportunity for a new test for a new type of abuse. Although the three legal orders – US, EU and Japan – apply different laws establishing a general presumption against injunctions in SEPs encumbered with FRAND commitments, their goal is the same: to protect the interest of the SEP holder to obtain a remuneration without an abusive recourse to injunctions. I will argue that, in the EU, the Huawei case created a new test for a new type of abuse, improving the comprehensibility and certainty for the companies involved in standardization across Europe and allowing the harmonization of national judicial solutions regarding the seeking of injunctions in the SEPs context. In spite of some uncertainties, the new test clarifies the role that competition rules should play in cases of abuses by SEPs owners
30
Smith, Taylor RaeAnne. „Education Policy and Creole Education in Guadeloupe: Ambiguity for Educators in Educational Materials and Concern Over a French-Creole Interlect in the Classroom“. Sustainable Multilingualism 14, Nr. 1 (01.05.2019): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2019-0002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Summary Regional languages in France have historically struggled to find their place in the national linguistic landscape, and French-based Creoles, like those of Guadeloupe and Martinique, are no exception. Despite laws and initiatives like the creation of the Creole CAPES (2002) and the propagation of research like Poth (1997) and Cummins (2009) on the benefits of bilingualism, Creole-language education in French overseas departments, like Guadeloupe, is still stigmatized for a lack of standardization by academic policymakers, despite its attested success in the classroom as a tool for improving students’ metalinguistic capacities in French. Using a corpus of official Creole-language educational guides, pedagogical guides and one elementary textbook featuring exercises focusing on correction of regional French phrases, along with observations of two elementary Creole-language classes in Guadeloupe, this paper aims to analyze and demonstrate that educators often receive mixed messages on how to teach Creole in bilingual classrooms, and that the language is often perceived as a threat by French academic policymakers to the French abilities of students in Guadeloupe—yet that in practice, elementary students are more likely to struggle with Creole than French.
31
Fan, Xiying. „Policy evolution and enlightenment of Japan’s forest healthcare industry“. MATEC Web of Conferences 395 (2024): 01079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439501079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Japan’s forest healthcare industry has developed rather early in the world, and has gone through three stages: formation of conditions, active exploration stage and vigorous development stage. The writer , as from a country which started forest healthcare industry only ten years ago, and faces many problems, especially in the government’s policies, tries to explore Japan’s policies in different stages through interviews with the experts and reading the documents, and tries to find the Enlightenment of Japan’s forest healthcare industry to China. The author finds, Japanese government has adopted a series of policies and regulations to support the development of the forest healthcare industry, such as forest laws and forest park system, promotion of the concept of forest bathing, construction of forest therapy bases and the professionalization of talents, and forest tourism The Japanese government’s policies has several inspirations for China: firstly, strengthening research on forest efficacy, establishing and popularizing the concept of forest healthcare, and promoting the professional talent training and qualification certificate system, promoting the standardization of China’s forest healthcare industry development, and assisting in the implementation of the national strategy of healthy China and ecological civilization construction.
32
Park, Jeong Yeon. „Legislative Tasks for Implementing Integrated Community Care: Focused on Administrative Affairs and Organization“. Korean Administrative Law Association 23 (30.09.2022): 101–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.59826/kdps.2022.23.101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The new government is implementing Integrated Community Care as a national task in the field of health and welfare, and continuing the previous government's policy, materializing and its legalization is under way. Currently, two bills are pending in the National Assembly and the Ministry of Health and Welfare is drafting another bill, but jurists are not interested in them. The purpose of this article is to approach Integrated Community Care from a legal point of view and to present in what direction the affairs and organizations related to Integrated Community Care should be legislated and reorganized. First, I clarified the background and implications of the promotion of Integrated Community Care and defined the its legal concept as the basis of legislation. In addition to enacting a basic law and reorganizing individual laws as a legislative task for Integrated Community Care, I suggested the direction of legal reform in terms of the connection of integrated care affairs, organization, finance, and administrative plans. Furthermore, as legal tasks for integration and linkage, 1) integration and linkage of medical care and care, 2) improvement of legislation for connection with housing support, and 3) Establishment of Integrated Information System and Standardization of Information were presented. Finally, as community integration care entails a change in the social security system and may cause confusion in legal aspects, it was emphasized again that the state should promote legislation through close review not only in policy but also in related legislation.
