Dissertationen zum Thema „Spectroscopie d’électrons“
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Nguyen, Viet Hung. „Analyse d’oligonucléotides par bombardement d’électrons rapides“. Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work aims to study oligonucleotides and mononucleotides by new fragmentation techniques such as EDD (electron-detachment-dissociation) and EID (electron-induced-dissociation) involving electron bombardment. The samples are first ionized by an electrospray source (ESI), which allows a soft ionization. During my PhD, I have been interested in the study of smaller oligonucleotides (DNA and RNA single strands) and mononucleotides by EDD and EID. First the different parameters have been optimized in order to obtain by ESI multicharged species to study the EDD process of oligonucleotides with different charge states. These spectra are compared with SORI-CID spectra (Collision-Induced-Dissociation) and IRMPD (Infrared Multiphoton-Dissociation-) to highlight the specificities of the EDD and EID. Compared to SORI-CID, EDD and EID spectra show some fragment ions, which are not observed in the SORI-CID and IRMPD spectra because they do not lead to radical ions. Thanks to the radical fragment ions obtained by EDD and EID, we were able to access the sequencing oligonucleotides rich in thymine for which it is difficult to obtain information by conventional methods. Finally we used special techniques of ICR technology which will be presented in this manuscript
Col, Perrine. „Systèmes artificiels de type donneur-accepteur d’électrons : les zéolithes pour la conversion de l’énergie lumineuse“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10198/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn interesting property of zeolites is to generate long-lived charge separated states after spontaneous or photoinduced ionization of adsorbed molecules. The objective of this PhD work is to valorize this phenomenon. At first, we study the adsorption and the ionization of para-quaterphenyl adsorbed in the channels of ZSM-5. This one induces the formation of a radical cation, and a very stable electron-hole pair by indirect recombination of the radical. Then, in order to recover the ejected electrons, we use another electron donor molecule (para-terphenyl) with two electron acceptor molecules: dicyanoethylene and dicyanobenzene. The samples, in particular characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance showed that the structure of dicyanobenzene allows increasing stabilization of charge separated states, with a location of the ejected electron near molecule. In order to enhance these results, it’s very interesting to transfer electrons to nanoparticles of TiO2 plugged at the pore entry. Thus, we used an electron acceptor molecule with similar structure of dicyanobenzene but able to form a chemical bond with TiO2 through a carboxyl group: the cyanobenzoic acid. One part of the study is thus the acceptor grafting on the TiO2 nanoparticles. We also studied the adsorption of para-terphenyl in nanosheets ZSM-5, a new zeolitic material with great potential
Houplin, Justine. „Structuration chimique induite et contrôlée par impact d’électrons lents sur films moléculaires supportés“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112124/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSelf-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) are good candidates to develop molecular platforms with controlled physico-chemical properties. A SAM is an ordered monolayer of bi-functionnal molecules. These molecules consist of an adjustable terminal function, separated from a headgroup by a chosen spacer chain. Thus, SAMs properties can be adjusted for the development of molecular electronic systems or (bio)-chemical sensors. Furthermore, additional chemical structuration can be induced by irradiation.Most current methods of irradiation involve high energy particles. The induced damages result from several competitive mechanisms (ionisations, excitations, dissociations). In this thesis, low energy electrons (0-20 eV) are used as primary particles, and the interaction processes between electrons and SAMs are studied in order to identify electron attachment resonances. At the associated energies, selective and effective dissociative processes can be induced to propose irradiation strategies leading to controlled and optimized chemical modifications.Model SAMs of thiols on gold are studied by a vibrational spectroscopy technique of strong surface sensibility, high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). It allows at the same time to characterize SAMs and to probe electron-molecule interaction processes. The result obtained deal with : 1) Aromatic model SAMs of Terphenyl-thiol (HS-(C₆H₄)₂-C₆H₅), which can be stabilized by cross-linking under irradiation. Induced reactive processes at 1, 6 and 50 eV were compared and opposed, thanks to an advanced vibrational characterization of the SAM before and after irradiation, and by paying a particular attention to the stretching mode ν(CH) behaviour.2) Mercaptoundecanoic acid SAMs (HS-(CH₂)₁ ₀ -COOH), whose terminal functions allow for example the peptide anchoring. The interface SAM / environment (COO-/COOH, residual water) was characterized thanks to the strong sensitivity of the stretching modes ν(OH) to hydrogen bonding. The approach that was developped can be easily transposed to other systems
Rademaker, Guido. „Métrologie avancée pour la lithographie par multi-faisceaux d’électrons“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT122.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo overcome throughput limitations of electron beam lithography, Mapper Lithography designed a machine that can expose with up to 649,740 parallel Gaussian electron beams. In the exposure process, the substrate is divided into 2.2-µm-narrow stripes with a 200 nm overlap. Several parameters need to be controlled: the critical dimensions of the features in the individual stripes; the stitching between the stripes; and the overlay with respect to a previous layer. In this thesis, different optical metrology techniques are explored. Six novel targets for an image based overlay have been developed to measure in-stripe overlay and stripe-to-stripe stitching and are evaluated by total measurement uncertainty (TMU) and measurement time. Scatterometry by spectroscopic reflectometry allows for measurement of non-uniform gratings using an effective critical dimension concept, resulting in a total measurement uncertainty metric down to 0.41 nm (3σ). Stitching can be measured by cross-resonant bow-tie antennae, consisting of four triangles straddling the stitching boundary. Simulations for three different stacks show that the DX and DY stitching errors can be reconstructed independently
