Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Spherical deep drawing“

With physical experiments and numerical simulation about semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts and flat-bottomed cylindrical parts, we got the thinning law about spherical bottom of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts, and got forming limit height difference of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts and flat-bottomed cylindrical parts under the same conditions. In accordance with the principle of constant volume, the cylindrical ball height of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts can be converted to draw from the cylindrical part height of the flat-bottomed cylindrical parts, which introduced a method of calculating the forming limit height of semi-ball bottom cylindrical parts. Through practical examples, this algorithm is feasible.

Coefficients for a generalized-spherical-harmonic expansion of the crystallite orientation distribution function (ODF) through L=16 were obtained by an incomplete pole-figure method from a deep-drawing aluminum-killed sheet steel sample with surface perpendicular to the sheet-normal direction (ND). These coefficients were subsequently transformed from the RD, TD, ND reference frame to –ND, TD, RD and ND, RD, TD reference frames. Spherical-surface-harmonic expansions of incomplete {110}, {100}, and {112} pole-figures were calculated for each reference frame and used as input data to calculate ODF coefficients for each frame. The thus-calculated coefficients were transformed to the RD, TD, ND frame in each case. Series expansions of pole-figures and ODF for each frame are compared with the initial data.

Sheet metal forming normally requires the application of lubricants to protect the tool and the sheet against wear. In the case of nonlubricated sheet metal forming, cleaning processes would not be necessary anymore and the process chain could be optimized regarding ecological and economical aspects. However, forming without lubrication leads to an intensive contact between the tool and the sheet. Thus, higher wear occurs and process reliability cannot be ensured for industrial mass production. For dry metal forming of high-alloy steels, a new tool concept must be developed to withstand the higher loads. In this work, a laser-generated tool surface with a supporting plateau of hard particles is presented. Spherical fused tungsten carbides were injected into the surface by laser melt injection. The metallic matrix of the composite was rejected by applying laser ablation. In consequence, the hard particles stood out of the matrix and were in direct contact with the sheet material. Dry and lubricated forming experiments were carried out by strip drawing with bending and deep drawing of cups. Within this work, the feasibility of dry metal forming of high-alloy steel could be demonstrated by applying the MMC surface whereby adhesive wear could be reduced.

We present a numerical study on the influence of crystallographic texture on the earing behavior of a low carbon steel during cup drawing. The simulations are conducted by using the texture component crystal plasticity finite element method which accounts for the full elastic-plastic anisotropy of the material and for the explicit incorporation of texture including texture update. Several important texture components that typically occur in commercial steel sheets were selected for the study. By assigning different spherical scatter widths to them the resulting ear profiles were calculated under consideration of texture evolution. The study reveals that 8, 6, or 4 ears can evolve during cup drawing depending on the starting texture. An increasing number of ears reduces the absolute ear height. The effect of the orientation scatter width (texture sharpness) on the sharpness of the ear profiles was also studied. It was observed that an increase in the orientation scatter of certain texture components entails a drop in ear sharpness while for others the effect is opposite.

This work consists of determining the plastic strain value undergone by a material during a forming process using the instrumented indentation technique (IIT). A deep drawing steel DC01 is characterized using tensile, shear and indentation tests. The plastic strain value undergone by this steel during uniaxial tensile tests is determined by indentation. The results show that, the identification from IIT doesn’t lead to an accurate value of the plastic strain if the assumption that the hardening law follows Hollomon law is used. By using a F.E. method, it is shown that using a Voce hardening law improves significantly the identification of the hardening law of a pre-deformed material. Using this type of hardening law coupled to a methodology based on the IIT leads to an accurate determination of the hardening law of a pre-deformed material. Consequently, this will allow determining the plastic strain value and the springback elastic strain value of a material after a mechanical forming operation.

