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1
Ruzickova, Veronika, und Katerina Kroupova. „AUDIOTACTILE MAPS AS A FACILITATING ELEMENT IN SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND MOBILITY“. SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (20.05.2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol4.5090.
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Tactile graphics represent an important means to overcome or alleviate the information deficit resulting from the loss of visual perception. The research framework of the paper is focused on a primary probe into the field of application of tactile graphics in the spatial orientation of people with visual impairment in the sense of development of spatial imagination and improvement of independent movement through the use of audiotactile maps. The chosen topic is viewed from the perspective of professionals working with people with visual impairment as well as the clients with visual impairment themselves. Partial results of the study are presented, focusing on the overall attitude of people with visual impairment to tactile graphics and their application potential, which adds to the overall picture of contemporary reality in the field of tactile graphics, with an emphasis on usability in spatial orientation and independent movement. The research has shown the considerable potential of tactile graphics in the development of spatial imagination. In connection with these conclusions, modern 3D maps with auditory elements were designed and will be also presented in the paper.
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Palazesi, Margot A. „The Need for Motor Development Programs for Visually Impaired Preschoolers“. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 80, Nr. 2 (Februar 1986): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8608000203.
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Visually impaired children have difficulty acquiring spatial orientation concepts necessary for proficient locomotive movements and independent mobility. The majority of past research on remedying spatial deficits has focused on older visually impaired individuals. It is the purpose of this paper to advocate the development of movement programs for preschool visually impaired children in order to compensate for their orientation deficits. Skills necessary for acquisition of spatial concepts should be taught through movement programs at an early age in the normal developmental sequence instead of attempting to remedy deficits at a later age.
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Teskeredžić, Amela, und Hurma Begić-Jahić. „THE IMPACT OF GEOMETRY KNOWLEDGE ON THE ORIENTATION AND MOBILITY OF BLIND STUDENTS“. Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 9, Nr. 2 (September 2019): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.091903.
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The problem of blindness and other visual impairment is very important because it affects millions of people in the world. For those suffering from innate visual impairment, it is very difficult to imagine the world like it is, the fight begins from early school stages and continues until the end of life. This paper describes how the learning of basic geometric shapes, and their different positions, has an impact on the formation of a mental scheme in orientation and mobility. Geometry and its knowledge represent only one small part necessary for a safer and more independent movement of blind people. The research has shown that the quarterly individual work, on the adoption of geometric concepts and positions in students, is making progress in overcoming the recent problems. Spatial visualization implies understanding and imaginary movements, which, with spatial orientation and recognition of parts and relationships in the micro and macro environment, require mental rotation in relation to the position of the body. Therefore, it all together influences the formation of the mental scheme of the blind people, which is the basis for orientation and movement.
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Ojala, Stina, Riitta Lahtinen und Helinä Hirn. „Tactile maps – Finnish O&M instructors’ experiences on usability and accessibility“. Finnish Journal of eHealth and eWelfare 9, Nr. 4 (29.11.2017): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23996/fjhw.65134.
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For a person with a visual impairment, the quality of life means independence and equality with the sighted people. For this, independent travel and navigation is essential. Orientation within different types of environments is a challenge and tactile maps are key elements for this. It can also be used for learning about new routes independently. A tactile map is an image of spatial information and figure that uses raised lines and surfaces when introducing a certain area in 3D form. For a public tactile map to be useful, it has to contain consistent information for the user.
In this study we present results from a survey for the orientation and mobility (O&M) instructors of Finland about usability and ideas for improvement concerning public tactile maps. We sent the survey questionnaire for 30 O&M instructors by electronic mail and there was also a possibility to answer by paper. Altogether we received 24 answers. The main finding was that most of the O&M instructors did not use public tactile maps during the sessions.
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Kocurová, Petra, und Alžběta Bílková. „Sustainability of Street Space in Built-Up Territory in the Case of Barrier-Free Use“. Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series. 17, Nr. 1 (01.06.2017): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2017-0008.
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Abstract The street space is perceived as the multi-element dynamic public space. A diverse group of users with the often conflicting requirements is intertwined with it. To ensure the adequate utilization and hence its sustainability, it is essential to predict these claims for the future users in the already designed public spaces. However, in the already built-up area these tools reduce problems and increase the functionality of a limited area. The recovery by the creation of a functionally stable environment (safety, clarity, accessibility, attractiveness) for all user groups in urban settlements and creates a pleasant place to stay, work, live and relax. One of the risky groups with the specific requirements for the use of a public space are the people with limited mobility. This group is often physically or mentally disadvantaged in the comparison to the others. In the solution of a street area we have to deal with structural modifications to ensure an independent movement and orientation, for people with limited mobility or vision. Especially for blind and partially sighted people it is necessary to know and respect the principles and techniques of a spatial orientation. The environment which is created by construction has to produce information in sufficient quantities and quality adequate, so that street space is seen as a collection of various points, lines and characters for visually impaired people who would choose the indicatively important phenomena. The rules of barrier-free use, although legally binding, are in many cases incorrectly applied in practice. Nescience of these principles, their poor application and intensity of spatial orientation in urban environment often leads to disorientation for these users, the feeling of psychological isolation and often to the accidents. The article focuses on solving the existing street space in cities in a relation to the barrier-free use.
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Brayda, Luca, Fabrizio Leo, Caterina Baccelliere, Elisabetta Ferrari und Claudia Vigini. „Updated Tactile Feedback with a Pin Array Matrix Helps Blind People to Reduce Self-Location Errors“. Micromachines 9, Nr. 7 (14.07.2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9070351.
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Autonomous navigation in novel environments still represents a challenge for people with visual impairment (VI). Pin array matrices (PAM) are an effective way to display spatial information to VI people in educative/rehabilitative contexts, as they provide high flexibility and versatility. Here, we tested the effectiveness of a PAM in VI participants in an orientation and mobility task. They haptically explored a map showing a scaled representation of a real room on the PAM. The map further included a symbol indicating a virtual target position. Then, participants entered the room and attempted to reach the target three times. While a control group only reviewed the same, unchanged map on the PAM between trials, an experimental group also received an updated map representing, in addition, the position they previously reached in the room. The experimental group significantly improved across trials by having both reduced self-location errors and reduced completion time, unlike the control group. We found that learning spatial layouts through updated tactile feedback on programmable displays outperforms conventional procedures on static tactile maps. This could represent a powerful tool for navigation, both in rehabilitation and everyday life contexts, improving spatial abilities and promoting independent living for VI people.