Zoukel, Abdelhalim. „Etude des phénomènes d’interaction faisceau d’électrons-gaz-matière dans un MEB à pression variable : Applications aux matériaux composites (polymères, céramiques et métaux)“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10161/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleScanning electron microscope (SEM) is an essential technique to characterize materials. The new generation of SEMs known as a variable pressure SEM (also named environmental SEM) allows to work under less drastic conditions of pressure and voltage. However, the imaging and chemical microanalysis face a major challenge with regard to the scattering of the primary electron beam by the atoms/molecules of the gas medium. This phenomenon of beam skirting leads to the appearance of several artifacts beyond those familiar in conventional SEM. The main recognized artifact is the degradation of the spatial resolution which is delineated by the high-vacuum interaction volume. The objectives of the research reported herein were: (i) to study the magnitude and the extent of the electron beam skirt. (ii) and the development of an original and new methodology in order to deal with the effect of the electron beam skirt on the spatial resolution. The effectiveness of this study is demonstrated by its ability to quantify the effects of some experimental parameters on the degradation of the spatial resolution. Further, the new methodology proposed is a valuable asset to keep the ultimate spatial resolution obtained at high vacuum mode. This depend strongly on the new interaction volume (called the low-vacuum interaction volume) created by both scattered and unscattered fraction of the electron beam
Maigné, Alan. „Caractérisation et modélisation par microscopie électronique en transmission à balayage (STEM) et spectroscopie de perte d’énergie d’électrons (EELS) de « nanohorns » de carbone monofeuillet fonctionnalisés pour des applications pharmaceutiques Review of recent advances in spectrum imaging and its extension to reciprocal space Revealing the Secret of Water-Assisted Carbon Nanotube Synthesis by Microscopic Observation of the Interaction of Water on the Catalysts Role of Subsurface Diffusion and Ostwald Ripening in Catalyst Formation for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Forest Growth Effect of hole size on the incorporation of C60 molecules inside single-wall carbon nanohorns and their release Adsorption Phenomena of Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane on Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Carbon Nanohorns as Anticancer Drug Carriers Effect of Functional Groups at Hole Edges on Cisplatin Release from Inside Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Optimum Hole-Opening Condition for Cisplatin Incorporation in Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns and Its Release Functionalization of Carbon Nanohorns with Azomethine Ylides: Towards Solubility Enhancement and Electron-Transfer Processes Aqueous carbon nanohorn–pyrene–porphyrin nanoensembles: Controlling charge-transfer interactions Photoinduced Electron Transfer on Aqueous Carbon Nanohorn–Pyrene– Tetrathiafulvalene Architectures Soluble Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS600.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this manuscript, we will expose the characterization and modelling of Single Wall Nanohorns (SWNH) and Nanotube Forests by analytical microscopy and the functionalization of SWNH for drug delivery applications. Firstly, we will introduce the microscopy and spectroscopy methods used for our experiments. We will then study the growth process of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) forests (within the framework of a collaboration with AIST, Japan). SWCH, their structure, modifications and filling properties will be analysed in details. An original method will be presented to study the porosity of inorganic material with EELS. Ab initio calculation will also be used to explore the effect of the defects present in the SWNH wall on the oxidation and filling process. We will study the potentialities of Single Wall Carbon nanohorns as Drug Delivery Systems and particularly as anticancer drug carriers
Rödel, Tobias. „Two-dimensional electron systems in functional oxides studied by photoemission spectroscopy“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS197/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMany transition metal oxides (TMOs) show complex physics, ranging from ferroelectricity to magnetism, high-Tc superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. The existence of a variety of ground states often occurs as different degrees of freedom (e.g. lattice, charge, spin, orbital) interact to form different competing phases which are quite similar in energy. The capability to epitaxially grow heterostructures of TMOs increased the complexity even more as new phenomena can emerge at the interface. One typical example is the two-dimensional electron system (2DES) at the interface of two insulating oxides, namely LaAlO3/SrTiO3, which shows metal-to-insulator transitions, magnetism or gate-tunable superconductivity. The origin of this thesis was the discovery of a similar 2DES at the bare surface of SrTiO3 fractured in vacuum, making it possible to study its electronic structure by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES).In this thesis, the study of well-prepared surfaces, instead of small fractured facets, results in spectroscopic data showing line widths approaching the intrinsic value. This approach allows a detailed analysis of many-body phenomena like the renormalization of the self-energy due to electron-phonon interaction.Additionally, the understanding of the electronic structure of the 2DES at the surface of SrTiO3(001) was given an additional turn by the surprising discovery of a complex spin texture measured by spin-ARPES. In this thesis data is presented which contradicts these conclusions and discusses possible reasons for the discrepancy.One major motivation of this thesis was the question if and how the electronic structure and the properties of the 2DES can be changed or controlled. In this context, the study of 2DESs at (110) and (111) surface revealed that the electronic band structure of the 2DES (orbital ordering, symmetry of the Fermi surface, effective masses) can be tuned by confining the electrons at different surface orientations of the same material, namely SrTiO3.A major achievement of this thesis is the generalization of the existence of a 2DES in SrTiO3 to many other surfaces and interfaces of TMOs (TiO2 anatase, CaTiO3, BaTiO3) and even simpler oxides already used in modern applications (ZnO). In all these oxides, we identify oxygen vacancies as the origin for the creation of the 2DESs.In anatase and other doped d0 TMOs, both localized and itinerant electrons (2DES) can exist due to oxygen vacancies. Which of the two cases is energetically favorable depends on subtle differences as demonstrated by studying