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1
Grein, Matthew Edward 1970. „Noise and stability of actively modelocked fiber lasers“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29237.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-174).
The timing jitter of a modelocked laser is fundamentally limited by the amplified spontaneous emission in the laser cavity. While one cannot, even in principle, remove this source of noise, one does have control over the pulse timing by using filtering and modulation. In this thesis, we report on the advances made in developing the understanding of timing jitter and stability in actively modelocked soliton fiber lasers. The main achievements reported here are: the development of a theory for quantum-limited timing jitter for the cases of amplitude and phase modulation (AM and PM, respectively); identification of a set of characteristic coefficients governing the physics of pulse retiming that depend on the laser parameters; construction of an apparatus-including the development of harmonically modelocked soliton fiber lasers in both a ring and a sigma configuration-to measure the predicted coefficients; and residual phase-noise measurements of the quantum-limited timing jitter using homodyne detection. The measurements of the characteristic coefficients and the timing jitter were found to be in good agreement with the theory. In addition, a theory for the case of harmonic modelocking was developed, and it is shown that the supermodes reveal pulse-to-pulse correlation statistics and must be included in measurements and calculations of the timing jitter. For the case of uncorrelated timing jitter between different pulses in the laser cavity, the supermodes are predicted to have the same timing jitter spectrum as the baseband mode, and this is confirmed by measurements.
(cont.) A scheme for reducing the timing jitter of a pulse train outside of the laser cavity using group-velocity dispersion and phase modulation is described, and it is shown theoretically that a reduction in the timing jitter is possible, but only at the expense of the carrier-frequency fluctuations. It is also shown that two-photon absorption in a semiconductor mirror structure prevented pulse dropouts in a short harmonically modelocked soliton fiber laser producing picosecond pulses at 2 GHz.
by Matthew Edward Grein.
Ph.D.
2
Bandla, Atchaiah. „Highly Linear 2.45 GHz Low-Noise Amplifier Design“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fysik och elektroteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119982.
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One critical component of the communication receiver of front-end system is the low-noise amplifier (LNA). For good sensitivity and dynamic range, the LNA should provide a low noise figure and maximum attainable power gain. Another concern is the linearity of the LNA. Strong signals produce intermodulation products in a frequency band close to the operating frequency that might affect the performance of the receiver. In many cases, the intermodulation products can be reduced by increasing the current through the active device. Hence, a trade-off between power consumption and linearity must be considered when designing the LNA. The thesis includes the bias network design, stability analysis, matching network design and layout design of the LNA RF module with layout simulation. The simulation has been performed using Advanced Design System (ADS) simulation software. After implementation of LNA on a PCB, the LNA is measured with the help of the power supply unit and vector network analyzer. The proposed design aim is to provide a low noise figure (NF) and high gain while maintaining the low power consumption.
3
Ananthaganeshan, Kanapathipillai Arunachalam. „Stability and performance of active vibration isolation systems“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273915.
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4
Salgado, Adriana M. „Jet hydrodynamic and noise calculations using the parabolized stability equations“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.560810.
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The non-linear parabolized stability equations (NLPSE) are implemented in a hybrid model for studying noise from round jets. The NLPSE computes instability waves in the flow that may interact nonlinearly to produce noise. This mechanism for noise generation is believed to be a significant contributor to low-frequency noise from subsonic round jets. The NLPSE code has been validated against direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for a number of model problems and the suitability of the method for modelling jet flows has been studied by comparing the results with D S. Near-field results show good qualitative agreement with the DNS. However, the LPSE over predicts the magnitude of near-field fluctuations, which degrades the quality of the final sound-field prediction. It is found that the NLPSE results are highly dependent on the rate of divergence (non-parallelism) of the mean-flow and that a certain amount of eo-flow is necessary to stabilise the downstream-marching numerical scheme for solving the NLPSE. Changing the Mach number confirmed that the NLPSE is very well suited for supersonic jet studies but has difficulty resolving low Mach number jets. It is found that hot jets are also numerically difficult to resolve because the magnitudes of the instability waves increase greatly as the temperature is increased. A linearised Euler equation (LEE) code has been adapted to the round jet problem and found to be an accurate tool for obtaining the sound field from sources defined in the near-field of the jet. By including sources into this code, a LPSE-LEE hybrid code has been implemented, with the LEE part validated against DNS by using modelled near-field sources. Use of this new approach has shown that much can be learnt about the behaviour of jets and the parameters that influence the noise they produce.
5
Gruman, Fredrick S. (Fredrick Steven). „Stability analysis of the optical reference gyro discrete noise eliminator“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36459.
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6
Siakalli, Michailina. „Stability properties of stochastic differential equations driven by Lévy noise“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15019/.
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The main aim of this thesis is to examine stability properties of the solutions to stochastic differential equations (SDEs) driven by Levy noise. Using key tools such as Ito's formula for general semimartingales, Kunita's moment estimates for Levy-type stochastic integrals, and the exponential martingale inequality, we find conditions under which the solutions to the SDEs under consideration are stable in probability, almost surely and moment exponentially stable. In addition, stability properties of stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs) driven by Levy noise are examined using Razumikhin type theorems. In the existing literature the problem of stochastic stabilization and destabilization of first order non-linear deterministic systems has been investigated when the system is perturbed with Brownian motion. These results are extended in this thesis to the case where the deterministic system is perturbed with Levy noise. We mainly focus on the stabilizing effects of the Levy noise in the system, prove the existence of sample Lyapunov exponents of the trivial solution of the stochastically perturbed system, and provide sufficient criteria under which the system is almost surely exponentially stable. From the results that are established the Levy noise plays a similar role to the Brownian motion in stabilizing dynamical systems. We also establish the variation of constants formula for linear SDEs driven by Levy noise. This is applied to study stochastic stabilization of ordinary functional differential equation systems perturbed with Levy noise.
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Wang, Shaokang Jerry. „Analysis of Stability and Noise in Passively Modelocked Comb Lasers“. Thesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10840412.
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The search for robust, low-noise modelocked comb sources has attracted significant attention during the last two decades. Passively modelocked fiber lasers are among the most attractive comb sources. The most important design problems for a passively modelocked laser include: (1) finding a region in the laser’s adjustable parameter space where it operates stably, (2) optimizing the pulse profile within that region, and (3) lowering the noise level. Adjustable parameters will typically include the cavity length, the pump power, and the amplifier gain, which may be a function of the pump power, the pump wavelength, and both the material and geometry of the gain medium.
There are two basic computational approaches for modeling passively modelocked laser systems: the evolutionary approach and the dynamical approach. In the evolutionary approach, which replicates the physical behavior of the laser, one launches light into the simulated laser and follows it for many round trips in the laser. If one obtains a stationary or periodically-stationary modelocked pulse, the laser is deemed stable and, if no such pulse is found, the laser is deemed unstable. The effect of noise can be studied by using a random number generator to add computational noise. In the dynamical approach, one first obtains a single modelocked pulse solution either analytically or by using the evolutionary approach. Next, one finds the pulse parameters as the laser parameters vary by solving a root-finding algorithm. One then linearizes the evolution equations about the steady-state solution and determines the eigenvalues of the linearized equation, which we refer to as the equation’s dynamical spectrum. If any eigenvalue has a positive real part, then the modelocked pulse is unstable. The effect of noise can be determined by calculating the noise that enters each of the modes in the dynamical spectrum, whose amplitudes are described by either a Langevin process or a random walk process.
The evolutionary approach is intuitive and straightforward to program, and it is widely used. However, it is computationally time-consuming to determine the stable operating regions and can give ambiguous results near a stability boundary. When evaluating the noise levels, Monte Carlo simulations, which are based upon the evolutionary approach, are often prohibitively expensive computationally. By comparison, the dynamical approach is more difficult to program, but it is computationally rapid, yields unambiguous results for the stability, and avoids computationally expensive Monte Carlo simulations. The two approaches are complementary to each other. However, the dynamical approach can be a powerful tool for system design and optimization and has historically been undertilized.
In this dissertation, we discuss the dynamical approach that we have developed for design and optimization of passively modelocked laser systems. This approach provides deep insights into the instability mechanisms of the laser that impact or limit modelocking, and makes it possible to rapidly and unambiguously map out the regions of stable operation in a large parameter space. For a given system setup, we can calculate the noise level in the laser cavity within minutes on a desktop computer.
Compared to Monte Carlo simulations, we will show that the dynamical approach improves the computational efficiency by more than three orders of magnitude. We will apply the dynamical approach to a laser with a fast saturable absorber and to a laser with a slow saturable absorber. We apply our model of a laser with a slow saturable absorber to a fiber comb laser with a semiconductor absorbing mirror (SESAM) that was developed at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO. We optimize its parameters and show that it is possible to increase its output power and bandwidth while lowering the pump power that is needed.
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Lanaria, Lois. „The Effects of Vibratory Noise on Responses to Postural Stability“. Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/203894.
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BioengineeringM.S.
Our human balance system is critical for preventing falls. The system consists of a complex set of sensorimotor controls that includes integration of sensory inputs including sight, touch and vestibular to produce motor output. Tactile afferents from the plantar surface contribute to the human balance and movement control system. Loss of sensory information could lead to impaired balance primarily because of impaired detection of changes in upright position, delayed postural reflexes, or failure to realize how far one's center of mass has been displaced thus increasing the probability of falls. Somatosensory and visual information must be integrated to interpret complex sensory environment. Sensory pathways that are simultaneously feeding inputs into the system exhibit non-linear behavior and it is unlikely that the role of a single pathway can be characterized in a static environment. As the sensory environment changes, the need to re-weight the relative dependence on each senses is essential for maintaining stability. Thus, attention also plays an important role in postural control. Attention can be defined as the individual's capacity for information processing. Performing two or more tasks at the same time may require more than an individual's attention capacity and thereby may weaken performance in the other task. Stochastic resonance phenomena has been shown to enhance sensory information processing and perception. This series of studies sought to analyze the effects of vibrotactile noise on human postural responses using a sub-threshold vibration (SV) and above-threshold vibration (AV). The vibrotactile noise was applied at the soles of both feet with six DC vibrator disks embedded in open-type footwear. Twenty one healthy adults wearing the vibrating footwear stood quietly on a compliant surface for 90 seconds inside a three-wall virtual environment. The visual conditions were either eyes closed, eyes open or a continuous visual flow field in a pitch-up direction at constant velocity of 30°/sec. A dual task paradigm was presented as a computation task, the Fibonacci sequence. The first 30 seconds of the 90 seconds trial had no vibration followed by 30 seconds of either sub-threshold or above-threshold vibration. Vibration was removed for the final 30 seconds. Root mean squares (RMS) and approximate entropy (ApEn) of center of mass (COM) and center of pressure (COP) excursions were calculated in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions for each 30 second time period and normalized to each subject's initial position. Approximate entropy (ApEn) was used to detect movement variability in a time series to determine the unpredictability of the postural responses. COP and COM data were tested for statistical significance using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with within-subject factors of vision (3 levels: eyes closed, eyes open and pitch-up), task (2 levels: single task and dual task), and vibration level (2 levels: sub-threshold vibration and above-threshold vibration) at a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). Results supported the hypothesis that the application of SV and AV affected COP regularity and variability differently when subjected to different visual conditions (eyes closed, eyes open and pitch-up). COM randomness increased (higher ApEn) when attention was diverted from postural control which is in agreement with previous studies. The decrease in COM AP randomness (lower ApEn) with vibration suggested that the application of vibration increased the amount of attention invested in postural control or balance when performing an attention demanding cognitive task. The SV increased the COP-AP regularity (lower ApEn) during eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions while AV increased COP-AP variability (increased RMS) during the pitch-up visual condition. In conclusion, posture and balance were affected by the application of vibration noise. The vibration noise enhanced the amount of attention invested in postural control while performing an attention demanding cognitive task and sensory-motor learning was achieved by increasing COM sway structure regularity (lower ApEn) but not the sway magnitude. These results suggest that the interaction between vibration noise and an attention demanding task resulted in the temporal re-structuring of the postural control system without affecting the equilibrium region for the COM sway excursion. Vibration noise appears to facilitate postural control by altering postural response regularity (lower ApEn). For COM, only postural response regularity but not sway variability was affected by vibration noise in relation to vision regardless of the vibration level (SV or AV). For COP postural responses, the effect of SV and AV differs. Due to the perception of self-motion from the pitch-up visual condition, COP postural response most likely arise from cortical level. Since AV only affected COP responses during pitch-up visual condition and not SV, this study suggests that AV applied affected the cortical level of postural control. Effects of SV on postural responses between the eyes-open and eyes-closed vision conditions suggests that SV may affect a subcortical level of postural control. Understanding the effects and mechanism of vibratory noise may help in the design of effective interventions to prevent falls and rehabilitation. These results provide the scientific basis for development of a SR-based rehabilitation device for people with sensory information and processing deficiency as occurs with aging or stroke. The finding of after effects of vibratory noise can be used to determine dosage of vibrotactile stimulation in the design of vibrating footwear.
Temple University--Theses
9
Wan, Kin Wa. „Advanced numerical and digital techniques in frequency stability analysis“. Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237843.
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10
Ho, Yenpo. „Dynamic stability margin analysis on SRAM“. [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2722.
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11
Tabatabaei, Ardekani Iman. „Stability analysis of adaptation process in FxLMS-based active noise control“. Thesis, University of Auckland, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/12430.