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Bujacz, Michał, und Paweł Strumiłło. „Sonification: Review of Auditory Display Solutions in Electronic Travel Aids for the Blind“. Archives of Acoustics 41, Nr. 3 (01.09.2016): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0040.
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Abstract Sonification is defined as presentation of information by means of non-speech audio. In assistive technologies for the blind, sonification is most often used in electronic travel aids (ETAs) - devices which aid in independent mobility through obstacle detection or help in orientation and navigation. The presented review contains an authored classification of various sonification schemes implemented in the most widely known ETAs. The review covers both those commercially available and those in various stages of research, according to the input used, level of signal processing algorithm used and sonification methods. Additionally, a sonification approach developed in the Naviton project is presented. The prototype utilizes stereovision scene reconstruction, obstacle and surface segmentation and spatial HRTF filtered audio with discrete musical sounds and was successfully tested in a pilot study with blind volunteers in a controlled environment, allowing to localize and navigate around obstacles.
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Weinberger, Nora, Markus Winkelmann, Karin Müller, Sebastian Ritterbusch und Rainer Stiefelhagen. „Public Participation in the Development Process of a Mobility Assistance System for Visually Impaired Pedestrians“. Societies 9, Nr. 2 (27.04.2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9020032.
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Blind and visually impaired people have to cope with the safe movement through public space and the (lack of) knowledge of spatial issues and walkable routes. These challenges often lead to a fear of accidents and collisions, frequently also of disorientation. This, in turn, can result in a reduced radius of action, restricted mobility, and later on, in social isolation. Against this background, the project TERRAIN aims at developing a technical guidance system for orientation and navigation in urban space. For the development of this assistance system, the project pursues an approach in which reflexive, responsive, and deliberative dimensions have been integrated to address the ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) in a co-design process. This paper focuses on the participation of citizens independent of vision impairments in the project which provided a variety of relevant indications of impacts and potential technical adaptations from an ‘outer’ point of view. In addition, conclusions can be drawn about the existing desirability and acceptance of the technical solution among the potential users as well as their social environment of potential users. In addition, it turned out that the citizen participation process raised different expectations among the project partners. Therefore, this article evaluates the participation results from the perspective of the technology developers and the technology assessors.
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Imhof, Lorenz, Susanne Suter-Riederer und Jürg Kesselring. „Effects of Mobility-Enhancing Nursing Intervention in Patients with MS and Stroke: Randomised Controlled Trial“. International Scholarly Research Notices 2015 (17.02.2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/785497.
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Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) or stroke causes functional impairment which can have a major impact on patients’ life. Objectives. This RCT investigated the effect of a new nursing intervention (Mobility Enhancing Nursing Intervention—MFP) designed to improve rehabilitation outcomes. Method. The study took place in a rehabilitation clinic in Switzerland. One hundred forty participants diagnosed with MS, stroke, and brain injuries were randomly assigned to control group (CG = standard care) or intervention group (IG). The IG combined standard care with 30 days of MFB. MFP placed patients on a mattress on the floor and used tactile-kinaesthetic stimulation to increase spatial orientation and independency. Outcomes were functionality (Extended Barthel Index, EBI), quality of life (WHOQoL), and fall-related self-efficacy (FES-I). Results. There was a significant main effect of the intervention on functionality (EBI-diff/day mean = 0.30, versus mean = 0.16, P=0.008). There was also a significant main effect on QoL (WHOQoL-diff mean = 13.8, versus mean = 5.4, P=0.046). No significant effect was observed on fall-related self-efficacy. Conclusions. The positive effect of MFP on rehabilitation outcomes and quality of life suggests that this specialized nursing intervention could become an effective part of rehabilitation programs. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of St. Gallen (KEK-SG Nr. 09/021) and registered at ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02198599.
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McGEE, P. Maria, Hoa TEUSCHLER und Jie LIANG. „Effective electrostatic charge of coagulation factor X in solution and on phospholipid membranes: implications for activation mechanisms and structure–function relationships of the Gla domain“. Biochemical Journal 330, Nr. 1 (15.02.1998): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3300533.
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Electrostatic interactions during activation of coagulation factor X were analysed by comparing effects of ionic strength on reaction rates with predictions of classical electrostatic theory. Geometrical correlations were investigated using alpha-shape-based computations on the crystal structure of Ca-fragment 1 of prothrombin. The ionic strength of the reaction environment was controlled with different univalent salts including NaCl, KCl, CsCl, LiCl, NaI, NaBr and KI. Reactions were assembled in three different environments: aqueous phase, cell membranes and synthetic TF/PS/PC (tissue factor relipidated in 30% phosphatidylserine, 70% phosphatidylcholine) vesicles. Reaction rates were measured at pH 7.2, 4 mM CaCl2 and 33 °C, using chromogenic substrate to follow factor Xa generation. Rates decreased with increasing concentration of univalent salt, and the magnitude of the decrease was independent of salt type. On the basis of electrostatic relationships on PS/PC vesicles, the effective charge on factor X was +1.5, and the PS/factor X stoichiometry was 2.28. Structural analysis of the γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain revealed three surface pockets, forming potential sites for Ca2+ binding, with distinct spatial orientations. Interpreted together, the results of the geometric analysis and the measured effective charges suggest an efficient electrostatic mechanism for capture and retention of substrates by procoagulant membranes. Non-specific and delocalized interaction between the membrane and each one of the charged facets of the Gla domain can increase the probability of substrate binding, while allowing rotational and translational mobility of substrate for specific interaction with the enzyme.
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Blee, Kathleen M. „Mobility and Political Orientation“. Sociological Perspectives 28, Nr. 3 (Juli 1985): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389153.