33
Ciampi, Mario, Mario Sicuranza und Stefano Silvestri. „A Privacy-Preserving and Standard-Based Architecture for Secondary Use of Clinical Data“. Information 13, Nr. 2 (13.02.2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13020087.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The heterogeneity of the formats and standards of clinical data, which includes both structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data, in addition to the sensitive information contained in them, require the definition of specific approaches that are able to implement methodologies that can permit the extraction of valuable information buried under such data. Although many challenges and issues that have not been fully addressed still exist when this information must be processed and used for further purposes, the most recent techniques based on machine learning and big data analytics can support the information extraction process for the secondary use of clinical data. In particular, these techniques can facilitate the transformation of heterogeneous data into a common standard format. Moreover, they can also be exploited to define anonymization or pseudonymization approaches, respecting the privacy requirements stated in the General Data Protection Regulation, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and other national and regional laws. In fact, compliance with these laws requires that only de-identified clinical and personal data can be processed for secondary analyses, in particular when data is shared or exchanged across different institutions. This work proposes a modular architecture capable of collecting clinical data from heterogeneous sources and transforming them into useful data for secondary uses, such as research, governance, and medical education purposes. The proposed architecture is able to exploit appropriate modules and algorithms, carry out transformations (pseudonymization and standardization) required to use data for the second purposes, as well as provide efficient tools to facilitate the retrieval and analysis processes. Preliminary experimental tests show good accuracy in terms of quantitative evaluations.
34
Skorokhod, Iryna, und Nataliia Pavlikha. „Rural green tourism standardization and certification system building within the European integration context“. Economies' Horizons, Nr. 3(14) (23.11.2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2616-5236.3(14).2020.234984.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The purpose of the research is to determine the organizational, legislative and regulatory framework for the standardization and certification of the rural green tourism as an unconventional business pattern and a type of environmental services. Methods. In the process of research, systematic and integrated approaches were used, which provided a comprehensive study of the problem and the achievement of scientific results. Methodological basis of the research are general theoretical methods of scientific knowledge, in particular dialectic method, system analysis, fundamental positions of general economic theory. The graphical method was used to visualize the structural diagrams. In addition, general scientific and special methods were used in the study such as dialectical, monographic, non-lethal, induction and deduction, which allowed them to be used to determine the organizational, legislative and regulatory framework for the standardization and certification of the rural green tourism. Results. The article discusses issues concerning the legislative and regulatory framework for the standardization and certification of the rural green tourism in Ukraine. Methodological approaches how to standardize and certify the rural ecotourism are presented too. Innovative factors, having an impact on the rural green tourism evolution in the Ukrainian regions, have been indicated herein. Some attention has been focused on the need for the ecological certification and audit of the various territories, administrative regions, natural and economic systems of the country in general. The necessity of using marks for the legal protection of geographical indications has been determined. It has been proven that the voluntary ecological certification certifies some compliance with the requirements of laws, technical regulations, best practices, good rules, national and industry standards both for the tourism and, in general, for the adherence of requirements as to the environment quality maintenance. Practical meaning. A rural ecological tourism standardization and certification system, accelerating the adaptation of the Ukrainian regulatory and legislative framework to the EU standards, improving the tourism product quality, based on European standards and environmental regulations, helping attract foreign investments and develop the rural green tourism infrastructure and material bases, has been built grounding on the deep study of the present issues. Prospects for further research. The results obtained herein determine the need for the further improvement of the methodological criteria developed for the certification of rural green tourism farmsteads. It will lead to the market promotion of environmental services, to the increase in the number of foreign tourists and to the rise in the competitiveness of Ukraine as the player of the international market of tourist services.
