Zeitschriftenartikel: „Spanish Procedural law“

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Cuenca Pinkert, David. „A comparative study of the reimbursement of extrajudicial attorneys’ fees“. CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 15, Nr. 1 (02.03.2023): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2023.7542.

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»Reimbursement of Extrajudicial Attorneys’ Fees in Spanish Law. A Systematization of Procedural and Substantive Claims« (PhD-thesis published in German language, Duncker & Humblot, 2021, Schriften zum Internationalen Recht (SIR), Volume 229.) David Cuenca Pinkert examines the recoverability of extrajudicial attorneys’ fees in cross-border civil law cases under Spanish law and thereby demonstrates structural parallels to other European legal systems and universal principles of cost recovery. This approach systematizes procedural and substanti ve claims, which the author sees as a key to a better understanding of reimbursability.

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Vázquez y del Árbol, Esther. „English versus Spanish Procedural Law Terminology and Phraseology: Troublesome Features for Translators“. Lebende Sprachen 63, Nr. 1 (03.04.2018): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2018-0004.

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AbstractLegal translation is increasingly demanded in the professional market.When a translator tackles the translation of a source text from the same law system as to the target text the difficulties encountered may not prove very onerous. Nevertheless, when the translation brief comprises heterogeneous legal systems it places the translator into a difficult translation task. That is precisely the case of Common Law versus Civil Law and the legislation arising therefrom: Procedural Law. In this paper we will explain the features of procedural legal discourse and the tools for providing an adequate translation (English-Spanish/Spanish-English) for the terminology and phraseology identified in our bilingual corpus.

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Pellejero, Nancy Carina Vernengo. „El “Waiver Of Jury Trial” en la Justicia Estadounidense y su Posible Aplicación en el Modelo de Jurado Español“. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL CONSINTER DE DIREITO 13, Nr. 13 (21.12.2021): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19135/revista.consinter.00013.14.

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The jury is one of the main procedural institutions of the American justice; and it’s especially linked to the judicial independence and the U.S. Constitution. In this study we focus on one of the prerogatives recognized to the accused: “waiver of jury trial”, or the right to choose to be judged by a professional jury and not by a non-professional one, and the possibility of implementing this institution in the Spanish legal system, as we face a law reform in the Criminal Procedural Law, as well as on the Jury Law Act of 1995 by the Criminal Procedural Law Bill of 2020.

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Díaz-Fernández, Antonio M. „Reining in Pegasus: The Oversight of the Spanish Intelligence Service in the Catalangate“. Études françaises de renseignement et de cyber N° 1, Nr. 1 (23.11.2023): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/efrc.231.0101.

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The Pegasus spyware case, revealed in July 2021, also impacted Spanish politics when a report produced by Citizen Lab denounced that Catalan independentists had been surveilled using this software. The scandal — known as Catalangate — highlighted the need for a thorough audit of these surveillance capacities in the hands of the Spanish intelligence service. Using Catalangate as a case study, this article analyses whether Spanish mechanisms for controlling the surveillance capacities of the National Intelligence Centre (CNI) have followed the procedures established in Spanish legislation. Our conclusion is that the Spanish control system worked effectively. When the Parliamentary committee was unable to fulfill its duties, another actor within the democratic system, the Ombudsman, filled that gap. Secondly, the article analyses if Spanish control mechanism meets the more recent standards of case law from the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). This case law emphasises the importance of procedural guarantees for legitimising both bulk and targeted surveillance procedures, showing the need for potential improvements in Spanish regulations.

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Shestak, Victor, Vladimir Dubrovin und Zoya Ilyicheva. „Models of the Pre-Procedural Level of Investigation of Economic Crimes: Spanish Experience“. Russian Journal of Criminology 14, Nr. 1 (28.02.2020): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(1).148-155.

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Pre-procedural or non-procedural activities for the investigation of economic crimes are the activities to investigate crimes committed in the sphere of economy that are carried out before the initiation of criminal proceedings. In Spain, it is entrusted to the following state bodies: the judicial police, the prosecutor's office, and administrative bodies. The choice of the pre-procedural model of investigating an economic crime in modern Spain is subject to a variety of factors, including the specifics of interpersonal relations that have developed between law enforcement officials. The distinctive features inherent in the Spanish pre-procedural activity in the investigation of economic crimes are its spontaneity and the lack of uniformity in the procedure for its conduct. In particular, there is no legal certainty as to who decides on the commencement of pre-procedural activities to investigate an economic crime, as well as orderliness in who is assigned the main responsibility in the direction of its progress. The non-procedural investigation of economic crimes in Spain is carried out in accordance with the models that were gradually introduced into practice through the generalization of the customs of professional activities of law enforcement agencies that are understandable only to the staff of the bodies considered in the article. In modern times in Spain, four non-procedural models of the investigation of economic crimes with different constituent composition have been formed. In this case, it is impossible not to note the role of the administrative bodies in the investigation of economic crimes. Some Spanish researchers refer it to a separate investigation model, since it has its own order and dynamics. At the same time, the models under consideration are increasingly moving away from the order of investigation established by law, which calls into question legal security and creates a threat to the principle of legality. Within the framework of the projects on the reform of criminal justice in Spain, it is proposed to assign the responsibility for investigating criminal cases, particularly for economic crimes, to the prosecutor and the judge responsible for ensuring procedural guarantees. However, the feasibility of this project, even in the opinion of the Spanish researchers themselves, is questionable. In this regard, the authors in this article consider not only the positive aspects of each non-procedural model for the investigation of economic crimes in Spain, but also their shortcomings.

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Valls, Ignacio Fornaris. „Article: Exclusion of Bidders in Spain: Analysing Challenges Posed by National Competition Law“. World Competition 47, Issue 1 (01.02.2024): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2024002.

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This paper examines the Spanish Competition Authority’s (CNMC) most ground-breaking implementation of the bidder exclusion for competition infringement since March 2019. Through an analysis of key case-law and regulations, we explore the CNMC’s traditional approach to debarment decisions and its subsequent reconsideration following influential judgments from the High Court of Justice of Catalonia. This study sheds light on the evolving landscape of the bidder exclusion, and provides valuable insights into its legal nature, application procedure, and potential effects on fostering fair and transparent competition in Spain. bidder exclusion, collusive practices, restrictive measure, lack of legal authority, sanctioning procedure, public procurement, individual sanctioning, procedural fairness, adversarial system, Spanish competition policy

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y del Árbol, Esther Vázquez. „English versus Spanish Procedural Law Terminology and Phraseology: Troublesome Features for Translators“. Lebende Sprachen 64, Nr. 1 (12.04.2019): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2019-0012.

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Nasarre-Aznar, Sergio. „“Robinhoodian” courts’ decisions on mortgage law in Spain“. International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 7, Nr. 2 (13.07.2015): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-01-2014-0006.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the response of the Spanish courts to the effects of the 2007 financial crisis for residential mortgage borrowers in the absence of any equivalent intervention by the legislature. The paper also explores the potential risks that recent court decisions might pose for the Spanish mortgage and banking systems. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a combination of doctrinal and comparative methodology. It undertakes an analysis of decided judicial cases in Spain and compares these to international courts’ decisions and to national and international legislation with a view to exploring their originality in the field of mortgage-related consumer protection. Findings – The reviewed cases demonstrate the need to consider legislative reforms to increase the protection of consumers in relation to mortgages. Some reforms took place in 2013, but these were not perceived as sufficient by the judiciary. The paper also highlights the legal uncertainty that has followed these decisions and its negative impact on the credibility of the Spanish financial and legal systems. Research limitations/implications – The cases discussed are exceptional in the context of the general “normal” or “traditional” application of contractual, procedural and mortgage legislation by the rest of the judiciary. However, they are relevant enough to detect a trend and the need for the revision of affected statutes. Originality/value – This paper provides the first systematic critical analysis of these cases. It is of particular significance, as they collectively represent a distortion of the civil law principles that provide the basis of Spanish mortgage law and, therefore, of the wider financial system.

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UTRILLA FERNÁNDEZ-BERMEJO, Dolores. „Soft Law Governance in Times of Coronavirus in Spain“. European Journal of Risk Regulation 12, Nr. 1 (09.02.2021): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.117.

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Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, between March and July 2020, Spanish national and regional authorities made extensive use of soft law mechanisms to fight the spread of the virus and to tackle the consequences of the crisis. Soft law was used either as an instrument in and of itself, or as a justification for hard law instruments, with more than 200 non-binding measures being enacted by the state and by the Autonomous Communities. Spanish courts also used soft law as a tool to interpret existing hard law instruments, Such uses give rise to concerns about the transparency of administrative action and the principle of legal certainty. Moreover, the widespread use of soft law to justify the adoption of binding measures restricting fundamental rights might have consequences for democratic accountability and judicial control of executive action. This article indicates the need to reconsider the current system of constitutional and legal constraints attached to this form of regulation, by introducing some binding procedural rules relating to its adoption and its publication, and by clarifying its legal effects and the mechanism through which it can be enforced by courts.

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Dyson, Matthew. „Connecting Tort and Crime: Comparative Legal History in England and Spain since 1850“. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 11 (2009): 247–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001609.

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Abstract This chapter explores the relationship between tort law and criminal law. In particular it tracks one line of developments in the procedural co-ordination of criminal and civil law: the ability of criminal courts to award compensation for harm. It is a study of legal change or development: how and why law has evolved from the middle of the nineteenth century through to the present day. The chapter is also comparative, looking at the English and Spanish legal systems. The history of powers to compensate has highlighted two fundamentally different ways to resolve claims based on a concurrently tortious and criminal wrong. The English system has slowly moved from disparate and piecemeal provisions to a general if under-theorised system. On the other hand, Spain created a novel and complete system of liability to be administered by the criminal courts. This chapter seeks to trace and explain this development with a view to understanding how much civil and criminal law can perform the same function: compensation.