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Public attention recently has been drawn to the existence of a “gender gap” in public opinion and electoral politics in the United States. Yet the reasons for this sex difference in politics are unclear. Do men and women have differences of political orientation that are independent of social class differences or do sex differences in politics reflect different class experiences for men and women? This research uses national survey data to compare the political effects of social mobility for three groups of respondents: Males, women employed for wages outside the home, and housewives. I predict that women who are mobile by virtue of their own occupational status will have political orientations close to those of their class-of-destination, while women who are mobile by virtue of a spouse's occupation will retain political orientations similar to those of their class-of-origin. Further, I predict that the difference between the relationship of social mobility and political orientation for employed men and women will decline as women's overall labor force participation increases. In a log-linear analysis of presidential candidate selection from 1948 to 1980, I find that marital and occupational mobility do have different effects on women's political orientation, but the direction of political change across mobility statuses was not consistent. There is no convergence over time in the pattern whereby mobility status is related to political choice for men and women.
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Bil, Mariana. „Population spatial mobility: essence and characteristics“. Annals of Marketing Management and Economics 3, Nr. 2 (31.12.2017): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/amme.2017.3.2.13.
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The aim of the paper is to improve theoretical foundations of the research of the population spatial mobility as an actual socio-economic concept and development of its three-dimensional model. Two basic concepts are used to understand spatial mobility – “mobility” and “space”. The population spatial mobility is suggested to consider its property, which reflects desire, willingness and opportunities to change a place of residence in specified space-time coordinates, which is accompanied by human potential capitalization during implementation processes. Immobility as the opposite property of mobility is identified. A three-dimensional model of the population spatial mobility is considered. The characteristics of the population spatial mobility are generalized. They include: subjectivity, level and scale display, tempology, transformation, goal orientation, potentiality, functionality, the ability to adjust and measurability. All the characteristics are described. The author points out that the methodology to determine the level of the population spatial mobility needs developing. The different types of the population spatial mobility are described in order to assess its level. This is active-mobile and passive-mobile population. The structure of the population spatial mobility is formed depending on the dominance of a particular personality type. The scale of spatial mobility as an important characteristic reflects desire, willingness and opportunities of movement for a specified distance. Functionality as the characteristic of spatial mobility reveals its ability to perform such functions as movement provision, stagnation resistance, balancing and alignment, variability, alternativeness, freedom, protection, development, self-responsibility and individualization. Goal orientation shows that the mobile property of a person allows them to more quickly meet the needs through the achievement of demanded goals compared to other members of society who are immobile. The actuality of the research of the population spatial mobility in the context of human development is proved in the conclusions.
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Bryan, W. H. „Itinerant Orientation and Mobility in Public Schools“. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 83, Nr. 9 (November 1989): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8908300913.
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Most visually impaired children receive their orientation and mobility instruction on an itinerant basis. Because of the distances their instructor must travel, many of these children receive instruction only once or twice a week and are cheated out of the consistent instruction they require. This article explores alternative ways of scheduling these students so they can receive the amount of consistent and high-quality instruction they need to become safe independent travelers.
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Vincent, Alex, und David Regan. „Parallel Independent Encoding of Orientation, Spatial Frequency, and Contrast“. Perception 24, Nr. 5 (Mai 1995): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p240491.
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Subjects were presented with a set of 216 test gratings in random order. Each had a different combination of orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast. For each test grating, subjects were instructed to judge whether or not orientation was clockwise of the mean of the stimulus set, whether or not spatial frequency was higher than the mean of the stimulus set, and whether or not contrast was higher than the mean of the stimulus set. Each of the three sets of button presses was analyzed with respect to each of the three parameters, giving nine psychometric functions from one response set. It is concluded that, for gratings of high visibility, changes of orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast are encoded independently and in parallel, at least for small changes in these three visual parameters. In another experiment only one of the three parameters was varied at a time. Neither orientation-discrimination threshold, nor spatial-frequency-discrimination threshold, nor contrast-discrimination threshold was appreciably, if at all, lower than when all three parameters were varied simultaneously. It is concluded that interactions between the processing of small changes in orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast are negligible when all three are processed simultaneously. It is proposed that trial-to-trial variations of orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast are unconfounded by opponent processing within a population of neurons, each of which confounds the three variables.
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O'BRIEN, MARGARET, DEBORAH JONES, DAVID SLOAN und MICHAEL RUSTIN. „Children's Independent Spatial Mobility in the Urban Public Realm“. Childhood 7, Nr. 3 (August 2000): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568200007003002.
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Moraglia, Giampaolo. „Visual Search: Spatial Frequency and Orientation“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1989): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.2.675.
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Observers searched for a Gaussian-windowed patch of sinewave grating (Gabor pattern) through displays containing varying numbers of other such patterns (distractors). When the spatial frequencies of target and distractors differed by ± 2 octaves and their orientations by ± 60°, the search proceeded spatially in parallel irrespective of whether the target could be discriminated in terms of spatial frequency differences alone, orientation differences alone, or their combination. However, when target and distractors differed by only ±.5 octave in spatial frequency and by ± 15° in orientation, the search was serial and self-terminating, again irrespective of the nature of the target-distractor differences. These findings show that, contrary to some suggestions, the preattentive detection of targets defined by conjunctions of spatial frequency and orientation may occur, but only when the spectral distance between target and distractors allows their encoding by independent mechanisms.
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Lahav, Orly. „Virtual reality as orientation and mobility aid for blind people“. Journal of Assistive Technologies 8, Nr. 2 (10.06.2014): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jat-08-2013-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the past 15 years of research and development (R&D) on the role of virtual environments (VEs) as an orientation and mobility (O&M) aid to enhance skills and to train people who are blind or newly blind. Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes and examines studies of 21 VE systems developed specifically to help people who are blind improve their O&M skills. These VE systems, equipped to supply appropriate perceptual and conceptual spatial information through haptic and auditory sensorial channels, are mainly focussed on two goals: helping congenitally blind or late blind persons to collect spatial information in advance and supporting people who are newly blind in practicing their O&M skills during rehabilitation. The R&D studies represented in these 21 studies were examined along three dimensions: descriptive information, system, and research. Findings – This paper highlights weaknesses and strengths of VE systems that have been developed in the past 15 years as O&M aids for people who are blind. These results have the potential to influence future R&D in this field. Originality/value – The author hopes that this paper will influence future R&D in this field and lead to accessible O&M VEs in practice and research.