35
Tapio, Jenni, und Alexander Soucek. „Standardization in the Space Sector and Its Role in the Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities: Regulation by Stealth or a Function Creep?“ Air and Space Law 48, Special Issue (01.03.2023): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2023039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Technical standards are not legal instruments, but alongside other non-legally binding instruments they play a significant role in space governance at large. They offer a detailed account on what is considered the ‘state of the art’ in technical terms, invertedly having legal implications on what may be regarded as diligent or negligent behaviour. As a consequence, technical standards can become standards for lawfulness. Standardization serves interoperability, interaction between interfacing products and services and the compatibility of technologies and systems. It equally supports the creation of new markets and can help to lessen the barrier to enter the space market. However, technical standards lack a clear legal meaning. In the rapidly evolving domain of modern spaceflight, where the ‘what and how’ still needs to be defined, they can become ‘gamechangers’ that allow ‘first-movers’ – industry and governments alike – to gain competitive or strategic advantages by setting rules of the game. If standardization is reduced to a mere technical exercise, with its results (i.e., standards) viewed as merely technical products addressing technical problems, one risks overlooking, or underestimating, the role that standards play in space governance and regulation. This article sheds light on the normative character of technical standards and the role they play in today’s space governance. Standards, standardization, space sustainability, national space law, non-legally binding instruments, governance, implementation
36
Stummvoll, Günter. „Governance through norms and standards: The normative force behind design-led crime prevention“. Criminology & Criminal Justice 12, Nr. 4 (31.07.2012): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895812452280.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Crime prevention standards in housing have for a long time been limited to target hardening, and in that respect European Norms were developed as guidelines for ‘burglar resistant’ doors, windows and shutters (EN1630). Recent developments include a set of supplementary crime prevention standards in the building sector, which are not limited to technical products but focus on the layout and management of urban environments and their impact on public safety. This article focuses on the problem of systematic Europe-wide implementation of crime prevention standards in urban planning. The attempt to implement common guidelines for design-led crime prevention through the development of a European Norm has failed. In this article I will first introduce the system of standardization and then examine the particular European Standard for Crime Prevention by Urban Planning and Building Design (CEN/TR14383). Instead of a harmonious application of that standard in Europe, a variety of policies have been negotiated, including national standardization, consulting schemes and liaison systems based on rewards. Moreover the standard has been re-interpreted in some jurisdictions as ‘gender mainstreaming’, and it has been adopted by police to organize national training for local governments. I will present and compare examples from Denmark, the UK, the Netherlands, Austria and Poland to show the divergent ways of interpretation and practical implementation of guidelines in design-led crime prevention.
37
Glascoe, Frances Page, und Karen E. Byrne. „The Usefulness of the Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test“. Clinical Pediatrics 32, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992289303200504.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Recent research supporting the effectiveness of early intervention and laws expanding services have increased the demand for accurate developmental screening tests. The Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test (BDIST), for children 6 months to 8 years old, has a number of desirable features, including subtests for fine and gross motor, adaptive, personal-social, receptive and expressive language, and cognitive skills; a range cutoff and age-equivalent scores; and national standardization. To assess its accuracy, the BDIST was administered to 104 children 7 to 83 months old, along with several other screening tests and a battery of criterion measures. Tied to 1.5 standard deviations below the mean, BDIST failing scores were moderately sensitive, detecting 75% of the children with developmental problems, such as mental retardation, borderline intelligence, language delays, and learning disabilities. Since 73% of the nonhandicapped children passed the BDIST, the test showed moderate specificity. Children within one month of their birthdays were likely to be over- or underreferred. Although the BDIST needs further research, it is a promising developmental screening instrument. The Receptive Language (RL) subtest, slightly more sensitive than the total BDIST but less specific, takes only a few minutes and thus is useful for prescreening in time-limited settings, such as pediatric practice.