Sheet metal forming normally requires the application of lubricants to protect the tool and the sheet against wear. The parts must be cleaned to remove the lubricants before joining and coating. This process step wastes energy and water resources. In the case of non-lubricated sheet metal forming, cleaning processes would not be necessary anymore and the process chain could be optimized regarding ecological and economical aspects. However, forming without lubrication leads to an intensive contact between the tool and the sheet. Thus, higher wear occurs and process reliability cannot be ensured for industrial mass production. High alloy steels are applied for mass-market products e.g. for appliances. Because of the higher strength, strain hardening and galling effects the austenitic steels are comparatively difficult to form. For dry metal forming of high alloy steels new tool concept must be developed to withstand the higher loads. In this work, a laser generated tool surface with a supporting plateau of hard particles (metal matrix composite (MMC-surface)) is presented. Spherical fused tungsten carbides were injected into the surface by laser melt injection. The metallic matrix of the composite was rejected by applying laser ablation. In consequence, the hard particles stood out of the matrix and were in direct contact with the sheet material. The surface of hard particles had a high hardness about 3000 HV and less metallic character. Cold working steel and aluminium bronze were tested as reference tool materials. Dry and lubricated forming experiments were carried out by strip drawing with bending and deep drawing of cups. Dry deep drawing of cups was not possible by using cold work tool steel. This can be traced back to the occurrence of wrinkles and cup base fracture at the same time. Applying aluminium bronze as tool material for dry metal forming resulted in high adhesive wear. Within this work the feasibility of dry metal forming of high alloy steel could be demonstrated by applying the MMC-surface whereby adhesive wear could be reduced.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the relevance of considering the cavities shape change in the context of physically based modelling of the ductile rupture in metals. Two thermomechanical models have been used in this study: the GTN model, developed by Gurson, Tvergaard, and Needleman for spherical cavities keeping their shape unchanged during loading, and the GLD model, proposed by Gologanu, Leblond, and Devaux for ellipsoidal cavities that can change their shape. The GTN and GLD models have been extended to take into account material thermal heating due to plastic dissipation. These two constitutive laws have been implemented into the commercial finite element code Abaqus/Explicit in order to simulate the necking of a round bar and the failure of a sheet deep drawing. The results showed the importance of incorporating the shape effects of the cavities for a correct description of the material failure.

Thin steel shells in the form of spherical segments, loaded by external pressure, have a tendency to sudden buckling under a lower pressure than their plastic resistance. The buckling phenomenon of spherical shells was the subject of research done by many authors and the previous results of theoretical and experimental research were used in the European Design Recommendations published in 2008 by European Convention for Constructional Steelwork. This article presents experimental research done on a specially designed and manufactured stand. Specimens were manufactured with a metal spinning technique from steel sheets usually used for deep drawing and stamping of metal objects. The actual shape of every specimen was determined with the three-dimensional scanning technique. Material research was also done on the steel sheets. Pressure was exerted with an air compressor and displacement was measured with the optical measurement system ARAMIS. The deformation modes of the whole specimen were registered precisely at every step of pressure exertion till the final postbuckling stage. All the data measured were registered automatically by two computers. The result of every experiment is presented in the form of an equilibrium path as the relationship of the pressure p as a function of a chosen displacement parameter. This article also presents a comparison between the critical pressures obtained during the experiments and the results obtained from the numerical simulations done with COSMOS/M. The experimental and the numerical results were also compared with the buckling resistances proposed by Rotter and Schmidt and Błażejewski and Marcinowski.

Present work analyses mathematical modelling to predict the onset of localized necking and rupture by shear in industrial processes of sheet metal forming of aluminium alloy 5083 such as biaxial stretching and deep drawing. Whereas the AA5083 sheet formability at room temperature is moderate, it increases significantly at high temperature. The Forming Limit Curve, FLC, which is an essential material parameter necessary to numerical simulations by FEM, of AA 5083 sheet was assessed experimentally by tensile and Nakajima testing performed at room and 400°C temperatures. Tensile test specimens at 0o, 45o and 90o to the direction of rolling (RD) and Nakazima type specimens at 0o RD of aluminium AA5083 were fabricated. Simple tensile tests at room and 400°C temperatures were performed to obtain the coefficients of plastic anisotropy and material strain and strain rate hardening behavior at different temperatures. Nakazima biaxial tests at room and high temperature, employing spherical punch were carried out to plot the limit strains in the negative and positive quadrant of the Map of Principal Surface Limit Strains, MPLS, of aluminium AA5083 sheet. The “Forming Map of Principal Surface Limit Strains”, MPLS, shows the experimental FLC which is the plot of principal true strains in the sheet metal surface (ε1,ε2), occurring at critical points obtained in laboratory formability tests or in the fabrication process of parts. Two types of undesirable rupture mechanisms can occur in sheet metal forming products: localized necking and rupture by induced shear stress. Therefore, two kinds of limit strain curves can be plotted in the forming map: the local necking limit curve FLC-N and the shear stress rupture limit curve FLC-S. Localized necking is theoretically anticipated to occur by two mathematical models: Marciniak-Kuczynski modelling, hereafter M-K approach, and D-Bressan modeling. Prediction of limit strains are presented and compared with the experimental FLC. The shear stress rupture criterion modeling by Bressan and Williams and M-K models are employed to predict the forming limit strain curves of AA5083 aluminium sheet at room and 400°C temperatures. As a result of analysis, a new concept of ductile rupture by shear stress and local necking are proposed. M-K model has good agreement with both D-Bressan models.