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Teskeredžić, Amela. „THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORIENTATION OF BLIND PUPILS TO THEIR BODY IN REGARD TO MOBILITY AND SPACE ORIENTATION“. Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 8, Nr. 1 (April 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041802.
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Independent and safe movement includes the development of motor skills, the acquisition of basic concepts, the awareness of oneself and the awareness of the environment. The aim of the research was to determine the influence and significance of the orientation to the body of blind students, on orientation and mobility. The sample consisted of 30 blind students aged 7 to 15, placed in the internal accommodation of the Center for Children and Youth with Developmental Disabilities "Budućnost" in Derventa and the Center for Blind and Visually Impaired Children and Youth in Sarajevo. The research used an instrument for assessing the ability of the mobility of the blind, which established the initial and final levels of development of the ability to orientate towards one's own body and the mobility of blind students. For statistical data processing, descriptive statistics and t-test methods were used. The results are in favor of the final measurement, that is, after the treatment was carried out, the improvement of the orientation towards the body was determined, which influenced the orientation and mobility of the blind pupils.
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Putri, D. W., Widyawati und D. Susiloningtyas. „Spatial Behavior of Children’s Independent Mobility in Depok, West Java, Indonesia“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 338 (24.11.2019): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/338/1/012009.
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Alesina, Alberto, Sebastian Hohmann, Stelios Michalopoulos und Elias Papaioannou. „Intergenerational Mobility in Africa“. Econometrica 89, Nr. 1 (2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta17018.
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We examine intergenerational mobility (IM) in educational attainment in Africa since independence using census data. First, we map IM across 27 countries and more than 2800 regions, documenting wide cross‐country and especially within‐country heterogeneity. Inertia looms large as differences in the literacy of the old generation explain about half of the observed spatial disparities in IM. The rural‐urban divide is substantial. Though conspicuous in some countries, there is no evidence of systematic gender gaps in IM. Second, we characterize the geography of IM, finding that colonial investments in railroads and Christian missions, as well as proximity to capitals and the coastline are the strongest correlates. Third, we ask whether the regional differences in mobility reflect spatial sorting or their independent role. To isolate the two, we focus on children whose families moved when they were young. Comparing siblings, looking at moves triggered by displacement shocks, and using historical migrations to predict moving‐families' destinations, we establish that, while selection is considerable, regional exposure effects are at play. An extra year spent in a high‐mobility region before the age of 12 (and after 5) significantly raises the likelihood for children of uneducated parents to complete primary school. Overall, the evidence suggests that geographic and historical factors laid the seeds for spatial disparities in IM that are cemented by sorting and the independent impact of regions.
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Bensmaïa, S. J., J. C. Craig und K. O. Johnson. „Temporal Factors in Tactile Spatial Acuity: Evidence for RA Interference in Fine Spatial Processing“. Journal of Neurophysiology 95, Nr. 3 (März 2006): 1783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00878.2005.
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We investigated the extent to which subjects’ ability to perceive the fine spatial structure of a stimulus depends on its temporal properties (namely the frequency at which it vibrates). Subjects were presented with static or vibrating gratings that varied in spatial period (1–8 mm) and vibratory frequency (5–80 Hz) and judged the orientation of the gratings, presented either parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the finger. We found that the grating orientation threshold (GOT)—the spatial period at which subjects can reliably discriminate the orientation of the grating—increased as the vibratory frequency of the gratings increased. As the spatial modulation of SA1 and RA afferent fibers has been found to be independent of vibratory frequency, the frequency dependence of spatial acuity cannot be attributed to changes in the quality of the peripheral signal. Furthermore, we found GOTs to be relatively independent of stimulus amplitude, so the low spatial acuity at high flutter frequencies does not appear to be due to an inadequacy in the strength of the afferent response at those frequencies. We hypothesized that the RA signal, the strength of which increases with vibratory frequency, interfered with the spatially modulated signal conveyed by SA1 fibers. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that adapting RA afferent fibers improved spatial acuity, as gauged by GOTs, at the high flutter frequencies.
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Passini, R., A. Dupré und C. Langlois. „Spatial Mobility of the Visually Handicapped Active Person: A Descriptive Study“. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 80, Nr. 8 (Oktober 1986): 904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8608000809.
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Specific aspects of mobility and spatial orientation of the visually handicapped have attracted the attention of researchers for a quarter of a century; generally speaking, their work can be placed in four fields of study. First, interest has been focused on the capacity of blind people to move unaided in various spatial settings and to mentally map an environment. A second preoccupation revealed by the literature has been the spatial information transmitted to the visually handicapped by tactile maps, by adapted sign system and by electronic guidance systems. Other projects have focused on the environment in which visually handicapped move and on the environmental aspects that affect their mobility. Finally, some researchers have investigated how the development of technical aids has facilitated the mobility of blind people.
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Bowns, Linda, und Alexander J. S. Beckett. „An independent effect of spatial frequency on motion integration reveals orientation resolution“. Vision Research 50, Nr. 15 (Juli 2010): 1445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.04.003.
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Wojniusz, Slawomir, Erik Ropstad, Neil Evans, Jane Robinson, Anne-Kristin Solbakk, Tor Endestad und Ira Ronit Hebold Haraldsen. „Sex-specific development of spatial orientation is independent of peripubertal gonadal steroids“. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38, Nr. 9 (September 2013): 1709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.005.
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Zimmermann-Janschitz, Susanne, Simon Landauer, Sebastian Drexel und Jana Obermeier. „Independent mobility for persons with VIB using GIS“. Journal of Enabling Technologies 15, Nr. 3 (17.06.2021): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jet-03-2020-0014.
