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Slusher, Richart E., und Bernard Yurke. „Squeezed Light“. Scientific American 258, Nr. 5 (Mai 1988): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0588-50.
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Yang, Wenhai, Wenting Diao, Chunxiao Cai, Tao Wu, Ke Wu, Yu Li, Cong Li et al. „A Bright Squeezed Light Source for Quantum Sensing“. Chemosensors 11, Nr. 1 (25.12.2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010018.
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The use of optical sensing for in vivo applications is compelling, since it offers the advantages of non-invasiveness, non-ionizing radiation, and real-time monitoring. However, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optical signal deteriorates dramatically as the biological tissue increases. Although increasing laser power can improve the SNR, intense lasers can severely disturb biological processes and viability. Quantum sensing with bright squeezed light can make the measurement sensitivity break through the quantum noise limit under weak laser conditions. A bright squeezed light source is demonstrated to avoid the deterioration of SNR and biological damage, which integrates an external cavity frequency-doubled laser, a semi-monolithic standing cavity with periodically poled titanyl phosphate (PPKTP), and a balanced homodyne detector (BHD) assembled on a dedicated breadboard. With the rational design of the mechanical elements, the optical layout, and the feedback control equipment, a maximum non-classical noise reduction of −10.7 ± 0.2 dB is observed. The average squeeze of −10 ± 0.2 dB in continuous operation for 60 min is demonstrated. Finally, the intracavity loss of degenerate optical parametric amplifier (DOPA) and the initial bright squeezed light can be calculated to be 0.0021 and −15.5 ± 0.2 dB, respectively. Through the above experimental and theoretical analysis, the direction of improving bright squeeze level is pointed out.
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Slusher, R. E., P. Grangier, A. LaPorta, B. Yurke und M. J. Potasek. „Pulsed Squeezed Light“. Physical Review Letters 59, Nr. 22 (30.11.1987): 2566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.59.2566.
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Wheeler, James T. „Gravitationally squeezed light“. General Relativity and Gravitation 21, Nr. 3 (März 1989): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00764102.
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The non-classical light resonance on the cesium D<sub>1</sub> (894.6 nm) line has important applications in solid-state quantum information networks due to its unique advantages. The cesium D<sub>1</sub> line has a simplified hyperfine structure and can be used to realize a light-atom interface. In our previous work, we demonstrated 2.8-dB quadrature squeezed vacuum light at cesium D<sub>1</sub> line in an optical parametric oscillator(OPO) with a periodically poled KTP(PPKTP) crystal. However, the squeezing level is relatively low, and the tunability that has practical significance for squeezed light has not been further investigated. Theoretically, the increase of the transmittance of output mirror and the decrease of the intra-cavity loss of the OPO can improve the squeezing level. Here, we use super-polished and optimal coating cavity mirrors to improve the nonlinear process in OPO. We prepare 447.3 nm blue light from 894.6 nm fundamental light by a second harmonic generation cavity (SHG). The SHG is a two-mirror standing-wave cavity with a PPKTP crystal as the nonlinear medium. The power of generated blue laser is 32 mW when the incident infrared power is 120 mW. Using the blue light to pump an OPO, we achieve quadrature squeezed vacuum light at cesium D<sub>1</sub> line. The OPO is a two-mirror standing-wave cavity with a PPKTP crystal. The threshold of OPO is reduced to 28 mW. The squeezing level of generated quadrature squeezed vacuum light is increased to 3.3 dB when the pump power is 15 mW. Taking into account the overall detection efficiency, the actual squeezing reaches 5.5 dB. We inject a weak signal beam into the OPO cavity to act as an optical parametric amplifier (OPA), and test the tunability of squeezzed light. The blue light and the squeezed light are tuned by using a low-frequency triangular wave signal to scan the Ti: sapphire laser. Gradually increasing the amplitude of the scanning triangle wave signal, the generated bright squeezed light can be continuously tuned over a range around 80 MHz without losing the stability of the whole system. The generated squeezed light offers the possibility for the efficient coupling between the non-classical source and solid medium in the process of quantum interface.
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Mehmet, Moritz, und Henning Vahlbruch. „The Squeezed Light Source for the Advanced Virgo Detector in the Observation Run O3“. Galaxies 8, Nr. 4 (26.11.2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies8040079.