two polymorphs of the same material (anatase and rutile).In CaTiO3, the oxygen octahedron around the Ti ion is slightly tilted. This symmetry breaking results in the mixing of different d-orbitals demonstrating again why and how the electronic structure of the 2DES can be altered.In BaTiO3, the creation of a 2DES results in the coexistence of the two, usually mutual exclusive, phenomena of ferroelectricity and metallicity in the same material by spatially separating the two.Moreover, this work demonstrates that the 2DES also exists in ZnO which is - compared to the Ti-based oxides - rather a conventional semiconductor as the orbital character of the itinerant electrons is of s and not d-type.The main result of this thesis is the demonstration of a simple and versatile technique for the creation of 2DESs by evaporating Al on oxide surfaces. A redox reaction between metal and oxide results in a 2DES at the interface of the oxidized metal and the reduced oxide. In this thesis the study of such interfacial 2DESs was limited to photoemission studies in ultra high vacuum. However, this technique opens up the possibility to study 2DESs in functional oxides in ambient conditions by e.g. transport techniques, and might be an important step towards cost-efficient mass production of 2DESs in oxides for future applications
Ferté, Suzanne. „Exploring the diversity of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in microalgae species“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS615.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMicroalgae supplies virtually all the oceanic trophic chains and participate in almost half of photosynthesis on Earth. Although their genetic diversity is well known, their functional diversity remains little explored. The main route of photosynthesis, the linear flux of electrons from water to CO2, seems to be well conserved among phylogeny. It involves two photosystems working in series, the photosystem II (PSII) and I (PSI). In plants and green algae, there is a cyclic electron flow that involves only the PSI which would be crucial for photosynthetic regulation. The study of this cyclic electron flow is hampered by the absence of robust method to measure it. We have shown that the most used method for estimating PSI activity is unreliable. On this basis, we propose an alternative method to detect the presence of cyclic electron flow and to study its dependence on the linear flux. We could show very different behaviors between species of microalgae. Finally, the study of an efflorescence of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in mesocosm allowed us to highlight a signature of the cells infection by a virus which could involve the cyclic electron flow around the PSI
Marx, Nicolas. „Synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux phosphates utilisés comme matériaux d’électrode positive pour batteries au lithium“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14194/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work deals with the synthesis and characterization of new positive electrode materials for lithium batteries. Our researches were mainly focused on phosphates of transition metals, and especially on the tavorite-type materials of composition (H,Li)FePO4(OH). Their structure is characterized by a three-dimensional network with different types of tunnels, which can host inserted lithium ions. In this context, LiFePO4(OH) structure was perfectly solved, as well as that of FePO4.H2O, which is a new iron (III) phosphate discovered during this work. These two materials, together with those obtained by heat-treatment of FePO4.H2O, were characterized using different analytical techniques. Their electrochemical behavior toward intercalation / deintercalation of lithium was also studied, as well as the structural and redox processes involved
Sala, Leo Albert. „Low-energy Electron Induced Chemistry in Supported Molecular Films“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS438/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHigh-energy irradiation of condensed matter leads to the production of copious amounts of low-energy (0-20 eV) secondary electrons. These electrons are known to trigger various dissociative processes leading to observed damages including erosion and chemical modifications. The resulting reactive species within the condensed media can also lead to the synthesis of new molecules. This has implications in several applications most especially in the design of lithographic methods, focused beam-assisted deposition, as well as in astrochemistry. In all these applications, it is important to identify the processes induced by low-energy electrons, study the reactive fragments and stable molecules produced to determine possibilities of controlling them, and generate quantitative data to gauge the efficiencies of these processes. The approach developed for this PhD work consists of directly irradiating surfaces and interfaces using low-energy electrons and studying the processes that arise. The responses of different model molecular films (of varying thickness) were studied as a function of incident electron energy and dose. In favorable cases, methodologies proposed herein can be used to estimate effective cross sections of observed processes. Three complementary surface-sensitive techniques were utilized for this purpose. To characterize the deposited films and formed residues, the High Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) were used. Neutral fragments (as opposed to their often-detected ionic counterparts) desorbing under electron irradiation were monitored using a mass spectrometer in a technique called Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD).Within the context of surface functionalization, the grafting of sp2-hybridized carbon centers on a polycrystalline hydrogenated diamond substrate was realized through electron irradiation of a thin layer of benzylamine precursor deposited on its surface. At 11 eV, the dominant mechanism is proposed to be neutral dissociation of the precursor molecules. The effective cross section of the grafting process was estimated in only a single measurement from the HREELS map of the sample surface, taking advantage of the electron beam profile. Within the context of astrochemistry, on the other hand, the responses of crystalline and amorphous NH3 ices were studied under electron impact. The desorption of intact NH3 was observed which resulted in the direct erosion of the film proceeding through a mechanism consistent with desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET). Different fragmentation and recombination processes were also observed as evidenced by detected neutral species like NHx (x=1,2), N2, and H2. Aside from desorption, a wealth of chemical processes was also observed at 13 eV. Temporal ESD at this energy allowed for the estimation of the effective cross section of NH3 desorption and observing the delayed desorption of N2 and H2. TPD analysis of the residues also provided evidence of N2H2 and N2H4 synthesis in the film. These results can help explain the observed discrepancies in abundances of NH3 and N2 in dense regions in space. Lastly, this PhD work will present prospects for these electron-induced processes to be constrained spatially in microscopic dimensions for lithographic applications. The feasibility of the procedure utilizing Low-Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM) was demonstrated on a terphenylthiol self-assembled monolayer (TPT SAM) specimen. Spots of 5 μm in diameter with different work functions were imprinted on the surface using energies from 10-50 eV. Electron-induced reactions in thin-film resists (PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)) were also studied at low-energy identifying opportunities for energy- and spatially-resolved surface modification