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Purpose The study aims to promote independent mobility for persons with visual impairment or legal blindness (VIB) by developing a Web-based wayfinding application using geographic information systems (GIS). While the literature mainly focuses on technical devices presenting results for wayfinding, a lack of integration of user needs is identified. The inclusive, participative developed application offers step-by-step directions for pre-trip planning through an accessible user interface. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a semi-automated approach to extract a pedestrian routing network data set based on open government data and field survey. User profiles calculate different routes using a weighting scheme for landmarks, orientation hints, infrastructure of crossings and sidewalks. The adoption of ArcGIS Web AppBuilder widgets allows access of the user interface additionally through keyboard-only navigation and therefore screen-reader capability. Findings GIS offers a powerful tool to design network analysis for persons with VIB. The routing algorithm accesses different user profiles, returning individualized turn-by-turn directions. The complex set of attributes, including shorelines, landmarks and barriers, can be integrated by semi-automated processes. Practical implications The paper illustrates the benefit of GIS applications for wayfinding of persons with VIB to raise self-determination and independence. Originality/value A ubiquitous pedestrian sidewalk network for a medium-size city comprises a novelty, as research has mainly focused on small areas. The integration of shorelines next to a various number of hints, landmarks and potential barriers through semi-automated processes allows reproducibility and transferability of the model to other cities.
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Victor, Jonathan D., und Keith P. Purpura. „Spatial Phase and the Temporal Structure of the Response to Gratings in V1“. Journal of Neurophysiology 80, Nr. 2 (01.08.1998): 554–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.554.
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Victor, Jonathan D. and Keith P. Purpura. Spatial phase and the temporal structure of the response to gratings in V1. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 554–571, 1998. We recorded single-unit activity of 25 units in the parafoveal representation of macaque V1 to transient appearance of sinusoidal gratings. Gratings were systematically varied in spatial phase and in one or two of the following: contrast, spatial frequency, and orientation. Individual responses were compared based on spike counts, and also according to metrics sensitive to spike timing. For each metric, the extent of stimulus-dependent clustering of individual responses was assessed via the transmitted information, H. In nearly all data sets, stimulus-dependent clustering was maximal for metrics sensitive to the temporal pattern of spikes, typically with a precision of 25–50 ms. To focus on the interaction of spatial phase with other stimulus attributes, each data set was analyzed in two ways. In the “pooled phases” approach, the phase of the stimulus was ignored in the assessment of clustering, to yield an index H pooled. In the “individual phases” approach, clustering was calculated separately for each spatial phase and then averaged across spatial phases to yield an index H indiv. H pooled expresses the extent to which a spike train represents contrast, spatial frequency, or orientation in a manner which is not confounded by spatial phase (phase-independent representation), whereas H indiv expresses the extent to which a spike train represents one of these attributes, provided spatial phase is fixed (phase-dependent representation). Here, representation means that a stimulus attribute has a reproducible and systematic influence on individual responses, not a neural mechanism for decoding this influence. During the initial 100 ms of the response, contrast was represented in a phase-dependent manner by simple cells but primarily in a phase-independent manner by complex cells. As the response evolved, simple cell responses acquired phase-independent contrast information, whereas complex cells acquired phase-dependent contrast information. Simple cells represented orientation and spatial frequency in a primarily phase-dependent manner, but also they contained some phase-independent information in their initial response segment. Complex cells showed primarily phase-independent representation of orientation but primarily phase-dependent representation of spatial frequency. Joint representation of two attributes (contrast and spatial frequency, contrast and orientation, spatial frequency and orientation) was primarily phase dependent for simple cells, and primarily phase independent for complex cells. In simple and complex cells, the variability in the number of spikes elicited on each response was substantially greater than the expectations of a Poisson process. Although some of this variation could be attributed to the dependence of the response on the spatial phase of the grating, variability was still markedly greater than Poisson when the contribution of spatial phase to response variance was removed.
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Hirschkatz, K. „An Orientation and Mobility Approach to Problems of a Neurologically Impaired Adult“. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 83, Nr. 9 (November 1989): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8908300914.
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A San Francisco woman with no visual impairment but a neurological processing deficit has been helped through O&M training. She is completely unable to process spatial relationships, and this has resulted in difficulties in travel and problems at work and school. Applying Orientation and Mobility methods helped her cope with street crossings, perform simple household tasks, and locate specific rooms within buildings. Techniques used included “hands-on” guidance; taping lessons and direction so they could be reviewed; memorizing essential information; and using an index-card system to “signpost” regular routes.
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Manafzadeh, Armita R., und Stephen M. Gatesy. „A coordinate-system-independent method for comparing joint rotational mobilities“. Journal of Experimental Biology 223, Nr. 18 (03.08.2020): jeb227108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.227108.
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ABSTRACTThree-dimensional studies of range of motion currently plot joint poses in a ‘Euler space’ whose axes are angles measured in the joint's three rotational degrees of freedom. Researchers then compute the volume of a pose cloud to measure rotational mobility. However, pairs of poses that are equally different from one another in orientation are not always plotted equally far apart in Euler space. This distortion causes a single joint's mobility to change when measured based on different joint coordinate systems and precludes fair comparison among joints. Here, we present two alternative spaces inspired by a 16th century map projection – cosine-corrected and sine-corrected Euler spaces – that allow coordinate-system-independent comparison of joint rotational mobility. When tested with data from a bird hip joint, cosine-corrected Euler space demonstrated a 10-fold reduction in variation among mobilities measured from three joint coordinate systems. This new quantitative framework enables previously intractable, comparative studies of articular function.
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Campbell, H. R. „Orientation discrimination independent of retinal matching by blowflies“. Journal of Experimental Biology 204, Nr. 1 (01.01.2001): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.1.15.
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Blowflies, Phaenicia sericata, can be trained to discriminate in a learning paradigm in which one of the two visual cues is positively rewarded. Retinotopic matching of a learned visual image to the same retinal location from viewing to viewing has been hypothesized to underlie visual pattern learning and memory in insects. To address the theory of retinotopic matching, a detailed analysis was made of the flies' body orientations during learned discriminations between +45 degrees and −45 degrees gratings. Initial approaches to the positive rewarded visual cue did not originate from the same spatial location within the behavioral arena with respect to the visual cues; thus, individual flies approached the positive cue from a different vantage point from trial to trial. During initial approaches to the rewarded visual cue, the distributions of body angles with respect to the cue were different from trial to trial for each individual. These data suggest that Phaenicia sericata can learn a visual pattern with one eye region and later recognize the same pattern with another eye region. Thus, retinotopic matching is not necessary for the recognition of pattern orientation in the experimental paradigm used here. The average amount of head turning in the yaw plane was too small to compensate for the changes in body orientation exhibited by the flies. Flies view the visual patterns with distinct retinal regions from trial to trial during orientation discrimination.