38
Lytvynska, Svіtlana, Anastasiia Sibruk und Chrystyna Stetsyk. „Linguistic errors in terminology standarts (on the example of SSTU 3294-95 “Marketing. Terms and definitions of basic concepts”)“. Language: classic - modern - postmodern, Nr. 7 (24.11.2021): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/lcmp2522-9281.2021.7.92-106.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Background. The main aim of terminology standardization in different branches of knowledge is to standardize and approve unmistakable terms for any field of study, to improve the further development of the Ukrainian science. Achieving these tasks is impossible without exemplary in terms of the language design of regulations that regulate the use of industry terminology – national terminological standards. The high linguistic quality of these documents allows their effective use, so the linguistic examination of national terminological standards, their analysis in terms of compliance with the norms of language culture – is an urgent task of modern science.Purpose. To analyze cases of violation of lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian language in the formulation of definitions. Suggest ways to replace identified non-normative words, expressions and sentences in the text of the standard.Methods. Linguistic description of linguistic facts, method of component analysis, comparative and statistical methods (to identify the number or nature of linguistic errors).Results. The standard contains errors related to the use of inappropriate or redundant words, tracing paper from the Russian language, violation of the laws of melodiousness of the modern Ukrainian literary language. In some cases, non-compliance with grammatical rules has been demonstrated.Discussion. Analysis of the text of SSTU 3294-95 “Marketing. Terms and definitions of basic concepts” in terms of compliance with language norms reveals violations related to the use of lexical units not peculiar to the Ukrainian language, the use of words in inappropriate meanings, without regard to their lexical compatibility or contrary to established tradition of word usage.
39
van de Kooij, Alex Crespo. „The Private Effect of the Free Movement of Goods: Examining Private-Law Bodies Activities under the Scope of Article 34 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union“. Legal Issues of Economic Integration 40, Issue 4 (01.11.2013): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2013019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This case concerned a dispute between private bodies Fra.bo SpA and the DVGW. The question was whether Article 34 TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that it applies to standardization and certification activities by a private-law body recognized by national law, where national legislation considers the products certified by that body to be compliant with national law, having the effect of restricting the marketing of products which are not certified by that body. The Court determined that, Article 34 TFEU had been infringed. It emphasized the presumption of legality with German national law and the fact that there exist no real alternatives to obtain the required certificate. This case note establishes that the Court did not grant horizontal effect to Article 34 TFEU, but that it merely extended the application of the Article. Further, it examines some issues and possibilities with regard to the application of the competition law doctrine.
40
Stolyarov, Yu N. „The library terminology: Theoretical and practical approaches“. Scientific and Technical Libraries, Nr. 10 (08.12.2020): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2020-10-139-156.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The author responds to the article by Elena I. Kozlova and Valentina A. Tsvetkova "Terminological aspects in the processes of standardization of library and information activities" (published in the journal "Scientific and technical libraries", № 3, 2020) devoted to the draft state standard of basic terms and definitions of library and information activities. The author objects to their interpretation of mathematical induction method in formal logic, by which they justify the attempt to standardize the concept of "library and information activities". Through this method, the opposite result would be achieved; redundancy or even artificiality of the proposed phrase is demonstrated consequentially. The author argues that, within the framework of the Federal Law "On librarianship", the term "library and information activity" as proposed for federal standardization along with the term "information and library activity" as it appears in the current standard, are both wrongful. The author also criticizes other theoretical and methodological provisions proposed by the state standard writers.The author suggests to improve the system of standards for information, library and publishing (SIBID) by segregating the competence areas of information, library and publishing activities, without mixing them in any proportion or combination. SIBID must comprise the concepts of "library" and "publishing", since these terms are embedded in the name of the system and, therefore, they make the original reference points. The terminology set must be based on the key terms of laws and other national regulatory and legal acts, though the definitions of these terms may differ, and even radically differ, from those fixed in legal acts where they convey juridical conceptions while the standard is to regulate their professional, scientific, and practical meaning, which indeed completely corresponds to the legal interpretation. The author introduces the following approach to these general terms: since the library system is essentially of document and communicative character, the key concepts of the system shall form its foundation: library, librarianship, document, library collection, reader (user), reader (user) group, material and technical resources of library, library re-source studies, library model, library collection model, and other general terms within the discipline.