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Dyson, Matthew. „Connecting Tort and Crime: Comparative Legal History in England and Spain since 1850“. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 11 (2009): 247–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802730738.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between tort law and criminal law. In particular it tracks one line of developments in the procedural co-ordination of criminal and civil law: the ability of criminal courts to award compensation for harm. It is a study of legal change or development: how and why law has evolved from the middle of the nineteenth century through to the present day. The chapter is also comparative, looking at the English and Spanish legal systems. The history of powers to compensate has highlighted two fundamentally different ways to resolve claims based on a concurrently tortious and criminal wrong. The English system has slowly moved from disparate and piecemeal provisions to a general if under-theorised system. On the other hand, Spain created a novel and complete system of liability to be administered by the criminal courts. This chapter seeks to trace and explain this development with a view to understanding how much civil and criminal law can perform the same function: compensation.

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Presno Linera, Miguel Ángel. „El primer anteproyecto de ley orgánica para la protección de la seguridad ciudadana = The first Citizen Safety Draft Bill“. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, Nr. 34 (01.07.2014): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.34.2014.14090.

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En este trabajo se analiza el Anteproyecto de Ley Orgánica para la protección de la seguridad ciudadana aprobado por el Gobierno español en noviembre de 2013. El estudio concluye que este texto reúne las características del Derecho Administrativo sancionador del enemigo: anticipa la punibilidad administrativa, aumenta las sanciones de manera desproporcionada y disminuye las garantías procesales de los ciudadanos.This paper analyzes the Citizen Safety Draft Bill approved by the Spanish Government in November 2013. The study concludes that this text has the characteristics of a so called «Administrative Law of the Enemy» because it increases the administrative sanctions disproportionately and reduces procedural guarantees.

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Jimeno-Bulnes, Mar. „The use of intelligence information in criminal procedure“. New Journal of European Criminal Law 8, Nr. 2 (Juni 2017): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284417711574.

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Intelligence information that law-enforcement authorities may present as evidence in criminal proceedings is a questionable procedure. Intelligence reports are usually preventive and proactive measures for internal security and their discussion is important, in so far as they may be used as evidence and may have been acquired before the trial and even the prosecution phase. From the standpoint of defence rights, the use of such information undoubtedly calls for a review of criminal procedural principles; the accused and counsel cannot challenge such intelligence reports as the sources are secret and their introduction in a criminal proceeding circumvents the observance of the ordinary rules of criminal procedure. Despite the absolute absence of specific guidelines on national ordinary judicial procedure for the assessment of such intelligence information in Spain, a practical working arrangement has nevertheless evolved in the field. In this paper, the example of the Spanish panorama is described and some thoughts are advanced on a potential European approach. The concept of intelligence, whether such a concept is clearly identified in legal terms at a European and national level, as well as the practical ramifications of intelligence information used in criminal procedure with its consequences for the accused are all examined in the paper. The legal basis for the submission of such evidence both in Spanish legislation and in the judicial practice of the Spanish Supreme Court are also presented. The challenge is to ensure that the nature of such sensitive information and its assessment as evidence is at all times compatible with the observance of fundamental rights and, most especially, the procedural guarantees of the defendant.

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López, Rodrigo Tascón, und Rodrigo García Schwarz. „Corporate monitoring by technological means in Spain: overview of substantive and procedural conceptual construction“. JURIS - Revista da Faculdade de Direito 27, Nr. 1 (21.07.2017): 11–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/juris.v27i1.6883.

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The incredible technological advances have found one of their most striking (and legally sensitive) manifestations in the resized capacity control by the employer regarding the provision of services performed by employees. Art. 20.3 of the Spanish Workers’ Statute (WS) designated to set the limits of action in this matter, only diffusely refers to human dignity, without the legislator proceeding to update a pre-informative precept.In this context, case law (both of the Constitutional Court and of the Supreme Court) has been responsible for assuming quasi-legislative work and proceeds to exaggerate the limits of corporate monitoring power when they collide (real or potential) with the nonspecific fundamental rights (to privacy –Art. 18.1 of the Spanish Constitution (SC)–, communications secrecy –Art. 18.3 SC– or to the informational self-determination –Art.18.4 SC–) of employees. The present article aims, based on the analysis of the doctrines used by the high national courts in statements, whether classic or recent (proportionality of corporate measure, expectation of privacy, and informational self-determination of the employee), to build a synthesis rule that allows us to better shape the limits of corporate monitoring power through the use of new technologies. Over time, the main procedural problems raised by this issue are discovered.

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Cardona, Noemí Jiménez. „La Mediación Mercantil Ante los Nuevos Retos de la Inteligencia Artificial: Una Visión Comparada Entre los Ordenamientos Jurídicos Español e Italiano“. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL CONSINTER DE DIREITO 15, Nr. 15 (19.12.2022): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.19135/revista.consinter.00015.24.

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This article focuses on the analysis of the application and possibilities of use offered by tools based on artificial intelligence and mass data management (big data) in the processing of mediation processes, specifically those of a commercial nature, from an Italian-Spanish comparative perspective. To achieve this end, the method used has focused on the analysis of doctrine and case law on the subject, with particular reference to the treatment of out-of-court dispute resolution procedures in Law 7/2017 and the Draft Bill on Procedural Efficiency Measures for the Public Justice Service (2020), as well as the provisions of Italian Decree Laws n. 28/2010 and 69/2013. Among the results achieved, it can be anticipated that the instrumental incorporation of artificial intelligence in mediation, with the due guarantees of operation, can provide a further tool to support and assist the mediator, but without ever replacing or substituting him.

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García-Jiménez, María, María Jesús Cala-Carrillo und M. Eva Trigo. „Predicting Disengagement from Judicial Proceedings by Female Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Spain: A Systematic Replication With Prospective Data“. Violence Against Women 26, Nr. 12-13 (30.10.2019): 1493–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219882502.

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This article examines which variables predict disengagement from legal proceedings by victims of intimate partner violence in the first steps of the Spanish judicial process. We replicated a previous retrospective study with a prospective sample of 393 women. The relationships of sociodemographic, emotional, motivational, and psychological variables with procedural withdrawals were analyzed. We developed a binary logistic regression model that predicts disengagement with two variables: the contact with the abuser and the interaction between this contact and the thought of going back with him. Interesting differences between the current and the retrospective study were found. Results are discussed extensively in the conclusions.

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Thym, Daniel. „The End of Human Rights Dynamism? Judgments of the ECtHR on ‘Hot Returns’ and Humanitarian Visas as a Focal Point of Contemporary European Asylum Law and Policy“. International Journal of Refugee Law 32, Nr. 4 (01.12.2020): 569–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab004.

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Abstract Two controversial rulings of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) deserve global attention, since they declined to scrutinize on human rights grounds the prevalent move towards enhanced border controls and externalization practices that define European asylum law and policy at this juncture. In ND and NT, judges deemed the Spanish policy of ‘hot returns’, without access to basic procedural guarantees, of those climbing border fences to be compatible with human rights. A few weeks later, the Grand Chamber thwarted enduring hopes for judicial innovation in MN when it reasserted a ‘primarily territorial’ understanding of State jurisdiction and declared inadmissible the claim of a Syrian family from the war-torn town of Aleppo to a humanitarian visa. While the decision on humanitarian visas means that ‘non-arrival’ policies cannot usually be challenged, critical inspection of the ND and NT judgment displays a confounding combination of restrictive arguments and dynamic elements beneath the surface of a seemingly clear-cut outcome. This lack of judicial precision, which was bound to cause heated debate about the practical implications of the judgment, reflects the basic tension between the prohibition of refoulement and the absence of a right to asylum in classic accounts of international refugee law. It will be argued that the judicial vindication of the Spanish ‘hot returns’ policy does not call into question non-refoulement obligations; it aims at identifying graded procedural standards for different categories of refugees and migrants. By contrast, the novel insistence on the abstract availability of legal channels of entry presents itself as a humanitarian fig leaf for the acceptance of strict control practices. At an intermediate level of abstraction, the two rulings mark a watershed moment, indicating the provisional endpoint of an impressive period of interpretative dynamism on the part of the ECtHR, which has played a critical role in the progressive evolution of international refugee and human rights law over the past three decades. Experts in asylum law who have become accustomed to supranational courts advancing the position of individuals will benefit from the insights of constitutional theory and the social sciences to rationalize why the former vigour has given way to a period of hesitation and potential standstill, at least in Europe. This analysis employs the perspective of strategic litigation to discuss contextual factors hindering the continued dynamism of human rights jurisprudence in Europe at this juncture.

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Lafuente Balle, José María. „El art. 155 de la Constitución española (el Acuerdo del Senado) // Section 155 of the Spanish Constitution. The Order of the Spanish Senate of 27th of October, 2017.“ Revista de Derecho Político 1, Nr. 103 (16.12.2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.103.2018.23198.