Dridi, Zrelli Yosra. „Électrochimie et spectroscopie Raman de matériaux d’électrode positive pour batteries Li-ion“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1126/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work, we show the relevance of Raman spectroscopy as a useful technique to investigate the local changes induced by the electrochemical reaction of intercalation/deintercalation of lithium in positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries.Raman investigations concern three types of high voltage cathode materials (4-5Volts) which are layered LiCoO2 and cubic LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4.During electrochemical deintercalation of LiCoO2, we show the existence of a two phase region where the initial hexagonal phase coexist with a second hexagonal phase with a 3% expansion of the lattice parameter indicating a weakening of the Co-O bond in the Li1-xCoO2 material.On the other hand, a new assignment of LiMn2O4 Raman spectrum was proposed. During the charge in the 4V region, a three region phase (initial LiMn2O4 phase, intermediary phase and poor lithium phase) was described using Raman spectroscopy. RX measurements can not detect this intermediary phase. Lithiated phase Raman signature shows a specific local order: Fd3m for extreme phases and F43m for partially lithiated phase. A rich Raman band spectrum is attributed to this later phase in coherence with literature calculations. Structural changes reversibility is demonstrated. Identification of this intermediary phase as a major component of a cycled electrode, underline the incomplete reduction and explain the important loss of capacity observed during cycling. Raman study of LiMn2O4 electrochemical insertion in the 3V region, has demonstrated for the first time a progressive formation of tetragonal Li2Mn2O4 phase, which is in coexistence with initial cubic phase and is pure at the end of discharge. Structural transition reversibility was also demonstrated.In the case of LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4, the assignment of the Raman spectrum of LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 is provided for the first time. DRX study in function of the state of charge and discharge, exhibit cubic structure conservation with moderate lattice parameters variations. The Raman spectrum of the spinel oxide exhibits drastic spectral changes during Li extraction. These changes have been directly related to the Mn and Ni oxidation states in the cathode material under operation. It comes out that electrochemical reactions of LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 are reversible and based on three redox couples of Mn3+/Mn4+, Ni2+/Ni3+, and Ni3+/Ni4+. An original and concrete Raman spectroscopy application is the study of self discharge mechanism of completely charged LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4. Raman spectra evolution exhibits a quantitative Ni4+ reduction during the first hours, and then a slower Ni3+ reduction process. Finally, LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4 lithium insertion has been explored for the first time using Raman spectroscopy, and a tetragonal Li2Ni0.4Mn1.6O4 phase has been identified.The originality of this work is the important number of experimental Raman data of 4V electrode materials. New assignment of initial compound has been proposed and original vibrationnal data of compound during charge/discharge has been presented. These Raman data has permitted to propose a quantitative explanation which must be completed with ab initio calculations to simulate vibrationnal modes frequencies/ intensities
Losquin, Arthur. „Surface Plasmon modes revealed by fast electron based spectroscopies : from simple model to complex“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919765.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrunel, Christian. „Étude RMN de la myoglobine : voies d’accès des ligands et mécanisme du transfert d’électron“. Rennes 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN10096.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAraujo, Arthur Luiz Alves de. „Conception et réalisation d'un biocapteur à matrice d’électrodes pour la caractérisation de milieux biologiques par spectroscopie d’impédance“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKnowledge of the electromagnetic properties of cells can provide early signals of disease or abnormal conditions in the human body for medical applications. In combination with microfluidic devices, impedance spectroscopy can be a powerful tool for sorting, analyzing, counting and discriminating cells. The main objective of this thesis is the characterization of isolated biological cells by measurement of unit-scale impedance spectroscopy and thus to be able to characterize them, in this thesis project we have done. The design and development of a coplanar electrode matrix biosensor are the second objective of this work, the idea being ultimately to be able to perform simultaneous measurements on several unit cells. The electrode matrix-shaped structure makes it possible to increase the number of cells measured as the number of electrodes increases. However, the electrode lead tracks can reduce the normalized impedance variation and thereby increase the difficulty in measuring cells between the electrodes. To analyze the effects of the connection tracks, propose improvements and observe the feasibility, we first used a simple 2x2 matrix. With this structure, we analyze analytically, by simulations and by experimental measurements, the influence of the connection tracks on the frequency band and on the standardized impedance variation. To reduce the effects of connection tracks, we have reduced their dimensions as well and we have used shown the advantage of using an insulator layer on the connection tracks