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This thesis is concerned with the Filtered-x Least Mean Square (FxLMS) adaptation algorithm and its applications in Active Noise Control (ANC). Generally, this algorithm is used in system identification problems in which a physical channel, called the secondary path, follows the adaptive filter. The FxLMS algorithm compensates for the secondary path effect by filtering the input signal (training data sequence) using an available estimate of the secondary path, called the secondary path model. However, this filtering causes the analytical model of the adaptation process to become highly complex. Because of this complexity, this model has to be simplified when it is desired to derive closed-form expressions for formulating different behaviours of the adaptation process. Usually, this simplification has been carried out by using unrealistic assumptions of pure delay secondary paths, broad-band acoustic noise, and perfect secondary path models. The first contribution of this thesis is the derivation of a set of closed-from mathematical expressions for formulating behaviours of FxLMS-based ANC systems in steady-state and transient conditions. This derivation is carried out without using any simplifying assumption regarding the secondary path. Consequently, the obtained expressions extend the available knowledge on FxLMS-based ANC systems. The second contribution is formulating influences of acoustic noise band-width on the newly-derived expressions. In the analysis of ANC systems with stochastic noise, it is usual to assume a broad-band acoustic noise with a flat frequency spectrum (which is usually referred to as a white signal), in order to avoid mathematical complexity. However, even if the acoustic noise has a flat spectrum over a wide frequency range, the signal picked up and fed to the ANC system is required to be processed with a sampling frequency higher than the maximum frequency of the acoustic noise. For this reason, a realistic noise signal can only have a flat spectrum over a limited band-width. The third contribution is investigating influences of secondary path models on the newly-derived expressions. Usually, it is acceptable to assume a perfectly-accurate secondary path model; however, in order to generalise the obtained closed-form expressions, this assumption is also removed in this thesis. Consequently, the final closed-form expressions, proposed in this thesis, can apply to a relatively general case with an arbitrary secondary path, an acoustic noise with an arbitrary band-width, and an arbitrary (imperfect) secondary path model. Another contribution of this thesis is determining trajectories of the poles of the FxLMS adaptation process in the z-plane. This investigation leads to find the FxLMS adaptation process root locus. It is shown that the dominant pole of this locus always locates on a certain branch with a typical trajectory in the z-plane. A mechanism for localising this pole is then proposed in this thesis, resulting in a novel ANC algorithm, called the Filtered Weight FxLMS. In addition to several numerical analyses and computer simulations, a FPGA-based ANC setup, developed for this research, is used to study the validity of the theoretical results obtained in this thesis. This setup is developed by using a flexible FPGA programming structure which can be used for the implementation of other ANC algorithms. Different experiments with this setup confirms the validity of the theoretical results proposed in this thesis.
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Keerthi, Rajasekhar. „STABILITY AND STATIC NOISE MARGIN ANALYSIS OF STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1195600920.
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Fosas, De Pando Miguel Ángel. „Tonal noise generation in flows around aerofoils : a global stability analysis“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00816987.
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La génération de fréquences discrètes dans l'écoulement autour d'un profil d'aile est étudiée dans cette thèse au moyen de simulations numériques non-linéaires et d'études de stabilité globale. À cette fin, un code numérique mettant en œuvre une nouvelle technique pour accéder à la dynamique linéaire, directe et adjointe, a d'abord été développé et ensuite appliqué à l'écoulement autour d'un profil. Les simulations non-linéaires confirment l'apparition de fréquences discrètes dans le spectre sonore, et pour le cas considéré, l'analyse de stabilité globale de la dynamique linéaire de l'écoulement moyen montre que celle-ci est stable. Cependant, la réponse de l'écoulement à des perturbations incidentes révèle de fortes croissances transitoires amenant à l'établissement de cycles de rétroaction aéroacoustique. Ces cycles comprennent la croissance des instabilités hydrodynamiques dans les couches limites sur l'intrados et l'extrados ainsi que leurs interactions avec les radiations acoustiques du bord de fuite. Les processus associés à l'apparition des fréquences discrètes dans le spectre sonore ainsi que les cycles de rétroaction sont ensuite mis en relation avec les modes globaux les moins stables: d'un coté, la structure spatiale des modes directs montre la croissance des instabilités hydrodynamiques sur l'extrados et la zone du sillage proche du bord de fuite; d'un autre coté, les modes adjoints associés présentent l'intrados comme la zone la plus réceptive à des perturbations externes. Finalement, l'analyse de la région dite du wavemaker indique, en accord avec les expériences, le rôle fondamental de la couche limite sur l'intradosThe generation of discrete acoustic tones in the compressible flow around an aerofoil is addressed in this thesis by means of nonlinear numerical simulations and global stability analyses. To this end, a nonlinear simulation code featuring a novel technique for gaining access to the linearized direct and adjoint dynamics has been developed and applied to the flow around an aerofoil. The nonlinear simulations confirm the appearance of discrete tones in the acoustic spectrum, and for the chosen flow case, the global stability analyses of the mean-flow dynamics reveal that the linearized operator is stable. However, the flow response to incoming disturbances exhibits important transient growth effects that culminate into the onset of aeroacoustic feedback loops, involving instability process on the suction- and pressure-surface boundary-layers together with their cross interaction by acoustic radiation at the trailing edge. The features of the aeroacoustic feedback loops and the appearance of discrete tones are then related to the features of the least stable modes in the global spectrum: on the one hand, the spatial structure of the direct modes display the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities on the suction surface and the near wake; on the other hand, the associated adjoint modes display increased receptivity of the flow on the pressure surface. Finally, the analysis of the wavemaker region highlights, in agreement with previous experimental investigations, the sensitivity of the flow to the pressure-surface boundary layer
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Perrault-Joncas, Dominique C. „Linear stability of coaxial jets with application to aeroacoustics“. Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112343.
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Motivated by a practical interest in noise generated by turbofan engine, this thesis studies the stability of parallel coaxial jets with velocity and temperature profiles characteristic of the exhaust region of the engine. Because the bypass stream mixes with both the exhaust and the ambient air, these profiles contain thin layers in which the velocity and temperature may vary rapidly. As a consequence, multiple instability modes are possible. In accordance with Rayleigh's theorem for axisymmetric incompressible shear flows, it follows that there are three possible modes, only two of which are unstable. To complement the study of parallel flow stability, this thesis also includes the derivation of the amplitude evolution equation for slowly varying axisymmetric incompressible flows.
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Háněl, Petr. „Měření frekvenční stability oscilátorů v časové oblasti“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220360.
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The thesis focuses on measurements of oscillators’ frequency stability. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts of measurement of frequency, measuring systems and measurement errors. The second part of thesis describes the design of measurement system. The design contains all data for build prototype and software, including all source codes.
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Wittrock, Steffen. „From noise & stability to synchronization & complex dynamics in spin torque nano-oscillators“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS088.
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Les nano-oscillateurs à transfert de spin (STNOs) présentent des fonctionnalités uniques pour les communications rf, la collecte d'énergie ou encore de nouvelles approches de calcul. Ils unifient ainsi les capacités clés multifonctionnelles des nanodispositifs dans le cadre de l'industrie 4.0 et mettent l'accent sur les potentialités de la spintronique, même au-delà du paradigme du CMOS. En plus de leur taille nanométrique, leur résistance aux rayonnements, leur agilité en fréquence, leur faible consommation d’énergie et compatibilité CMOS, une de leurs propriétés clé est leur forte non-linéarité, qui ouvre la voie vers des divers phénomènes physiques intéressants. Toutefois, cette non-linéarité est également à l'origine de la faible cohérence spectrale des oscillateurs, ce qui est un des obstacles jusqu'à présent dans les développements applicatifs. Cette thèse vise à fournir une compréhension plus approfondie du bruit du STNO sous l’influence de la non-linéarité. Généralisable à tous les types d'oscillateurs spintroniques, nous avons étudié à la fois expérimentalement et théoriquement la contribution du bruit de scintillement en 1/f dans le signal proche porteuse de STNO à base de vortex. Par ailleurs, l'influence de ce type de bruit sur la forme spectrale de l'oscillation a été étudiée et des moyens potentiels d'améliorer efficacement la cohérence sont proposés. Un autre axe de ce travail a été consacrée à l'étude du couplage et de la synchronisation de plusieurs STNOs, puisque ces capacités facilitent différents schémas d'application dans les technologies prospectives. En effet, au-delà de la synchronisation, de nouveaux phénomènes complexes sont démontrés et étudiés expérimentalement, tels que l'émergence de points exceptionnels dans le système couplé. En résumé, les résultats obtenus ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives non seulement pour la recherche fondamentale sur les STNOs, mais aussi pour de nouveaux types d'applications futuresSpin torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) present unique potential functionalities for rf-communications, energy harvesting or next-generation computing. Therewith, they unify hardware multifunctional key capabilities in the framework of Industry 4.0 and emphasize the potentialities of spintronics, even beyond the paradigm of CMOS. Along with the STNO’s nano-size, radiation-hardness, frequency tunability, low energy consumption and CMOS compatibility, their key characteristics is their strong nonlinearity, which opens up the path to various interesting physical phenomena. However, their nonlinearity also causes the oscillators’ poor spectral coherence, which so far limits their applicability in real practical devices. This PhD thesis aims at providing a deeper understanding of the STNO’s noise in the framework of nonlinearity. Generalizable to all types of spintronic oscillators, we experimentally and theoretically study the contribution of 1/f flicker noise at low frequency offsets in vortex based STNOs. We discuss the influence of this type of noise on the oscillation’s spectral shape and demonstrate potential means for efficient coherence improvements. Moreover, this PhD thesis is also dedicated to the coupling and synchronization of several STNOs, since these capabilities facilitate different applicational schemes in prospective technologies. Indeed, beyond synchronization, novel complex phenomena are experimentally demonstrated and studied, such as the emergence of exceptional points in the coupled system. In summary, the obtained results open up new perspectives not only for the fundamental research on STNOs, but also for novel types of future applications
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Lapeyre, Corentin. „Numerical study of flame stability, stabilization and noise in a swirl-stabilized combustor under choked conditions“. Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14493/1/Lapeyre.pdf.
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Air transportation is an essential part of modern business and leisure needs, and the number of passengers carried per year is rapidly increasing worldwide. The International Civil Aviation Organization estimates that this number went from 2.2 billion in 2009 to 3.0 billion in 2013, due in part to rapid growth in emerging countries such as China. Many challenges for aircraft designers arise from this increase in air traffic, such as meeting pollutant and noise emission regulations. The engines play a major part in these emissions, and combustor technology has evolved towards high-pressure Lean Prevaporized Premixed (LPP) combustion to increase efficiency and decrease pollutant emissions. Unfortunately, this technology tends to reduce engine robustness, with a decrease in flame stability and stabilization margins. Recent studies suggest that combustion noise could also be increased in these systems. New methods are needed to describe and understand the mechanisms at hand for future design and optimization in order to operate these engines safely while still achieving emission targets. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is a numerical approach to these problems which has shown excellent results in the past and is very promising for future design. The description of unsteady phenomena in these power-dense, confined and unsteady systems is essential to describe flame-turbulence interactions, acoustics and multiphysic couplings. As computing power grows, so does the amount of physics which can be modeled. Computational domains can be increased, and have gone from including only the reacting zone, to adding the fuel-air mixing areas, the heat liners and secondary flows, and the upstream and downstream elements. In this Ph.D., a compressible LES solver named AVBP is used to describe an academic test rig operated at the EM2C laboratory named CESAM-HP, a pressurized combustion chamber containing a swirl-stabilized partially-premixed flame and ended by a choked nozzle with high-speed flow. This leads to an accurate description of the chamber outlet acoustic behavior, and offers the possibility to investigate the dynamic behavior of the full system, and the occurrence of flame-acoustic coupling leading to combustion instabilities. It also gives insight into the combustion noise mechanisms, which are known to occur both in the reacting zone and in the nozzle. As shown in this study, this behavior also has an impact on flame stabilization in this system. This manuscript is organized as follows. In a first part, the context for chemistry, motion and acoustics of reacting multi-species flow is given. State of the art theories on reacting multi-species flow thermodynamics, thermoacoustics, combustion noise and flame stabilization in swirled burners are presented. Basic toy models and test cases are derived to validate the understanding of direct and indirect combustion noise, and numerical validations are performed. In a second part, the practical details about numerical investigation of such systems are reported. Finally, the third part describes the application of these tools and methods to the CESAM-HP4 test rig. The inclusion of the compressible nozzle in the LES computation yields results concerning three major issues for the burner: (1) flame stability, related to thermoacoustic instabilities; (2) flame stabilization, and the occurrence of flame flashback into the system’s injection duct; (3) combustion noise produced by the system, and identification of its separate contributions.
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Rajendran, Aravind. „Noise Margin, Critical Charge and Power-Delay Tradeoffs for SRAM Design Space Exploration“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1307667225.
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Bouyrie, Raphaël. „Influences, stabilité au bruit et déficit isopérimétrique pour des modèles continus et discrets“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30078/document.