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Resumen:El art. 155 de la Constitución regula la coerción federal (federal coercion) con un texto inspirado en el art. 37 de la Ley Fundamental de Bonn, si bien presenta alguna importante diferencia, particularmente por la distinta configuración electoral del Senado y el Bundesrat. Su redacción es un ejemplo característico de la ambigüedad propia de los preceptos constitucionales; y su interpretación padece de que carece de desarrollo legislativo y precedentes históricos. Con su Resolución de 27 de octubre de 2017, el Senado ha aplicado por vez primera el art. 155 por entender que la Generalitat había incurrido en desobediencia a la Constitución. La autorización al Gobierno central conllevó el cese del Gobierno de Cataluña y la posterior disolución del Parlamento autonómico. Dos han sido los recursos de inconstitucionalidad instados, respectivamente, por el grupo parlamentario de Unidos-Podemos y por la Diputación Permanente del Parlamento de Cataluña. En este trabajo se aborda su análisis jurídico y se arriesga el vaticinio de Sentencia que habrá de dictar el Tribunal Constitucional. Summary:1. The injuction of the Spanish Government and the Order of the Spanish Senate of 27th of October, 2017; 2. The application of the state coercion of section 155 in Catalonia; 3. The procedural question of the judicial review of the Order of the Senate; 4. The motion filed by the political party Unidos-Podemos claiming that the application of section 155 is against the Spanish Constitution; 5. The Opinion 14/2017 of the Catalan Consell de Garanties Estatutáries. The motion filed by the Catalan Parliament for judicial review against the Order of the Spanish Senate; 6. The material question: Does the bloque de constitucionalidad entails a limit beforesection 155?Abstract:Section 155 of the Spanish Constitution regulates federal coercion by means of a text inspired in section 37 of the Fundamental Law of Bonn, although the former presents some important differences, especially due to the different electoral configuration of the Spanish Senate and the Bundesrat. The wording of section 155 is a good example of the characteristic ambiguity of constitutional texts. Its interpretation suffers from a lack of legislative development and former precedents. By means of the Order of 27th of October, 2017, the Spanish Senate has applied for the first time section 155, understanding that the Catalan Generalitat had violated the Constitution. The authorization given to the Spanish Government entailed the dismissal of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia and the dissolution of the Autonomous Parliament. Two motions have been filed,one by the parliamentary group Unidos-Podemos, and another by the DiputaciónPermanenteof the Parliament of Catalonia. This paper tackles the legal analysis of section 155, and risks predicting the future ruling of the Spanish Constitutional Court.

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Yurishina, Elena. „Individualization of punishment in accordance with criminal legislation of Spain: concept, rules of formalization (calculation), and doctrinal substantiation (comparative legal research)“. Юридические исследования, Nr. 4 (April 2020): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.4.32723.

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  This article examines the question of imposition of punishment (pena) and its individualization (individualización) in Spain from the perspective of criminal law theory. The subject of this research is a set of legislative norms, doctrinal interpretations and explanations, contained in interpretational acts of Spain dedicated to the assemblage of mathematical rules of calculation of the term of punishment by combination of certain characteristics of the case (formalization rules in the Russian analogue) and circumstances reluctant to quantitative evaluation (oriented towards the criteria of judicial discretion). The article also presents some theoretical insights into the question of making decision on the punishment and competition between formalization and judicial discretion. Research methodology is based on the formal-legal and comparative methods, which allowed the author to examine Spanish legislation and determined certain analogies with the Russian. The scientific novelty consists in the detailed and systematized description of the rules of formalization of punishment in Spanish legislation, enlarge the capabilities of Russian science with regards to analysis of similarities and differences in legislations of various countries. The author offers the original definition of the institution of assignment of punishment that includes criminal-procedural vector, as well as substantiates an opinion why stringent formalization does not always meet the demands of justice.  

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Martínez Alarcón, María Luz. „El aforamiento de los cargos públicos. Derecho español y derecho comparado. = The Public Office´s legal Inmunity. Spanish law and Comparative Law“. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, Nr. 35 (01.01.2015): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.35.2015.14926.

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The number of aforados has been discussed in recent times in Spain. Most authors, after saying that this procedural exception exists only exceptionably in the Comparative Constitucional Law, request a substantial decrease of its figure in our country. However, this research of Comparative Constitutional Law reveals that the aforamiento is usual in relation to the Head of State and the Government members in the European constitutionalism. By contrast, the parliamentary aforamiento is an exceptional situation. Anyway, the Comparative Constitutional Law, although useful, should not be decisive in order to take decision about the future of this privilege in our country. In this regard, it is absolutely necessary to take into account its objectives and the causational and proportionately relationship between the adopted measure (aforamiento)and the achievement of those objectives in the political, institutional and social context of the specific country. And the truth is that the arguments to justify this institution, an exception to the principle of equality, are certainly weak.El número de aforados en nuestro país ha sido objeto de una fuerte polémica en los últimos tiempos en España. La mayoría, tras afirmar que esta institución se prevé de forma absolutamente excepcional en los países con los que compartimos una tradición jurídica común, solicita una reducción sustancial de esta cifra. Sin embargo, este análisis de derecho constitucional comparado revela que el aforamiento es una práctica habitual con relación a los Jefes de Estado (en el marco de una responsabilidad, eso sí, muy limitada) y a los miembros de Gobierno en el constitucionalismo europeo. Sí que es excepcional, sin embargo, el aforamiento parlamentario. En todo caso, el recurso al derecho comparado, aunque útil, no debe ser el elemento decisivo en la decisión sobre el futuro de esta institución en nuestro país. En este sentido resulta inexcusable tomar en consideración los fines pretendidos por la misma y la relación de causalidad y proporcionalidad existente entre su previsión y la consecución de dichos fines en el marco político, institucional y social del país de referencia en el que se inserta. Y lo cierto es que los fundamentos para justificar su presencia en nuestro país son un tanto endebles para conducir, como conducen, a limitar el principio de igualdad ante la ley.

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Arvelo Rodríguez, Pablo. „La aportación del marco penal español para erradicar la corrupción transnacional: una doble vía inacabada = The contribution of the Spanish criminal law to eradicate transnational bribery: half way through a dual system“. EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, Nr. 17 (27.09.2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2019.5009.

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Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio es proceder a un análisis crítico de la normativa española en materia de corrupción internacional. Además de las cuestiones generales, se abordan aspectos controvertidos de la materia, como la inclusión de los pagos de facilitación, el concepto de transacción económica internacional, la relevancia del error de tipo en estos casos o la esterilidad de ciertos instrumentos de represión por cuestiones procesales. Este análisis aboca a concluir la necesidad de determinadas reformas legislativas, fundamentalmente de la LOPJ; si bien estas parecen ser tan pertinentes como una serie de medidas de concienciación social. Palabras clave: cohecho, transacción económica internacional, pagos de facilitación, principio de personalidad activa, pseudo-atipicidad. Abstract: The aim of this research is carrying out a critical analysis about the Spanish law concerning international bribery. After studying the general matters, some controversial aspects regarding the topic are addressed, such as the inclusion of facilitation payments, the concept of international business, the importance of the so called “error de tipo” in these cases or the futility of certain rules because of procedural issues. This analysis leads to conclude that committing reforms in this field is necessary, especially in the procedural aspect. Yet, such reforms seem to be as relevant as a battery of policies to promote greater social awareness. Keywords: bribery, international business, facilitation payments, active personality principle, “pseudo non-criminality”.

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Lafuente Balle, José María. „El art. 155 de la Constitución española: examen doctrinal y comparado // Section 155 of the Spanish Constitution: doctrinal and comparative examination“. Revista de Derecho Político 1, Nr. 102 (31.07.2018): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.102.2018.22389.

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Resumen:El art. 155 de la Constitución regula la coerción federal (federal coercion) con un texto inspirado en el art. 37 de la Ley Fundamental de Bonn, si bien presenta alguna importante diferencia, particularmente por la distinta configuración electoral del Senado y el Bundesrat. Su redacción es un ejemplo característico de la ambigüedad propia de los preceptos constitucionales; y su interpretación padece de que carece de desarrollo legislativo y precedentes históricos. Con su Resolución de 27 de octubre de 2017, el Senado ha aplicado por vez primera el art. 155 por entender que la Generalitat había incurrido en desobediencia a la Constitución. La autorización al Gobierno central conllevó el cese del Gobierno de Cataluña y la posterior disolución del Parlamento autonómico. Dos han sido los recursos de inconstitucionalidad instados, respectivamente, por el grupo parlamentario de Unidos-Podemos y por la Diputación Permanente del Parlamento de Cataluña. En este trabajo se aborda su análisis jurídico y se arriesga el vaticinio de Sentencia que habrá de dictar el Tribunal Constitucional.Summary:1. Introduction: A highly political, ambiguous and vague rule; 2. Section 155 and regional tenseness. Examples of Comparative Law; 3. The unavoidable reference to the federal coercion in Germany. Section 155 and its comparison with section 37 of the Fundamental Law of Bonn; 4. The STGC of 5th of March, 1936; 5. The state coercion of section 155; 6. The former formal procedures to the state coercion of section 155; 7. The supposed facts in which section 155 is applicable; 8. The procedure of the state coercion; 9. The measures covered by section 155; 10. The exceptional political and legal application of section 155; 11. The injuction of the Spanish Government and the Order of the Spanish Senate of 27th of October, 2017; 12. The application of the state coercion of section 155 in Catalonia; 13. The procedural question of the judicial review of the Order of the Senate; 14. The motion filed by the political party UNIDOS-PODEMOS claiming that the application of section 155 is against the Spanish Constitution; 15. The Opinion 14/2017 of the Catalan Consell de Garanties Estatutarias. The motion filed by the Catalan Parliament for judicial review against the Order of the Spanish Senate; 16. The material question: Does the bloque de constitucionalidad entails a limit before section 155?Abstract:Section 155 of the Spanish Constitution regulates federal coercion by means of a text inspired in section 37 of the Fundamental Law of Bonn, although the former presents some important differences, especially due to the different electoral configuration of the Spanish Senate and the Bundesrat. The wording of section 155 is a good example of the characteristic ambiguity of constitutional texts. Its interpretation suffers from a lack of legislative development and former precedents. By means of the Order of 27th of October, 2017, the Spanish Senate has applied for the first time section 155, understanding that the Catalan Generalitat had violated the Constitution. The authorization given to the Spanish Government entailed the dismissal of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia and the dissolution of the Autonomous Parliament. Two motions have been filed,one by the parliamentary group Unidos-Podemos, and another by the DiputaciónPermanente of the Parliament of Catalonia. This paper tackles the legal analysis of section 155, and risks predicting the future ruling of the Spanish Constitutional Court.