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Blumsack, Judith T. „Audiological Assessment, Rehabilitation, and Spatial Hearing Considerations Associated With Visual Impairment in Adults“. American Journal of Audiology 12, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2003): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2003/014).
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The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness and interest among audiologists regarding the needs of adults who have both hearing loss and visual impairment, particularly people who are blind and travel independently. Case history, audiometric testing, and rehabilitation issues are considered, and extensive discussion of spatial hearing research as it relates to orientation and mobility is provided.
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Dale, R. E., S. C. Hopkins, U. A. an der Heide, T. Marszałek, M. Irving und Y. E. Goldman. „Model-Independent Analysis of the Orientation of Fluorescent Probes with Restricted Mobility in Muscle Fibers“. Biophysical Journal 76, Nr. 3 (März 1999): 1606–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77320-0.
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Deverell, Lil. „O&M for Independent Living: Strategies for Teaching Orientation and Mobility to Older Adults“. International Journal of Orientation & Mobility 8, Nr. 1 (2017): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/ijom-2017-073.
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Anastasiou, Ouranio, Rania Hadjisavva und Paris A. Skourides. „Mitotic cell responses to substrate topological cues are independent of the molecular nature of adhesion“. Science Signaling 13, Nr. 620 (25.02.2020): eaax9940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aax9940.
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Correct selection of the cell division axis is important for cell differentiation, tissue and organ morphogenesis, and homeostasis. Both integrins, which mediate interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as fibronectin, and cadherins, which mediate interactions between cells, are implicated in the determination of spindle orientation. We found that both cadherin- and integrin-based adhesion resulted in cell divisions parallel to the attachment plane and elicited identical spindle responses to spatial adhesive cues. This suggests that adhesion topology provides purely mechanical spatial cues that are independent of the molecular nature of the interaction or signaling from adhesion complexes. We also demonstrated that cortical integrin activation was indispensable for correct spindle orientation on both cadherin and fibronectin substrates. These data suggest that spindle orientation responses to adhesion topology are primarily a result of force anisotropy on the cell cortex and show that integrins play a central role in this process that is distinct from their role in cell-ECM interactions.
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Jongbloed, Lyn, Cathy Brighton und Susan Stacey. „Factors Associated with Independent Meal Preparation, Self-Care and Mobility in CVA Clients“. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 55, Nr. 5 (Dezember 1988): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841748805500509.
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This study compared factors associated with and predictive of performance by stroke clients on two tests, namely a Meal Preparation Scale and the Barthel Index (a measure of independence in self-care and mobility). There is some overlap between factors associated with independent meal preparation and those associated with independence in self-care and mobility. However, motor function in the upper extremity is significantly (.05) more highly correlated with performance of self-care and mobility (r = .47) than with meal preparation (r = .28). Similarly, motor function in the lower extremity is significantly (.05) more highly correlated with performance in self-care and mobility (r = .47) than with meal preparation (r = .07). On the other hand, motor planning is significantly (.05) more highly correlated with meal preparation (r = .51) than with self-care and mobility (r = .28). Motor function in the upper extremity and visual-spatial perception on admission are predictors of future performance in both self-care mobility and meal preparation; but neither function can be predicted accurately using variables measured in this study.
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Nordbakke, Susanne T. Dale. „Mobility, Out-of-Home Activity Participation and Needs Fulfilment in Later Life“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 24 (14.12.2019): 5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245109.
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Using nationally representative survey of 4723 people aged 67 or older living in Norway, this paper explores the link between wellbeing, out-of-home activity participation and mobility in old age. A basic assumption of this paper is that out-home activities mediated through mobility can contribute to needs fulfillment, and, hence, wellbeing. This study explores the role of preferences, and individual and contextual constraints, in both the overall level of out-of-home activity participation in old age and the level of participation in three specific out-of-home activities (grocery shopping, visiting family or friends, and attending cultural activities). A person’s degree of home orientation is used as an indicator of preference for indoor activities. The findings suggest that age, living status, income, education, holding a driving license, health, social network, centrality of residence, and the quality of the public transport supply have a significant impact on the overall participation level. In addition, the study suggests that the types of constraints vary between travel purposes and the location of activities. Moreover, there is an independent effect of the degree of home orientation on the overall participation level, on the degree of visits to family and friends and on the degree of attending cultural activities, which suggest that people differ in their need for out-of-home activities. However, degree of home orientation has no impact on the degree of grocery shopping, which might imply that grocery shopping is more independent of preferences. The main conclusion from this study is that the extent to which out-of-home activities fulfill needs vary between individuals, depending on their preferences as well as the interplay between individual abilities and resources and contextual conditions.
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MILER-ZDANOWSKA, KAMILA. „Echolocation, as a method supporting spatial orientation and independent movement of people with visual impairment“. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, Nr. 25 (15.06.2019): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.25.15.
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Kamila Miler-Zdanowska, Echolocation, as a method supporting spatial orientation and independent movement of people with visual impairment. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 25, Poznań 2019. Pp. 353-371. Adam MickiewiczUniversity Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.25.15
People with visual impairment use information from other senses to gain knowledge about the world around them. More and more studies conducted withthe participation of visually impaired people indicate that data obtained through auditory perception is extremely important. In this context, the ability of echolocation used by blind people to move independently is interesting. The aim of the article is to present echolocation as a method supporting spatial orientation of people with visual impairment. The article presents the results of empirical studies of echolocation. It also presents the benefits of using this ability in everyday life and signals research projects related to the methodology of teaching echolocation in Poland. People with visually impaired to get knowledge about the world around them use information from other senses. Many studies conducted with the participation of visually impaired people indicate that data obtained through hearing are extremely important. In this context, the ability of echolocation used by blind people to move independently is interesting. The aim of the article is to present echolocation as a method supporting spatial orientation of people with visual disabilities. The article presents the results of empirical studies on echolocation. It also presents the benefits of using this skill in everyday life and signals research projects on themethodology of teaching echolocation in Poland.