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Les travaux menés dans cette thèse sont en lien avec les inégalités fonctionnelles et géométriques, dans le cadre continu et discret. En particulier, nous exploitons le principe de monotonie le long du flot de la chaleur, dont les conséquences ont été nombreuses en analyse, géométrie et probabilité depuis les travaux fondateurs de Bakry et Émery. Plus récemment, ce principe a été utilisé pour répondre à des questions d'informatiques théoriques via l'analyse des fonctions booléennes. Dans une première partie, nous présentons diverses inégalités à intégrales multiples et inégalités de type géométriques obtenues par monotonie le long du semi-groupe de la chaleur. Nous caractérisons, par la plupart d'entre elles, les cas d'égalités et mettons en évidence des phénomènes de rigidité dans le cas de variétés riemanniennes. En particulier nous étudions la rigidité pour le théorème de comparaison isopérimétrique de Bakry-Ledoux en utilisant leur preuve par flot de la chaleur. Cette preuve a été exploitée par Mossel et Neeman pour obtenir un résultat de stabilité robuste dans le cas gaussien. Nous reprenons cette preuve et nous la simplifions, en particulier en éliminant la plupart des arguments spécifiques au cas gaussien. Cela laisse espoir d'obtenir une version quantitative pour des mesures log-concaves plus générales ou sur les sphères euclidiennes de grandes dimensions. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'analyse des fonctions booléennes. Le résultat principal de cette partie est l'extension d'un critère dû à Benjamini, Kalai et Schramm liant sensibilité au bruit et influences d'une fonction booléenne. Ce critère a été récemment étendu sur l'espace gaussien à travers le concept d'influences géométriques. En particulier, nous donnons une nouvelle preuve quantitative de ce résultat, basée sur des arguments de semi-groupes. Le résultat ainsi obtenu s'étend à des modèles de graphes de Schreier plus généraux que le cube ainsi qu'à des modèles continus autre que l'espace gaussien. En particulier, la version quantitative sur les tranches du cube booléen a des conséquences en théorie de la percolation. Dans une dernier chapitre, nous mettons en lien ce critère quantitatif pour donner une généralisation à des graphes produits du théorème "Junta" de FriedgutThe general topic of this Ph.D thesis is functional and geometrical inequalities, in both continuous and discrete setting. In particular, we make use of the monotone property along the heat flow, which had led to important developments in analysis, geometry and probability since the pioneer work of Bakry and Émery. More recently, this principle has been used in the analysis of Boolean functions in view of application in theoretical computer science. In the first part, we present some multiple integrals inequalities and geometric type inequalities obtained by monotonicity along the heat flow. We characterize, for most of them, equality cases and we put forward rigidity phenomenon in the setting of Riemannian manifolds. In particular, we study rigidity for the Bakry-Ledoux isoperimetric comparison theorem using their semigroup proof. This proof has been exploited by Mossel and Neeman to derive robust dimension free bounds for the Gaussian isoperimetry. We simplify their proof an in particular remove most of Gaussian-specific parts. This gives hope to derive robust estimates to more general log-concave measures or on high dimensional Euclidean spheres. The second part is devoted to analysis of Boolean functions. The principal contribution in this field is the extension of a criterion of Benjamini, Kalai and Schramm linking noise sensitivity and influences of a Boolean function. Such a criterion has been extended recently in continuous setting via the concept of geometric influence. We give a new, semigroup, proof of a quantitative version of it previously established in the discrete cube and in the Gaussian space. This quantitative version generalizes both to various models of Schreier graphs and more general continuous spaces. In particular, the quantitative version over the slices of the Boolean cube has consequences in percolation theory. In the last chapter, we link this quantitative criterion with a generalization over graph products of the "Junta" theorem of Friedgut
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黃毅 und Ngai Wong. „Signal processing: linearized noise analysis of delta-operator based filters and nonlinear stability study ofsigma-delta modulators“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244920.
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Cheung, Lawrence C. „Aeroacoustic noise prediction and the dynamics of shear layers and jets using the nonlinear parabolized stability equations /“. May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Ghanbarnejad, Fakhteh. „Perturbations in Boolean Networks“. Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-96825.
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Boolean networks are coarse-grained models of the regulatory dynamics that controls the survival and proliferation of a living cell. The dynamics is time- and state-discrete. This Boolean abstraction assumes that small differences in concentration levels are irrelevant; and the binary distinction of a low or a high concentration of each biomolecule is sufficient to capture the dynamics. In this work, we briefly introduce the gene regulatory models, where with the advent of system-specific Boolean models, new conceptual questions and analytical and numerical challenges arise. In particular, the response of the system to external intervention presents a novel area of research.
Thus first we investigate how to quantify a node\\\'s individual impact on dynamics in a more detailed manner than an averaging against all eligible perturbations. Since each node now represents a specific biochemical entity, it is the subject of our interest. The prediction of nodes\\\' dynamical impacts from the model may be compared to the empirical data from biological experiments.
Then we develop a hybrid model that incorporates both continuous and discrete random Boolean networks to compare the reaction of the dynamics against small as well as flip perturbations in different regimes. We show that the chaotic behaviour disappears in high sensitive Boolean ensembles with respect to continuous small fluctuations in contrast to the flipping.
Finally, we discuss the role of distributing delays in stabilizing of the Boolean dynamics against noise. These studies are expected to trigger additional experiments and lead to improvement of models in gene regulatory dynamics.
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Zhou, Limin. „ASSESSING AND MITIGATING AIRBORNE NOISE FROM POWER GENERATION EQUIPMENT“. UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/22.
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This dissertation examines the assessment and mitigation of airborne noise from power generation equipment.
The first half of the dissertation investigates the diagnosis and treatment of combustion oscillations in boilers. Sound is produced by the flame and is reflected downstream from the combustion chamber. The reflected sound waves perturb the mixture flow or equivalence ratio increasing the heat release pulsations and the accompanying sound produced by the flame. A feedback loop model for determining the likelihood of and diagnosing combustion oscillations was reviewed, enhanced, and then validated. The current work applies the feedback loop stability model to two boilers, which exhibited combustion oscillations. Additionally, a feedback loop model was developed for equivalence ratio fluctuations and validated. For the first boiler, the combustion oscillation problem is primarily related to the geometry of the burner and the intake system. For the second boiler, the model indicated that the combustion oscillations were due to equivalence ratio fluctuations. Principles for both measuring and simulating the acoustic impedance are summarized. An approach for including the effect of structural-acoustic coupling was developed. Additionally, a method for determining the impedance above the plane wave cut-off frequency, using the acoustic FEM, of the boiler was proposed.
The second half of the dissertation examines the modeling of bar silencers. Bar silencers are used to mitigate the airborne noise from large power generation equipment (especially gas turbines). Due to the large dimensions of the full cross section, a small representative cell is isolated from the entire array for analysis purposes. To predict the acoustical performance of the isolated cell for different geometric configurations, a numerical method based on the direct mixed-body boundary element method (BEM) was used. An analytical solution for a simplified circular geometry was also derived to serve as a comparison tool for the BEM. Additionally, a parametric study focusing on the effects of flow resistivity, perforate porosity, length of bars, and cross-sectional area ratio was performed. A new approach was proposed to evaluate the transmission loss based on a reciprocal work identity. Moreover, extension of the transmission loss computation above the plane wave cut-off frequency was demonstrated.
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Ferrara, Marco Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. „Axisymmetric equilibrium and stability analysis in Alcator C-Mod, including effects of current profile, measurement noise and power supply saturation“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53265.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-150).
The vertical position of elongated tokamak plasmas is unstable on the time scale of the eddy currents in the axisymmetric conducting structures. In the absence of feedback control, the plasma would drift vertically and quench on the wall, a situation known as Vertical Displacement Event (VDE), with serious consequences for machine integrity. As tokamaks approach reactor regimes, VDE's cannot be tolerated: vertical feedback control must be robust against system uncertainty and the occurrence of noise and disturbances. At the same time, adaptive routines should be in place to handle unexpected events. The problem of robust control of the vertical position can be formulated in terms of identifying which variables affect vertical stability and which ones are not directly controlled/controllable; identifying the physical region of these variables, and the corresponding most unstable equilibria; and designing the control system to stabilize all equilibria with sufficient margin. The margin should be enough to allow the system to tolerate realistic scenarios of noise and disturbances. A set of metrics is introduced to characterize the problem of vertical stability: the stability margin describes the plasma-wall interaction and the open-loop growth rate; the maximum controllable displacement looks at the vertical stabilization power supplies and their ability to handle noise and off-normal events; the gain and phase margins quantify the linear stability of the feedback control loop.
(cont.) The dependence of these metrics on relevant plasma parameters is proven with analytic calculations and numerical simulations: in particular, it is shown that the stability margin is a decreasing function of the plasma internal inductance, for a given plasma elongation. An upper bound of the value of the internal inductance is derived and validated with database analysis, which describes the most unstable equilibrium for given values of the external elongation and the edge safety factor. The stability metrics are evaluated for typical and ITER-like C-Mod plasmas to give an example of the C-Mod operational space and of feasible control conditions. The vertical stabilization system should be able to tolerate realistic scenarios of noise and disturbances. The main sources of noise and pick-ups in Alcator C-Mod are identified and their effects on the measurement and control of the vertical position are evaluated. Broadband noise may affect controllability of C-Mod plasmas at limit elongations and may become an issue with high-order controllers, therefore two applications of Kalman filters are investigated. A Kalman filter is compared to a state observer based on the pseudo-inverse of the measurement matrix and proves to be a better candidate for state reconstruction for vertical stabilization, provided adequate models of the system, the inputs, the intrinsic and measurement noise and an adequate set of diagnostic measurements are available. A single-input single-output application of the filter for the vertical observer rejects high frequency noise without destabilizing high-elongation plasmas, however does not match the performance of an optimized low-pass filter.
(cont.) Aggressive control targets and large off-normal events can cause a control current to rail. The magnetic topology is consequently perturbed and the plasma might become uncontrollable. An adaptive anti-saturation control routine is demonstrated which avoids an impending saturation by interpolating in real-time to a safe equilibrium. This approach becomes necessary when poor redundancy of control coils may require mid-shot pulse rescheduling, as opposed to an adaptation in control.
by Marco Ferrara.
Ph.D.
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Eklund, Anders. „Microwave Frequency Stability and Spin Wave Mode Structure in Nano-Contact Spin Torque Oscillators“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Integrerade komponenter och kretsar, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188546.
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The nano-contact spin torque oscillator (NC-STO) is an emerging device for highly tunable microwave frequency generation in the range from 0.1 GHz to above 65 GHz with an on-chip footprint on the scale of a few μm. The frequency is inherent to the magnetic material of the NC-STO and is excited by an electrical DC current by means of the spin torque transfer effect. Although the general operation is well understood, more detailed aspects such as a generally nonlinear frequency versus current relationship, mode-jumping and high device-to-device variability represent open questions. Further application-oriented questions are related to increasing the electrical output power through synchronization of multiple NC-STOs and integration with CMOS integrated circuits. This thesis consists of an experimental part and a simulation part. Experimentally, for the frequency stability it is found that the slow but strong 1/f-type frequency fluctuations are related to the degree of nonlinearity and the presence of perturbing, unexcited modes. It is also found that the NC-STO can exhibit up to three propagating spin wave oscillation modes with different frequencies and can randomly jump between them. These findings were made possible through the development of a specialized microwave time-domain measurement circuit. Another instrumental achievement was made with synchrotron X-rays, where we image dynamically the magnetic internals of an operating NC-STO device and reveal a spin wave mode structure with a complexity significantly higher than the one predicted by the present theory. In the simulations, we are able to reproduce the nonlinear current dependence by including spin wave-reflecting barriers in the nm-thick metallic, magnetic free layer. A physical model for the barriers is introduced in the form of metal grain boundaries with reduced magnetic exchange coupling. Using the experimentally measured average grain size of 30 nm, the spin wave mode structure resulting from the grain model is able to reproduce the experimentally found device nonlinearity and high device-to-device variability. In conclusion, the results point out microscopic material grains in the metallic free layer as the reason behind the nonlinear frequency versus current behavior and multiple propagating spin wave modes and thereby as a source of device-to-device variability and frequency instability.Dagens snabba utveckling inom informationsteknik drivs på av ständigt växande informationsmängder och deras samhällsanvändning inom allt från resursoptimering till underhållning. Utvecklingen möjliggörs till stor del hårdvarumässigt av miniatyrisering och integrering av elektroniska komponenter samt trådlös kommunikation med allt större bandbredd och högre överföringshastighet. Det senare uppnås främst genom utnyttjande av högre radiofrekvenser i teknologiskt tidigare oåtkomliga delar av spektrumet. Frekvensutnyttjandet har det senaste årtiondet ökat markant i mikrovågsområdet med typiska frekvenser runt 2.4 GHz och 5.2-5.8 GHz. I den spinntroniska oscillatorn (STO:n) möjliggörs frekvensgenerering i det breda området från 0.1 GHz upp till över 65 GHz av en komponent med mikrometerstorlek som kan integreras direkt i CMOS-mikrochip. Till skillnad från i konventionella radiokretsar med oscillatorer konstruerade av integrerade transistorer och spolar, genereras mikrovågsfrekvensen direkt i STO:ns magnetiska material och omvandlas därefter till en elektrisk signal genom komponentens magnetoresistans. Dessa materialegenskaper möjliggör ett tillgängligt frekvensband med extrem bredd i en och samma STO, som därtill kan frekvensmoduleras direkt genom sin styrström och på så sätt förenklar konstruktionen av sändarsystem. STO:ns icke-linjära egenskaper kan potentiellt också användas för att i en och samma komponent blanda ned mottagna mikrovågssignaler och på så sätt förenkla konstruktionen även av mikrovågsmottagare. STO:ns signalegenskaper bestäms av det magnetiska materialets fysik i form av magnetiseringsdynamik driven av elektriskt genererade spinnströmmar. I denna avhandling studeras denna dynamik experimentellt med särskilt fokus på frekvensstabiliteten i den hittills mest stabila STO-typen; nanokontakts-STO:n. Genom mätningar i tidsdomän av STO:ns elektriska signaler runt 25 GHz har frekvensstabiliteten funnits hänga samman med den typ av icke-linjärt beteende som också funnits vara utmärkande för tillverkningsvariationen i komponenterna. Mikroskopiska undersökningar av materialet visar att en trolig källa till denna variation är den magnetiska metallens uppbyggnad i form av korn i storleksordningen 30 nm, och datorsimuleringar av en sådan materialstruktur har visats kunna reproducera de experimentella resultaten. Därtill har en metod utvecklats för att med röntgenstrålning direkt mäta de små, magnetiska mikrovågsrörelserna i materialet. Denna röntgenteknik möjliggör detaljerade experimentella studier av magnetiseringsdynamiken och kan användas för att verifiera och vidareutveckla den existerande teorin för mikrovågsspinntronik. Sammantaget förs STO-teknologin genom denna studie ett steg närmare sina tänkbara samhällsbreda tillämpningar inom snabb, trådlös kommunikation för massproducerade produkter med integrerad sensor- och datorfunktionalitet.
QC 20160620
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Rodarte, Milena Domingos de Oliveira. „Exposição e reatividade do prematuro ao ruído intenso durante o cuidado em incubadora“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22133/tde-14112007-141101/.
