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1
Lee, Rensselaer W. „Soviet narcotics trade“. Society 28, Nr. 5 (Juli 1991): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02695688.
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Machowski, Heinrich. „Soviet Foreign Trade“. Economic Bulletin 26, Nr. 12 (Februar 1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02235728.
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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. „Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 1)“. Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, Nr. 1 (01.06.2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3364.
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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germanyand the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations withGermany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany beforeWorld War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed specialconditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normalexchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based from the very beginningon a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission to Berlin under which the Soviet Union wasgranted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with Soviet Union, promotedby the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached itshighest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as regime assertedpower and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versaillesdecreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s ascent to powerincreased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Unionmade repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chieflysought to repay, with raw materials, the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, whileGermany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. The saidagreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937, the loans amountingto 200 million Reichsmarks, to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle,liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss inmid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new periodin the development of Soviet–German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–MolotovAgreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.
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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. „Stosunki gospodarcze i handlowe ZSRR – Niemcy w latach 1918–1940 (część 2)“. Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, Nr. 2 (30.11.2019): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.2999.
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The author analyzes in his paper the economic and trade relations between Germany and the Soviet Union in the period of 1918–1944. During this period trade relations with Germany constituted a continuation of relations between Tsarist Russia and Germany before World War I. The German-Soviet Economic Agreement of October 12, 1925, formed special conditions for the mutual trade relations between the two countries. In addition to the normal exchange of goods, German exports to the Soviet Union were based, from the very beginning, on a system negotiated by the Soviet Trade Mission in Berlin under which the Soviet Union was granted loans for financing additional orders from Germany. Trade with the Soviet Union, promoted by the first credit-based operations, led to a dynamic exchange of goods, which reached its highest point in 1931. In the early 1930s, however, Soviet imports decreased as the regime asserted power and its weakened adherence to the disarmament requirements of the Treaty of Versailles decreased Germany’s reliance on Soviet imports. In addition, the Nazi Party’s rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet Union made repeated efforts at reestablishing closer contacts with Germany. The Soviets chiefly sought to repay, with raw materials the debts which arose from earlier trade exchange, while Germany sought to rearm, therefore both countries signed a credit agreement in 1935. That agreement placed at the disposal of the Soviet Union until June 30, 1937 the loans amounting to 200 million Reichsmarks which were to be repaid in the period 1940–1943. The Soviet Union used 183 million Reichsmarks from this credit. The preceding credit operations were, in principle, liquidated. Economic reconciliation was hampered by political tensions after the Anschluss in the mid-1938 and Hitler’s increasing hesitance to deal with the Soviet Union. However, a new period in the development of Soviet-German economic relations began after the Ribbetrop–Molotov Agreement, which was concluded in August of 1939.
5
Sokolov, Alexander. „Anglo-Soviet Trade Relations on the Eve of the Severance of Diplomatic Relations in 1927“. ISTORIYA 13, Nr. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022008-7.
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During the 1920s, the USSR tried to establish both trade and diplomatic relations with England. In the conditions of the growing economic crisis of 1925, representatives of British business circles were interested in creating favorable conditions for the development of mutually beneficial trade and economic ties with Soviet Russia. The foreign trade turnover between the two countries was actively developing. At the same time, the trade balance was in favor of the UK. Meanwhile, the Conservative cabinet was clearly moving towards a break with the USSR. Soviet financial assistance to striking miners in 1926, as well as material support for the national revolutionary movement in China, contributed to the deterioration of Soviet-British relations. Representatives of some of the British commercial and industrial circles were extremely interested in trade with Russia. They rightly believed that England would suffer more damage from the rupture than the Soviets. One of the steps towards easing tensions and creating favorable conditions for the development of trade and economic relations was the conclusion in May 1927 of an agreement between the delegation of the USSR and the board of Midland Bank on crediting Soviet orders of British goods. However, the subsequent police raid on the premises of the joint stock company “Arkos Limited” led to the termination of diplomatic relations with the USSR. As a result of the breakdown of relations, English firms suffered heavy losses. Orders were lost for the amount of the loan, on the provision of which an agreement was reached with Midland Bank. The termination of relations with the USSR had negative consequences for the British economy. The volume of Soviet-British trade has significantly decreased. The gradual improvement of Soviet-British relations led to the restoration of lost trade and economic relations. However, the issue of granting large loans, including from Midland Bank, remained unresolved.