Cisneros, Robin. „Production et stockage d'énergie : de la DSSC au photo-accumulateur“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0173.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work was to imagine and to develop a new system able to produce and store energy from sunlight in a single device. For this purpose, the photo-sensitive electrode of a DSSC has been adapted to an electrochemical accumulator. The first part of this work was to develop a new spectroscopic technique, called EIS-λ and based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy combined to incident light wavelength sweep. This technique has proved its capacity to identify and quantify the different mechanisms of electron transfer over the surface of the semiconducting material and their dependency to incident wavelength, together with the various deactivation processes of the excited state of the sensitizer. Then, we investigated the best conditions to use two different co-adsorbents — namely bis-methoxyphenylphosphinic acid, or BMPP, and chenodesoxycholic acid, or CDCA — with the reference sensitizer N719. The shield and anti-π-stacking activities of the two coadsorbents has been characterized using EIS-λ technique. DSSC with a photo-conversion yield of 8,3% has been prepared in the lab using BMPP in a ratio [co-ads]/[S] = 1 while reference conditions – namely with CDCA in a ratio [co-ads]/[S] = 10 — only gave 7,2%. Besides, we have designed and synthesized three original hydrophilic ruthenium complexes, then tested their photo-conversion properties in DSSC with 100% aqueous electrolytes. Such systems, with the selected co-adsorbents, allowed 1,31% photo-conversion yield to be obtained, which is two times larger than the efficiency exhibited by N719 in the same electrolyte conditions. Finally the best combination sensitizer / co-adsorbent has been selected to achieve a photo-sensitive electrode which has been implemented in an original electrochemical accumulator with aqueous electrolytes. This system represents the first functional device of a 100% aqueous accumulator, which is photo-reloadable with a photosensitized mesoporous electrode
Khalil, Lama. „Ultrafast study of Dirac fermions in topological insulators“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS344/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents an experimental study of the electronic properties of two topological materials, namely, the irradiated three-dimensional topological insulator Bi₂Te₃ and the natural topological superlattice phase Sb₂Te. Both systems were investigated by techniques based on photoemission spectroscopy. The Bi₂Te₃ compounds have been irradiated by high-energy electron beams. Irradiation with electron beams is a very promising approach to realize materials that are really insulating in the bulk, in order to emphasize the quantum transport in the protected surface states. By studying a series of samples of Bi₂Te₃ using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (trARPES) we show that, while the topological properties of the Dirac surface states are preserved after electron irradiation, their ultrafast relaxation dynamics are very sensitive to the related modifications of the bulk properties. Furthermore, we have studied the occupied and unoccupied electronic band structure of Sb₂Te. Using scanning photoemission microscopy (SPEM), we have consistently found various nonequivalent regions on the same surface after cleaving several Sb₂Te single crystals. We were able to identify three distinct terminations characterized by different Sb/Te surface stoichiometric ratios and with clear differences in their band structure. For the dominating Te-rich termination, we also provided a direct observation of the excited electronic states and of their relaxation dynamics by means of trARPES. Our results clearly indicate that the surface electronic structure is strongly affected by the bulk properties of the superlattice. Therefore, for both systems, we show that the surface electronic structure is absolutely connected to the bulk properties
Croset, Guillaume. „Caractérisation in situ par imagerie proche infrarouge en fabrication additive "fusion sur lit de poudre par faisceau d'électrons“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElectron beam Powder Bed Fusion (E-PBF) is an additive manufacturing process that allows metallic parts to be built by selectively melting successive layers of powder. However, this process can generate defects in the fabricated parts. To improve the reliability of this process, there is a need to develop in-situ monitoring imaging techniques. The main objective of this work is to set up strategies to characterize in-situ the E-PBF process. The selected tool is a near-infrared (NIR) camera employed to obtain images of the parts being manufactured. The first part of the work has been dedicated to setting up an experimental device allowing to acquire near-infrared images in an automated way and by taking into account the constrained environment of E-PBF (high temperature, vacuum, metal deposit on the walls). Two strategies of in-situ monitoring of E-PBF are suggested. The first one aims at taking one image per layer, just after the melting stage. Image analysis routines were developed and allow to identify and determine the spatial distribution of the defects (geometrical distortions, porosity) from their thermal signatures on the NIR-images. The detection of internal defects is validated with a non-destructive characterization (X-rays computed tomography). The second strategy consists of carrying out continuous image acquisition to analyze the temporal evolution of the grey level which is directly related to temperature changes. A methodology allowing to detect, even to anticipate given defects related to the energy delivered by the electron beam has been proposed. Those two approaches should allow the defects to be identified as quickly as possible to apply a correction within the framework of future closed-loop process control
Huynh, Le Thanh Nguyen. „Les accumulateurs au sodium et sodium-ion, une nouvelle génération d’accumulateurs électrochimiques : synthèse et électrochimie de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes performants“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1123/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince commercialization, Li-ion batteries have been playing an important role as power source for portable electronic devices because of high gravimetric, volumetric capacity and high voltage. Furthermore, the lithium-ion technology is best suited for large-scale application, such as electric vehicles, which poses a resource problem and ultimately cost. On the contrary, sodium is a most abundant element, inexpensive and similarly properties as lithium. In order to solve the problem of lithium raw resource, sodium is proposed as a solution for next generation power source storage. This work investigates the potential derivative vanadium pentoxide materials as sodium intercalation compounds: the V2O5 reference compound, the promizing potassium bronze K0,5V2O5, ε'-V2O5, as well as a lamellar manganese oxide: the sol-gel birnessite and its doped cobalt form. The structure-electrochemistry relationships are clarified through a study combining electrochemical properties, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy of materials at different insertion rate, end of the reaction and after galvanostatic cycling. New phases are highlighted and specific capacities between 100 and 160 mAh / g in the field of 4V-1V potential can be obtained with sometimes remarkably stable as in the case of NaV2O5 and ε'-V2O5