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From 1 April 2019 to 27 March 2020, the Advanced Virgo detector, together with the two Advanced LIGO detectors, conducted the third joint scientific observation run O3, aiming for further detections of gravitational wave signals from astrophysical sources. One of the upgrades to the Virgo detector for O3 was the implementation of the squeezed light technology to improve the detector sensitivity beyond its classical quantum shot noise limit. In this paper, we present a detailed description of the optical setup and performance of the employed squeezed light source. The squeezer was constructed as an independent, stand-alone sub-system operated in air. The generated squeezed states are tailored to exhibit high purity at intermediate squeezing levels in order to significantly reduce the interferometer shot noise level while keeping the correlated enhancement of quantum radiation pressure noise just below the actual remaining technical noise in the Advanced Virgo detector.
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Polzik, E. S., J. Carri und H. J. Kimble. „Spectroscopy with squeezed light“. Physical Review Letters 68, Nr. 20 (18.05.1992): 3020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.68.3020.
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Schucan, Gian-Mattia. „Generation of squeezed light in semiconductors“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:417b1d31-8d25-42db-b707-32bd460b4183.
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We present experimental studies based on all three methods by which the generation of squeezed light in semiconductors has thus far been demonstrated experimentally: Fourwave mixing, multi-photon absorption and direct generation at the source. Four-wave mixing was used to generate femtosecond-pulsed quadrature squeezed light by cross-phase modulation in single-crystal hexagonal CdSe at wavelengths between 1.42 and 1.55 μm. We measured 0.4 dB squeezing (1.1 dB is inferred at the crystal) using 100 fs pulses. The wavelength and the intensity dependence, as well as variations in the local oscillator configuration were investigated. At higher intensities squeezing was shown to deteriorate owing to competing nonlinear processes. We also characterised the nonlinear optical properties of CdSe in this wavelengths range using an interferometric autocorrelator. In addition, we studied the feasibility of extending this technique to AlGaAs waveguides. The key problems are addressed and solutions are proposed. In a different experiment we used an AlGaAs waveguide to demonstrate for the first time photon-number squeezing by multi-photon absorption. By tuning the pump energy through the half bandgap energy we could effectively select two- or three-photon absorption as the dominant mechanism. Squeezing by these two mechanisms could be clearly distinguished and was found to be in good agreement with longstanding theoretical predictions. We also established the generality of the effect, by demonstrating the same mechanism in organic semiconductors, where it led to the first ever observation of squeezed light in an organic material. Finally, we present our measurements of photon-number squeezing in high-efficiency double heterojunction AlGaAs light-emitting diodes. We measured squeezing of up to 2.0 dB. In addition, we observed quantum noise correlations when several of these devices were connected in series.
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Zhou, Peng. „Interactions of atoms with squeezed light“. Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337055.
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Lyubomirsky, Ilya. „Quantum reality and squeezed states of light“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36431.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-71). by Ilya Lyubomirsky. M.S.
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Daly, Elizabeth Marion. „Generation, measurement, and application of pulsed squeezed light“. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367066.
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Nee, Phillip Tsefung. „Generation of squeezed light via second harmonic generation“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34050.
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Ast, Stefan [Verfasser]. „New approaches in squeezed light generation : quantum states of light with GHz squeezing bandwidth and squeezed light generation via the cascaded Kerr effect / Stefan Ast“. Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072062666/34.
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Lam, Ping Koy, und Ping Lam@anu edu au. „Applications of Quantum Electro-Optic Control and Squeezed Light“. The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 1999. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030611.170800.
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In this thesis, we report the observations of optical squeezing from second harmonic generation (SHG), optical parametric oscillation (OPO) and optical parametric amplification (OPA). Demonstrations and proposals of applications involving the squeezed light and electro-optic control loops are presented.
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In our SHG setup, we report the observation of 2.1 dB of intensity squeezing on the second harmonic (SH) output. Investigations into the system show that the squeezing performance of a SHG system is critically affected by the pump noise and a modular theory of noise propagation is developed to describe and quantify this effect. Our experimental data has also shown that in a low-loss SHG system, intra-cavity nondegenerate OPO modes can simultaneously occur. This competition of nonlinear processes leads to the optical clamping of the SH output power and in general can degrade the SH squeezing. We model this competition and show that it imposes a limit to the observable SH squeezing. Proposals for minimizing the effect of competition are presented.
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In our OPO setup, we report the observation of 7.1 dB of vacuum squeezing and more than 4 dB of intensity squeezing when the OPO is operating as a parametric amplifier. We present the design criteria and discuss the limits to the observable squeezing from the OPO.We attribute the large amount of squeezing obtained in our experiment to the high escape efficiency of the OPO. The effect of phase jitter on the squeezing of the vacuum state is modeled.