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Гутников, Олег, Olyeg Gutnikov, Валерия Смирнова und Valeriya Smirnova. „On Soviet Trade Marks“. Journal of Russian Law 3, Nr. 1 (24.12.2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7250.
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In modern Russia is debated the issue of legal regulation of trademarks, which are well-known in the Soviet time and freely used by many domestic enterprises for homogeneous products such as candy “Belochka”, the “Jubileynoe” cookies, chocolate “Alyonka”, cheese “Yantar”, “Druzhba”, etc. Currently has so-called battle for Soviet trademarks between rights holders, who received the trademark rights in full compliance with the Russian legislation, and the actual users, who do not have time to register them. So in the legal community are mechanisms to address issues related to trademarks: recognition of them entered into general use and lost their distinctiveness, the revocation of their registration as acts of unfair competition; the their nationalization; the introduction of prior use, their mode of collective trademarks or certification, traditional food regulation. Currently in the State Duma of the Russian Federation are considered the bills, aimed at the introduction of the right of prior use in trademarks and issuing a compulsory license. In the article are considered only the arguments against the introduction of the right of prior use and issuance of compulsory licenses in respect of trademarks.
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Hardt, John P., und Jean F. Boone. „The Soviet Union’s Trade Policy“. Current History 87, Nr. 531 (01.10.1988): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1988.87.531.329.
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Treml, Vladimir G. „Soviet Foreign Trade in Foodstuffs“. Soviet Economy 2, Nr. 1 (Januar 1986): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08826994.1986.10641248.
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Debroy, Bibek, und L. D. Mago. „Issues in Indo—Soviet Trade“. Foreign Trade Review 26, Nr. 1-2 (April 1991): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515910103.
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Rodionova, I. A., und O. V. Shuvalova. „West or East? Changing directions of supply of products of the republics of the former USSR in conditions of global instability“. International Trade and Trade Policy 8, Nr. 3 (21.11.2022): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-64-77.
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Due to the collapse of the USSR and the destruction of economic cooperation, all the former Soviet republics traded among themselves as independent states, and trade was carried out not at domestic (as before), but at world prices. New state borders (previously internal) prevented the export and transit of products to "third countries". The purpose of the study is to characterize the export of certain types of products in the post-Soviet space by country in dynamics from 1995 to 2020. The data was from UNCTAD. We used the principles of a systematic approach, in particular historical, analytical, mathematical-statistical and cartographic research methods. Russia remains the main supplier of mineral resources to the republics of the former Soviet Union, but its role in the foreign trade of the republics as a whole is declining. Exports began to consist mainly of exports of raw materials. Goods from the countries of the former USSR are exported mainly to the Asian market. Trade between countries is affected not only by geographical factors - it is easier to trade with neighbors, but also by other factors, including the ability to transport products around the world. Therefore, the spatial diversification of exports of steel, mineral fertilizers, and grain is higher than that of oil and natural gas, which are traded mainly through pre-laid pipelines. Interstate territorial disputes that have grown since the collapse of the USSR are harmful to economic cooperation. Difficulties arise in relations between such republics of the former Soviet Union as Russia and Ukraine, Armenia and Azerbaijan. In Soviet times, there was close cooperation between them, but now it is broken. This hinders the economic development of these countries.
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Sun, Yizhi. „The Soviet Union and the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai“. Problemy dalnego vostoka, Nr. 4 (2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120021382-1.