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Krejčí, Markéta, und Iva Hradilová. „Spatial Orientation in the Urban Space in Relation to Landscape Architecture“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, Nr. 3 (2014): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462030543.
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The need of individuals to identify with the environment and the ability to create a schematic isometric image of their surroundings are essential factors affecting participation in social relations. Spatial orientation in itself reflects the ability of people to read complex urban space and identify with the place.The presented work studies spatial orientation in the urban space in the context of landscape design. It analyses and searches for opportunities to apply instruments of a landscape architect as a means of improving spatial orientation and readability of the city. The study makes a synthesis of all the data obtained from the environment model. The methodology of work includes sections of a professional urban view combined with mental mapping of current users of the urban space.The total synthesis was preceded by an intermediate stage of classification which was a comparison of the mental map with the reality in order to obtain “memorable” elements in the urban space, in which it was fundamental to see which entity the communication partner drew first and what entity it is in terms of spatial urban structure. Another parameter was the frequency of occurrence method.The presented study responds to this strong spatial anchoring of the memorable orientation entity by defining the landscape element and this is supplemented by the aspect of spatial orientation. The landscape element is defined on the basis of the evolution parkway-greenway→greenfindingway. Its substantiation is multiplied not only from the aspect of spatial economy but also in correlation to the dynamic recreational pattern, psychological well-being or the preference of sustainable mobility. The final document of the study in the form of the so-calledwayfinding maphas the potential of a foundation material which can be applied to strategic and urban designing as a sum of unbiased data in correlation to involvement of the public into the process of creating the urban space.
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Kang, Guanlan, Xiaolin Zhou und Ping Wei. „Independent effects of reward expectation and spatial orientation on the processing of emotional facial expressions“. Experimental Brain Research 233, Nr. 9 (31.05.2015): 2571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4328-3.
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Cai, Ying, Andrew D. Sheldon, Qing Yu und Bradley R. Postle. „Overlapping and distinct contributions of stimulus location and of spatial context to nonspatial visual short-term memory“. Journal of Neurophysiology 121, Nr. 4 (01.04.2019): 1222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00062.2019.
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Stimulus location is not always informative during visual short-term memory (VSTM) for nonspatial features. Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence for the automatic encoding and retention of location information, regardless of its task relevance. To explore the functional and neural bases of the representation of spatial context in VSTM for nonspatial information, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed while subjects performed delayed recall for the orientation of individual stimuli. Stimulus location varied across trials, and although this information was irrelevant for task performance, multivariate pattern analysis decoding of stimulus location sustained across trials, and also the decoding strength, predicted the precision of the recall of orientation. The influence of spatial context on the representation of orientation was operationalized by comparing the orientation reconstructions with multivariate inverted encoding models (IEM) trained in location context-dependent vs. -independent data. Although orientation reconstructions were robust for both location-dependent and location-independent IEMs, they were markedly stronger for the former. Furthermore, the functional relevance of location context was demonstrated by the fact that only the location-dependent neural representations of stimulus orientation predicted recall precision. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neural representation strength of stimulus location predicts the precision of visual short-term memory (VSTM) recall of nonspatial stimulus, even when this information is task irrelevant. Neural representations of nonspatial stimuli that incorporate location context are stronger than those that do not, and only the former representations are strongly linked to behavior. The contributions to nonspatial VSTM performance of the representation of location context are at least partly distinct from those of the representation of stimulus content.
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Teruel-Juanes, R., B. Pascual-Jose, R. Graf, J. Reina, M. Giamberini und A. Ribes-Greus. „Effect of Dendritic Side Groups on the Mobility of Modified Poly(epichlorohydrin) Copolymers“. Polymers 13, Nr. 12 (13.06.2021): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121961.
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The macromolecular dynamics of dendronized copolymer membranes (PECHs), obtained by chemical modification of poly(epichlorohydrin) with the dendron 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy] benzoate, was investigated. In response to a thermal treatment during membrane preparation, these copolymers show an ability to change their shape, achieve orientation, and slightly crystallize, which was also observed by CP-MAS NMR, XRD, and DSC. The phenomenon was deeply analyzed by dielectric thermal analysis. The dielectric spectra show the influence of several factors such as the number of dendritic side groups, the orientation, their self-assembling dendrons, and the molecular mobility. The dielectric spectra present a sub-Tg dielectric relaxation, labelled as γ, associated with the mobility of the benzyloxy substituent of the dendritic group. This mobility is not related to the percentage of these lateral chains but is somewhat hindered by the orientation of the dendritic groups. Unlike other less complex polymers, the crystallization was dismantled before the appearance of the glass transition (αTg). Only after that, clearing transition (αClear) can be observed. The PECHs were flexible and offered a high free volume, despite presenting a high degree of modifications. However, the molecular mobility is not independent in each phase and the self-assembling dendrons can be eventually fine-tuned according to the percentage of grafted groups.
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Hollinger, Kevin. „Book Review: O&M for Independent Living: Strategies for Teaching Orientation and Mobility to Older Adults“. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 110, Nr. 2 (März 2016): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x1611000208.
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Hollinger, Kevin. „Book Review: O&M for Independent Living: Strategies for Teaching Orientation and Mobility to Older Adults“. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 110, Nr. 6 (November 2016): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x1611000614.
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Miler-Zdanowska, Kamila. „Wykorzystanie nowych technologii w orientacji przestrzennej osób z niepełnosprawnością wzroku“. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, Nr. 18 (09.09.2018): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2017.18.04.
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The fast development of electronic and information technologies makes them becoming ever more present in the lives of the blind and visually impaired people. The aim of this article is to present modes of mobility of people with visual impairment, with particular focus on new technologies. The article contains the classification and characteristics of electronic aids used in spatial orientation and mobility for blind people. It also presents the benefits and difficulties of using these types of new technologies. The article presents research projects related to the construction and testing of new technical solutions in Poland.
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Hanson, Andrew J. „The quaternion-based spatial-coordinate and orientation-frame alignment problems“. Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 76, Nr. 4 (18.06.2020): 432–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273320002648.