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Álvarez Rodríguez, Ignacio. „España y el artículo 3 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos: un balance“. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, Nr. 42 (30.01.2019): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.42.2018.23642.

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En el texto se realiza un balance de la aplicación del artículo 3 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos al Reino de España. A tal fin se estudia, en primer lugar, las principales vertientes del mismo, tanto material como procesal. En segundo lugar, se analizan las condenas impuestas en Estrasburgo a nuestro país por vulnerar el precepto. En tercer lugar, se aporta una examen de la reacción española ante las condenas, que pasa tanto por la recepción de los criterios de Estrasburgo por nuestro Tribunal Constitucional, como por la implementación de algunas reformas legislativas recientes. Se finaliza con unas conclusiones, en todo caso provisionales.In the text we study article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights within the Spanish constitutional framework. Firstly, we set the main core of the right, both the substantive and procedural aspects. Secondly, we take a look to the implementation in Spain, in order to find how, why, and when the interpretation given by the Strasbourg Case-Law has been implemented by national authorities. Thirdly, to that extent, we study the national answers, paying attention to the Constitutional Case-Law and to some legal reforms. Lastly, we give a bunch of provisional conclusions.

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García Mahamut, Rosario. „La reforma de la LOREG para el supuesto de convocatoria automática de elecciones en virtud del artículo 99.5 CE: ¿una oportuna adaptación técnica o una conculcación del derecho de sufragio? // The reform to the Spanish People Institutional Act (LOREG) for the automatic call of elections under article 99.5 CE: A timely technical adaptation or a breach of the right to vote?“ Revista de Derecho Político 1, Nr. 100 (20.12.2017): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.100.2017.20709.

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Resumen:Este trabajo aborda un análisis detallado de la LO 2/2016 de modificación de la Ley Orgánica del Régimen Electoral General (LOREG) para el supuesto de convocatoria automática de elecciones en virtud del artículo 99.5 CE. La nueva Disposición adicional séptima de la LOREG regula las especificidades procedimentales de un proceso electoral que, para este supuesto, dura 47 días en lugar de los 54 días. Se reduce el tiempo destinado a la campaña electoral y se establece una serie de medidas que permiten recurrir a trámites utilizados en el proceso electoral inmediatamente anterior. En este estudio se analizan pormenorizadamente aquellas especialidades procedimentales que, aunque revisten la apariencia de ajustes técnicos en el calendario electoral, pueden afectar de forma nuclear al contenido esencial del derecho de sufragio activo y pasivo amparado en el artículo 23 CE. Summary:I. Introduction. II. The formal and material peculiarities of the representation of the people institutional act 2/2016, october 31st, modifying the spanish «LOREG». 1. The drafting of the law and its contextualization in the calendar of the investiture process. 2. A synoptic overview of the material content of the reform. III. The serious incidents that the new additional seventh provision of the LOREG may add to the exercise of the voting rights act: 1. The length of theelectoral process, the domino effect and the legal anchorage of proceduralspecialities. 2. Presentation, publication and proclamation of candidacies: the difficult balance on gender equality. 3. The appeals against the proclamation of candidacies and candidates: The nonaffectation of the jurisdictional guarantees and the dangerous exception. 4. The impact of the reduction of the electoral process on the right to vote of the Spaniards Residents Abroad. Electoral campaigns: main developments and risks. IV. Conclusions.Abstract:This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current Act 2/2016, October 31st, modifying the Spanish People Institutional Act (LOREG) which regulates the organisation of the automatic call of an election under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution (CE). The new 7th Additional Provision of the Spanish «LOREG» examines the procedural specifities of an electoral process which, in this case, lasts 47 days instead of 54. On the one hand, the time assigned to the electoralcampaign is reduced and, on the other hand, a series of measures are provided in order to allow the implementation of the procedures used in the immediately preceding electoral process. This study analyses in detail those procedural singularities that, although they may seem as technical adjustments of the electoral timetable, they can directly affect the essential content of the right to vote and stand for election protected by artículo 23 CE.

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BOWN, CHAD P., und Niall Meagher. „Mexico–Olive Oil: Remedy without a cause?“ World Trade Review 9, Nr. 1 (Januar 2010): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745609990255.

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AbstractThis paper provides a legal-economic analysis of the unappealed WTO Panel Report in Mexico–Olive Oil. The case involved a countervailing-duty measure imposed by Mexico on imports of olive oil from the European Communities (in particular, Spain and Italy). The dispute raised important issues regarding the determination of causation of injury, as neither the Panel nor the investigating authority gave much credence to evidence that the main complaint of the domestic industry was the loss of a distribution agreement and brand-name rights with a Spanish exporter. The dispute also raised interesting concerns regarding the remedies for violations of procedural obligations in the conduct of anti-dumping/countervailing-duty investigations and the right of a domestic producer that has ceased production to seek protection under the trade-remedy laws.

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Brokelmann, Helmut. „Enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 EC under Regulation 1/2003: The Case of Spain and Portugal“. World Competition 29, Issue 4 (01.12.2006): 535–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2006039.

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The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the most relevant enforcement practice of Articles 81 and 82 EC by the Spanish and Portuguese competition authorities and courts since the entry into force of Regulation (EC) 1/2003 on 1 May 2004 and the coming into operation of the European Competition Network (ECN). The cases analysed show the interplay between national procedural rules and those of Regulation 1/2003 and the problems companies are facing as regards the coherent and uniform application of the EC competition rules. Particularly in Spain, private enforcement of the EC competition rules is clearly gaining momentum as can be seen in a series of judgments awarding damages and applying Articles 81 and 82 in contractual disputes, which the newly created commercial courts have delivered in the last two years. The article also provides a brief description of the legislative amendments already enacted as well as the reform proposals envisaged in both countries to adapt national legislation to the legal exception system introduced by Regulation (EC) 1/2003.

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Carrillo Pozo, Luis F. „Crisis matrimoniales, imperatividad de la norma de conflicto y Derecho extranjero = Marital crisis, imperativeness of the choice of law rule and Foreign Law“. CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 10, Nr. 2 (05.10.2018): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2018.4377.

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Resumen: El sistema español de tratamiento de la ley extranjera se construye sobre tres pilares, el que sanciona la imperatividad de la norma de conflicto, las reglas sobre medios de prueba y la previsión de las consecuencias de la falta de prueba de tal ley. La interacción de estos pilares debe traducirse en respuestas diferenciadas según el sector del Derecho en el que nos encontremos. En los procesos matrimoniales no existe espacio para la libertad de los particulares y sí fuertes intereses públicos, lo que significa que el órgano judicial tiene que aplicar no sólo la norma de conflicto sino también el ordenamiento reclamado por ésta, investigándolo de oficio si no lo aportan los litigantes. Único condicionante es el respeto del contradictorio y la interdicción de la indefensión.Palabras clave: procesos matrimoniales, derecho extranjero, imperatividad de la norma de con-flicto, reglamentos europeos.Abstract: The Spanish system of procedural treatment of foreign law is built on three main pillars: the one which sanctions the imperativeness of the choice of law rule, the rules on means of evidence, and the forecast of the consequences of the lack of evidence of such a law. The interaction of these pillars has has to be translated into differentiated responses according to the material sector of the Law in which we find ourselves. In matrimonial proceedings there is no room for the freedom of individuals, because of the strong public interests. Consequently, this means that the judicial body has to apply not only the conflict rule, but also the regulation claimed by it, even investigating it ex officio if it has not been brought by any of the parties. The only constrains are the respect of the right to an adversarial proceeding and the interdiction of the lack of defence.Keywords: matrimonial causes, Foreign Law, mandatory application of the Choice of Laws Ru-les, EU Regulations.

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Matia Portilla, Francisco Javier. „Examen de las sentencias del Tribunal de Estrasburgo que afectan al Reino de España“. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, Nr. 42 (30.01.2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.42.2018.23653.

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El presente estudio realiza una valoración conjunta del centenar y media de Sentencias del Tribunal de Estrasburgo en las que el Estado demandado es el Reino de España. Se realiza tanto un análisis global comparado en relación con países de nuestro entorno, como un examen cronológico de los asuntos que nos afectan. Se realiza también un estudio estadístico de los derechos más invocados y de las condenas reiteradas en relación con los derechos procesales y materiales. Resulta necesario, para acometer esta tarea, acomodar previamente la terminología empleada por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos a nuestra dogmática de los derechos fundamentales. Se ofrece, finalmente, una síntesis básica de la doctrina jurisprudencial sobre cada uno de los derechos.The study is a joint exam of the more than a hundred ECHR Judgments condemnating the Spanish Kingdom. We make a global analysis comparing them within our nearest neighbours, while following a chronological path. Also we aim to make a statistical survey about the main rights claimed in Strasbourg, closely related to both substantive and procedural rights. We find necessary, also, to fit better the Strasbourg Case-Law terms into our national legal and fundamental rights terms. Finally, we give a basic synthesis on the main lines given in that Case-Law of every single right, maybe useful to set the light and shadow of our fundamental rights system.