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This article focuses specifically on the Soviet factor in The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai, including the degree of central and local Soviet authorities' involvement in the preparation and course of the Movement and financial assistance to Chinese strikers. It also examines Soviet intelligence activities in Shanghai during this period. Until May 30 the central organs of the USSR and the RCP(b) were not the initiators of the Movement. The largest workers' movement in Shanghai occurred spontaneously and was not under the control of the Comintern or the Politburo. However, we cannot completely deny the existence of attempts to organize and control the Movement by the Soviet Consulate as early as the first days of the strikes and it has been documented that the practical actions of Soviet agents began even before the Politburo began to pay attention to the Shanghai events. The All-Union Central Trade Union Council represented the "legal" support for the strikers by the Soviet authorities. The arrival of a delegation of Soviet trade unions in Shanghai was open and contained no elements of secret diplomacy. In the field of "secret politics", G.N. Voitinsky was sent to Shanghai to lead the Movement through the CCP. During the May Thirtieth Movement, Soviet intelligence had to work in intensified mode. However, in the Shanghai municipal police files we can only find references to the activities of Soviet spies at the beginning of the Movement. The reason for this is that all police attention in July and August was concentrated on the so-called "Dosser case", which was essentially of a small scale, but was hyped up by the Shanghai press and the Municipal Council of International Settlement. Nevertheless, one should not exaggerate the influence of the Soviets on the May Thirtieth Movement. The Soviets could only control, through the CCP and the General Trade Union, the workers' and partly the students' part of the strikes. The leading role in the May Thirtieth Movement was still held by the Shanghai merchants, not by the Politburo and the Comintern.
12
Popenkova, Daria. „Evolution of retail in Russia“. E3S Web of Conferences 449 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344901003.
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This study purpose was to investigate the historical evolution of trade in Russia, spanning three distinct periods: pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet eras. In the article authors analyzed the shifts and continuities in Russia’s trade landscape over time and understand how historical patterns influence contemporary trade dynamics. Authors used methods of data collection from primary sources, including archival research and economic statistics, supplemented by a review of scholarly literature. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to extract insights into trade practices, regulations, and economic conditions. The results reveal significant transitions, including the dominance of state-controlled trade during the Soviet era and the emergence of retail chains in recent years. Retail chains have evolved to assume distribution functions, blurring the lines between trade and production. In conclusion, this historical analysis elucidates the historical context of Russia’s trade practices, offering insights into its economic evolution. Understanding the impact of historical events on trade structures provides valuable perspectives for comprehending contemporary trade dynamics in Russia.
13
Evanson, Robert K. „Soviet Political Uses of Trade with Latin America“. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, Nr. 2 (1985): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165720.
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This Essay examines Soviet uses of economic trade for political and diplomatic purposes in Latin America. Recent events in Central America and the Caribbean have generated a great number of analyses of Soviet goals and tactics in the Western Hemisphere (Duncan, 1984; Leiken, 1984; Rothenberg, 1984; Varas, 1984; Valenta, 1982). Direct Soviet military aid to Nicaragua, and to Grenada prior to the U.S. invasion in 1983, has suggested a more forward Soviet role in the region. On the other hand, Soviet arms shipments to Latin America, excepting those to Cuba, are a relatively recent response to revolutionary developments that may prove to be ephemeral, or which may encounter stiff U.S. resistance. Given geopolitical realities of the area, the Soviet military option certainly is less viable in Latin America than elsewhere in the developing world. In contrast, trade and aid – and Soviet aid is given chiefly in the form of trade credits – are a long-established, politically safe tactical alternative.
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Stevandić, Nataša. „Intensity of establishment of trade relations of the USSR with the world during the governance of J. V. Stalin until the beginning of the Second World War“. Megatrend revija 20, Nr. 2 (2023): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2302203s.