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Introdução: Os níveis sonoros encontrados nas incubadoras e o ruído adicional gerado durante a manipulação destas revelam que os recém-nascidos (RN) pré-termo e de alto risco estão expostos a um ambiente ruidoso, permanecendo longos períodos nesse ambiente, sem a chance de momentos que possibilitem o repouso auditivo. Objetivos: Avaliar a exposição e a reatividade do prematuro diante do ruído em incubadora durante o cuidado recebido na unidade neonatal de cuidados intermediários de um hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Método: Estudo observacional prospectivo realizado na unidade neonatal de cuidados intermediários de um hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Participaram da etapa de dimensionamento dos níveis e fontes de ruído 35 prematuros, sendo que em 20 deles também se analisou as respostas fisiológicas (freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio) e comportamentais (atividades reflexas, corporais, faciais e mudanças de estado de sono e vigília) diante de ruídos intensos. O ruído foi mensurado utilizando um medidor de níveis de pressão sonora (NPS), dosímetro Quest-400, fixado dentro da incubadora, por duas horas durante os cuidados prestados ao RN. Diante de Lmax maiores que 65dBA foram investigadas as fontes de ruído e as respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais do bebê, as quais foram filmadas por quatro câmeras conectadas a uma placa de vídeo instalada em um computador. Resultados: O Leq esteve na faixa de 47,6 a 88,7dBA. Todos os RN estavam com Leq acima do limite de 45dBA recomendado por organizações internacionais e mais da metade estavam com Leq médios superiores ao limite de 60dBA permitido em incubadora pela norma brasileira. Os Lmin variaram de 46,9 a 61,6dBA, os Lmax de 49 a 97,2dBA e os Lpeak de 87 a 135,7dBA. As principais fontes de ruído intenso foram: conversa na unidade e no entorno da incubadora, manuseio do balcão, vocalizações do RN, abrir e fechar portinholas e movimentação de cadeira na unidade. As diferenças na freqüência cardíaca e na saturação de oxigênio, nos períodos anterior e posterior ao ruído intenso, não foram estatisticamente significativas. Diante do ruído intenso, 62,4% dos RN desencadearam o reflexo cócleopalpebral e 20% o sobressalto, 42,1% apresentaram manifestações faciais, 55% atividades corporais e 60% mudanças no padrão de sono e vigília, havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os períodos analisados. Conclusão: Os níveis sonoros mensurados foram intensos e decorrentes de fontes diversas: conversação da equipe e familiares, manifestações do próprio bebê, cuidado direto ao RN, manejo da incubadora e do ambiente externo no entorno da mesma e na enfermaria da unidade neonatal. Acredita-se que o ruído devido a essas fontes pode ser minimizado com mudança de atitude dos profissionais. Constata-se que o ruído a que os bebês estão expostos nas incubadoras durante os cuidados recebidos constitui evento estressante, pois modifica o estado comportamental do RN e desencadeia nele respostas reflexas, corporais, manifestações faciais e mudança no estado de sono e vigília diante dos ruídos intensos e súbitos.Introduction: The sound levels found in incubators and the additional noise generated during the manipulation of them reveal that the preterm and high-risk newly born babies (RN) are exposed to a noisy environment and are kept for long periods in this environment without chance to have auditive rest. Objectives: To evaluate the exposition of premature babies and their reactivity to the incubator noise during the care delivered in the intermediate care neonatal unit of a school hospital in Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil. Method: Prospective observational study performed in the intermediate care neonatal unit of a school hospital in Ribeirão Preto. A total of 35 premature babies participated in the evaluation of noise levels and sources. The analysis of the physiological (cardiac frequency and oxygen saturation) and behavioral (reflexive, bodily, facial activities and sleep and awake pattern) responses to intense noise was also performed in 20 of the babies studied. The noise levels were measured through the sound pressure level meter (NPS), dosimeter Quest-400, fixed inside the incubator for two hours during the care delivered to the newly born baby. The noise sources as well as the physiological and behavioral responses were investigated when Lmax above 65dBA was identified. These responses were filmed using four cameras connected to a video card installed in a computer. Results: The Leq was around 47.6 to 88.7dBA, and all of them were exposed to Leq above the limit 45dBA recommended by international organizations. More than half were exposed to average Leq above 60dBA, allowed in incubators by the Brazilian norms. The Lmin varied from 46.9 to 61.6dBA, the Lmax from 49 to 97.2dBA and the Lpeak from 87 to 135.7dBA. The main sources of intense noise were: chat in the unit and around the incubator, balcony handling, the RN vocalization, opening and closing the portholes and moving chairs in the unit. The differences in the cardiac frequency and in the oxygen saturation were not significantly different in the previous and post periods to the intense noise. When exposed to intense noise, 63.2% of the RN reacted with the cochleopalpebral and 20% with the startle reflex, 42.1% presented facial expressions, 55% body activities and 60% changed their sleep and wake pattern. There were statistically significant differences between the periods analyzed. Conclusion: The sound levels measured were intense and from several sources: team and family chatting, the own baby?s manifestations, direct care to the RN, handling the incubator and external environment around it and in the nursing ward of the neonatal unit. It is believed that the noise from these sources can be minimized by changes in the professionals\' attitudes. It is evidenced that the noise to which the babies are exposed in the incubators during the care delivery constitutes a stressing event because it modifies the RN\'s behavior, eliciting reflexive, bodily responses, facial manifestations and changing their sleep and wake states when facing intense and abrupt noises.
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Brenes, Alexis. „Modélisation des phénomènes non-linéaires dans un capteur MEMS résonant pour l'optimisation de ses performances et de sa fiabilité“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC072/document.
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L’utilisation des technologies MEMS dans la navigation aéronautique présente deux difficultés majeures.D’une part, le bon fonctionnement des appareils de mesure de l’aviation civile requiert l’anticipation des défaillances susceptibles de se produire durant des décennies. D’autre part, le remplacement des capteurs macroscopiques traditionnels par des cellules MEMS ne peut se faire qu’à niveau de performances équivalent. Vis-à-vis de ces deux enjeux de fiabilité et de performance, le comportement fortement non-linéaire des résonateurs MEMS est souvent considéré comme un frein voire une limite infranchissable aux progrès technologiques.Cependant, l’exploitation de ces phénomènes non-linéaires constitue en réalité une source extrêmement riche d’améliorations. Au prix d’une complexité mathématique accrue et d’efforts de conception spécifiques, la modélisation précise des phénomènes non-linéaires affectant le comportement des MEMS donne accès à des informations précieuses, aussi bien pour la détection de défaillances que pour l’amélioration des performances.Dans cette thèse, on développe une procédure de caractérisation linéaire et non-linéaire de cellules MEMS résonantes. Après avoir démontré l’intérêt et vérifié expérimentalement la précision d’une telle caractérisation, on montre comment la connaissance des caractéristiques non-linéaires permet de déterminer des points de fonctionnement optimaux en termes de stabilité fréquentielle des capteurs oscillants, et donc de précision et de justesse des mesuresThe use of MEMS technologies in navigation measurements faces two main challenges.On the one hand, reliability improvement requires a deep understanding of MEMS failure mechanisms. These components are meant for long-term use and are subject to harsh mechanical and thermal constraints during their expected lifetime, usually longer than a decade. On the other hand, the replacement of macroscopic navigation sensors by MEMS components remains impossible as long as the performances of MEMS sensors do not match those of their macroscopic equivalents. With respect to these two challenges, the nonlinear behavior of MEMS resonators is usually seen as an obstacle, if not an insurmountable barrier to technological progress.However, nonlinear phenomena are actually a rich source of potential improvements. At the cost of increased mathematical complexity and specific design efforts, a precise model of MEMS nonlinear behaviors gives access to valuable information about the internal structure of the device. This information may then be used for failure detection and performance optimization.In this thesis, a linear and nonlinear characterization method is developed and experimentally-demonstrated. The knowledge of such nonlinear characteristics allows the determination of optimal operating points in terms of frequency stability and, hence, measurement accuracy
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Razavi, Sabah. „Channel Estimation Error, Oscillator Stability And Wireless Power Transfer In Wireless Communication With Distributed Reception Networks“. Digital WPI, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/508.
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This dissertation considers three related problems in distributed transmission and reception networks. Generally speaking, these types of networks have a transmit cluster with one or more transmit nodes and a receive cluster with one or more receive nodes. Nodes within a given cluster can communicate with each other using a wired or wireless local area network (LAN/WLAN). The overarching goal in this setting is typically to increase the efficiency of communication between the transmit and receive clusters through techniques such as distributed transmit beamforming, distributed reception, or other distributed versions of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication. More recently, the problem of wireless power transfer has also been considered in this setting.
The first problem considered by this dissertation relates to distributed reception in a setting with a single transmit node and multiple receive nodes. Since exchanging lightly quantized versions of in-phase and quadrature samples results in high throughput requirements on the receive LAN/WLAN, previous work has considered an approach where nodes exchange hard decisions, along with channel magnitudes, to facilitate combining similar to an ideal receive beamformer. It has been shown that this approach leads to a small loss in SNR performance, with large reductions in required LAN/WLAN throughput. A shortcoming of this work, however, is that all of the prior work has assumed that each receive node has a perfect estimation of its channel to the transmitter.
To address this shortcoming, the first part of this dissertation investigates the effect of channel estimation error on the SNR performance of distributed reception. Analytical expressions for these effects are obtained for two different modulation schemes, M-PSK and M2-QAM. The analysis shows the somewhat surprising result that channel estimation error causes the same amount of performance degradation in ideal beamforming and pseudo-beamforming systems despite the fact that the channel estimation errors manifests themselves quite differently in both systems.
The second problem considered in this dissertation is related to oscillator stability and phase noise modeling. In distributed transmission systems with multiple transmitters in the transmit cluster, synchronization requirements are typically very strict, e.g., on the order of one picosecond, to maintain radio frequency phase alignment across transmitters. Therefore, being able to accurately model the behavior of the oscillators and their phase noise responses is of high importance. Previous approaches have typically relied on a two-state model, but this model is often not sufficiently rich to model low-cost oscillators. This dissertation develops a new three-state oscillator model and a method for estimating the parameters of this model from experimental data. Experimental results show that the proposed model provides up to 3 dB improvement in mean squared error (MSE) performance with respect to a two-state model.
The last part of this work is dedicated to the problem of wireless power transfer in a setting with multiple nodes in the transmit cluster and multiple nodes in the receive cluster. The problem is to align the phases of the transmitters to achieve a certain power distribution across the nodes in the receive cluster. To find optimum transmit phases, we consider a iterative approach, similar to the prior work on one-bit feedback for distributed beamforming, in which each receive node sends a one-bit feedback to the transmit cluster indicating if the received power in that time slot for that node is increased. The transmitters then update their phases based on the feedback. What makes this problem particularly interesting is that, unlike the prior work on one-bit feedback for distributed beamforming, this is a multi-objective optimization problem where not every receive node can receive maximum power from the transmit array. Three different phase update decision rules, each based on the one-bit feedback signals, are analyzed. The effect of array sparsity is also investigated in this setting.
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Singh, Navrag B. „Functional competency of lower limb musculature in the elderly“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät IV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16772.
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Körperlich aktiv zu sein ist Grundlage unseres täglichen Lebens. Für alle diese Aktivitäten ist das kontinuierliche Zusammenspiel des senso-motorischen System (SMS) erforderlich. Die Kontrolle der verschiedenen afferenten und efferenten Subsysteme innerhalb des SMS basiert auf Feedback-Mechanismen, die die Aufrechterhaltung des Gleichgewichts und der Stabilität während den verschiedensten statischen als auch dynamischen Aktivitäten ermöglichen. Trotz dieser Kontroll- und Stabilisierungssystems ist das kinematische und kinetische Resultat nicht konstant; stattdessen ist bei globalen „Ganzkörper-Bewegungen“, und lokaler Muskelanspannung ständig eine gewisse Variabilität vorhanden. Die Interpretation dieser Variabilität bei Bewegungshandlungen ist kontrovers. Wobei große Variabilität ist nicht zwangsläufig ein Indikator für Defizite des SMS darstellt. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war, die Variabilität bei lokalen und globalen Bewegungshandlungen in statischen und dynamischen Ausgangstellungen zu quantifizieren. Darüberhinaus, wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen lokaler Variabilität der Muskelkraftproduktion und der Variabilität bei globalen Bewegungshandlungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass lokale und globale Variabilität von Bewegungshandlungen in Menge und Muster verändert sind, nach Störung des SMS durch: Ermüdung, Veränderungen der Umfeldbedingungen, Alterung und bei Personen mit Sturzerfahrung. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass sowohl zu große als auch zu kleine Variabilität, ein entscheidendes funktionelles Defizit bei älteren Personen darstellt. Dieser Dissertation hebt die Bedeutung der Variabilität während wiederholter Bewegungshandlungen hervor, welche einen funktionellen Biomarker für die Beurteilung von Bewegungsstörungen darstellt. In der klinische Praxis könnte dieser helfen bei der frühen Identifikation von Personen mit Bewegungsstörungen, zur Entwicklung von individual-spezifischen Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen, sowie der Beurteilung verschiedener Therapieansätze.Undertaking activities is fundamental throughout daily living. In order to successfully perform these activities, continuous involvement of the human sensori-motor system (HSMS) is required. The HSMS involves feedback mechanisms to control numerous afferent and the efferent subsystems to ensure maintenance of balance and stability during both static and dynamic activities. Despite such control and stabilizing mechanisms, the kinematic and kinetic output of a task is not constant; instead variability occurs during continuous performance of both global tasks such as standing and walking, as well as local force production. The interpretation of variability during output task performance remains controversial, with larger levels of variability not always indicating deficits in human-motor performance. The aim of this dissertation was to assess variability during local as well as global task performance in static and dynamic settings. Furthermore, the association between the level of variability during local force production and variability during global tasks such as standing and walking was also investigated. The results within this dissertation showed that variability during task performance is modified in magnitude as well as in structure after perturbation due to fatigue, changes in environmental conditions, and aging, as well as in fall-prone elderly individuals. Furthermore, both high as well as low levels of variation constitute a key functional deficit among elderly individuals. This dissertation highlights the importance of considering trial-to-trial variations during continuous task performance as a key functional biomarker for motor-related pathologies. Effective assessment of such measures of variability in clinical settings could effectively complement current clinical practice for both early and effective identification of individuals with motor-related pathology, designing subject-specific rehabilitation programs, and evaluating therapy efficacy.