41
Vasconcelos, Cleiton Rodrigues de, und Daniel Pereira da Silva. „Intellectual property challenges for the roads of innovation in Brazil“. Innovation & Management Review 16, Nr. 2 (15.05.2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/inmr-02-2019-0010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Purpose This paper aims to present reflections and points of interest on the performance of Brazil and highlight the advances and challenges in relation to the intellectual property (IP) system; the authors highlight some scientific, economic and technological indicators on the main IP objects registered in the National Industrial Property of Brazil (INPI). Design/methodology/approach A structured literature reviews the main indicators of IP of Brazil (2013-2017), related to the scientific and economic factors more evidenced in the global scenario, with emphasis on the investment of national GDP in R&D activities, the allocation of resources from the government sector and private initiative, as in other emerging economies, such as the BRICS. Findings Despite Brazil’s progressive efforts to achieve greater efficiency in the public IP management system, GDP investment in R&D activities for 2019 is still below the OECD average of 2.3 per cent, and the IP indicators in the areas of patent registration, industrial designs and technology contracts have been declining. Research limitations/implications Because of the difference between the laws of the countries on IP rights, the more incisive comparison could not be established among the emerging economies, highlighting the need for a standardization between the different international legislations. Originality/value In the scientific field, this paper allows understanding the performance of the Brazilian IP system, and the categories that require greater investments, strengthen the IP culture and stimulate integration between the international IP systems, as it is a recurrent discussion in different research studies. Originally, the paper brought together economic and scientific indicators going beyond the traditional approach that deals with IP only restricting to the quantitative of patents.
42
Volynskii, A. I. „The Theory of the Shifting Mode of Reproduction and Institutionalism: Is Synthesis Possible?“ AlterEconomics 19, Nr. 3 (2022): 424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/altereconomics/2022.19-3.2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Like other macroeconomic models, the theory of the shifting mode of reproduction (SMR) developed by Vladimir Mayevsky describes economic reality outside its institutional dimension. Economic reality, like Kant’s «thing-in-itself», is viewed as a universe with its own internal laws, independent of exogenous factors such as politics, culture, and ideology. The purpose of the study is to test the possibility of implementing institutional factors in the SMR model. The SMR model seeks to describe the mechanism for financing innovations in the manufacturing sector, including modernization of fixed assets. Therefore, the model also encompasses the banking system, whose functioning is viewed in the light of the hierarchy of the central bank and commercial banks. As practice shows, however, despite the increased standardization of the banking principles across WTO member countries and development of international trade, their banking systems still differ significantly. Likewise, there are different mechanisms for financing of the innovation sector and modernization of fixed assets. The latter, as the case of China illustrates, depends on the institutional environment and political factors. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that it explores the possibility of developing the SMR model in order to take into account the institutional heterogeneity of national economies and to demonstrate the role that institutions play in the financing the real sector.
43
DOCHU, A. R. „CODIFICATION OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ENDANGERED LANGUAGES OF EUROPE AND THE WORLD“. Movoznavstvo 323, Nr. 2 (10.05.2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-323-2022-2-004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article is devoted to the codification of the Crimean Tatar language on the example of the endangered languages of Europe and the world. The problem of codification of the codification of the Crimean Tatar language, in particular the normalization of the alphabet and the return to Latin script, requires the adoption of a number of laws and regulations at the national legislative level, as the success of codification depends not only on community perception but also state support. The issue of the preservation and development of endangered languages can be addressed not only at the national level, but also regionally and internationally. Thus, at the European regional level, the Council of Europe has adopted «The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages», which sets out the principles for the protection of regional and minority languages, including endangered languages. At the international legislative level, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples regulates the protection and support of indigenous languages. In particular, for the Crimean Tatar language, it is advisable to take into account the experience in supporting and protecting the indigenous languages of Europe or the world (in Finland and Norway «The Sámi Language Act», Mexico’s General Law on the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2003), «The Welsh Language Act» (1993). It will be appropriate to choose a framework linguistic academy or commission on language and spelling, which would professionally address language issues, including codification, transition to the Latin alphabet, Crimean Tatar spelling, lexicographic and terminological codification, etc. The attention should also be paid to the experience of language codification via the Internet, mass media or YouTube channels, where forums gather to discuss language issues, standardization of certain norms, as wells as the Ukrainian experience in codification of Romani in the Council of Europe project