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Trade policy of the Soviet Union during the governance of J. V. Stalin moved in the direction of opening up to the world, which was somewhat atypical for the political regimes of that time. By emphasizing the establishment and development of trade relations with countries around the world, the Soviet leader enabled a more adequate use of the comparative advantages of the Soviet country and the reduction of the shortcomings accumulated during the previous years, which represented an obstacle to success. Abandoning such an autarkic system in conducting the country's foreign trade policy, which was in force before Stalin's arrival, made it possible to realize fruitful trade cooperation with countries with similar or diametrically different economic systems without much effort. The country's progress in conducting foreign trade policy led to positive changes in the product structure of Soviet exports (and imports), which could best be seen through the qualitative and quantitative presentation of goods and services of Soviet origin, which were placed on foreign markets starting from the period before the beginning of the Second World War. All this led to a better position of the Soviet country on the international stage, which enabled greater power in deciding crucial issues concerning world trade.
15
Wright, Arthur W. „Soviet trade in commodities The soviet impact on commodity markets“. Resources Policy 11, Nr. 1 (März 1985): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4207(85)90023-6.
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Arkhireyskyi, Dmytro. „Mediterranean vector Soviet foreign trade in the 1920s“. Grani 24, Nr. 3 (30.03.2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172129.
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The purpose of the article is to clarify the features of Soviet foreign trade in the Mediterranean basin in the 1920s. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the Mediterranean Soviet foreign trade of the period of the new economic policy has never actually been a separate scientific and historical problem. Methods of research: chronological, historical-comparative, descriptive. The main results: established a list of Mediterranean countries with which the Soviet state maintained trade relations during the period of the new economic policy; clarified the commodity and raw materials nomenclature of export-import operations in the Mediterranean zone; it was established that one of the main reasons for the establishment by Western countries of trade relations with the Bolshevik state was the economic crisis of 1920-1921, which swept the West; At the end of the study period, the Soviet government used the Great Depression to exert economic pressure on Western countries; disclosed the dynamics of Soviet trade at that time in the southern direction; revealed the dependence of Soviet foreign trade on the political environment; analyzed the Ukrainian component of the Soviet Mediterranean trade of the 1920s, using the example of the southern direction of Soviet foreign trade, it is shown how Moscow gradually limited the economic independence of the Ukrainian SSR until its complete leveling. Practical significance: the results of the study can be recommended for use in synthetic works on the history of Ukraine, the USSR, foreign trade and international relations of the 1920s, the development of relevant academic disciplines and special courses. These materials can also be used to promote historical knowledge. Originality: the article is, in general, original, it was made taking into account the developments of domestic and foreign researchers, with the involvement of a significant array of documents from a number of Ukrainian and Russian archives. Scientific novelty: for the first time in domestic historiography the peculiarities of the Soviet foreign trade of the 1920s in the Mediterranean basin are characterized, and also the role in the corresponding processes of the Ukrainian SSR is. The scientific novelty of the work is also due to the introduction into scientific circulation of a significant complex of archival materials, primarily documents of various services and structures of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR. Type of article: overview.
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Hurst, Mark. „‘Gamekeeper Turned Poacher’: Frank Chapple, Anti-Communism, and Soviet Human Rights Violations1“. Labour History Review: Volume 86, Issue 3 86, Nr. 3 (01.12.2021): 313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/lhr.2021.14.
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The inclusion of the British trade union leader Frank Chapple on the panel of the 1985 Sakharov hearings, an event designed to hold the Soviet authorities to account for their violation of human rights, raises questions about the workings of the broader network of activists highlighting Soviet abuses. This article assesses Chapple’s support for human rights in the Soviet Union, arguing that because of his historic membership of the Communist Party and subsequent anti-communist leadership of the Electrical Trades Union (ETU) in Britain, his support for victims of Soviet persecution was multifaceted in the Cold War context.
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Kupchyk, O. „ITALY IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE, 1921-1923“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, Nr. 141 (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.141.3.