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DÍAZ CREGO, María. „Derechos sociales y amparo constitucional“. RVAP 94, Nr. 94 (28.12.2012): 17–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.94.2012.01.

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LABURPENA: Nahiz eta Espainiako Konstituzioak eskubide sozial sorta handia aitortu, bertako 53. artikuluaren jokoak oinarrizko eskubideak bermatzeko mekanismotik kanpo uzten ditu eskubide sozial horiek. Artikulu horrek zalantzan jartzen baitu eskubide sozial gehienen justiziabilitatea. Eta ez hori bakarrik; gainera, oinarrizko eskubideak Auzitegi Konstituzionalean bermatzeko espresuki eraturiko auzibidetik kanpo uzten ditu, hots, babes-errekurtsotik kanpo. Eskubide sozialen degradazio hori, ohikoa Zuzenbide Konparatuan, saihestu izan da, auzitegi nazional eta nazioarteko askotan, eskubideoi zeharkako babesa ematen dieten estrategien bitartez. Ildo horretan, gaurko azterlan honen xedea da babes-errekurtsoetan ezarritako jurisprudentzia konstituzionala analizatzea, ikusteko zer neurritaraino baliatu den Auzitegi Konstituzionala estrategia horietaz Konstituzioak aitortzen dituen eskubide sozial gehienak babes-errekurtsoek eskaintzen duten aterpetik kanpo uzteko joerari aurre egiteko. RESUMEN: A pesar de que la Constitución española reconoce un importante elenco de derechos sociales, el juego de su artículo 53 les excluye de los principales mecanismos de garantía de los derechos fundamentales. Este precepto no sólo pone en duda la justiciabilidad de la mayoría de los derechos sociales, sino que les excluye de la vía procesal específicamente pensada para garantizar los derechos fundamentales ante el Tribunal Constitucional: el recurso de amparo. Esta degradación de los derechos sociales, habitual en Derecho comparado, ha sido salvada por muchos tribunales nacionales e internacionales utilizando estrategias de protección indirecta de estos derechos. En esta línea, el objeto del presente trabajo es analizar la jurisprudencia constitucional sentada en recursos de amparo a fin de identificar en qué medida el Tribunal Constitucional ha hecho uso de esas estrategias para paliar la exclusión de la mayoría de los derechos sociales reconocidos en la Constitución de la protección que otorga el amparo. ABSTRACT: Although the Spanish Constitution recognizes a remarkable cast of social rights, its article 53 excludes these rights from the mechanisms built to guarantee the protection of constitutional rights. Article 53 brings into question the justiciability of most of the social rights recognized in the Spanish Constitution and deprives most of them from the protection granted by the recurso de amparo, the procedural safeguard specifically designed to protect fundamental rights in case of individual violations before the Spanish Constitutional Court. However, this situation is not so atipical as many other national and international courts face this sort of limits by developing a creative case law in order to protect social rights even when the national constitution or the international treaty they interpretate do not expressly recognize these rights. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to analyse the Spanish Constitutional Court’s case law as to determine to what extent it has made use of the indirect strategies to ensure the justiciability of social rights that other courts have already used.

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Ugartemendia Eceizabarrena, Juan Ignacio. „La tutela judicial de los derechos fundamentales en el ámbito de aplicación nacional del derecho de la Unión Europea : recientes acotaciones del Tribunal de Justicia y del Tribunal ConstitucionalEspañol = The judicial protection of fundamental rights in the sphere of the national application of EU law : recent remarks by the Court of Justice and by the Spanish Constitutional Court“. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, Nr. 32 (01.07.2013): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.32.2013.11796.

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Este artículo es un estudio relativo a la tutela judicial de los Derechos Fundamentales cuando se aplica Derecho de la Unión en el ámbito interno, y a cuáles son los principales problemas con los que se topa el Juez nacional que aplica el Derecho de la Unión al llevar a cabo dicha función protectora. El trabajo, dicho de forma más concreta, se centra en el examen de una serie de recientes y decisivas resoluciones jurisdiccionales, dictadas tanto por parte del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea como por parte del Tribunal Constitucional Español, que analizan problemas y señalan soluciones relativas a esas cuestiones, además de mostrar cuál es la evolución y el estado de la situación al respecto. Se trata de resoluciones que abordan cuestiones de fondo, como, por ejemplo: ¿hasta qué punto es posible utilizar estándares nacionales de protección de los Derechos Fundamentales en situaciones conectadas con el Derecho de la Unión o con su aplicación, en lugar de utilizar el sistema de protección de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea? Y asimismo, resoluciones que atienden a cuestiones de dimensión más procesal como la de dirimir hasta qué punto tiene autonomía el Juez nacional a la hora de plantear una petición prejudicial (se entiende a la hora de tutelar derechos reconocidos por normas de la Unión) en relación a las normas procesales nacionales.This article deals with the judicial protection of fundamental rights when EU Law is applied at national level and the main problems national judges have to deal with when applying EU Law as protectors of rights. More precisely, the work is focused on the examination of some recent and decisive judicial decisions, both by the European Court of Justice and by the Spanish Constitutional Court which analyze the problems and address the solutions to those questions besides showing the evolution and current situation in that regard. They are decisions that deal with the merits as for example to which extent it might be possible to use national standards of protection of fundamental rights in situations connected to EU Law or to its application instead of using the system of protection of EU human rights. Likewise, they are decisions which handle with more procedural questions as for example to what extent national judges are autonomous to file a preliminary question (it is understood that when it comes time to protect rights acknowledged by the EU) relative to national procedural rules.

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Meena, Rishabha, und Advaith Rao. „The Context Of Text: Harmonizing Multilingual Texts Of The WTO“. Journal of World Trade 58, Issue 2 (01.04.2024): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2024016.

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Legal traditions of international institutions reflect how language shapes the interaction of individuals from various legal disciplines. Institutions like the European Union (EU), United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) cater to multilingualism by publishing different linguistic versions of their texts. These organizations have their own divisions to promote multilingualism – it is the General Assembly and Conference Management for the UN; the Directorate-General for Translation (DGT) in the EU; and the Language and Documentation Services Division (LDSD) for the WTO. In the context of the WTO, coordination among different language groups in drafting WTO documents appears to be lacking. In addition to creating hurdles in substantive law, issues of multilingualism at the WTO also affect the procedural aspects of the dispute. This may have implications on third-party rights, selection of panellists, and timely resolution of disputes, thereby influencing a party’s strategy in a dispute. Against this background, the authors explore the issue of multilingualism at the WTO vis-à-vis the UN and EU by adopting a comparative research methodology. The Article provides recommendations in the form of best practices for improvements at the WTO in the context of multilingualism. WTO, multilingualism, VCLT, translation, DSU, European Union, United Nations, Spanish, French, language

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Alvarez Montoya, A. M., C. Diago Labrador und T. Ruano Hernandez. „Involuntary Hospitalization in a Mental Health Unit in 2014“. European Psychiatry 33, S1 (März 2016): S455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1654.

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ObjectivesDeliver a detailed analysis of the mental distortions, which led to involuntary hospitalization in a mental health unit in 2014 and their gender distribution.MethodWe analyze the total number of hospitalizations in our mental health hospital unit. From the patient registry, we extract the type of hospitalizations (voluntary or involuntary), the diagnosis and the gender.ResultsIn our analysis, we find a total of 315 hospitalizations. One hundred and fifty-nine (50.48%) of them are voluntary, 150 (47.62%) are involuntary and 6 (1.90%) are a result of a judicial order. From the total involuntary hospitalizations, 81 patients were diagnosed as psychotics disorders (60%), 34 (25.18%) affective disorders, 11 (8.14%) personality disorders, 3 (2.22%) adaptative disorders, 2 (1.48%) mental retardation and 2 (1.48%) autism spectrum disorders.ConclusionsAccording to article 763 of Spanish Procedural Law (Ley 1/2000 de Enjuiciamiento Civil) from the 7th of January: “The hospitalization of a person due to mental disorders who is not in a condition to decide for himself/herself, even should he/she be a subject to parental authority or guardianship, shall require court authorization, which shall be obtained from the court of the place of residence of the person affected by such hospitalization.” For this reason the involuntary admission is considered as an exceptional and necessary measure, which is limited in time.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Szentgáli Tóth, Boldizsár. „¿Puede la mayoría cualificada socavar la democracia? El caso de Hungría“. Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, Nr. 41 (28.05.2018): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.41.2018.22131.

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Este estudio se centra en las llamadas Leyes Cardinales en Hungría. El principal objetivo es entender mejor el concepto, especialmente su rol histórico y su funcionamiento dentro del ordenamiento del país, a lo largo de la transición a la democracia, y en la actualidad. Se destacará la importancia de este tipo de normas cuando existe una mayoría parlamentaria cualificada. A lo largo de las últimas décadas diversos países han adoptado una subcategoría especial de Ley, para cuya aprobación se exigen normalmente reglas procedimentales más estrictas que para las ordinarias, y que suelen exigir mayorías cualificadas, aprobándose por las dos Cámaras Legislativas, y sujetas a revisión constitucional previa, antes de su entrada en vigor. En general, gozan de exigencias mayores y de controles más severos que las leyes ordinarias. Después de definir la noción, y de hacer un breve repaso por la escena internacional así como por otras cuestiones introductorias, se centra la atención en tres aspectos: el bagaje histórico que presentan, las materias que regulan, y los caracteres que más destacan. En cada uno de ellos se comparará el caso húngaro con el caso español para demostrar cómo las Leyes Cardinales pueden ser consideradas un factor de riesgo para la democracia, y por qué no sucede lo mismo para el caso de España.This study focuses on the so-called «cardinal laws» in Hungary: my primary purpose is to provide a better understanding of this concept, and especially to conceptualize the historical role and function of this legal framework in Hungary, during the democratic transition, and even nowadays. Particular highlight will be given to the special impact of cardinal laws under qualified parliamentary majority. During the last decades, several countries have entrenched a special subcategory of law, which is adopted by stricter procedural rules, than the requirements of the ordinary legislative process. These laws are enacted by qualified majority, by the consent of the two chambers of the legislation, they are subject to mandatory constitutional review before their promulgation, or additional safeguards are implemented in the ordinary legislative process. After having defined qualified law, and having provided a brief international overview, and outlined some further introductory considerations, I would focus on three aspects in Hungary: the historical background, the scope of qualified law, and the legal character of these norms. Under each point, the Hungarian development would be compared to the Spanish experience to demonstrate, why could be cardinal laws considered as a risk factor for democracy, and why this approach is not relevant as regard Spanish organic laws.