44
Mylian, Zhanna. „ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF PRIMARY EDUCATION CONTENT IN GREAT BRITAIN“. Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», Nr. 1(54) (13.05.2024): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2024.54.129-132.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The study is dedicated to identifying the peculiarities of the formation of the content of primary education in Great Britain. In the modern conditions of globalization the study of the main laws affecting the formation and modernization of primary education content in Great Britain is relevant and necessary for the domestic national education system development. The research aim: to reveal the organizational and managerial conditions for the formation of primary education content in Great Britain. Methods of research: analysis, synthesis, generalization, specification, and comparison. Primary education in Great Britain occupies a prominent place in the education system, it is the basis of schooling. The content of education, primary including, is based on a combination of three key components: the formation of a management system based on educational results; stimulation of diverse cooperation of education subjects; implementation of freedom of choice principles. The countryʼs educational policy is aimed at developing and modernizing the content of primary education while preserving the country culture and history. In Great Britain, organizational and management actions are considered in terms of modern trends of management decentralization and centralization in the field of school education. The model of strategic development, financing, and management of general school education is an organizational condition for the formation of the primary school education content. The British centralized model of school education is a single-state management of general education throughout the country. Standardization is the basis of the organizational and management model of the formation of the content of primary education, which is mandatory with a variable structural and content component, implemented through the National Curriculum. Formation of primary education content in Great Britain depends on many factors, including the basic organizational and management conditions, which is a model of strategic development, management, and financing of general school education.
45
Nazarkin, Olexandr, und Victoria Nazarkina. „CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION STANDARDIZATION AND CREATION OF A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF QUALIFICATIONS IN UKRAINE“. Knowledge, Education, Law, Management 48, Nr. 4 (2022): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51647/kelm.2022.4.4.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
46
Kirillova, E. B. „Comparative Legal Analysis of IT Legislation of Russia and Sweden“. Moscow Journal of International Law, Nr. 1 (16.05.2024): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2024-1-107-122.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
INTRODUCTION. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory frameworks governing the information technology (IT) sector in both Russia and Sweden and encompasses a comparative assessment of key legal instruments, concepts, and regulatory approaches, including the responsibility for cybercrimes, licensing procedures, standardization practices, and the safety of critical informational infrastructure. Additionally, this article examines the roles and functions of major governing authorities in both countries.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on relevant legal acts of Russia and Sweden. While there are certain specific laws focused entirely on the informational technologies, some provisions can be found in other types of legal documents (for example criminal codes or governmental regulations). Employing a comparative approach, the study delineates the scope and authority of state institutions involved in the IT sphere.RESEARCH RESULTS. Both Russian and Sweden exhibit similarities when it comes to definition of essential concepts such as critical infrastructure, reflect shared concerns regarding for example security issues. Main laws in the area of information technology contain a spectrum of key terms, including but not limited to information and communication network / electronic communication network, information system operator, and information protection / network and information system security. Although the list of key definitions may appear quite similar, the Swedish legislation tends to offer broader definitions with the intention of encompassing larger domains within IT technologies, while the Russian legislators focus on more specific terms. However, while Sweden aligns closely with European Union (EU) regulatory framework, Russia adopts a more expansive approach, addressing emerging technological challenges such as AI. In conclusion, achieving effective IT regulation necessitates finding a balance between international consistency and national adaptability to ensure strong cybersecurity, foster innovation, and maintain regulatory flexibility in a dynamic digital environment.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Sweden’s reliance on implementing EU regulations has its benefits such as harmonisation, interoperability, adopting the internationally recognised practices, easier market access, etc. However, this approach may limit the country's ability to meet its specific needs and may mean additional administrative burdens associated with compliance with EU directives. Moreover, changes in EU regulations could lead to a necessity to update domestic laws, potentially causing regulatory vacuum or legal collisions, especially in such sphere as the IT sector. Nowadays, when for example the AI and its risks are on the daily agenda one can not look away and wait for the international community to agree on the applicable regulation.