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The quantum noise performance of an electro-optic feedforward control loop is investigated. With classical coherent inputs, we demonstrate that vacuum fluctuations introduced at the beam splitter of the control loop can be completely cancelled by an optimum amount of positive feedforward. The cancellation of vacuum fluctuations leads to the possibility of noiseless signal amplification with the feedforward loop. Comparison shows that the feedforward amplifier is superior or at least comparable in performance with other noiseless amplification schemes. When combined with an injection-locked non-planar ring Nd:YAG laser, we demonstrate that signal and power amplifications can both be noiseless and independently variable.
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Using squeezed inputs to the feedforward control loop, we demonstrate that information carrying squeezed states can be made robust to large downstream transmission losses via a noiseless signal amplification. We show that the combination of a squeezed vacuum meter input and a feedforward loop is a quantum nondemolition (QND) device, with the feedforward loop providing an additional improvement on the transfer of signal. In general, the use of a squeezed vacuum meter input and an electro-optic feedforward loop can provide pre- and post- enhancements to many existing QND schemes.
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Finally, we proposed that the quantum teleportation of a continuous-wave optical state can be achieved using a pair of phase and amplitude electro-optic feedforward loops with two orthogonal quadrature squeezed inputs. The signal transfer and quantum correlation of the teleported optical state are analysed. We show that a two dimensional diagram, similar to the QND figures of merits, can be used to quantify the performance of a teleporter.
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Leonardi, Matteo. „Development of a squeezed light source prototype for Advanced Virgo“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369305.
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A century after the prediction of the existence of gravitational waves by A. Einstein and after over fifty years of experimental efforts, gravitational waves have been detected at Earth directly. This result is a major achievement and opens new prospectives for the exploration of our universe. Gravitational waves carry different and complementary information about the source with respect to electromagnetic signals. In particular the first detection demonstrated the existence of stellar-mass black holes, binary systems of black holes and their coalescence.
The detection was made by the LIGO instruments which are twin kilometer-scale Michelson interferometers in the US. These detectors represent the second generation of gravitational wave interferometers and, for the first time, they achieved the outstanding strain sensitivity of 10^(-23) Hz^(-1/2) between 90Hz and 400Hz. In the next months the LIGO network will be joined by another second generation detector: Advanced Virgo located near Pisa, Italy. The sensitivity of these advanced detectors is set by different noise sources. In particular, in the low frequency range (below 100Hz) major contributions come from thermal noises, gravity gradient noise and radiation pressure noise; instead, the high frequency band (above 100-200Hz) is dominated by shot noise. Quantum noise (radiation pressure and shot noise) is expected to dominate the detector sensitivity in the whole frequency band at the final target laser input power. To decrease the shot noise while increasing the radiation-pressure noise, or vice-versa, Caves \cite{Caves1981} proposed in 1981 the idea of the squeezed-state technique. The LIGO collaboration demonstrated for the first time in 2011 that the injection of a squeezed vacuum state into the dark port of the interferometer can reduce the shot noise due to the quantum nature of light. This result was achieved with the German-British interferometer GEO600 and was replicated in 2013 with the LIGO interferometer at Livingston. After these results, the LIGO collaboration have pursued further the research in the squeezed-state technique which is considered mandatory for third generation of ground based interferometric detectors. In 2013, the Virgo collaboration started developing the squeezed-state technique. The subject of my thesis is the realization of a prototype of frequency independent squeezed vacuum state source to be injected in Advanced Virgo. This prototype is developed in collaboration with other Virgo groups.
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NATO, Advanced Research Workshop on Squeezed and Non-classical Light (1988 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy). Squeezed and nonclassical light. New York: Plenum Press, 1989.
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Fan, Hongyi. Kai fang xi tong liang zi tui xiang gan de jiu chan tai biao xiang lun. 8. Aufl. Shanghai Shi: Shanghai jiao tong da xue chu ban she, 2010.
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Fan, Hongyi. Kai fang xi tong liang zi tui xiang gan de jiu chan tai biao xiang lun. 8. Aufl. Shanghai Shi: Shanghai jiao tong da xue chu ban she, 2010.
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International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations (6th 1999 Naples, Italy). Sixth International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations: Proceedings of a conference held at Naples, Italy, May 24-29, 1999. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 2000.
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LaPierre, Ray. „Squeezed Light“. In Getting Started in Quantum Optics, 139–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12432-7_15.
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Slusher, R. E., A. LaPorta, P. Grangier und B. Yurke. „Pulsed Squeezed Light“. In Squeezed and Nonclassical Light, 39–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6574-8_3.