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Angel, Osco Escobedo Miguel, Chipana Fernández Yolanda Maribel Mercedes, Quiñones Li Aura Elisa, Díaz-Pérez José Joaquin, Calvo de Oliveira Diaz Deny Giovanna und Garcia Quispe Gladys Beatriz. „Digital Evidence as a Means of Proof in Criminal Proceedings“. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, Nr. 4 (15.01.2024): e04585. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n4-028.

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Objective: The purpose of this investigation is to specify the correct treatment of digital evidence to be admissible within the judicial process, respecting guarantees and fundamental rights of people. Method: Digital evidence is information stored on a technological device that is propagated through cyberspace. The computer record is accessible by people, electronics, or computers and is collected from a digital device. Also identify the procedure for obtaining, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence before the Judge. This theoretical review of sources was prepared under the systematic verification methodology, usable in the Scopus, Ebscohost, Scielo, Core, IG Global, Ciencia Latina, Latindex, Jurn, Openaire, and Redalyc databases of advantageous configuration and in Spanish for the last 5 years. Results and Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, the importance of the treatment of digital evidence as an instrument of proof is inferred, for the evaluation of the judge as an element of conviction in a criminal process. It is concluded that digital evidence has particular characteristics that distinguish it from physical evidence and procedural rules do not regulate its proper treatment, and are currently considered documentary evidence. Research implications: The article reflects the drawbacks from its definition, mention of current legislation, treatment in the judicial process, and its implication in the field of computer forensic digital evidence. Originality/value: It can be copied without any limit. It performed technically this procedure and with the appropriate tools, it can clone the information while maintaining the originality of its characteristics.

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Bernal, Ramon, Leire San-Jose und Jose Luis Retolaza. „Improvement Actions for a More Social and Sustainable Public Procurement: A Delphi Analysis“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 15 (27.07.2019): 4069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154069.

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Public procurement accounts for almost 20% of Spain’s gross domestic product (GDP). The current legislation allows for the inclusion of social considerations in contracting processes, hence the interest of this study, which defines the procedures and improvement actions for socially efficient public procurement. The Delphi technique has been used, based on online surveys completed by 71 Spanish experts. The universe includes the set of nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTs), as well as a number of agents with the potential to intervene in the analysis process, namely, academia, the business sector, and public administrations. There is an increasing call for the inclusion of social considerations in tender procedures. However, to date, few studies have provided detailed insight into the inclusion of these social aspects. This study contributes to the scientific literature by identifying six possible strategies for including social considerations into public tenders, namely: objectivizing procedures, generating monitoring tools, developing information and training actions for decision-makers, incorporating awareness-raising initiatives, creating transparency systems, and including information and communication technologies (ICTs). The following four key action areas were also detected: social clauses, reserved markets, social impact assessment, and innovation in public procurement. A consensus was reached on four frames for incorporating the strategies and action areas, namely: socio-economic, procedural, competence, and conceptual. This allows for the efficient inclusion of social considerations into public tenders, thereby generating a twofold impact—one via the goods or services acquired, and the second via the impact on the process of producing said goods or services.

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Calero Olmos, Juan Bautista. „La protección europea contra las cláusulas abusivas. Directiva 93/13/CEE y su integración en el marco regulatorio español | European protection against unfair clauses. Directive 93/13/EEC and its integration into the spanish legislation.“ REVISTA ESTUDIOS INSTITUCIONALES 7, Nr. 12 (20.07.2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/eeii.vol.7.n.12.2020.27334.

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El desarrollo económico global de los años sesenta del siglo pasado, junto con la implantación del mercado común europeo, trajo consigo el incremento de transacciones comerciales entre grandes corporaciones empresariales y los ciudadanos residentes en la Unión europea provocadas por la distribución de bienes y servicios necesarios. Las formas contractuales cambian, y se imponen los contratos de adhesión como la mejor manera de concretar estas nuevas transacciones. La posición predominante del empresario ante el consumidor necesitado de estos bienes y servicios provocó situaciones de abuso que fueron trasladadas a las cláusulas contractuales mermando los derechos básicos de los perceptores de bienes y servicios, esto es, de los ciudadanos europeos. La reacción de las instituciones de gobierno de la Unión Europea no se hizo esperar con la promulgación de resoluciones legales a favor de recomponer el desequilibrio contractual, entre otras, la Directiva 93/13/CEE de obligada incorporación inmediata en los países miembros. En España, esta trasposición de la Directiva se realizó con una doble regulación a través de la Ley de Condiciones Generales de la Contratación que modificó, a su vez la Ley General de defensa de los consumidores. En ambas, se contemplaron instrumentos de defensa procesal a través tanto de acciones individuales como colectivas._______________________The overall economic development of the sixties of the last century, together with the implementation of the European common market, led to the increase in commercial transactions between large business corporations and citizens residing in the European Union caused by the distribution of necessary goods and services. Contractual forms change, and accession contracts are imposed as the best way to implement these new transactions. The predominant position of the employer to the consumer in need of these goods and services caused situations of abuse that were transferred to the contractual clauses, under reducing the basic rights of the recipients of goods and services, that is, of European citizens. The reaction of the governing institutions of the European Union was not expected with the enactment of legal rulings in favour of recomposing the contractual imbalance, inter alia, Directive 93/13/EEC which must be immediately incorporated into the Member States. In Spain, this transposition of the Directive was carried out with a double regulation through the Law on General Conditions of Contract that, in turn, amended the General Law on the Defense of Consumers. Both instruments of procedural defence were envisaged through both individual and collective actions.

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RIDAO I MARTÍN, JOAN. „LAS NUEVAS FACULTADES EJECUTIVAS DEL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL COMO SUSTITUTIVO FUNCIONAL DE LOS MECANISMOS DE COERCIÓN ESTATAL DEL ARTÍCULO 155 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN“. RVAP 106, Nr. 106 (01.12.2016): 151–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.106.2016.04.

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La reciente modificación de la regulación del Tribunal Constitucional (TC) hecha por la Ley Orgánica 15/2015 pretende implementar en esta jurisdicción mecanismos para asegurar la efectividad de sus sentencias. No obstante, los motivos expuestos en su defensa, el perentorio procedimiento utilizado para vehicularla, junto al hecho de que los nuevos instrumentos previstos se dirigen, singularmente, a controlar las medidas adoptadas por las Comunidades Autónomas, remiten a la voluntad deliberada de afrontar con las nuevas herramientas jurídico-constitucionales el proceso secesionista abierto en Catalunya. Se trata de una modificación legislativa ad casum que, por este camino, no sólo refuerza la vertiente judicialista del Tribunal, ajena al orden constitucional español, sino que incorpora instrumentos de orden procesal que facultan al TC, y subsidiariamente al gobierno del Estado, para alcanzar efectos análogos a los de las sanciones del orden penal o de los derivados de la ejecución forzosa del artículo 155 CE. Duela gutxi, 15/2015 Lege Organikoaren bidez Konstituzio Auzitegiaren araudia aldatu da, jurisdikzio horretan epaien eraginkortasuna ziurtatuko duten mekanismoak inplementatzeko. Hala ere, aldaketa hori defendatzeko azaldutako arrazoiak, aldaketa bideratzeko hain larritasun handiz erabilitako prozedura, eta horrez gain, aurreikusitako tresna berrien helburua bereziki Autonomia Erkidegoek hartutako neurriak kontrolatzea izatea, epaitegi eta konstituzio tresna berri batzuen bidez Katalunian irekitako prozesu sezesionistari aurre egiteko borondatea gogora ekartzen diguten osagaiak dira. Ad casum egindako legegintza-aldaketa da. Bada, aldaketa horren bidetik, Auzitegiaren alderdi judizialista indartzen da, Espainiako ordena konstituzionalarekin zerikusirik ez duen alderdia; baina horrez gain, prozedura arloko tresna batzuk txertatzen ditu, Konstituzio Auzitegiari eta, subsidiarioki, Estatuko gobernuari gaitasunak ematen dizkiotenak ordena penaleko zehapenen edo Espainiako Konstituzioaren 155. artikuluaren nahitaezko betearazpenaren antzeko ondorioak lortzeko. The recent amendment to the regulation of the Constitutional Court (TC) made by the Organic Law 15/2015 addressed in this jurisdiction implement mechanisms to ensure the effectiveness of their sentences. However, the reasons given in its defense, the procedure peremptory used to convey it and the fact that the new instruments provided uniquely addressed control measures adopted by the Autonomous Communities refer to deliberate with new face legal and constitutional tools secessionist process open to Catalonia. It is a legislative amendment ad casum that this path not only strengthens slope judicialist Court, strange Spanish constitutional order, it incorporates procedural tools that enable the TC and the Government of subsidiary State to achieve effects similar to those of criminal sanctions, or arising from the enforcement of article 155 of the Spanish Constitution.