Grissa, Rabeb. „Apport de la Spectroscopie Photoélectronique à rayonnement X à l’étude de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes pour microbatteries au lithium“. Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main evolutions required for microelectronic applications aim to integrate an energy microsource operating at lower potential than current systems. Thus, in order to meet this demand, this research work has been focused on the study, mainly by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), of two positive electrode materials operating at 3 V vs Li+/Li: the spinel-type material LiMn2O4 and the Nasicon-type one Fe2(MoO4)3. The bismuth, a potential negative electrode material likely to replace the metallic lithium and to undergo the soldering process conventionally used in microelectronics (the solder reflow), has also been studied in this work. Before studying these materials in all-solid-state systems, the first step consists in investigating their electrochemical behaviors in liquid electrolytes. For this purpose, 500 nm-thick thin films are prepared by magnetron sputtering after a step of deposition parameters optimization (power, partial and total pressures in the sputtering chamber, annealing temperature, etc.). Physicochemical proprieties of the deposited thin films are then investigated by XRD, SEM, XPS, RBS and ICP analyses. The analyses of the electrodes by XPS at the end of discharge and charge has allowed better understanding of the electrochemical reactions occurring within the electrode materials and at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces in lithium cells. A comparative study with cycling against sodium has also been carried out in the case of iron molybdate and bismuth materials. This has allowed identifying specific behaviors of the thin films during the insertion/extraction of the two alkalis. The homogeneity of the thin films lithiation/sodiation has also been studied from various XPS analyses realized after etching process which allows eliminating the passivation layer formed at the electrode/electrolyte interface.This study contributes to a better knowledge of three potential electrode materials candidates for lithium micro-batteries and presents very interesting perspectives of materials integration in all solid state systems
Vasseur, Guillaume. „Étude par ARPES et STS des propriétés éléctroniques de réseaux métalliques et organiques nanostructurés“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0151/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this work, through two different studies, we demonstrate the fundamental interest in the coupling of angle resolved photoemission (ARPES) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) to investigate the electronic properties of nanostructured interfaces. In the first part we present a methodology to determine the surface potential of the triangular reconstructed one monolayer of Ag/Cu(111) interface from ARPES. This method is based on the measurement of the Shockley state band structure’s gaps at the high symmetry points of the Brillouin zone. Deposition of potassium adatoms allows us to shift the surface state towards higher binding energies in order to increase the number of accessible gaps in photoemission. From the magnitude of these gaps we deduce the two first Fourier components of the potential felt by electrons using the nearly free electron model. Then we reconstruct it and calculate the local density of states in order to compare it with the conductance maps probed by STS. In the second part we report the study of the growth and the electronic properties of the two molecules 1,4-dibromobenzene (DBB) and 1,4-diiodobenzene (DIB) evaporated on Cu(110). For room temperature deposition, we first observe their deshalogenation and the formation of an intermediate organometallic phase. Then, above 200°C, the system polymerizes into a long-range ordered array of one dimensional poly(p-phenylene) polymer. ARPES intensity maps allowed us to identify a one dimensional graphene-like strongly dispersive pi-band below the Fermi energy. By STS we also observed LUMOs confined states for small chains over the Fermi level. The loss of confinement for long chains induces the formation of a continuous dispersive band which crosses the Fermi energy, conferring a 1D metallic character to the polymer. The HOMO-LUMO gap is found to be 1.15 eV
Reis, Firmino Thiago Diamond. „The quantum dynamics of the diffusion of dissociatively adsorbed diatomic molecules“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070646.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrazard, Johanna. „Photoactivation femtoseconde de deux nouvelles protéines de la famille des cryptochrome/photolyase, issues de l'algue verte Ostreococcus tauri : photocycle ultrarapide et état signalant de la photophobie du protozoaire Blepharisma japonicum“. Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03184590.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCuisinier, Marine. „Caractérisation et contrôle de l’interface électrode / électrolyte d’électrodes positives pour accumulateurs Li-ion“. Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2097.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLithium batteries, widely developed for portable electronics, are now being considered for applications in hybrid and electric vehicles. Their current limitations are the low capacity and limited cycle life caused notably by the uncontrolled positive electrode / electrolyte interface. The present study reports the characterization and attempts of control of interfacial processes occurring on LiNi0. 5Mn0. 5O2, Li1. 2Ni0. 4Mn0. 4O2 and LiFePO4 positive electrode materials during their storage and electrochemical cycling. The thesis focuses on the formation and evolution of the interphase formed by decomposition of the electrolyte, depending on the surface chemistry of the active material. Different types of surface modifications have been proposed, such as intrinsic modifications upon aging in air or the promotion of a particular crystalline orientation in the case of olivine LiFePO4, or by overlithiation of the LiNi0. 5Mn0. 5O2 oxide lamellar, under the form of Li [Li0. 2Ni0. 4Mn0. 4]O2. Other types of modifications, considered as artificial or external, are based on the use of additives in the electrolyte or of a heterochemical coating on the surface of Li1. 2Ni0. 4Mn0. 4O2. In each case, species detected on the surface of materials during storage and cycling are correlated with the electrochemical performance of the positive electrodes. The originality of the work is based primarily on the development of spectroscopic tools such as MAS NMR (7Li, 19F and 31P) and EELS, in parallel to XPS, to quantitatively describe the interphase and unravel its architecture