The goal of the proposed study is a radical reorganization on a cyclical-deed basis of the stages of the historical formation of methodological concept of consciousness in the theory of activity and STA(system-thought-activity)-methodology as a well-known domestic philosophical trend of the second half of the XX century. (G.P. Shchedrovitsky and his school). The process of updating the principles and norms of the STA-approach to understanding the category and mechanism of consciousness became possible due to metatheoretical guidance in its interpretation as an attributive invariant-way of human existence in interpenetration and unity of its modalities such as noumenal and phenomenal, transcendent and immanent, unknowable and cognizable, speechless and speechful, indefinite (unnamed) and signified (named). To solve this supertask, three search steps were performed, which reveal as the author’s vision of the problematic context of philosophical methodologization in working with consciousness and the main modes of its comprehension (consciousness-phenomenon, consciousness-noumen, consciousness-category, conscious experience, consciousness of being) in the format of integral directions of philosophy development (ontology, metaphysics, phenomenology, polymethodology), as well as principles, conditions and features of system-thought-activity ideas about consciousness as a conceptual means of methodological work and intellectual basis and, at the same time a resource of collective and individual thinking activity. First of all, starting from the reasoned distinction of two research strategies of cognition-construction of reality (scientific-natural and metaphysical), which form essentially different ontological pictures of consciousness, it is concluded about the extensiveness and even deadlock of the first and heuristics and productivity of the second. The last one requires not only the critical-reflexive usage of the existing scope of philosophical knowledge, but also the implementation of competent philosophical methodologization on the way to creating a metatheory of consciousness. In fact, such work, within the defined range of goals and tasks and carried out in the format of this study: according to the principle of quintessence, the optimal number of modes of consciousness understanding is singled out, where each of them is subject to meta-description by definition, essential features and functional characteristics, and constructed a fivefold thought-scheme, which in the post-non-classical style mutually reconciles these understanding modes. In the main part of the semantic metaconsideration of the raised methodological issues it is proved that the cultural achievements of STA-methodology in comprehension of the resource potential of human consciousness are unique, firstly, considering the departure of its representatives from the scientific-subject consideration of the phenomenon of consciousness, and the implementation of a purely methodological approach, secondly, considering the peculiarities of their advocated way of using the category of consciousness, namely as a conceptual means, thought-toolkit. Yes, there is every reason to believe that G.P. Shchedrovitskiy and his circle members carried out a full-fledged act of collective thinking activity, particularly in joint understanding work with the sphere of consciousness, which we reconstructed at the stages of canonical thinking-deed: 1) s i t u a t i o n a l stage – conceptual and categorical elaboration of the problem of consciousness is carried out on the achievements of logic, and later methodology, with their main subject – thinking and setting for the creation of its content-genetic theory by means of activity approach; 2) m o t i v a t i o n a l – consciousness, starting from the generalizations of the cultural-historical theory of the development of higher psychic functions of L.S. Vygotskiy, was comprehenced as an intellectual means of domestication and socialization of the person through the mastery of signs as an instrument of determining influence of intersubjective cooperation with others as opposed to the secondary value of knowledge, the functionalities of consciousness; 3) a c t i o n – a wide sign-instrumental use of the concept and category of consciousness in collective and individual thinking activity, especially in such conceptual organizations as “scoreboard of consciousness”(the flow of consciousness, which is intended for both objective actions and on knowledge), “mechanisms of consciousness” (generate thinking in sensual form as images or objective perceptions, or sign form), “pure consciousness” (spontaneous, meaningless, unstructured, self-causal – independent of the experience of sensual perception, from the action of any empiricism), “organized consciousness” (rhythmically balanced in functioning, filled with psychocultural formations, although not durable, fluid, requires considerable internal (motivational, intellectual, volitional, etc.) efforts of the person for its maintenance, harmonization of all available material which has got to its spherical flow of life), herewith pure consciousness, organizing, loses its spontaneity, is freed; 4) a f t e r-a c t i o n – substantiation of reflexivity as one of the main determinants of the cooperation effectiveness of several acts of activity, and at the same time maturity and perfection of consciousness; reflection is responsible for the organization of consciousness, which, however, itself structurally determines the reality of reflection; only in the reflexively enriched, thought-communicative organizational space of methodological seminars and sessions, organizational and organizational-action games do the functionalities of consciousness find their sign-semantic shelter, witness settlement (primarily in texts, formulas, schemes, models, drawings).