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Aldana Moscoso, Miguel Angel. „La tutela constitucional de la memoria histórica: análisis del caso del Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional y la figura de la “actuación inmediata de la sentencia impugnada”“. Opus Magna Constitucional 17 (22.04.2022): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37346/opusmagna.v17i01.34.

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Este texto examina la situación del Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional -AHPN- desde la óptica jurídica, en referencia a la acción constitucional de amparo promovida por el Procurador de los Derechos Humanos, en el año 2019, contra el Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes y el Ministerio de Gobernación. En particular, se estudia el problema relativo al peligro que supone la demora de los tribunales constitucionales y las autoridades gubernamentales competentes en librar las órdenes y emprender las medidas requeridas para prevenir una situación irreparable que haga imposible restituir las cosas a su estado anterior. Para tal fin, se repasan los aspectos más relevantes de la sentencia de amparo recaída en el expediente 1281-2019 de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y, en orden a destacar una hipótesis de cumplimiento en este caso, se estudian las técnicas jurídicas que el derecho comparado ofrece para asegurar la eficacia inmediata de las sentencias constitucionales.La actuación inmediata de la sentencia impugnada es el derecho de orden procesal que confiere al actor la posibilidad de que se ejecute en forma anticipada la sentencia, independientemente que esta sea apelada, con el propósito de prevenir daños irreparables no evitables por vía del amparo provisional. SummaryThis text examines the situation of the Historical Archive of the National Police –[By its initials in Spanish AHPN]- from the legal optics, in reference to the constitutional action of amparo promoted by the Human Rights Ombudsman, in 2019, against the Ministry of Culture and Sports and the Ministry of the Interior. In particular, it is decided the problem related to the danger expected by the delay of the constitutional courts and the competent governmental authorities in issuing the orders and taking the measures required to prevent an irreparable situation that makes it impossible to restore things to their previous state. For this purpose, the most relevant aspects of the amparo sentence are read through, which are relapsed in the file 1281-2019 of the Supreme Court of Justice and, in order to highlight a hypothesis of compliance in this case, the legal techniques included in comparative law are studied to ensure the immediate effectiveness of constitutional sentences.The immediate action of the contested sentence is the procedural law order that gives the plaintiff the possibility of having the sentence executed in advance, regardless of whether it is appealed, with the purpose of preventing irreparable damages not avoidable by an interim amparo.

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Bolado-Alonso, Jesús. „Diez razones para proponer la reforma jurídica del silencio administrativo“. Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), Nr. 25 (13.03.2020): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.25.2019.26996.

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La necesidad de construir un procedimiento administrativo rápido, ágil y flexible justifica la necesidad de este estudio, frente a uno de los problemas jurídicos actuales más graves, que se detectan en la práctica española, como es el silencio administrativo o de otra forma la falta de respuesta de una Administración silente en sus procedimientos con sus administrados. Para la defensa de la reforma jurídica de esta figura, ha sido necesario proponer una visión en conjunto sobre sus orígenes y la situación actual en el ordenamiento jurídico, analizando el impacto de las últimas sentencias sobre el tema. La conclusión alcanzada confirma la tesis planteada de que actualmente el fin de la sociedad , es conseguir tener una Administración eficaz, eficiente y diligente en la que no tiene cabida el Silencio Administrativo y todo ello supone buscar nuevas propuestas metodológicas como la que se plantea en este estudio. Con ello se reforzarían las garantías procedimentales, se recuperaría la confianza de los administrados, cuando se relacionan con la administración, pero además permitiría una aplicación más eficaz del Derecho Administrativo y un mejor control de la aplicación del procedimiento. The need to build a fast ,agile and flexible administrative procedure justifies the need for this study , in the face of one of the most serious current legal problems that are detected in Spanish practice, such as administrative silence or otherwise the lack of response of a silent administration in its procedures with its administered. For the defense of the legal reform of this figure, it has been necessary to propose a joint vision on its origins and the current situation in the legal system, analyzing the impact of the last sentences on the subject. The conclusion reached confirms the thesis that currently the aim of society, is to have an effective, efficient and diligent administration in which administrative silence has no place and all this means finding new methodological proposals such as the one proposed in this study. This would strengthen the procedural guarantees, recover the trust of the administrated, when they are related to the administration, but also allow a more effective application of Administrative Law and a better control of the application of the procedure.

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Machado, Santiago Muñoz. „General Principles of European Law and the Reform of the Spanish Law on Administrative Procedure“. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 1, Nr. 3 (September 1994): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x9400100302.

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Canosa Usera, Raúl. „La protección de la integridad personal // The protection of personal integrity“. Revista de Derecho Político 1, Nr. 100 (20.12.2017): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.100.2017.20700.

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Resumen:El artículo pretende analizar la evolución de la protección de la integridad personal en España desde la aprobación de la Constitución de 1978 hasta el presente.En primer lugar, se aborda el contexto en el que la Constitución fue aprobada y las opciones que al constituyente se le abrían. Se destaca que por primera vez en España se reconocía un específico derecho a la integridad, lo que no es habitual, al lado de la tradicional prohibición de torturas y penas o tratos inhumanos o degradantes que arrancó ya con la constitución de 1812.Era necesario analizar la protección de la integridad en el Derecho Internacional de los derechos humanos que España ha incorporado a su Orden jurídico, así como la Carta de Derechos fundamentales de la Unión Europea Que sí proclama el derecho a la integridad. En este sentido es destacable como el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos ha inferido el derecho a la integridad de la forma más generosa a través de una interpretación evolutiva del derecho a la vida privada.Sin embargo, no es fácil determinar ni cuál es el bien jurídico protegido ni cuáles las posiciones iusfundamentales que contiene; es decir, qué se protege y cuáles son las situaciones de la vida cuya vulneración el titular del derecho puede defender, llegado el caso, activando la labor tutelar de los tribunales. Por ello ha sido fundamental también el intenso desarrollo legislativo que lo ha concretado en diversos sectores del ordenamiento así como las medidas de protección en favor de los más vulnerables.Summary:1. The 1978 Context in which the right to integrity was recognized. 1.1 Overview of International Law and Foreign Constitutional Law. 1.2 The options of the Constituent Power in the process of drafting Article 15 of the Spanish Constitution. 2. The evolutionary interpretation of international law. 2.1 The extension of the protection field of Article 3 ECHR. 2.2 The inclusion of contents of the right to integrity into the right to respect for private life. a) Right to a criminal protection of the integrity. b) Right to authorize or refuse medical treatments. c) Right to sexual and reproductive life. The problem of abortion. d) Face to pollution. e) In the home. 3. Specific recognition of the right to integrity in the charter of fundamental rights of the European Union. 4. Determination of the fundamental positions under the right to integrity. 4.1 Procedural violation of the prohibition of torture. 4.2 Regarding health protection and in the heath field. a) Overlap with the right to health. b) Consent to medical treatment. c) Donations and transplants. d) Abortion as a potential exercise of the right to integrity by the pregnant woman. f) In the field of medical and scientific experiments. 4.3 Right to integrity against pollution. 4.4 Right to protection. 4.5 The guarantee to not suffer legal physical interventions and the exclusion of the indemnity guarantee. 4.6 In the special relationships of subjection. 4.7 In the labor market. 5. Conclusion: what object and what content?AbstractThe article tries to analyze the evolution of the protection of integrity in Spain since the Constitution came into force in 1978. First of all, it is addressed the context in which the Constitution was approved as well as the options opened to Constituent Power. It is underlined that, for the first time in Spain, a specific right to integrity is declared, something unusual at that time, together with the traditional prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, already introduced in the Constitution of 1812.It was necessary to analyze how the protection of integrity in International Law on Human Rights, as well as the right to the integrity of the person, proclaimed specifically in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In this sense, it is remarkable how the European Court of Human Rights has inferred a right to the integrity from the right to respect for private and family life, by interpreting evolutionarily the Convention.However, it is not easy to determine neither the object of the right to integrity nor what are the fundamental positions, the life situations, whose violation should permit person to claim in Courts of Justice, by activating their protective function. For the rest, it has also been crucial the intense legislative development that has implemented, in various sectors of the legal system,measures of protection in favor of the most vulnerable people.

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Porras-Arena, M. Sylvina, Angel Martín Román, Diego Dueñas Fernández und Raquel Llorente Heras. „Okun’s Law: The eﬀects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the temporary layoﬀs procedures (ERTEs) on Spanish regions“. Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 59 (17.04.2024): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.24.013.

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Oﬃcial statistics indicated a break in Okun’s law in all the Spanish regions due to the COVID-19 pandemic; however, herein, evidence of the validity of the law is shown. The temporary layoﬀ procedures (ERTEs) allowed many workers to maintain their jobs. From the productive point of view, the law remained in eﬀect in the regions, showing a strong relationship between idle labour resources and economic activity, and from the social point of view, the apparent breakdown of the law can be interpreted as the implementation of a policy that mitigated the dramatic impact of the economic crisis.

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Marín Alonso, Inmaculada. „La tutela preventiva de la lactancia natural y discriminación por razón de sexo en la praxis judicial europea y nacional: la inversión de la carga de la prueba en supuestos de incorrecta evaluación de riesgos laborales = Preventive protection of breastfeeding and sex discrimination in European and national judicial practice: reversal of the burden of proof in cases of incorrect assessment of occupational risks“. CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, Nr. 1 (11.03.2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4628.