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Ansaldi, Tobias. „Compressible single and dual stream jet stability and adjoint-based sensitivity analysis in relationship with aeroacoustics“. Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/17505/13/Ansaldi_Tobias.pdf.
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This thesis leads to a better knowledge of the physic and of the control of acoustic radiation in turbulent single and dual-stream jets.It is known that jet noise is produced by the turbulence present in the jet that can be separated in large coherent structures and fine structures. It is also concluded that these large-scale coherent structures are the instability waves of the jet and can be modelled as the flow field generated by the evolution of instability waves in a given turbulent jet. The growth rate and the streamwise wavenumber of a disturbance with a fixed frequency and azimuthal wavenumber are obtained by solving the non-local approach called Parabolized Stability Equations (PSE). Typically the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability owes its origin into the shear layer of the flow and, moreover, the inflection points of the mean velocity profile has a crucial importance in the instability of such a flow. The problem is more complex in case of imperfectly expanded jet where shock-cells manifest inside the jet and strongly interaction with the instability waves has been observed. Several configurations are tested in this thesis, from a subsonic incompressible case to the dual-stream underexpanded supersonic jet obtained by solving Large Eddy Simulations LES (CERFACS). The acoustic far-field is determined by the Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings acoustic analogy. Then a sensitivity analysis of the jet with respect to external forcing acting in a localized region of the flow are investigated by solving the adjoint PSE equations. High sensitivity appeared in the shear-layer of the flow showing, also, a high dependency in the streamwise and radial direction. In the case of dual-stream jet the propagation of the instability in the inner and outer shear layer should be taken into account. This configuration leads to two different distinct Klevin-Helmholtz modes that are computed separately. The highest sensitivity is determined in the exit of the nozzle outside of the potential core of the jet. In addition, comparison between sensitivity computed by adjoint equations and Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) methods has been done, in the case of a single-stream jet, showing a link between these two methods for small variations of the input parameters. This result leads to the application of a lower cost tool for mathematical analysis of complex problem of industrial interest. This work and in particular the sensitivity theory investigated in this thesis contribute to a development of a new noise control strategy for aircraft jet.
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Schmid, Robert L. „Design of a reconfigurable low-noise amplifier in a silicon-germanium process for radar applications“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47642.
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This thesis describes a unique approach of turning on and off transistor cores to reconfigure low-noise amplifiers. A small footprint single-pole, single-throw switch is optimized for low insertion loss and high isolation. A narrowband (non-switchable) LNA is developed as a basis of comparison for reconfigurable designs. The optimized switch is incorporated into different switchable transistor core architectures. These architectures are investigated to determine their ability to reconfigure amplifier performance. One switchable transistor core topology is integrated into a cascode LNA design. An in depth stability analysis employing the S-probe technique is used to help improve the reliability of the cascode design. In addition, a single-pole, double-throw transmit/receive switch, as well as a deserializer are developed to help support the LNA block in a reconfigurable phased-array radar system. This type of flexible radar design is very beneficial in challenging electromagnetic environments.
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Andersson, Peter. „Implementering av digitalt vågfilter av Richardstyp i FPGA“. Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1267.
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Ett digitalt vågfilter av Richardstyp har implementerats i en FPGA på ett utvecklingskort. Sampel kan skickas till filtret och mottas från filtret via serieporten på en dator. Metoden som användes är att en modell av filtret konstruerades i Simulink. Filtret har modifierats med avseende på skalning, brus och stabilitet. VHDL-koden till filtret genererades i Simulink genom att bygga modellen av Xilinx Blockset. Ytterligare VHDL-kod konstruerades för att kunna skicka sampel mellan filter och minnet på utvecklingskortet. För kommunikation mellan minnet på utvecklingskortet och dator utnyttjades färdiga lösningar.
Filtrets funktion efter implementeringen var samma som modellens byggd i Simulink. A Richards’ structure wave digital filter has been implemented on an evaluation board in an FPGA. Samples can be sent to the filter and received from the filter using the serial port of a computer. The method used is that a modell of the filter has been created in Simulink. The filter has been modified with respect to scaling, noise and stability. VHDL for the filter has been generated in Simulink by using Xilinx blockset to build the modell. Also, VHDL has been constructed to be able to send samples between the filter and the memory on the evaluationboard. For communication between the memory on the evaluationboard and the computer, existing solutions have been used. The functionality of the filter after implementation was the same as in the modell built in Simulink.
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IKI, MASAYUKI. „VIBRATION-INDUCED WHITE FINGER AS A RISK FACTOR FOR HEARING LOSS AND POSTURAL INSTABILITY“. Nagoya University School of Medicine, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16062.
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Ghosh, Santunu. „Study on the origin of 1/f in bulk acoustic wave resonators“. Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2046/document.
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Depuis quelques décennies, la technologie de contrôle de la fréquence a été au coeur de l'électronique des tempsmodernes grâce à son vaste domaine d'applications dans les systèmes de communication, les ordinateurs, les systèmesde navigation ou de défense militaire. Les dispositifs temps-fréquence fournissent des stabilités de fréquence et despuretés spectrales élevées dans le domaine de la stabilité court-terme. L'amélioration de la performance de cesdispositifs reste un grand défi pour les chercheurs. La réduction du bruit afin d'augmenter cette stabilité court-terme etd'éviter les commutations non souhaitées entre les canaux est donc très souhaitable. Il est communément admis que lalimitation fondamentale à cette stabilité court-terme est due au bruit flicker de fréquence des résonateurs. Dans cemanuscrit, un premier chapitre rappelle quelques faits de base sur l’acoustique, la cristallographie et les définitions dudomaine temps-fréquence nécessaires à l’étude des résonateurs et oscillateurs ultra-stables. Le deuxième chapitre estconsacré à un résumé de la littérature sur le bruit de fréquence en 1/f. Ensuite, le troisième chapitre concerne nos étudessur le modèle quantique de bruit en 1/f du Pr. Handel, qui, bien que critiqué par beaucoup, est encore le seul qui fournitune estimation de l'amplitude de plancher de bruit en 1/f et qui n'est pas infirmé par les données expérimentales. Dans lequatrième chapitre, une autre approche, basée sur le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation, est utilisée afin de mettre descontraintes numériques sur un modèle de bruit en 1/f causé par une dissipation interne (ou de structure) proportionnelleà l'amplitude, et non à la vitesse. Le dernier chapitre est consacré aux résultats expérimentaux. Le design et lesparamètres du résonateur ultra-stable utilisé lors de cette étude sont décrits. Les mesures de bruit de phase sur plusieurslots de résonateurs sont données. Les mesures des paramètres de résonateur ont été effectuées à basse température afinde les corréler avec les résultats de bruit. Afin d'évaluer rapidement la qualité des différents résonateurs, une autreapproche dans le domaine temporel a été testée. Elle utilise des oscillations pseudo-périodiques transitoires mettant lesoscilloscopes numériques actuellement disponibles à leurs limites de capacité. Enfin, les conclusions et perspectivessont présentéesSince a few decades, frequency control technology has been at the heart of modern day electronics due to its huge areaof applications in communication systems, computers, navigation systems or military defense. Frequency controldevices provide high frequency stabilities and spectral purities in the short term domain. However, improvement of theperformance of these devices, in terms of frequency stability, remains a big challenge for researchers. Reducing noise inorder to increase the short term stability and avoid unwanted switching between channels is thus very desirable. It iscommonly admitted that the fundamental limitation to this short-term stability is due to flicker frequency noise in theresonators. In this manuscript, a first chapter recalls some basic facts about acoustic, crystallography and definitions oftime and frequency domain needed to explore ultra-stable resonators and oscillators. The second chapter is devoted to asummary of the literature on flicker frequency noise. Then, the third chapter concerns our studies on Handel’s quantum1/f noise model, which although criticized by many, is still the only one that provides an estimation of the flooramplitude of 1/f noise that is not invalidated by experimental data. In the fourth chapter, another approach, based on thefluctuation-dissipation theorem, is used in order to put numerical constraints on a model of 1/f noise caused by aninternal (or structural) dissipation proportional to the amplitude and not to the speed. The last chapter is devoted toexperimental results. An ultra-stable resonator used during this study is described. Phase noise measurements on severalbatches of resonators are given. Measurements of resonator parameters have been done at low temperature in order tocorrelate them with noise results. Another approach with a procedure that use transient pseudo periodic oscillations andput to their limits the capacities of presently available digital oscilloscopes, is presented, in order to assess rapidly thequality of various resonators. Finally, conclusions and perspectives are given
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Cichon, Dominick [Verfasser], und Undagoitia Teresa [Akademischer Betreuer] Marrodán. „Liquid xenon detector physics with XENON1T and HeXe: electric noise stability, background discrimination studies and measurements of the scintillation pulse shape / Dominick Cichon ; Betreuer: Teresa Marrodán Undagoitia“. Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225868521/34.
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Benites, Ayala Ivan Alejandro. „Nízkošumový zesilovač pro pásmo S“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400532.
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This master's thesis presents the design and the realization of a low noise amplifier (LNA) for the S band of radio frequency spectrum from 2.3 GHz to 2.4 GHz. This thesis is mainly focused on stability and impedance matching networks study. Ansoft Designer and ANSYS HFSS programs are used for this design to simulate the LNA. Different low noise devices are simulated in order to find the best results for the final design. Moreover, a coaxial cavity resonator is designed in the input of the LNA and works as a band pass filter. Finally, the LNA is fabricated and its properties compared with the simulation results.
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Gonzalez, de Cossio Francisco. „Synthèse d’observateur robuste pour les systèmes non linéaires“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1273.
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L’estimation d’état d’un système non linéaire est essentielle pour la réussite des objectifs importants tels que : la surveillance, l’identification et le contrôle. Les observateurs sont des algorithmes qui estiment l’état actuel en utilisant, entre autres informations, les mesures effectuées par des capteurs. Le problème de synthèse d’observateur pour les systèmes non linéaires est un sujet de recherche majeur traité depuis plusieurs décennies dans le domaine de la théorie du contrôle. Récemment, les recherches ont également porté sur la synthèse des observateurs pour des modèles de plus en plus réels, qui peuvent prendre en compte des perturbations, des capteurs non linéaires et des sorties discrètes. Dans ce contexte, le but de cette thèse concerne la synthèse d’observateurs robustes pour certaines classes de systèmes non linéaires. Dans ce manuscrit, nous distinguons trois parties principales. La première partie porte sur l’analyse des systèmes affines en état, affectés par le bruit, et l’estimation de l’état via le filtre de Kalman à grand gain. Les propriétés de convergence de cet observateur sont fortement influencées par deux variables : le paramètre de réglage du gain de l’observateur et l’entrée du système. Nous présentons un nouvel algorithme d’optimisation, basé sur une analyse de Lyapunov, qui adapte ces deux variables en fonction des perturbations affectant la dynamique et la sortie du système. La nouveauté de cette approche est qu’elle fournit une méthode systématique de réglage du gain et de sélection d’entrée simultanément ce qui améliore l’estimation de l’état en présence de telles perturbations et évite l’utilisation des méthodes basées de type essais-erreurs. La deuxième partie concerne le problème de “redesign” d’observateurs pour des systèmes non linéaires sous une forme générale dont les sorties sont transformées par des fonctions non linéaires. En effet, l’observateur risque alors de ne pas estimer correctement l’état du système si elle ne prend pas en compte les non-linéarités des capteurs. Nous présentons une refonte d’observateur qui consiste en l’interconnexion de l’observateur originel avec un estimateur de sortie basé sur une inversion dynamique, et nous démontrons sa convergence asymptotique via des résultats du petit-gain. Nous illustrons notre méthode en utilisant deux classes de systèmes non linéaires courant dans la littérature : les systèmes affines en l’état avec injection de sortie, et les systèmes avec non-linéarité sous la forme canonique. Enfin, la troisième partie étend notre approche présentée pour les systèmes continus aux systèmes dont les sorties sont non seulement transformées mais également discrétisées dans le temps. Cette propriété ajoutée introduit un défi important ; nous implémentons les techniques de “sample-and-hold” qui mènent à un gain de l’observateur basé sur des inégalités matricielles linéaires. La principale caractéristique des méthodes proposées est la possibilité d’adapter un grand nombre d’observateurs de la littérature à des scénarii plus réalistes. En effet, les capteurs classiques utilisés dans les applications d’ingénierie sont souvent non linéaires ou discrets, alors qu’une hypothèse récurrente dans la conception d’observateurs est la linéarité ou la continuité de la sortieEstimating the state of a nonlinear system is an essential task for achieving important objectives such as: process monitoring, identification and control. Observers are algorithms that estimate the current state by using, among other information, sensor measurements. The problem of observer design for nonlinear systems has been a major research topic in control for many decades. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the design of observers for more realistic models, which can include disturbances, sensor nonlinearities and discrete outputs. This thesis concerns the design of robust observers for selected classes of nonlinear systems and we can distinguish three main parts. The first part studies state-affine systems affected by noise, and analyses the state estimation via the so-called high-gain Kalman filter. The convergence properties of this observer are strongly influenced by two variables: its tuning parameter and the properly excited system input. We present a new optimization algorithm, based on Lyapunov analyses, that adapts these variables in order to minimize the effect of both dynamic and output disturbances. The novelty of this approach is that it provides a systematic method of simultaneous tuning and input selection with the goal of improving state estimation in the face of disturbances, and that it avoids the use of trial-and-error based methods. The second part studies the problem of observer redesign for general nonlinear systems whose outputs are transformed by nonlinear functions. Indeed, a given observer might not estimate the system state properly if it does not take into account sensor nonlinearities and, therefore, such an output mismatch needs to be addressed. We present an observer redesign that consists in the interconnection of the original observer with an output estimator based on a dynamic inversion, and we show its asymptotic convergence via small-gain arguments. We illustrate our method with two important classes of systems: state-affine systems up to output injection and systems with additive triangular nonlinearity. Finally, the third part extends our redesign method to systems whose outputs are not only transformed but also discretized in time. This added assumption introduces important challenges; we now implement sample-and-hold techniques leading to an observer gain based on linear matrix inequalities. The main feature of our redesign methods is the possibility to adapt a large number of observers from the literature to more realistic scenarios. Indeed, classical sensors in engineering applications are often nonlinear or discrete, whereas a recurrent assumption in observer design is the linearity or continuity of the output
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Denimal, Enora. „Prédiction des instabilités de frottement par méta-modélisation et approches fréquentielles : Application au crissement de frein automobile“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEC039/document.