Lincolnshire, England. The crowd cheer when the ball breaks loose. From one end of the field to the other, the players chase, their snouts hovering just above the grass. It’s not a case of four legs being better, rather a novel way to attract customers to the Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park. During the matches, volunteers are drawn from the crowd to hold goal posts at either end of the run the pigs usually race on. With five pigs playing, two teams of two and a referee, and a ball designed to leak feed as it rolls (Stevenson) the ten-minute competition is fraught with tension. While the pig’s contributions to “the beautiful game” (Fish and Pele 7) have not always been so obvious, it could be argued that specific parts of the animal have had a significant impact on a sport which, despite calls to fall into line with much of the rest of the world, people in Australia (and the US) are more likely to call soccer. The Football Precursors to the modern football were constructed around an inflated pig’s bladder (Price, Jones and Harland). Animal hide, usually from a cow, was stitched around the bladder to offer some degree of stability, but the bladder’s irregular and uneven form made for unpredictable movement in flight. This added some excitement and affected how ball games such as the often violent, calico matches in Florence, were played. In the early 1970s, the world’s oldest ball was discovered during a renovation in Stirling Castle, Scotland. The ball has a pig’s bladder inside its hand-stitched, deer-hide outer. It was found in the ceiling above the bed in, what was then Mary Queens of Scots’ bedroom. It has since been dated to the 1540s (McGinnes). Neglected and left in storage until the late 1990s, the ball found pride of place in an exhibition in the Smiths Art Gallery and Museum, Stirling, and only gained worldwide recognition (as we will see later) in 2006. Despite confirmed interest in a number of sports, there is no evidence to support Mary’s involvement with football (Springer). The deer-hide ball may have been placed to gather and trap untoward spirits attempting to enter the monarch’s sleep, or simply left by accident and forgotten (McGinnes in Springer). Mary, though, was not so fortunate. She was confined and forgotten, but only until she was put to death in 1587. The Executioner having gripped her hair to hold his prize aloft, realised too late it was a wig and Mary’s head bounced and rolled across the floor. Football Development The pig’s bladder was the central component in the construction of the football for the next three hundred years. However, the issue of the ball’s movement (the bounce and roll), the bladder’s propensity to burst when kicked, and an unfortunate wife’s end, conspired to push the pig from the ball before the close of the nineteenth-century. The game of football began to take its shape in 1848, when JC Thring and a few colleagues devised the Cambridge Rules. This compromised set of guidelines was developed from those used across the different ‘ball’ games played at England’s elite schools. The game involved far more kicking, and the pig’s bladders, prone to bursting under such conditions, soon became impractical. Charles Goodyear’s invention of vulcanisation in 1836 and the death of prestigious rugby and football maker Richard Lindon’s wife in 1870 facilitated the replacement of the animal bladder with a rubber-based alternative. Tragically, Mr Lindon’s chief inflator died as a result of blowing up too many infected pig’s bladders (Hawkesley). Before it closed earlier this year (Rhoads), the US Soccer Hall of Fame displayed a rubber football made in 1863 under the misleading claim that it was the oldest known football. By the late 1800s, professional, predominantly Scottish play-makers had transformed the game from its ‘kick-and-run’ origins into what is now called ‘the passing game’ (Sanders). Football, thanks in no small part to Scottish factory workers (Kay), quickly spread through Europe and consequently the rest of the world. National competitions emerged through the growing need for organisation, and the pig-free mass production of balls began in earnest. Mitre and Thomlinson’s of Glasgow were two of the first to make and sell their much rounder balls. With heavy leather panels sewn together and wrapped around a thick rubber inner, these balls were more likely to retain shape—a claim the pig’s bladder equivalent could not legitimately make. The rubber-bladdered balls bounced more too. Their weight and external stitching made them more painful to header, but also more than useful for kicking and particularly for passing from one player to another. The ball’s relatively quick advancement can thereafter be linked to the growth and success of the World Cup Finals tournament. Before the pig re-enters the fray, it is important to glance, however briefly, at the ball’s development through the international game. World Cup Footballs Pre-tournament favourites, Spain, won the 2010 FIFA World Cup, playing with “an undistorted, perfectly spherical ball” (Ghosh par. 7), the “roundest” ever designed (FIFA par.1). Their victory may speak to notions of predictability in the ball, the tournament and the most lucrative levels of professional endeavour, but this notion is not a new one to football. The ball’s