Difi, Siham. „Phosphates de type NASICON comme matériaux d'électrode pour batteries sodium-ion à haute densité d'énergie“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT212/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is devoted to the study of phosphate based composites with NASICON type structure, that are used as electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries: Na1+xFexTi2-x (PO4)3/C et Na1+xFexSn2-x(PO4)3/C with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. These composites were synthesized by solid state route followed by a pyrolysis reaction with sucrose. They consist of particles having high porosity and coated with carbon giving to the electrode good ionic and electronic conductivity. The reaction mechanisms occurring during charge-discharge cycles were analyzed in operando mode, by X-ray diffraction, 57Fe and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopies and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. For the iron-titanium composites, the mechanisms are essentially based on the diffusion of Na+ in the channels of the crystalline phases with changes of transition metal oxidation state. For iron-tin composites, the mechanisms are more complex including insertion, conversion leading to the destruction of the NASICON phases and then reversible formation of NaxSn alloys. The best electrochemical performances were obtained for Na1,5Fe0,5Ti1,5(PO4)3/C with an operating potential of 2.2 V vs. Na+/Na0. Although these two types of materials can be used at lower potential, the performances must be improved to consider their application as the negative electrode
Castro, Laurent. „Matériaux d’électrode positive à base de phosphates pour accumulateurs Li-ion et phénomènes aux interfaces : apport de la spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS)“. Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3046/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis is focused on the study of LiMPO4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co) materials and on their evolution upon cycling (redox process end electrodes / electrolyte interfaces) in lithium ion cells. It is based on X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses coupled with electrochemical tests. During air exposure, a surface oxidation of phosphate LiFePO4 was observed that lead to the formation of surface impurities such as Fe2O3. Concerning electronic structure, the analysis of LiMPO4 (M=Fe, Mn, Co) materials valence spectra allowed for LiFePO4 the visualization of spin down Fe 3d electron which is the first experimental proof of the particular electronic configuration (3d↑)5(3d↓)1 of Fe2+ in this material. This work also allowed a better understanding of the effect of the working temperature as well as the nature of the negative electrode on Li-ion cells ageing mechanisms. For LiFePO4 // Graphite cell, the comparison of spatially distributed solid/electrolyte interfaces showed that ageing mechanisms, characterized by a loss of active lithium, could be associated with a heterogeneity of working of the positive electrode. In addition, the extension of these studies on new promising Li(FeMn)PO4 materials for positive electrode showed that higher working potential of mixed phosphate material compared to LiFePO4 material leads to a higher electrolyte reactivity which consequences were analysed
Andreu, Nathalie. „Réactivité de surface d’oxydes lamellaires, matériaux d’électrode positive dans des accumulateurs au lithium – approches expérimentale et théorique“. Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3044/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work is devoted to a better fundamental understanding of the surface reactivity of positive electrode materials, and specifically lamellar lithiated oxides LiMO2 through experimental (XPS/chemisorption of gaseous probes) and theoretical (DFT calculations) approaches. The beneficial effect of aluminum-based coatings on electrochemical performances is well known but the exact mechanisms are not totally understood. A detailed study of the surface reactivity of LiCoO2 and of the influence of Al/Co substitution is carried out. The experimental approach is focused on SO2 adsorption and shows that Al/Co substitution induces a decrease of the surface reactivity and a change in the nature of adsorbed species (identification of sulfite species whereas only sulfate species are characterized for LiCoO2). Theoretical calculations highlighs two different adsorption modes controlled by redox properties for LiCoO2 and by acid-base properties for -LiAlO2 (less energetically favorable). The theoretical study is extended to LiMnO2 and LiNiO2 in order to analyse the influence of the nature of the transition metal atom. The modelization of SO2 adsorption reveals two chemisorption processes (sulfite and sulfate formation), and highligths the key role of subsurface cations in the reduction process which leads to sulfates. Thus theoretical approach allows on interpretation of the experimental data obtained for Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2. The identification of sulfites may be explained by the presence of Ni2+ ions whereas sulfate species may result from the presence Mn4+ and Co3+ ions
Le, Quang Long. „Nanomatériaux hybrides TiO2/[Ru(bpy)3]2+ associés à [Cr(ttpy)2]3+ ou [Mn(ttpy)(CO)3Br] ou au pyrrole : synthèse, études spectroscopiques et applications pour la conversion de l'énergie solaire“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV085/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to investigate the possibility of using TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as a platform to immobilize proximal coordination complexes that can interact with each other by photoinduced electron transfer. We have studied hybrid nanomaterials combining [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) as a photosensitizer and [Cr(ttpy)2]3+ or [Mn(ttpy)(CO)3Br (ttpy = 4'-(p-tolyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) as electron acceptors. To immobilize the various complexes on the surface of TiO2, a phosphonic acid functional group was introduced on one of the bipyridines of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ center and on the terpyridines of the [Cr(ttpy)2]3+ complex. Under visible light, the TiO2/RuII colloid undergoes a photo-induced charge transfer process leading to a