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Le crissement de frein est une nuisance sonore qui représente des coûts importants pour l'industrie automobile. Il tire son origine dans des phénomènes complexes à l'interface frottante entre les plaquettes de frein et le disque. L'analyse de stabilité reste aujourd'hui la méthode privilégiée dans l'industrie pour prédire la stabilité d'un système de frein malgré ses aspects sur- et sous-prédictifs.Afin de construire un système de frein robuste, il est nécessaire de trouver la technologie qui permette de limiter les instabilités malgré certains paramètres incertains présents dans le système. Ainsi, l'un des objectifs de la thèse est de développer une méthode permettant de traiter et de propager l'incertitude et la variabilité de certains paramètres dans le modèle éléments finis de frein avec des coûts numériques abordables.Dans un premier temps, l'influence d'un premier groupe de paramètres correspondant à des contacts internes au système a été étudiée afin de mieux comprendre les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu et leurs impacts sur le phénomène de crissement. Une approche basée sur l'utilisation d'un algorithme génétique a été également mise en place afin d'identifier le jeu de paramètres le plus défavorable en terme de propension au crissement sur le système.Dans un second temps, différentes méthodes de méta-modélisation ont été proposées afin de prédire la stabilité du système de frein en fonction de différents paramètres qui peuvent être des paramètres de conception ou des paramètres incertains liés à l'environnement du système.Dans un troisième temps, une méthode d'analyse non-linéaire complémentaire de l'analyse de stabilité a été proposée et développée. Elle se base sur le suivi de la stabilité d'une solution vibratoire approchée et permet d'identifier les modes instables présents dans la réponse dynamique du système. Cette méthode a été appliquée sur un modèle simple avant d'illustrer sa faisabilité sur le modèle éléments finis de frein completBrake squeal is a noise nuisance that represents significant costs for the automotive industry. It originates from complex phenomena at the frictional interface between the brake pads and the disc. The stability analysis remains the preferred method in the industry today to predict the stability of a brake system despite its over- and under-predictive aspects.In order to build a robust brake system, it is necessary to find the technology that limits instabilities despite some uncertain parameters present in the system. Thus, one of the main objectives of the PhD thesis is to develop a method to treat and propagate the uncertainty and variability of some parameters in the finite element brake model with reasonable numerical costs.First, the influence of a first group of parameters corresponding to contacts within the system was studied in order to better understand the physical phenomena involved and their impacts on the squealing phenomenon. An approach based on the use of a genetic algorithm has also been implemented to identify the most unfavourable set of parameters in terms of squeal propensity on the brake system.In a second step, different meta-modelling methods were proposed to predict the stability of the brake system with respect to different parameters that may be design parameters or uncertain parameters related to the environment of the brake system.In a third step, a non-linear analysis method complementary to the stability analysis was proposed and developed. It is based on the tracking of the stability of an approximate vibrational solution and allows the identification of unstable modes present in the dynamic response of the system. This method was applied to a simple academic model before demonstrating its feasibility on the complete industrial brake finite element model under study
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Gudmundson, Sara. „Stabilizing factors in spatially structured food webs“. Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Theoretical Biology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18657.
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Ecological models have problems showing the positive relationship between diversity and stability found in nature. Theory states that complex food webs have high extinction risks and low stability. However, persistent food webs found in nature are large and complex containing many interconnections between species. There are many possible mechanisms enabling persistent food webs such as; complex interaction patterns, asynchronous fluctuations of species densities, environmental fluctuations and spatial distribution. These factors have not been used in classical models. In this study, coloured environmental 1/f noise and dispersal between subpopulations were incorporated into a diamond shaped food web based on a model by Vasseur and Fox 2007. Contradictions between theoretical and empirical results regarding food webs can be resolved by detailed analyses of models, withholding stabilizing mechanisms. Weak environmental 1/f noise generated an increased coefficient of stability but the stabilizing effect of noise can be questioned because of a decreased mean food web biomass and reduced stabilizing effect when reddened. However, detailed studies of the food web revealed that noise can redistribute density proportions between species, evading lowest species density and thereby increase food web resistance to demographic stochasticity and catastrophes. Noise induced density proportion shifts imply that large population sizes are no insurance towards future increase in environmental variance. Synchrony of species environmental responses and dispersal between subpopulations can both have major influences on stability and extinction risk of smaller food webs indicating that spatial structure could be one of the dominating factors stabilizing complex food webs found in nature.
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Itasse, Maxime. „Effet sur le bruit de jet de l'excitation de modes instables : rôle des interactions non linéaires“. Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0028/document.
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Cette étude s'inscrit dans l'effort de réduction des nuisances sonores des avions au décollage. Une des principales composantes est le bruit de jet, dont la partie à basse fréquence peut notamment être imputée au rayonnement acoustique directif des structures cohérentes de grande échelle engendrées par les instabilités dans la couche de mélange du jet. L'évolution de ces ondes d'instabilité peut être décrite au moyen des équations de Stabilité Parabolisées (PSE). Un premier objectif a été de déterminer si dans le cas d'un jet turbulent naturel, les interactions non linéaires entre les ondes d'instabilité ont un impact significatif sur sa dynamique et sur son rayonnement acoustique. À cet effet, une modélisation PSE non linéaire a été développée et appliquée à une configuration réaliste. La possibilité de manipuler ces ondes d'instabilité par non linéarité a ensuite été étudiée en vue d'une réduction du rayonnement acoustique. Pour cela, une analyse PSE a été menée pour déterminer l'effet sur le bruit de jet de l'excitation d'un ou plusieurs modes instables. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de montrer, d'une part, que les non linéarités semblent avoir un impact mineur sur la dynamique des ondes d'instabilité dans le cas des jets turbulents naturels, et d'autre part, qu'il est possible de réduire le rayonnement acoustique des modes dominants par interactions non linéairesThis study is part of the effort to reduce aircraft noise during take-off. Jet noise is oneof the main contributors, of which lower frequency component can be attributed to thedirective acoustic field generated by the large-scale coherent structures arising from jetmixing-layer instabilities. The development of these instability waves can be describedusing Parabolized Stability Equations (PSE). A first objective was to determine if inthe case of a natural turbulent jet, nonlinear interactions between instability waveshave a significant impact on its dynamic and acoustic behaviour. For this purpose,a nonlinear PSE model has been developed and applied to a realistic configuration.Then, the possibility to manipulate these instability waves by means of nonlinearity wasinvestigated with a view to reduce noise. To this end, a PSE analysis has been carried outto assess the impact on jet noise of exciting one or more unstable modes. The findingsof this doctoral work demonstrate a minor impact of nonlinearities on the dynamics ofinstability waves for natural turbulent jets on the one hand, and the possibility to makethe initially dominant instability acoustically ineffective using nonlinear interactions onthe other hand
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Elmer, Michael James. „Improved Methods for Phased Array Feed Beamforming in Single Dish Radio Astronomy“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3340.
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Among the research topics needing to be addressed to further the development of phased array feeds (PAFs) for radio astronomical use are challenges associated with calibration, beamforming, and imaging for single dish observations. This dissertation addresses these concerns by providing analysis and solutions that provide a clearer understanding of the effort required to implement PAFs for complex scientific research. It is shown that calibration data are relatively stable over a period of five days and may still be adequate after 70 days. A calibration update system is presented with the potential to refresh old calibrators. Direction-dependent variations have a much greater affect on calibration stability than temporal variations. There is an inherent trade-off in beamformer design between achieving high sensitivity and maintaining beam pattern stability. A hybrid beamformer design is introduced which uses a numerical optimizer to balance the trade-off between these two conflicting goals to provide the greatest sensitivity for a desired amount of pattern control. Relative beam variations that occur when electronically steering beams in the field of view must be reduced in order for a PAF to be useful for source detection and imaging. A dual constraint beamformer is presented that has the ability to simultaneously achieve a uniform main beam gain and specified noise response across all beams. This alone does not reduce the beam variations but it eliminates one aspect of the problem. Incorporating spillover noise control through the use of rim calibrators is shown to reduce the variations between beams. Combining the dual constraint and rim constraint beamformers offers a beamforming option that provides both of these benefits.
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Ivica, Milanović. „Мерење стабилности фреквенције у фреквенцијском домену“. Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107278&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Дисертација истражује најприхватљивије методе мерења стабилности фреквенције уфреквенцијском домену, односно мерење вредности величине „фазни шум“, приликомпроцеса еталонирања мерне опреме. Када се говори о мерној опреми која је предмететалонирања, дисертација је, пре свега, окренута ка еталонирању врхунскихкомерцијалних стандарда (еталона) фреквенције. Приказана истраживања су била основза покретање и реализацију истраживачко-развојног пројекта у оквиру Министарстваодбране, који је имао за циљ оспособљавање метролошке лабораторије Техничкогопитног центра Војске Србије за потпуно еталонирање мерне опреме из областивремена и фреквенције. Различите методе мерења подразумевају и различите мернемогућности, као и врло широк спектар еталонске и мерне опреме која се користи прињиховој реализацији. У дисертацији се приказују различити начини мерења фазног шумаи описују методе реализоване на основу доступне мерне опреме. Како се ради ометодама упоредне анализе референтног и мереног сигнала, посебно критична позицијаје одабир референце, односно референтног еталона. Истраживање је довело дозакључака којима је предложен метод мерења потребне и довољне мерне несигурностикао и начин реализације изабране методе, односно одабир еталонске мерне опреме. Уциљу увођења мерне методе у употребу, извршена су и приказана мерења наразличитим типовима и врстама мерне опреме. Валидација методе је остваренабилатералним поређењем са Дирекцијом за мере и драгоцене метале, Група за време,фреквенцију и дистрибуцију времена. Да је могуће реализовати методу мерења фазногшума приликом еталонирања најквалитетнијих осцилатора је постављена хипотезадисертације, која је истраживањем доказана и практично спроведена. Крајњи резултатистраживања је довео до увођења признате методе еталонирања фазног шума, први путDisertacija istražuje najprihvatljivije metode merenja stabilnosti frekvencije ufrekvencijskom domenu, odnosno merenje vrednosti veličine „fazni šum“, prilikomprocesa etaloniranja merne opreme. Kada se govori o mernoj opremi koja je predmetetaloniranja, disertacija je, pre svega, okrenuta ka etaloniranju vrhunskihkomercijalnih standarda (etalona) frekvencije. Prikazana istraživanja su bila osnovza pokretanje i realizaciju istraživačko-razvojnog projekta u okviru Ministarstvaodbrane, koji je imao za cilj osposobljavanje metrološke laboratorije Tehničkogopitnog centra Vojske Srbije za potpuno etaloniranje merne opreme iz oblastivremena i frekvencije. Različite metode merenja podrazumevaju i različite mernemogućnosti, kao i vrlo širok spektar etalonske i merne opreme koja se koristi prinjihovoj realizaciji. U disertaciji se prikazuju različiti načini merenja faznog šumai opisuju metode realizovane na osnovu dostupne merne opreme. Kako se radi ometodama uporedne analize referentnog i merenog signala, posebno kritična pozicijaje odabir reference, odnosno referentnog etalona. Istraživanje je dovelo dozaključaka kojima je predložen metod merenja potrebne i dovoljne merne nesigurnostikao i način realizacije izabrane metode, odnosno odabir etalonske merne opreme. Ucilju uvođenja merne metode u upotrebu, izvršena su i prikazana merenja narazličitim tipovima i vrstama merne opreme. Validacija metode je ostvarenabilateralnim poređenjem sa Direkcijom za mere i dragocene metale, Grupa za vreme,frekvenciju i distribuciju vremena. Da je moguće realizovati metodu merenja faznogšuma prilikom etaloniranja najkvalitetnijih oscilatora je postavljena hipotezadisertacije, koja je istraživanjem dokazana i praktično sprovedena. Krajnji rezultatistraživanja je doveo do uvođenja priznate metode etaloniranja faznog šuma, prvi put
The dissertation examines the most acceptable methods for measuring the frequency stabilityin the frequency domain, that is, measuring the value of the "phase noise", during the processof measuring equipment calibration. When it comes to measuring equipment as a subject ofcalibration, the dissertation is, first of all, oriented towards the calibration of the highestcommercial frequency standards. The presented researches were the basis for initiation andrealization of the research and development project within the Ministry of Defense, which wasaimed at training the metrology laboratory of the Technical Test Center of the Serbian Armyfor complete calibration of measuring equipment in the area of time and frequency. Differentmeasurement methods also involve different measurement possibilities, as well as a very widerange of calibration and measuring equipment used in their realization. Different methods ofmeasuring phase noise are described in the dissertation and they describe realized methodsbased on available measuring equipment. As for methods of comparative analysis of thereference and measured signal, a particularly critical position is the selection of the reference,that is, the reference oscillator. The research led to conclusions suggesting the method ofmeasuring the necessary and sufficient measurement uncertainty, as well as the method ofrealization of the chosen method, i.e. selection of the standard measuring equipment. In orderto put the measurement method into practice, measurements were performed on differenttypes of measuring equipment. Validation of the method was achieved by bilateralcomparison with the Directorate of Measures and Precious Metals, Group for time, frequencyand time dissemination. The possibility to realize the method of phase noise measurementduring the calibration of the highest quality oscillators is a hypothesis of the dissertation thathas been set up, and has been proven and practically carried out by the research. The finalresult of the research led to the introduction of a recognized calibration method of the phasenoise, for the first time in the Republic of Serbia.