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Muendel, M. H., G. Wagner, J. Gea-Banacloche und G. Leuchs. „Squeezed States of Light“. In Gravitational Wave Data Analysis, 135–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1185-7_10.
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Giacobino, E. „Generation of Squeezed Light“. In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 27–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76373-1_3.
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Meystre, Pierre, und Murray Sargent. „Squeezed States of Light“. In Elements of Quantum Optics, 436–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11654-8_16.
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Meystre, Pierre, und Murray Sargent. „Squeezed States of Light“. In Elements of Quantum Optics, 425–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07007-9_16.
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Kimble, H. J. „Squeezed States of Light“. In Advances in Chemical Physics, 859–65. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470141229.ch20.
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Meystre, Pierre, und Murray Sargent. „Squeezed States of Light“. In Elements of Quantum Optics, 409–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74211-1_17.
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Meystre, Pierre, und Murray Sargent. „Squeezed States of Light“. In Elements of Quantum Optics, 360–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03877-2_17.
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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Squeezed light":
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Soh, Daniel, und Matt Eichenfield. „Bright Squeezed Light from Dissipative Optomechanical Light Squeezer.“ In Proposed for presentation at the APS March Meeting 2022 held March 14-18, 2022 in Chicago, Illinois. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2001901.
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The generation of nonclassical light has recently received a great deal of attention because three forms of it have now been observed in the laboratory: antibunched light, photon-number-squeezed (or sub-Poisson) light, and quadrature-squeezed light. These characteristics may, but need not, accompany each other in any given light source. Nonclassical light has been produced in experiments using resonance fluorescence, the Franck-Hertz effect, parametric interact ions, and semiconductor light sources. It is likely to be useful in providing new insights in various physical and biological processes, and in applications such as lightwave communications. Some of the characteristics, methods of generation, and expected uses of squeezed light will be addressed.
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Slusher, Richard E., B. Yurke, P. Grangier, A. La Porta und M. J. Potasek. „Pulsed squeezed light“. In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.mq8.
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The degree of squeezing generated by parametric downconversion or four-wave mixing can be limited by the ratio of the nonlinear coupling to the linear losses in many practical systems. This ratio can be enhanced by increasing the pump power used for the nonlinear coupling in many solid nonlinear systems where the linear losses are not directly related to the nonlinear squeezing process. Pulsed pump sources are attractive for optimizing the nonlinear coupling-to-loss ratio. We have shown1 that homodyne detection can be used to detect the pulsed squeezing generated by a mode-locked pulse train from the pump laser. A portion of the pump beam is used as the local oscillator which stroboscopically samples portions of the squeezed light pulse train. The amount of squeezing which can be measured as a function of the relative durations of the pump and local oscillator pulses is shown. Progress of recent experiments using both four-wave mixing and parametric downconversion is described.
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Kimble, H. J. „Squeezed states of light“. In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.ma1.
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Squeezed states of the electromagnetic field are characterized by a reduction of fluctuations for one of two quadrature phase amplitudes below the level of fluctuations for the vacuum state. This reduction is a manifestly quantum or nonclassical feature which is of great interest in its own right but also potentially important for precision measurement with sensitivity beyond the shot-noise or vacuum-state limit. We describe three different experiments in which squeezed light has been generated in our laboratory involving parametric downconversion, intracavity frequency doubling, and optical bistability with two-state atoms. By employing the squeezed light produced by a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator, we have achieved improvements in sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit for the detection of both phase and amplitude changes of the electromagnetic field. An alternate route to sensitivity beyond the vacuum-state limit is through quantum nondemolition measurement, where we have suggested and are implementing a scheme involving parametric conversion and polarization mixing.
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Teich, Malvin C. „Squeezed states of light“. In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.me1.
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Breitenbach, G., S. Schiller und J. Mlynek. „Quantum Statistics of Bright Squeezed Light and Squeezed Vacuum“. In EQEC'96. 1996 European Quantum Electronic Conference. IEEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eqec.1996.561518.
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Glasser, Ryan T., Wenlei Zhang, Erin M. Knutson, Sara K. Wyllie, Jonathan S. Cross und Onur Danaci. „Multimode squeezed light and coupled squeezed vacuum (Conference Presentation)“. In Optical, Opto-Atomic, and Entanglement-Enhanced Precision Metrology II, herausgegeben von Selim M. Shahriar und Jacob Scheuer. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2552673.