long-lived charge separation state (e )TiO2/RuIII, which makes it possible to be engaged in successive oxidation or reduction reactions. In particular, the visible irradiation of the TiO2/RuII colloid in the presence of [Cr(ttpy)2]3+ and triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial electron donor allows the two-electron reduction of [Cr(ttpy)2]3+. Subsequently, the [Cr(ttpy)2]3+ complex has been immobilized on the TiO2/RuII NPs to form a RuII/TiO2/CrIII assembly in which the photoinduced electron transfer processes were investigated. In order to propose a system for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2, the [Mn(ttpy)(CO)3Br] and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complexes were co-immobilized on TiO2 NPs following a chemistry on surface approach to form a RuII/TiO2/MnI triad. Under irradiation at 470 nm, this system exhibits excellent selectivity towards HCOOH as the only product of CO2 photoreduction in DMF/TEOA solvent mixture, in the presence of 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) as a sacrificial electron donor. Another hybrid system linking a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ unit to two pyrrole functions and being immobilized on TiO2 has also been synthesized and studied. Under visible light, the transient (e-)TiO2/[Ru-pyr]3+ species induce the polymerization of pyrrole to form a TiO2/poly(Ru-pyr) nanocomposite. The nanocomposite deposited on an electrode generates, in the presence of TEOA, a stable anodic photocurrent of more than 10 μA.cm-2. All the results show that TiO2 NPs can be used to associate different complexes in a close environment by limiting the interactions in the ground state but allow photoinduced electron transfer processes between them. Depending on the redox potentials of the different components, the electron transfer takes place either through the semiconducting NPs or on the surface
Kehal, Ibtissam. „Développement et caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux d’électrodes pour pile à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC) : des titanates de lanthane de structure cuspidine aux cobaltites“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10005/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the current energy context, solid oxide fuel cells hold great promise as an alternative energy source for electricity generation. However, bottlenecks remain to improve their sustainability, particularly in terms of electrode materials. This work focused on the characterization of new anode and cathode materials. The partial substitution of titanium by vanadium in the lanthanum titanate La4Ti2O10 of cuspidine structure has led to promising anode materials with Aera Specific Resistance (ASR) of the order of 0.2 W.cm2 at 750 ° C under hydrogen. At the cathode, our research has focused on two types of cobaltites: a perovskite Ba1-xCo0,9Fe0,2Nb0,1O3-d with x = 0 and 0.1 and an innovative material Ba2Co9O14. In either case, after optimization of the microstructure of the electrodes, ASR less than 0.1 W.cm2 at 700 ° C were obtained
Ronzani, Filippo. „Réactions d’oxydation photosensibilisée : espèces transitoires réactives et mécanismes aux interfaces“. Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3020/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main aim of the work carried out during this PhD project was to develop, characterize and analyze original materials for photosensitized oxidation reactions. Particular attention was paid to the determination of the photophysical properties of the selected photosensitizers (PSs) and the effect induced by the immobilization on an inert support (silica). The reactive species formed upon irradiation were identified and analyzed. Singlet oxygen production was monitored by two complementary methods. The solid-supported sensitizers were employed, in the form of either monoliths or powders, for the photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide at the gas-solid interface and of -terpinene at the liquid-solid interface. Singlet oxygen was the main reactive oxygen species formed by the selected PSs; nonetheless, the reaction products were analyzed and other possible mechanistic scenarios investigated
Gaulupeau, Bertrand. „Apport de la spectrométrie de masse en temps réel à l’étude de la dégradation thermique d’électrolytes de batteries lithium-ion au contact de matériaux d’électrode positive“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe use of lithium-ion batteries is now a technology of choice for the automotive sector especially for its use in hybrid and electric vehicles, due to a high density of energy available as well as a high power density necessary to the traction of a vehicle. However, due to the high on-board energy, the safety of such devices must be enhanced. It has been reported that under abusive thermal conditions the cumulative effect of degradation of a LiPF6-based electrolyte and the catalytic effect of positive electrode materials leads to the formation of fluoro-organic species such as 2-fluoroethanol. This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the role of positive electrode materials towards the degradation of LiPF6-based electrolyte, in particular by studying the nature of the gases produced under abusive thermal conditions. To carry out this project, a device allowing an in situ analysis of the formed gases has been developed. The role of water on the formation of fluoro-organic species is also the subject of a particular attention. The influence of several positive electrode materials on the nature of the degradation products of the electrolyte has been demonstrated. This work allowed to evaluate the influence of different parameters on the thermal degradation of the electrolyte in order to predict the choice of the various constituents of a lithium-ion battery
Berenger, Sophie. „Développement de cathodes performantes pour batteries lithium/air“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI010/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, high-performance cathodes for lithium/air batteries have been investigated. The main limitations for lithium/air batteries are oxygen diffusion into the cathode and in the electrolyte and the progressive clogging of cathode pores by lithium oxide. The development of the air cathode is strongly dependant on the organic electrolyte used, thus the nature of the electrolyte has been here considered. Electrode porosity and the kind of catalyst employed influence the cathode performance. Promising results were obtained with carbon cloth based electrodes containing α-MnO2 nanotubes as catalyst with regards to capacity and cycle stability. Furthermore, formation of gaseous products during charging has been studied thanks to mass spectroscopy experiments. TEGDME is a promising electrolyte; nevertheless, carbon dioxide (CO2) has been detected up to 3.7 V vs. Li/Li+