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The circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with the Kingdom of Italy in the early 1920s are revealed. The contractual basis, organizational forms of trade activity of Soviet Ukraine in Italy have been clarified. Persons of sales representatives were established (V. Vorovskyi, A. Feinstein). The role of the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representation in Rome in the foreign trade activities of Soviet Ukraine is revealed. The place of the Italian market in export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. After studying national historiography, it was found that the trade relations of the Ukrainian SSR in the early 1920s with the Kingdom of Italy were not the subject of scientific study in contemporary Ukrainian historians. In turn, it was found that in trying to forge trade relations with Italy, the Ukrainian adviser noted that she sought to rebuild the international influence, lost after the First World War through Great Britain and France. It was informed that after the conclusion of the Preliminary Trade Agreement on December 26, 1921, Soviet Ukraine and Italy exchanged trade representatives. The duties of Soviet Ukraine’s sales representative in Italy were first performed by Russian Trade Representative V. Vorovskyi and then by Russian Trade Representative A. Feinstein. There were 5 people employed in the Ukrainian SSR’s sales office in Italy. They thoroughly explored the Italian markets (Genoa, Milan, Roman). The article shows the interest of Italian traders in Ukrainian timber, coal, scrap metal, linen cake. It is noted that the sales representatives of Soviet Ukraine initially studied the possibility of selling on the Italian market of guts, skin, horse hair, wool. They then explored the possibility of selling cattle, wheat, barley, corn, caustic soda and soda ash. It was noted that together with Russian and Italian traders the Russian-Italian Trading Company was created, which had the task not only for export-import of goods, but also for obtaining concessions by the Italian entrepreneurs in Ukraine. It has been reported that Italian workers sent food aid (sowing grain) to Ukraine for the money raised.
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Dukes, Paul. „Trade, technology, and Soviet-American relations“. International Affairs 62, Nr. 2 (1986): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618394.
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Josephson, Paul R., und Bruce Parrott. „Trade, Technology, and Soviet-American Relations“. Russian Review 46, Nr. 2 (April 1987): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130640.
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Diebold, William, und Bruce Parrott. „Trade, Technology, and Soviet-American Relations“. Foreign Affairs 64, Nr. 2 (1985): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042597.
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Franklin, Daniel. „Soviet Trade with the Industrialized West“. SAIS Review 8, Nr. 1 (1988): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.1988.0007.
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Smolik, Joseph. „Trade, technology and Soviet-American relations“. Journal of Comparative Economics 12, Nr. 1 (März 1988): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-5967(88)90055-8.
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Skubii, Iryna. „DEPARTMENT STORE AS SPACE OF URBAN CONSUMPTION IN 1920-1930S IN SOVIET UKRAINE“. City History, Culture, Society, Nr. 4 (07.11.2018): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.04.162.
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In the article, the features of department stores as trade establishments in Soviet Ukraine in 1920-1930s are examined. Department store is investigated as a unique space of urban consumption. It got the special place in ideology and propaganda and “fixed the victories and advantages of Soviet cultural trade”, the democratization of consumption. Department stores were to become a model of successful Soviet trade management and marketing.
In urban space, department stores became the symbol of novelty, sufficiency and example for other trade institutions. Special attention is given to the transition in public discourse the image from “customer” to “consumer” during 1920-1930s. The innovativeness of univermags let to the use of modern tendencies in the arrangement of space, in particular, window displays and counters.
It has been analyzed how department stores were equipped according to the last requirements of time with the help of mechanical devices and refrigeration units.
The experience existence of universal type institutions was not as unique as it was in line with the world tendencies of trade modernization. But by borrowing and transforming the idea of universal trade into Soviet realities, the Bolshevik authorities gave it new meaning. In the Ukrainian department stores at that time a new commercial space was planned for the premises, showcases and counters were equipped, but despite these innovations, the shortage of goods, queues and state control of the market continued to remain. It has been concluded that state department stores could have become a model of successful Soviet management and marketing in the field of trade. Nevertheless, it was not enough to create a properly equipped store space, because consumer and department store was dependent on the ideological and economic policies of Soviet authorities.
At the same time, the opening of department stores became a new stage in the development of Soviet trade, where the consumer could have become the main actor of these processes. However, in spite of this fact, during 1920-1930s a “new Soviet consumer” with its culture and consumption practices was created.