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The general problem of finding a global rotation that transforms a given set of spatial coordinates and/or orientation frames (the `test' data) into the best possible alignment with a corresponding set (the `reference' data) is reviewed. For 3D point data, this `orthogonal Procrustes problem' is often phrased in terms of minimizing a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) corresponding to a Euclidean distance measure relating the two sets of matched coordinates. This article focuses on quaternion eigensystem methods that have been exploited to solve this problem for at least five decades in several different bodies of scientific literature, where they were discovered independently. While numerical methods for the eigenvalue solutions dominate much of this literature, it has long been realized that the quaternion-based RMSD optimization problem can also be solved using exact algebraic expressions based on the form of the quartic equation solution published by Cardano in 1545; focusing on these exact solutions exposes the structure of the entire eigensystem for the traditional 3D spatial-alignment problem. The structure of the less-studied orientation-data context is then explored, investigating how quaternion methods can be extended to solve the corresponding 3D quaternion orientation-frame alignment (QFA) problem, noting the interesting equivalence of this problem to the rotation-averaging problem, which also has been the subject of independent literature threads. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the combined 3D translation–orientation data alignment problem. Appendices are devoted to a tutorial on quaternion frames, a related quaternion technique for extracting quaternions from rotation matrices and a review of quaternion rotation-averaging methods relevant to the orientation-frame alignment problem. The supporting information covers novel extensions of quaternion methods to the 4D Euclidean spatial-coordinate alignment and 4D orientation-frame alignment problems, some miscellaneous topics, and additional details of the quartic algebraic eigenvalue problem.
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Deville, Pierre, Chaoming Song, Nathan Eagle, Vincent D. Blondel, Albert-László Barabási und Dashun Wang. „Scaling identity connects human mobility and social interactions“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 26 (06.06.2016): 7047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525443113.
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Massive datasets that capture human movements and social interactions have catalyzed rapid advances in our quantitative understanding of human behavior during the past years. One important aspect affecting both areas is the critical role space plays. Indeed, growing evidence suggests both our movements and communication patterns are associated with spatial costs that follow reproducible scaling laws, each characterized by its specific critical exponents. Although human mobility and social networks develop concomitantly as two prolific yet largely separated fields, we lack any known relationships between the critical exponents explored by them, despite the fact that they often study the same datasets. Here, by exploiting three different mobile phone datasets that capture simultaneously these two aspects, we discovered a new scaling relationship, mediated by a universal flux distribution, which links the critical exponents characterizing the spatial dependencies in human mobility and social networks. Therefore, the widely studied scaling laws uncovered in these two areas are not independent but connected through a deeper underlying reality.
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Barleta, Leonardo. „Spatial Genealogies: Mobility, Settlement, and Empire-Building in the Brazilian Backlands, 1650–1800“. Journal of Social History 54, Nr. 4 (01.07.2021): 1064–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shab006.
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Abstract This study examines the territorial expansion of Portuguese colonization in South America by analyzing the spatial practices of Luso-Brazilian families in the captaincy of São Paulo, Brazil during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. After the 1690s, successive discoveries of mineral wealth lured thousands of colonists to scattered settlements in the interior of the continent, challenging the long-established maritime orientation of the Portuguese empire. Given obstacles posed by distance and lack of infrastructure as well as the near absence of formal institutions, this study asks how the Portuguese extended the occupation into the backlands and what mechanisms enabled the integration of these new pockets of settlement into the rest of the empire. It combines different computational methods, such as text mining, data modeling and analysis, and digital mapping to examine a large corpus of genealogical writings about prominent families of colonial São Paulo, reconstituting patterns of geographic mobility of more than 3,000 individuals. These patterns indicate that mobility was shaped by family ties, which allowed colonists to marshal resources, share geographic knowledge, and forge alliances for travel and exploration. Because kinship was an enduring form of social relationship, it provided lasting linkages that connected distant settlements to the consolidated areas of occupation and gave a sense of spatial cohesion that sustained the empire inland.
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Real, Santiago, und Alvaro Araujo. „VES: A Mixed-Reality System to Assist Multisensory Spatial Perception and Cognition for Blind and Visually Impaired People“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 2 (10.01.2020): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020523.
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In this paper, the Virtually Enhanced Senses (VES) System is described. It is an ARCore-based, mixed-reality system meant to assist blind and visually impaired people’s navigation. VES operates in indoor and outdoor environments without any previous in-situ installation. It provides users with specific, runtime-configurable stimuli according to their pose, i.e., position and orientation, and the information of the environment recorded in a virtual replica. It implements three output data modalities: Wall-tracking assistance, acoustic compass, and a novel sensory substitution algorithm, Geometry-based Virtual Acoustic Space (GbVAS). The multimodal output of this algorithm takes advantage of natural human perception encoding of spatial data. Preliminary experiments of GbVAS have been conducted with sixteen subjects in three different scenarios, demonstrating basic orientation and mobility skills after six minutes training.
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Maij, Femke, Eli Brenner und Jeroen B. J. Smeets. „Temporal Information Can Influence Spatial Localization“. Journal of Neurophysiology 102, Nr. 1 (Juli 2009): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91253.2008.
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To localize objects relative to ourselves, we need to combine various sensory and motor signals. When these signals change abruptly, as information about eye orientation does during saccades, small differences in latency between the signals could introduce localization errors. We examine whether independent temporal information can influence such errors. We asked participants to follow a randomly jumping dot with their eyes and to point at flashes that occurred near the time they made saccades. Such flashes are mislocalized. We presented a tone at different times relative to the flash. We found that the flash was mislocalized as if it had occurred closer in time to the tone. This demonstrates that temporal information is taken into consideration when combining sensory information streams for localization.
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Anton, Arthur Markus, Robert Steyrleuthner, Wilhelm Kossack, Dieter Neher und Friedrich Kremer. „Spatial Orientation and Order of Structure-Defining Subunits in Thin Films of a High Mobility n-Type Copolymer“. Macromolecules 49, Nr. 5 (12.02.2016): 1798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02420.
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Kulikova, Natalia, Olga E. Pronina, Renata Dabrowska und Yurii S. Borovikov. „Caldesmon inhibits the actin–myosin interaction by changing its spatial orientation and mobility during the ATPase activity cycle“. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 357, Nr. 2 (Juni 2007): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.154.
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