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Kerdoncuf, Hugo, Jesper B. Christensen und Mikael Ø. Lassen. „Quantum frequency conversion of vacuum squeezed light to bright tunable blue squeezed light“. In Quantum Sensing, Imaging, and Precision Metrology, herausgegeben von Selim M. Shahriar und Jacob Scheuer. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2646662.
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Janszky, J., Y. Yushin, C. Sibilia und M. Bertolotti. „Optical Processing Of Squeezed Light“. In Intl Conf on Trends in Quantum Electronics, herausgegeben von Ioan Ursu. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.950642.
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Batygin, V. V., D. V. Kupriyanov und I. M. Sokolov. „Correlation spectroscopy with squeezed light“. In International Conference on Coherent and Nonlinear Optics, herausgegeben von Sergei N. Bagayev und Anatoly S. Chirkin. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.239843.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Squeezed light":
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Haus, Hermann A., Karen Bergman und Luc Boivin. Interferometric Measurement with Squeezed Light. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, März 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada292402.
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Haus, Hermann A. Interferometric Measurement with Squeezed Light. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Januar 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada260910.
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Haus, Hermann, und E. P. Ippen. Interferometric Measurement with Squeezed Light. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Februar 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada304820.
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Haus, H. A. Interferometric Measurement With Squeezed Light. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Februar 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada276234.
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Soh, Daniel, Scott Bisson und Joseph Bartolick. Squeezed light quantum imaging - experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1891698.
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Soh, Daniel. Quantum Super-resolution Bioimaging using Massively Entangled Multimode Squeezed Light. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1660796.
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Gourley, Paul Lee, Robert Guild Copeland, Anthony Eugene McDonald, Judy K. Hendricks und Robert K. Naviaux. Quantum squeezed light for probing mitochondrial membranes and study of neuroprotectants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921140.
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Sembler, Jose Ignacio, Diether Beuermann, Carlos Elías und Cheryl Gray. IDB-9: Country Programming. Inter-American Development Bank, März 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010515.
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This paper analyzes whether IDB-9 requirements surrounding the country programming process of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or Bank) are being implemented fully and effectively. The country programming process includes two documents: the Country Strategy, which provides a multiyear overview of the Bank¿s work program; and an annual document that lays out lending allocations and the work program. The main requirements of IDB-9 related to country programming are that Country Strategies include development and macro-fiscal frameworks, that they build on these frameworks and country dialogue to align country programs to country needs, and that they reflect country demand for the Bank¿s lending and nonlending products. The annual programming document is then meant to implement the program laid out in the strategy to ensure that the projects funded by the Bank are in line with country needs. OVE finds that the Bank¿s Country Strategies fulfill some but not all of the IDB-9 mandates. They provide a general description of the characteristics and development challenges in the country, including recent macroeconomic performance, as well as summary diagnoses of sector needs and possible areas of Bank intervention. But they do not generally articulate a strategic approach for the Bank in key sectors or discuss the implications of the macro-fiscal analysis on the role of IDB or the size of IDB lending allocations. They rarely discuss or build on past successes and failures of the Bank in selected areas of intervention, explore the Bank¿s comparative advantage, or fully incorporate relevant analytic work. They provide limited if any information on the NSG lending envelope or portfolio and thereby miss an opportunity to build on potential synergies between SG and NSG instruments. It is only by identifying the synergies between various Bank activities and instruments¿including SG and NSG lending, technical cooperation, and analytic work¿that the Bank can make the most of its resources and tap into its full comparative advantage. With regard to the annual programming process, it is common for projects to be approved and undertaken in sectors that were not envisioned in the Country Strategy, and annual lending allocations do not necessarily accord with the lending envelopes included in Country Strategies. Indeed, the criteria used to determine lending envelopes and annual allocations are not transparent and appear to be closely correlated to past disbursements. In addition, the annual nature of the programming process puts time constraints on loan preparation that hurry the process and lead to year-end bunching of approvals¿and possibly squeeze out time for needed analytic work as well as opportunities for careful discussion and review. In light of these findings, OVE suggests that (i) the Board and Bank Management undertake an in-depth exercise to revisit the Country Strategy guidelines and consider carefully the appropriate role and structure of Country Strategies and Country Program Documents going forward; (ii) the methodology for determining both lending envelopes in country strategies and annual lending allocations in country programs be made more transparent and the Operational Program Report presented to the Board show how those annual allocations relate to IDB-9 priorities and country needs; and (iii) the programming process be carried out on a rolling two-year basis (with the first year being binding and the second year showing notional allocations and work programs) to allow greater time for planning and executing loans and other Bank support.