construction has had an influence on the way the game has been played since the days of Mary Queen of Scots. The first World Cup Final, in 1930, featured two heavy, leather, twelve-panelled footballs—not dissimilar to those being produced in Glasgow decades earlier. The players and officials of Uruguay and Argentina could not agree, so they played the first half with an Argentine ball. At half-time, Argentina led by two goals to one. In the second half, Uruguay scored three unanswered goals with their own ball (FIFA). The next Final was won by Italy, the home nation in 1934. Orsi, Italy’s adopted star, poked a wildly swerving shot beyond the outstretched Czech keeper. The next day Orsi, obligated to prove his goal was not luck or miracle, attempted to repeat the feat before an audience of gathered photographers. He failed. More than twenty times. The spin on his shot may have been due to the, not uncommon occurrence, of the ball being knocked out of shape during the match (FIFA). By 1954, the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) had sought to regulate ball size and structure and, in 1958, rigorously tested balls equal to the demands of world-class competition. The 1950s also marked the innovation of the swerving free kick. The technique, developed in the warm, dry conditions of the South American game, would not become popular elsewhere until ball technology improved. The heavy hand-stitched orb, like its early counterparts, was prone to water absorption, which increased the weight and made it less responsive, particularly for those playing during European winters (Bray). The 1970 World Cup in Mexico saw football progress even further. Pele, arguably the game’s greatest player, found his feet, and his national side, Brazil, cemented their international football prominence when they won the Jules Rimet trophy for the third time. Their innovative and stylish use of the football in curling passes and bending free kicks quickly spread to other teams. The same World Cup saw Adidas, the German sports goods manufacturer, enter into a long-standing partnership with FIFA. Following the competition, they sold an estimated six hundred thousand match and replica tournament footballs (FIFA). The ball, the ‘Telstar’, with its black and white hexagonal panels, became an icon of the modern era as the game itself gained something close to global popularity for the first time in its history. Over the next forty years, the ball became incrementally technologically superior. It became synthetic, water-resistant, and consistent in terms of rebound and flight characteristics. It was constructed to be stronger and more resistant to shape distortion. Internal layers of polyutherane and Syntactic Foam made it lighter, capable of greater velocity and more responsive to touch (FIFA). Adidas spent three years researching and developing the 2006 World Cup ball, the ‘Teamgeist’. Fourteen panels made it rounder and more precise, offering a lower bounce, and making it more difficult to curl due to its accuracy in flight. At the same time, audiences began to see less of players like Roberto Carlos (Brazil and Real Madrid CF) and David Beckham (Manchester United, LA Galaxy and England), who regularly scored goals that challenged the laws of physics (Gill). While Adidas announced the 2006 release of the world’s best performing ball in Berlin, the world’s oldest was on its way to the Museum fur Volkerkunde in Hamburg for the duration of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The Mary Queen of Scot’s ball took centre spot in an exhibit which also featured a pie stand—though not pork pies—from Hibernian Football Club (Strang). In terms of publicity and raising awareness of the Scots’ role in the game’s historical development, the installation was an unrivalled success for the Scottish Football Museum (McBrearty). It did, however, very little for the pig. Heads, not Tails In 2002, the pig or rather the head of a pig, bounced and rolled back into football’s limelight. For five years Luis Figo, Portugal’s most capped international player, led FC Barcelona to domestic and European success. In 2000, he had been lured to bitter rivals Real Madrid CF for a then-world record fee of around £37 million (Nash). On his return to the Catalan Camp Nou, wearing the shimmering white of Real Madrid CF, he was showered with beer cans, lighters, bottles and golf balls. Among the objects thrown, a suckling pig’s head chimed a psychological nod to the spear with two sharp ends in William Golding’s story. Play was suspended for sixteen minutes while police tried to quell the commotion (Lowe). In 2009, another pig’s head made its way into football for different reasons. Tightly held in the greasy fingers of an Orlando Pirates fan, it was described as a symbol of the ‘roasting’ his team would give the Kaiser Chiefs. After the game, he and his friend planned to eat their mascot and celebrate victory over their team’s most reviled competitors (Edwards). The game ended in a nil-all draw. Prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it was not uncommon for a range of objects that European fans might find bizarre, to be allowed into South African league matches. They signified luck and good feeling, and in some cases even witchcraft. Cabbages, known locally for their medicinal qualities, were