47
Ashadujjaman, Md. „International Sustainability Self-Regulatory CSR Certification Standards and the Challenges of Embedding Them in the RMG Production Processes in Bangladesh“. Yuridika 34, Nr. 3 (23.08.2019): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v34i3.14935.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Since the Rana Plaza tragedy in 2013, the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry, the most vital role-playing sector in the Bangladeshi economy, has faced many challenges, including labour unrest, image crisis, and pressure from local and international stakeholders to ensure worker safety. The tragic incident in 2013 prompted many initiatives for rehabilitation, the amendment of labour laws, the agreement on treaties for factory inspection, etc. As a consequence, national and international compliance bodies were set up to ensure a safe working environment in the RMG production sector in Bangladesh, such as The Accord, The Alliance, WRAP, BSCI, FLA, ETI, SAI, Sedex, etc. Furthermore, most advanced factories adopted their sustainability self-regulatory sets of norms to ensure a better working environment. Although these local and international compliance initiatives triggered notable changes in the sector, to the working environment and the worker safety, in particular, a major challenge arose for the producing factories to simultaneously comply with all the codes of conducts of the different compliance bodies. This study will present an overview of the most common practices required by the different codes of conducts in the Bangladeshi RMG sector and demonstrate how the different standardization organizations challenge the overall compliance in the RMG production processes in Bangladesh. An analysis of these challenges will also be given, finally leading to a list of eight key points that need to be solved by the producers to deal with the current problems in the industry.
48
Zoryana, Haladzhun. „THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS OF MEDIA REGULATION“. Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University: journalism 1, Nr. 3 (April 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2022.01.001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The geopolitical catastrophes of the twentieth century have called into question the postulate of the concept that everyone is rational and seeks to find the truth, guided only by reason. Throughout the history of the development of information dissemination channels, we have constantly observed attempts by the state or other strong organizations to regulate, limit their activities – from preventive (censorship) to repressive, and often a mixture of them. The problem is the fundamental uncertainty of what exactly needs to be regulated – the circulation of information or the activities of the media. The constant search for a balance between freedom and responsibility of the media, setting boundaries and restrictions on the media and journalists, expressed through the adoption / amendment / repeal of laws and other regulations indicate the need to identify the main reasons for such regulation. Based on the understanding that any regulation is an interference in current activities, we can assume that the standardization of activities in the field of media is carried out for a specific purpose (public interest, for example), to meet market needs (support fair competition) or for technical reasons technical standards), etc. It is carried out at various levels – from relevant international norms and standards, national provisions in regulations of various levels to administrative procedures and technical specifications. In addition, it can be external – normatively defined for a certain type of activity and internal – in the form of self-regulation, such as internal control or public pressure from the outside.
49
Zoryana, Haladzhun. „THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS OF MEDIA REGULATION“. Bulletin of Lviv Polytechnic National University: journalism 1, Nr. 3 (April 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sjs2022.01.001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The geopolitical catastrophes of the twentieth century have called into question the postulate of the concept that everyone is rational and seeks to find the truth, guided only by reason. Throughout the history of the development of information dissemination channels, we have constantly observed attempts by the state or other strong organizations to regulate, limit their activities – from preventive (censorship) to repressive, and often a mixture of them. The problem is the fundamental uncertainty of what exactly needs to be regulated – the circulation of information or the activities of the media. The constant search for a balance between freedom and responsibility of the media, setting boundaries and restrictions on the media and journalists, expressed through the adoption / amendment / repeal of laws and other regulations indicate the need to identify the main reasons for such regulation. Based on the understanding that any regulation is an interference in current activities, we can assume that the standardization of activities in the field of media is carried out for a specific purpose (public interest, for example), to meet market needs (support fair competition) or for technical reasons technical standards), etc. It is carried out at various levels – from relevant international norms and standards, national provisions in regulations of various levels to administrative procedures and technical specifications. In addition, it can be external – normatively defined for a certain type of activity and internal – in the form of self-regulation, such as internal control or public pressure from the outside.