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Godeme, Jean-Jacques. „Ρhase retrieval with nοn-Euclidean Bregman based geοmetry“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC214.
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Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons au problème de reconstruction de phase de signaux à valeurs réelles en dimension finie, un défi rencontré dans de nombreuses disciplines scientifiques et d’ingénierie. Nous explorons deux approches complémentaires : la reconstruction avec et sans régularisation. Dans les deux cas, notre travail se concentre sur la relaxation de l’hypothèse de Lipschitz-continuité généralement requise par les algorithmes de descente du premier ordre, et qui n’est pas valide pour la reconstruction de phase lorsqu’il formulée comme un problème de minimisation. L’idée clé ici est de remplacer la géométrie euclidienne par une divergence de Bregman non euclidienne associée à un noyau générateur approprié. Nous utilisons un algorithme de descente miroir ou de descente à la Bregman avec cette divergence pour résoudre le problème de reconstruction de phase sans régularisation. Nous démontrons des résultats de reconstruction exacte (à un signe global près) à la fois dans un cadre déterministe et avec une forte probabilité pour un nombre suffisant de mesures aléatoires (mesures Gaussiennes et pour des mesures structurées comme la diffraction codée). De plus, nous établissons la stabilité de cette approche vis-à-vis d’un bruit additif faible. En passant à la reconstruction de phase régularisée, nous développons et analysons d’abord un algorithme proximal inertiel à la Bregman pour minimiser la somme de deux fonctions, l’une étant convexe et potentiellement non lisse et la seconde étant relativement lisse dans la géométrie de Bregman. Nous fournissons des garanties de convergence à la fois globale et locale pour cet algorithme. Enfin, nous étudions la reconstruction sans bruit et la stabilité du problème régularisé par un a priori de faible complexité. Pour celà, nous formulons le problème comme la minimisation d’une objective impliquant un terme d’attache aux données non convexe et un terme de régularisation convexe favorisant les solutions conformes à une certaine notion de faible complexité. Nous établissons des conditions pour une reconstruction exacte et stable et fournissons des bornes sur le nombre de mesures aléatoires suffisants pour de garantir que ces conditionssoient remplies. Ces bornes d’échantillonnage dépendent de la faible complexité des signaux à reconstruire. Ces résultats nouveaux permettent d’aller bien au-delà du cas de la reconstruction de phase parcimonieuseIn this work, we investigate the phase retrieval problem of real-valued signals in finite dimension, a challenge encountered across various scientific and engineering disciplines. It explores two complementary approaches: retrieval with and without regularization. In both settings, our work is focused on relaxing the Lipschitz-smoothness assumption generally required by first-order splitting algorithms, and which is not valid for phase retrieval cast as a minimization problem. The key idea here is to replace the Euclidean geometry by a non-Euclidean Bregman divergence associated to an appropriate kernel. We use a Bregman gradient/mirror descent algorithm with this divergence to solve thephase retrieval problem without regularization, and we show exact (up to a global sign) recovery both in a deterministic setting and with high probability for a sufficient number of random measurements (Gaussian and Coded Diffraction Patterns). Furthermore, we establish the robustness of this approachagainst small additive noise. Shifting to regularized phase retrieval, we first develop and analyze an Inertial Bregman Proximal Gradient algorithm for minimizing the sum of two functions in finite dimension, one of which is convex and possibly nonsmooth and the second is relatively smooth in the Bregman geometry. We provide both global and local convergence guarantees for this algorithm. Finally, we study noiseless and stable recovery of low complexity regularized phase retrieval. For this, weformulate the problem as the minimization of an objective functional involving a nonconvex smooth data fidelity term and a convex regularizer promoting solutions conforming to some notion of low-complexity related to their nonsmoothness points. We establish conditions for exact and stable recovery and provide sample complexity bounds for random measurements to ensure that these conditions hold. These sample bounds depend on the low complexity of the signals to be recovered. Our new results allow to go far beyond the case of sparse phase retrieval
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Maury, Rémy. „Réponse d'un jet rond subsonique à une excitation fluidique stationnaire et instationnaire“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2272.
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Ce travail tente d'analyser la réponse d'une jet axisymétrique turbulent à une excitation fluidique stationnaire et instationnaire lorsque le contenu fréquentiel et aziumutal (!,m) de la perturbation est maîtrisé. Le dispositif de contrôle utilisé est composé de 16 microjets ronds répartis sur le bord de fuite de la tuyère. L'utilisation des microjets provoque une réduction du champ acoustique rayonné (particulièrement pour le cas de contrôle stationnaire). Le champ aérodynamique est ensuite sondé grâce à des mesures fil chaud et PIV stéréoscopique résolue en temps. L'excitation instationnaire permet d'utiliser les moyennes de phase afin d'effectuer une décomposition triple du champ de vitesse. L'étude de la composante cyclique de la “réponse du jet” montre une synchronisation spatio-temporelle importante sur une grande étendue spatiale. En d'autres mots, le forçage a une grande autorité déterministe sur l'écoulement. De plus, la comparaison de la composante cyclique de la réponse du jet avec la théorie de la stabilité linéaire indique qu'il existe des ondes d'instabilité hydrodynamique au sein du jet. L'analyse du jet contrôlé par injection fluidique stationnaire montre ensuite comment l'effet du contrôle peut être expliqué par la déformation du champ moyen conduisant à la réduction du taux de croissance des ondes d'instabilité dans le jet. Cette déformation est dûe à l'introduction d'un couple de paramètre (nombre d'onde/fréquences) pour lequel le champ moyen de l'écoulement est stable. La réponse du jet étant turbulente, cela implique que les tensions de Reynolds déforment le champ moyen de manière à ce que les modes les plus instables aient des taux de croissance plus faiblesThis work investigates the response of an axisymetric turbulent jet to steady and unsteady fluidic florcing where the azimuthal wavenumber-frequency (!,m) content of the perturbation is well known. The control setup is composed of 16 round microjets azimutally distributed around the nozzle lip. Such actuation can lead to a decrease in the acoustic energy radiated by the jet (especially for the steady case). The aerodynamic fied is investigated using hotwire measurements and time-resolved stereoscopic PIV. Using the unsteady forcing, phase-averaging is possible, and this allows the implementation of a triple decomposition of the measurements. Examination of the cyclic component of the flow response shows that a non-negligible phase-locked fluctuation is obtained over a large spatial extent, in other words, the actuation has good deterministic control authority over the flow. Furthermore, comparison of the cyclic component of the flow response with Linear Stability Theory supports the idea that the jet response comprises linear hydrodynamic instability waves. Subsequent analysis of jets controlled by steady fluidic actuation shows how the control effect can be explained by a mean-flow modification that leads to the reduction of instability-wave growth rates ; the mean flow modification is argued to be due to the introduction of azimuthal wavenumber-frequency pairs to which the mean flow is stable. The response is therefore turbulent, and involves Reynolds stresses which deform the mean-field such that the most unstable modes have lower growth rates
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Léon, Olivier. „Étude du rayonnement acoustique d'instabilités hydrodynamiques de jets double-flux par les équations de stabilité parabolisées (PSE)“. Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9138/1/leon_partie_1_sur_2.pdf.
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Dans le but de réduire le bruit de jet, source principale de nuisance sonore au décollage d'un avion, une compréhension fine des mécanismes aéroacoustiques mis en jeu est nécessaire. Les structures cohérentes de grande échelle se développant dans la couche de mélange d'un jet semblent responsables d'une part importante du bruit observé en champ lointain, surtout dans les basses fréquences. Une approche permettant d'étudier ces structures turbulentes est fournie par la théorie de stabilité, notamment au moyen des équations de stabilité parabolisées (PSE). L'étude de ces ondes d'instabilité est alors complémentaire d'autres approches (LES ou expériences), puisqu'elle permet de mettre en évidence la nature et la dynamique de ces structures, également présentes dans les résultats de simulations ou de mesures.
Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux structures cohérentes se développant dans des jets à double flux étudiés au cours du projet européen CoJeN (Coaxial Jet Noise). En particulier, nous avons exploité une base de données issues de mesures de fluctuations de pression réalisées en champ proche et en champ lointain de ces jets. Nous avons alors pu comparer les résultats de notre modélisation PSE à ces mesures en périphérie immédiate du jet, confirmant ainsi la pertinence d’un tel modèle, même dans des configurations aussi complexes. De plus, le calcul du rayonnement acoustique en champ lointain engendré par les fluctuations de pression modélisées nous a permis de faire des comparaisons directes avec les niveaux et les directivités mesurés. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence quantitativement la contribution de ces structures turbulentes de grande échelle au bruit total rayonné par le jet.
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Lozi, Julien. „Caractérisation du banc stabilisé d'interférométrie en frange noire PERSÉE“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690642.
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L'observation des exoplanètes pose deux problèmes : le contraste entre la planète et l'étoile et leur très faible séparation. L'une des techniques permettant de résoudre ces difficultés est l'interférométrie en frange noire : deux pupilles sont recombinés pour faire une interférence destructive sur l'étoile, et leur base est réglée pour que l'interférence soit constructive sur la planète. Cependant, pour garantir une extinction suffisante de l'étoile, la différence de trajet optique entre les faisceaux doit être de l'ordre du nanomètre, et le pointage meilleur que le centième de tache d'Airy, malgré les perturbations extérieures.Pour valider les points critiques d'une telle mission spatiale, un démonstrateur de laboratoire, PERSÉE, a été défini par un consortium dirigé par le CNES et incluant l'IAS, le LESIA, l'ONERA, l'OCA et Thales Alenia Space puis intégré à l'Observatoire de Meudon. Ce banc simule une mission spatiale dans son ensemble (interféromètre et cophasage nanométrique). Son objectif est de délivrer et maintenir une extinction de 10^-4 stabilisé à mieux que 10^-5 sur plusieurs heures, en présence de perturbations typiques que l'on injecte.Mon travail de thèse a consisté à intégrer le banc en étapes successives et à développer des procédures d'étalonnage. Ceci m'a aidé à caractériser les différents éléments critiques séparément avant de les regrouper. Après avoir mis en œuvre les boucles de contrôle du cophasage, leur analyse précise m'a permis de réduire à 0,3 nm rms le résidu de différence de marche, et à 0,4 % de la tache d'Airy le résidu de tip/tilt, malgré la présence de perturbations d'une dizaine de nanomètres d'amplitude, constituées de plusieurs dizaines de fréquences vibratoires entre 1 et 100 Hz. Cela a été possible grâce à l'implémentation d'un contrôleur linéaire quadratique gaussien, paramétré par la mesure préalable de la perturbation pour la réduire au maximum. Grâce à ces très bons résultats, j'ai pu obtenir un taux d'extinction record sur la bande [1,65 - 2,45] µm de 8,8x10^-6 stabilisé à 9x10^-7 sur quelques heures, soit une décade meilleure que les spécifications initiales. L'extrapolation de ces résultats au cas d'une mission spatiale montre que les performances attendues sont atteignables si le flux disponible est suffisamment important. Avec des télescopes de 40 cm et une fréquence d'asservissement de l'ordre de 100 Hz, des étoiles de magnitude inférieure à 9 devraient être observables.
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Lozi, Julien. „Caractérisation du banc stabilisé d’interférométrie en frange noire PERSÉE“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112047/document.