very common—common enough for both sets of fans to take them (Edwards). FIFA, an organisation which has more members than the United Nations (McGregor), impressed their values on the South African Government. The VuVuZela was fine to take to games; indeed, it became a cultural artefact. Very little else would be accepted. Armed with their economy-altering engine, the world’s most watched tournament has a tendency to get what it wants. And the crowd respond accordingly. Incidentally, the ‘Jabulani’—the ball developed for the 2010 tournament—is the most consistent football ever designed. In an exhaustive series of tests, engineers at Loughborough University, England, learned, among other things, the added golf ball-like grooves on its surface made the ball’s flight more symmetrical and more controlled. The Jabulani is more reliable or, if you will, more predictable than any predecessor (Ghosh). Spanish Ham Through support from their Governing body, the Real Federación Española de Fútbol, Spain have built a national side with experience, and an unparalleled number of talented individuals, around the core of the current FC Barcelona club side. Their strength as a team is founded on the bond between those playing on a weekly basis at the Catalan club. Their style has allowed them to create and maintain momentum on the international stage. Victorious in the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship and undefeated in their run through the qualifying stages into the World Cup Finals in South Africa, they were tournament favourites before a Jabulani was rolled into touch. As Tim Parks noted in his New York Review of Books article, “The Shame of the World Cup”, “the Spanish were superior to an extent one rarely sees in the final stages of a major competition” (2010 par. 15). They have a “remarkable ability to control, hold and hide the ball under intense pressure,” and play “a passing game of great subtlety [ ... to] patiently wear down an opposing team” (Parks par. 16). Spain won the tournament having scored fewer goals per game than any previous winner. Perhaps, as Parks suggests, they scored as often as they needed to. They found the net eight times in their seven matches (Fletcher). This was the first time that Spain had won the prestigious trophy, and the first time a European country has won the tournament on a different continent. In this, they have broken the stranglehold of superpowers like Germany, Italy and Brazil. The Spanish brand of passing football is the new benchmark. Beautiful to watch, it has grace, flow and high entertainment value, but seems to lack something of an organic nature: that is, it lacks the chance for things to go wrong. An element of robotic aptitude has crept in. This occurred on a lesser scale across the 2010 FIFA World Cup finals, but it is possible to argue that teams and players, regardless of nation, have become interchangeable, that the world’s best players and the way they play have become identikits, formulas to be followed and manipulated by master tacticians. There was a great deal of concern in early rounds about boring matches. The world’s media focused on an octopus that successfully chose the winner of each of Germany’s matches and the winner of the final. Perhaps, in shaping the ‘most’ perfect ball and the ‘most’ perfect football, the World Cup has become the most predictable of tournaments. In Conclusion The origins of the ball, Orsi’s unrepeatable winner and the swerving free kick, popular for the best part of fifty years, are worth remembering. These issues ask the powers of football to turn back before the game is smothered by the hunt for faultlessness. The unpredictability of the ball goes hand in hand with the game. Its flaws underline its beauty. Football has so much more transformative power than lucrative evolutionary accretion. While the pig’s head was an ugly statement in European football, it is a symbol of hope in its South African counterpart. Either way its removal is a reminder of Golding’s message and the threat of homogeneity; a nod to the absence of the irregular in the modern era. Removing the curve from the free kick echoes the removal of the pig’s bladder from the ball. The fun is in the imperfection. Where will the game go when it becomes indefectible? Where does it go from here? Can there really be any validity in claiming yet another ‘roundest ball ever’? Chip technology will be introduced. The ball’s future replacements will be tracked by satellite and digitally-fed, reassured referees will determine the outcome of difficult decisions. Victory for the passing game underlines the notion that despite technological advancement, the game has changed very little since those pioneering Scotsmen took to the field. Shouldn’t we leave things the way they were? Like the pigs at Woodside Wildlife and Falconry Park, the level of improvement seems determined by the level of incentive. The pigs, at least, are playing to feed themselves. Acknowledgments The author thanks editors, Donna Lee Brien and Adele Wessell, and the two blind peer reviewers, for their constructive feedback and reflective insights. The remaining mistakes are his own. References “Adidas unveils Golden Ball for 2006 FIFA World Cup Final” Adidas. 18 Apr. 2006. 23 Aug. 2010 . 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