50
Reddy, Poluru L., Paul Choppa, Mike M. Moradian, Nicholas T. Potter, Michael M. Quigley, Christopher D. Watt, Holger Höfling et al. „Evaluation of MMR Concordance Based on Either International Scale (IS) or National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Criteria Using Reconstructed “Virtual” CML Patient Profiles From the REVEAL BCR-ABL Methods Comparison Study“,. Blood 118, Nr. 21 (18.11.2011): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.3542.3542.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Abstract Abstract 3542 Background: Achieving major molecular response (MMR) is an important milestone in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) therapy. MMR has been defined as a 3-log reduction in BCR-ABL transcript levels from a standardized baseline (BL) established in the IRIS trial (Hughes TP, N Engl J Med. 2003). Standardization has been achieved through the development of an IS, which defines MMR as BCR-ABLIS = 0.1%. In contrast, the NCCN defines MMR as a 3-log reduction in BCR-ABL transcript levels but is indefinite on the definition of BL. Here, using reconstructed samples emulating CML patient BCR-ABL levels, the pairwise concordance of MMR determination was examined within and between 3 labs using the IS-standardized GeneXpert® (GX) system and 3 labs using laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). For comparative purposes, this analysis assumes BL is established at the time of diagnosis. Methods: 100 virtual patients (VPs) were emulated based on data from the REVEAL BCR-ABL Methods Comparison Study, in which 8 discrete levels of blinded K562 cell–spiked blood corresponding to BCR-ABLIS ratios ranging from ∼10% to ∼0.01% were analyzed by 3 labs using the IS-standardized GX system and 3 labs using non-IS LDTs. VP emulations were guided by actual patient outcomes in landmark analyses of 7- treatment response (Hughes TP, Blood. 2010). Treatment response profiles over an 18-month time horizon were modeled by assigning one of the 8 BCR-ABL levels ranging from approximately 10%-0.01% IS sampled in the REVEAL study to each of 4 virtual time points (eg, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months). BL levels were selected from quartiles representing pretreatment BCR- ABL ratios between 50–150%; results based on BL levels observed in the IRIS clinical trial will also be presented. 600 VP transcript profiles (VTPs) were then reconstructed using data from each of the 6 laboratories for all 100 VPs. The final 18-month time point in each VTP provided the BCR-ABL level against which the IS or NCCN objective criterion was applied to make MMR determinations. MMR concordance was evaluated by inspecting all possible inter-lab pairwise comparisons among the 100 VPs. Results: Pairwise concordance in MMR as determined by NCCN criterion among all 6 labs is shown in Fig 1A. MMR determinations among the 3 GX labs were concordant in 88% to 93% of VPs. In contrast, MMR determinations among the LDTs were concordant in 43% to 80% of VPs, and MMR determinations were concordant in 53% to 91% of VPs when compared between GX labs and LDTs. When MMR determination based on IS criterion for GX was considered, MMR concordance improved to 93% to 96% among the GX labs in contrast to 51% to 92% concordance observed between the GX and LDT sites (Fig 1B). It is noteworthy that Lab D results more closely approximated the IS than results from the other LDTs examined in the REVEAL study (data not shown). Although Lab D does not report results per the IS, it does report results relative to a median diagnostic BL, similar to the approach used in the IRIS trial. A healthcare system based on LDTs without any attempted IS standardization resulted in MMR concordance of only 43%. Potential sources of discordance among tests will be discussed in detail. Conclusions: These results illustrate that the NCCN criterion for MMR determination is not adequate for inter-lab comparisons of BCR-ABL transcript levels near the clinically important level of MMR. In contrast, standardization to the IS improves inter-lab concordance in MMR determination. Taken together, these results highlight the discrepancies that may result when comparing molecular responses between labs not standardized to the IS. As attainment of MMR is a critical milestone of CML therapy, errors in MMR determination may have an adverse impact on CML disease management. Disclosures: Reddy: Novartis: Research Funding, as Presenting Author, sponsorship to attend ASH. Höfling:Novartis: Employment. Manning:Novartis: Employment. Mignault:Novartis: Employment. Mullaney:Novartis: Employment. Ossa:Novartis: Employment. Stein:Novartis: Employment. Wang:Novartis: Employment. Yang:Novartis: Employment.