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Resumen: Este trabajo muestra cómo el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea aplica de manera transversal la normativa comunitaria sobre discriminación entre hombres y mujeres en el empleo y la ocupación en relación con la tutela preventiva de las trabajadoras en situación de lactancia natural y con la prestación de seguridad social que cubre dicha contingencia. El Tribunal europeo ha ocasionado un significativo cambio en la doctrina judicial española al considerar que la incorrecta evaluación de riesgos de puestos desempeñados por trabajadoras en situación de lactancia natural es una discriminación directa por razón de sexo. Tal entendimiento conlleva la inversión de la carga de la prueba tanto en el derecho europeo como en el interno, reforzando las garantías procesales de la trabajadora en situación de lactancia. Basta que ésta aporte indicios razonables de riesgos para su seguridad y salud y/o su hijo para que el empleador asuma la carga de demostrar la ausencia del riesgo alegado y la carencia de móvil discriminatorio. Se suaviza o elimina con ello la exigencia de los tribunales internos de acreditar la existencia de un riesgo específico para la lactante y/o su hijo, aplicándose la nueva doctrina tanto a la evaluación del riesgo en el puesto de trabajo desempeñado por la lactante como a las diferentes medidas adoptadas por el empleador para evitar el mismo.Palabras clave: evaluación de riesgos laborales, lactancia natural, inversión de la carga de la prueba, discriminación por razón de sexo.Abstract: This paper shows how the Court of Justice of the European Union applies Community legislation on discrimination between men and women in employment and occupation in a cross-cutting manner in relation to the preventive guardianship of breastfeeding workers and also to the social security benefit which covers this contingency. The European Court has caused a significant change in Spanish judicial doctrine by considering that the incorrect risk assessment of positions held by breastfeeding workers is discrimination on the basis of sex. Such an understanding implies a reversal of the burden of proof in both European and domestic law, thereby reinforcing the procedural guarantees of the worker. It is sufficient for the latter to provide prima facie evidence of risks to her safety and health and/or her child for the employer to assume the burden of proving otherwise and the absence of discriminatory motive. The requirement of the domestic courts to accredit the existence of a specific risk for the breastfeeding worker and/or her child is thus softened or eliminated, applying the new doctrine both to the evaluation of the risk in the job performed by the breastfeeding worker and in the different measures adopted by the employer to avoid itKeywords: occupational risk assessment, breastfeeding, reversal of burden of proof, sex discrimination

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Ribes, Aurora. „New Spanish Draft Regulation on the Mutual Agreement Procedures Concerning Direct Taxation“. Intertax 36, Issue 4 (01.04.2008): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2008022.

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ALTZELAI ULIONDO, IGONE. „HACIA UNA ADMINISTRACIÓN DESCENTRALIZADA PARA LA DEFENSA DE LA COMPETENCIA EN ESPAÑA“. RVAP 82, Nr. 82 (01.12.2008): 15–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.82.2008.1.01.

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Con ocasión de la promulgación de la Ley 15/2007, de 3 de julio, de defensa de la competencia, analizaremos los avances realizados en el proceso de descentralización iniciado en 1999. En noviembre de ese mismo año, coincidiendo con la fase final de la tramitación de la Ley 52/1999, de 28.12.1999, que reformó la Ley 16/1989, de defensa de la competencia, el Tribunal Constitucional dictó una sentencia en la que reconocía las competencias ejecutivas de las Comunidades Autónomas en materia de defensa de la competencia. Ello obligó al Gobierno a promover la elaboración de la Ley 1/2002, de 21 de febrero, de coordinación de las competencias del Estado y las Comunidades Autónomas en materia de defensa de la competencia. Posteriormente, en 2007, se llevó a cabo una importante reforma con la Ley 15/2007, de 3 de julio, de defensa de la competencia. En este artículo se analiza el proceso de descentralización y, en especial, el nuevo modelo de organización administrativa aprobado en España para la defensa de la competencia. Lehiaren Defentsari buruzko uztailaren 3ko 15/2007 Legea argitaratu dela eta, 1999. urtean hasitako deszentraliazio-prozesuaren baitan zer nolako aurrerapausoak izan diren aztertuko dugu. Urte horretan bertan, azaroan, 52/1999 Legea, urte bereko abenduaren 28koa, izapidetzeko azken pausoak ematen ari zirela (16/1989 legea eraldatu zuen), Konstituzio Auzitegiak emandako epai batean adierazi zuen autonomia-erkidegoek bazituztela lehiaren defentsaren arloko eskumen betearazleak. Epai horren ondorioz, Espainiako Gobernuak Lehia Babesteko Eskumenak Estatuaren eta Autonomia-erkidegoen Artean Koordinatzeko otsailaren 21eko 1/2002 Legea argitaratu behar izan zuen. Horren ostean, 2007an, Lehia Defendatzeko uztailaren 3ko 15/2007 Legearen bidez, erreforma garrantzitsua egin zen. Artikuluan deszentralizazio-prozesua aztertzen da, eta bereziki, Espainian lehia defendatzeko onartutako administrazio-eredua. This study takes advantage of the fact that Competition Act 15/2007, of 3rd July, has been passed to analyse the progress made in the process of decentralization started in 1999. In November of that year, as Act 52/1999 of 28th December 1999, which modified the Competition Act 16/1989, was going through the final procedural stages, the Spanish Constitutional Court announced a decision allowing the Autonomous Communities (Autonomous Regions) to exercise executive competences in protection of competition. This decision forced the government to draw up a law to co-ordinate the duties between the central administrative bodies and the newly-created autonomous bodies: the Act 1/2002 of 21st February, regarding Coordination of the State and Autonomous Communities¿ Competences on Competition Defence. Subsequently, in 2007, it has been an important amendment and Competition Act 15/2007 has been enacted. This article will analyse the process of decentralization and the model of administrative organization that has recently been approved in Spain for protection of competition. Towards a decentralizated administration for protection of competition in Spain.

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Lázaro-Ibarrola, Amparo, und María Ángeles Hidalgo. „Give me a second chance“. Language Teaching for Young Learners 3, Nr. 2 (27.07.2021): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltyl.20009.laz.

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Abstract Collaborative writing (CW) and task repetition have been claimed to aid language acquisition. Students produce better texts when writing with a peer and their drafts improve if they write the same composition twice (same task repetition, STR). However, little is known about young learners, about the effects of combining both constructs and, finally, about a more common type of repetition in language lessons: repeating the same procedure with different content (procedural task repetition, PTR). This study analyses the effects of CW (vs. individual writing) and of PTR (vs. STR). To do so, the writings of 59 Spanish young learners (aged 11) of English divided into four groups were analysed. Two of these groups (N = 9, N = 10) wrote a composition individually while two (N = 20, N = 20) wrote a composition in pairs. A week later, one individual (N = 9) and one collaborative group (N = 20) wrote the same composition again (STR) while the other individual (N = 10) and collaborative (N = 20) groups wrote a new composition following the same procedure (PTR). Unlike findings from adult learners, our students’ drafts show no differences that could be attributed to the collaboration. However, some improvements upon repetition were hinted at, with students in the STR group obtaining greater holistic rates.

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Grau Ruiz, María Amparo. „Regional Participation in the EU Decision–Making Procedure: A Review of the Spanish Experience“. EC Tax Review 18, Issue 2 (01.04.2009): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2009011.

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The following pages explore the evolution of the regional participation through different modalities for legislative purposes in the European arena. The case of Spain, where the Autonomous Communities have increased their powers in the search of a true fiscal federalism, with pros and cons, may serve as a reference for policy–makers and researchers. Nowadays, the degree of participation in tax matters is kept lower than in other policy areas. In the whole process, a serious risk of lack of co–ordination is to be avoided

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Rosen, Deborah A. „Acoma v. Laguna and the Transition from Spanish Colonial Law to American Civil Procedure in New Mexico“. Law and History Review 19, Nr. 3 (2001): 513–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744272.

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Less than two years after the United States occupied New Mexico, Acoma Pueblo accused its neighbors in Laguna Pueblo of misappropriating a painting of Saint Joseph. The Indians of Acoma claimed that they had loaned the picture to the pueblo of Laguna for the purpose of celebrating Holy Week, but Laguna had subsequently refused to return it. The large oil painting on canvas, which portrayed the standing figure of Joseph holding the baby Jesus, was said to have been sent to New Mexico by Carlos II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700. Both pueblos claimed rightful ownership of the picture, both said that missionaries with the early Spanish conquerors had brought them the oil painting from Spain, and both asserted that the painting was necessary for their religious worship. It was believed that the painting of Saint Joseph, or San José, as he was referred to throughout the legal documents, worked miracles for its possessor. Most important to the pueblos was the belief that the painting brought life-sustaining rain to the parched agricultural lands that provided their main source of food.

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Calderón Carrero, Jose Manuel. „The Taxpayer's Right to Set the ‘Mutual Agreement Procedure’ in Motion: The Spanish Tax Courts' Approach“. Intertax 29, Issue 11 (01.11.2001): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/384262.

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Saczywko, Maksymilian. „Uchwały zarządu i rady nadzorczej spółki akcyjnej w procedurze podwyższenia kapitału zakładowego w granicach kapitału docelowego“. Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza, Nr. 1 (04.09.2018): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2012.1.06.

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The paper focuses on resolutions adopted by the management board and the supervisory board of a joint-stock company to increase the share capital of a public limited company within its authorised capital. The author outlines the origin and nature of the authorised capital, the content and form of the abovementioned resolutions, their legal nature and different types of possible defects in them. Challenging defective resolutions is particularly important in practice. That matter is not regulated explicitly in Polish law. The possible solutions available under Italian and Spanish regulations that are presented indicate that the challenging of defective resolutions of the management board and the supervisory board in capital commercial companies, particularly those adopted in connection with authorised capital, should also be regulated in Poland.

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