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L'observation des exoplanètes pose deux problèmes : le contraste entre la planète et l'étoile et leur très faible séparation. L'une des techniques permettant de résoudre ces difficultés est l'interférométrie en frange noire : deux pupilles sont recombinés pour faire une interférence destructive sur l'étoile, et leur base est réglée pour que l'interférence soit constructive sur la planète. Cependant, pour garantir une extinction suffisante de l'étoile, la différence de trajet optique entre les faisceaux doit être de l'ordre du nanomètre, et le pointage meilleur que le centième de tache d'Airy, malgré les perturbations extérieures.Pour valider les points critiques d'une telle mission spatiale, un démonstrateur de laboratoire, PERSÉE, a été défini par un consortium dirigé par le CNES et incluant l'IAS, le LESIA, l'ONERA, l'OCA et Thales Alenia Space puis intégré à l'Observatoire de Meudon. Ce banc simule une mission spatiale dans son ensemble (interféromètre et cophasage nanométrique). Son objectif est de délivrer et maintenir une extinction de 10^-4 stabilisé à mieux que 10^-5 sur plusieurs heures, en présence de perturbations typiques que l'on injecte.Mon travail de thèse a consisté à intégrer le banc en étapes successives et à développer des procédures d'étalonnage. Ceci m'a aidé à caractériser les différents éléments critiques séparément avant de les regrouper. Après avoir mis en œuvre les boucles de contrôle du cophasage, leur analyse précise m'a permis de réduire à 0,3 nm rms le résidu de différence de marche, et à 0,4 % de la tache d'Airy le résidu de tip/tilt, malgré la présence de perturbations d'une dizaine de nanomètres d'amplitude, constituées de plusieurs dizaines de fréquences vibratoires entre 1 et 100 Hz. Cela a été possible grâce à l'implémentation d'un contrôleur linéaire quadratique gaussien, paramétré par la mesure préalable de la perturbation pour la réduire au maximum. Grâce à ces très bons résultats, j'ai pu obtenir un taux d'extinction record sur la bande [1,65 – 2,45] µm de 8,8x10^-6 stabilisé à 9x10^-7 sur quelques heures, soit une décade meilleure que les spécifications initiales. L'extrapolation de ces résultats au cas d'une mission spatiale montre que les performances attendues sont atteignables si le flux disponible est suffisamment important. Avec des télescopes de 40 cm et une fréquence d'asservissement de l'ordre de 100 Hz, des étoiles de magnitude inférieure à 9 devraient être observablesThere are two problems with the observation of exoplanets: the contrast between the planet and the star and their very low separation. One technique solving these problems is nulling interferometry: two pupils are recombined to make a destructive interference on the star, and their base is adjusted to create a constructive interference on the planet. However, to ensure a sufficient extinction of the star, the optical path difference between the beams must be around the nanometer, and the pointing must be better than one hundredth of Airy disk, despite the external disturbances.To validate the critical points of such a space mission, a laboratory demonstrator, PERSÉE, was defined by a consortium led by CNES, including IAS, LESIA, ONERA, OCA and Thales Alenia Space and integrated in Meudon Observatory. This bench simulates the entire space mission (interferometer and nanometric cophasing system). Its goal is to deliver and maintain an extinction of 10^-4 stable at better than 10^-5 over a few hours in the presence of typical injected disturbances.My thesis work consisted in integrating the bench in successive stages and to develop calibration procedures. This helped me to characterize the critical elements separately before grouping them. After having implemented the control loops of the cophasing system, their precise analysis helped me to reduce down to 0.3 nm rms the residual OPD, and 0.4 % of the Airy disk the residual tip/tilt, despite disturbances of tens of nanometers, consisting of several tens of vibrational frequencies between 1 and 100 Hz. This has been achieved by the implementation of a linear quadratic Gaussian controller, parameterized by the preliminary measurement of the disturbance to minimize. Thanks to these excellent results, I obtained on the band [1.65 – 2.45] µm a record null rate of 8.8x10^-6 stabilized at 9x10^-7 over a few hours, a decade better than the original specifications. An extrapolation of these results to the case of a space mission shows that the expected performance is achievable if the available flux is sufficiently important. With telescopes of 40 cm and a control frequency around 100 Hz, stars brighter than magnitude 9 should be observable
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Barbagallo, Alexandre. „Model reduction and closed-loop control of oscillator and noise-amplifier flows“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/65/49/30/PDF/Barbagallo_PhDThesis.pdf.
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This work deals with the closed-loop control of disturbances which develop linearly in laminar and incompressible flows. The control of both oscillator and amplifier flows is assessed. We consider a LQG control strategy in which the control law is computed using a reduced-order model of the flow. This reduced-order model is obtained by a Petrov-Galerkin projection. The first part is devoted to the stabilization of an open cavity flow which behaves as an oscillator. It is shown that the unstable subspace of the flow (the unstable global modes) and the input-output behaviour between the actuator and the sensor of the stable subspace must be captured by the reduced-order model to stabilize the system. Global modes, POD modes and BPOD modes are successively evaluated as projection bases to construct a reduced-order model of the stable part of the flow. It appears that global modes are not able to reproduce the input-output behaviour of the stable part of the flow and subsequently may only stabilize the flow if the instability is very weak (close to the criticality). On the contrary, reduced-order models based on POD modes and BPOD modes efficiently extract the input-output dynamic of the stable subspace and are successful to stabilize the flow. The second part of this work is dedicated to the reduction of the disturbances' amplification on a backward facing step. The influence of the sensor's location and of the cost functional on the performance of the compensator is studied. It is shown that the truncation of the reduced-order model may lead to an unstable closed-loop system. Finally, the possibility to control a non-linear simulation using a linear compensator is evaluatedCe travail est consacré au contrôle en boucle fermée des perturbations se développant linéairement dans des écoulements laminaires et incompressibles de types oscillateurs et amplificateurs de bruit. La loi de contrôle, calculée selon la théorie du contrôle LQG, est basée sur un modèle d'ordre réduit de l'écoulement obtenu par projection de Petrov-Galerkin. La stabilisation d'un écoulement de cavité de type oscillateur est traitée dans une première partie. Il est montré que la totalité de la partie instable de l'écoulement (les modes globaux instables) ainsi que la relation entrée-sortie (action de l'actionneur sur le capteur) de la partie stable doivent être captées par le modèle réduit afin de stabiliser le système. Les modes globaux, modes POD et modes BPOD sont successivement évalués comme bases de projection pour modéliser la partie stable. Les modes globaux ne parviennent pas à reproduire le comportement entrée-sortie de la partie stable et par conséquent ne peuvent stabiliser l'écoulement que lorsque l'instabilité du système est initialement faible (nombre de Reynolds proche de la criticité). En revanche, les modes POD et plus particulièrement BPOD sont capable d'extraire la dynamique entrée-sortie stable et permettent de stabiliser efficacement l'écoulement. La seconde partie de ce travail est consacrée à la réduction de l'amplification des perturbations sur une marche descendante. L'influence de la localisation du capteur et de la fonctionnelle de coût sur la performance du compensateur est étudiée. Il est montré que la troncature du modèle réduit peut rendre le système bouclé instable. Finalement, la possibilité de contrôler une simulation non-linéaire avec un modèle linéaire est évaluée
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Corradi, Grégoire. „Approches numérique et expérimentale pour des structures à interfaces frottantes : Application au crissement de frein“. Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC044.
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Les systèmes de freins sont parfois sujets au crissement qui sont des vibrations auto-entretenues induites par le frottement et caractérisées par un contenu fréquentiel formé de raies à hautes fréquences supérieures à 1kHz. Ces vibrations et bruits intenses sont une source de gêne pour les usagers automobile, un problème de santé publique pour les riverains de gares lors du freinage de TGV et peuvent amener à l'endommagement du train d'atterrissage sur les avions.Afin de comprendre ce phénomène et pour le reproduire numériquement, une stratégie complète d'étude est développée. Elle se base sur l'observation expérimentale d'essais de crissement sur un banc d'essais qui permet de formuler des hypothèses de modélisation. Ces dernières sont un guide pour la construction d'un modèle numérique de frein simple. Une méthode de Double Synthèse Modale est appliquée au modèle afin d'en réduire la taille et de permettre des simulation numériques en temps raisonnable et ne nécessitant pas trop de ressources informatiques.La démarche numérique qui suit commence classiquement par une analyse de stabilité par la méthode CEA où les valeurs propres du modèle linéarisé autour de la position d'équilibre glissante sont évaluées. Puis une intégration temporelle est effectuée dans les cas détectés comme instables afin de calculer les niveaux de vibrations. L'étude se termine par une estimation du champ acoustique rayonné par la structure complète.Dans chacune des phases de l'analyse numérique, des outils spécifiques sont utilisés pour comparer le modèle de référence aux modèles obtenus par les deux étapes de réduction. Un critère d'erreur sur les valeurs propres et un critère de MAC sont utilisés pour l'analyse de stabilité. Pour l'étude temporelle, les allures des signaux sont comparées, ainsi que leurs cycles limites et leurs spectrogrammes. Les participations des modes instables sont également calculées pour observer le régime transitoire. En ce qui concerne la partie acoustique, les signaux sont comparés dans un premier temps de façon qualitative pour observer les différences entre les champs émis en fonction des différentes tailles de bases de réduction. Puis un outil basé sur une décomposition en 2D par wavelet des motifs acoustiques est introduit et appliqué pour estimer de façon quantitative les convergences des champs rayonnésBrake systems are sometimes prone to squeal noise, which is due to friction-induced self-sustained vibrations, characterized by a set of frequencies above 1kHz. Those vibrations and resulting noises are a source of perturbations for car occupants, which can be nowadays considered as a health issue.This thesis deals with a global strategy to better understand this phenomenon from an experimental point of view and to propose the prediction of squeal noise by numerical approaches. Moreover, experimental observations of squeal occurrences are analyzed to lead to assumptions about the modelisation of numerical finite element models for squeal prediction. A Double Modal Synthesis is also applied to reduce the size of the discrete finite element model of brake system and to save computational time and ressources. The proposed numerical approach starts with a stability analysis with the classical CEA method. Then the determination of nonlinear self-excited vibrations are performed for the unstable cases detected via the CEA method. Finally the acoustic field emitted by the brake system is computed to predict squeal noise.Specific tools are applied for each computational step to assess the efficiency of reduced model versus the reference model: criteria based on the mean error on eigenvalues and the Modal Assurance Criterion analysis (MAC) are used for the stability analysis; comparisons of the limit cycles, spectrograms and the modal contributions of unstable modes are undertaken for the transient responses; patterns of the acoustic intensity are computed on several observations surfaces and a decomposition based on the theory of 2D wavelets is introduced and applied to assess the convergence of patterns
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Paes, Torquato Luciane. „Modélisation de la stabilité dimensionnelle et des propriétés mécaniques du bois d’épinette noire“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68341.
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Les propriétés de flexion et la stabilité dimensionnelle sont des propriétés déterminantes pour le potentiel d’utilisation du bois dans les structures de bâtiments et les produits à valeur ajoutée. Une connaissance détaillée des patrons de variation des propriétés du bois à l’intérieur de l’arbre est essentielle pour optimiser l’usage de cette ressource renouvelable et développer des produits hautement performants. L’objectif général de cette recherche doctorale était de caractériser et modéliser les patrons de variation des propriétés de flexion et de la stabilité dimensionnelle du bois à l’intérieur de l’arbre en fonction de différents paramètres (l’âge cambial, hauteur dans la tige, largeur des cernes) et en tenant compte de l’historique des peuplements. Cet objectif fut poursuivi au moyen des objectifs spécifiques suivants: décrire le patron de variation des propriétés physico-mécaniques de la moelle vers l’écorce (c.-à-d. en fonction de l’âge cambial) et dans l’axe longitudinal de la tige ; modéliser l’effet du taux de croissance radiale sur les propriétés physico-mécaniques ; modéliser l’effet de la masse volumique basale du bois sur les propriétés physico-mécaniques et examiner les différences entre les deux types de structures de peuplements (régulier et irrégulier). L’étude a porté sur l’épinette noire (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P), une espèce de grande importance commerciale au Canada. Soixante arbres ont été échantillonnés dans 12 peuplements localisés au nord et au sud de la Côte-Nord, 30 arbres dans 6 peuplements de la région de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue et 42 arbres provenant de la région du Lac-Saint-Jean. Une approche de modélisation statistique a été utilisée pour rapporter les paramètres de résistance à la flexion, de rigidité et de stabilité dimensionnelle à des variables telles que l'âge cambial et le taux de croissance annuel. Les peuplements ont été échantillonnés avec un temps connu depuis le passage du dernier feu, car cela est connu pour influencer la structure du peuplement et la croissance des arbres. Les résultats ont confirmé que l'âge cambial est clairement la source la plus importante de la variation en direction radiale des propriétés du bois, lequel pourrait être utilisé comme variable prédictive. La largeur des cernes annuels a eu une influence additionnelle faible pour expliquer les variations des propriétés mécaniques et celles de stabilité dimensionnelle. Le bois des arbres à croissance plus rapide des peuplements réguliers avait des propriétés mécaniques supérieures, et était moins stable en termes de dimensions. Les arbres à croissance lente issus de peuplements irréguliers pourraient produire du bois final moins dense, ce qui tendrait à diminuer les propriétésBending strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability of wood are determining properties fortheir potential use in building structure and added-value products. A detailed knowledge of the variation patterns of the properties inside a tree is essential to optimize the use of this renewable resource and to develop high-performance products. This PhD project’s goal is to characterize and model the variation pattern for bending strength, stiffness, and dimensional stability within the tree as a function of different parameters (radial distance, the height ofthe stem, the ring width) and taking into account the history of the stands. This general objective was pursued by the means of the specific objectives to : 1) describe the variation pattern of the physico-mechanical properties from pith to the bark (i.e. as a function ofcambial age) and in the longitudinal axis of the stem; 2) model the effect of the radial growth rate on the physico-mechanical properties; 3) model the effect of the basic specific densityon the physico-mechanical properties and examine the differences between the two types of stand structures (regular and irregular). The study focused on black spruce (Picea mariana[Mill.] B.S.P.), a species of high commercial importance in Canada. Sixty trees were sampled in twelve stands located north and south of the North Shore region, thirty trees in six standsin Abitibi-Témiscamingue and forty-two trees from Lac Saint-Jean. This study used astatistical modelling approach to relate flexural strength, stiffness and dimensional stability parameters to variables such as cambial age and annual growth rate. The stands were sampled with a known time since the last fire because this is known to influence stand structure and tree growth. The results confirmed that cambial age is clearly the most important source ofradial direction variation in wood properties, which could be used as a predictive variable. The ring width had a small additional influence to explain the variations in mechanical and dimensional stability properties. The fast-growing wood in regular stands had superior mechanical properties and were less dimensionally stable. Slow-growing trees from unevenaged, irregular stands may produce less dense late wood, which would tend to reduce mechanical properties and increase the dimensional stability of the material. Thus, these properties may be affected by the patterns of intra-ring variation in wood density. The effect of stand type on the wood physico-mechanical properties may also be due to the presence of mild compression wood, which can occur in trees of layer origin or in trees subjected togreater or more complex mechanical stimuli. Analyses also indicate that wood density and cambial age measurements can be used to estimate dimensional stability and mechanical properties. In addition, prediction indices have shown that it is preferable to predict dimensional stability from MOE and cambial age measurements rather than opting for the opposite case, i.e., estimating mechanical properties from dimensional stability. These results could have practical implications for decision-making in forest management and wood allocation. The selection of forest stands to produce black spruce wood for either high dimensional stability or high mechanical properties may be an interesting option that emerges from our results. In general, the modelling results were able to clearly characterize the differences between the two types of stand structures. However, further fundamental researchis needed to elucidate the mechanisms of wood formation that are responsible for differences in properties related to the growth environment in these two types of stand, including the internal structure of growth rings and the ultrastructure and chemical composition of the cell wall of wood tracheids, in order to obtain a more complete tool of simulation of wood qualityfor black spruce.