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Sklyarov, S. A. „From the History of Soviet-Polish Relations in the Early 1920s: the Problem of “Transit to Persia”“. Nauchnyi dialog, Nr. 9 (30.09.2020): 454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-9-454-468.
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For the first time in Russian historiography, the discussion that flared up soon after the conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty in the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and the People’s Commissariat of Trade on the possibility of granting Poland the right to transit trade with Persia and other countries of the East. It is noted that the head of the People’s Commissariat of Trade L.B. Krasin criticized the position of the plenipotentiary representative of the RSFSR in Warsaw L.L. Obolensky, who considered it possible to grant Poland the right of transit to the East and the most favored nation treatment in trade on reciprocity terms in order to strengthen Moscow’s position in the Polish-Soviet negotiations. It is shown that the People’s Commissariat for Trade did not consider such cooperation to be equivalent, since, according to L.B. Krasin, Poland needed more transit through the Soviet republics than the Soviet state needed transit through Poland. In the course of the study, it was found that the People’s Commissariat of Trade allowed such a situation only if Poland would additionally make political concessions, the nature of which had not yet been clear at that time. It is traced in the article how, as a result of the discussion, the line of the People’s Commissariat for Trade won and in fact the Soviet leadership adhered to it until mid-1923. The relevance and novelty of the research is due to the introduction into scientific circulation of archival materials declassified in the post-Soviet era and for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, which allow discovering new vicissitudes of Polish-Soviet relations, including the organization of transit trade.
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Popov, A. A. „The Problem of Harmonizing the Economic Interests of the USSR and the Socialist Countries. The Сase of Soviet-Polish Trade and Financial Relations (1958–1964)“. Modern History of Russia 11, Nr. 2 (2021): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.208.
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Soviet trade with Eastern European countries was one of the main forms of economic interaction within the socialist camp. The problem of imbalances in this trade traditionally has been associated with the politicization of intra-bloc relations. However, when harmonizing the interests of the USSR and the socialist interests vis-à-vis long-term trade agreements, economic motives were of great importance. This article discusses the process of harmonizing economic interests, using the case of Soviet-Polish trade relations in 1958–1964. This research based on archival documents from the Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU for Economic Cooperation with the Socialist Countries (in RGANI) and declassified documents from the special fund for the State Planning Commission of RGAE. The analysis shows that contradictions in trade issues provoked a discussion of a wider range of issues: military supplies, credit debt, and transit tariffs for the two countries. Moreover, each of the parties was guided by its own economic interests and rarely made concessions for political reasons. The Soviet government in 1958-1964 made a number of supply concessions, agreed to revise transit tariffs, and incurred part of the costs of maintaining the stability of intra-block trade in the distribution system. There was a change in the structure of Soviet-Polish trade, which significantly reduced the passive trade balance for Polish People’s Republic (RPL). Nevertheless, in accordance with Soviet calculations, after all these changes, trade with RPL and other socialist countries was profitable for the USSR.
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GACIM, S. „The Current State and Priorities of Foreign Trade Cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco with the Post-Soviet Countries“. Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, Nr. 3 (01.11.2019): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.3.2019.07.
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More than a century has passed since the collapse of the soviet area, but its transformation continues, creating new opportunities for the development of international trade cooperation. The potential of this transformation is mostly used by developed countries to form a more effective foreign trade system, but is not sufficiently used by most developing countries, in particular, the Kingdom of Morocco. At the same time, the issue of diversification of foreign trade remains an urgent task for the country for a long time. The study aims to identify special features and to justify the priorities of foreign trade cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco with the post-soviet countries.
The article investigates the features of foreign trade cooperation of the Kingdom of Morocco with the post-soviet countries except for the Baltic States. The export and import matrixes of the Kingdom of Morocco with these countries has been constructed and the key locations of Moroccan foreign trade has been determined in the following regions: Eastern European countries (Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova); Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan); the countries of the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) and Russia as a territory with unique geographical and economic features. It has been established that the intensity and stability of foreign trade operations of the Kingdom of Morocco is significantly different in the countries and regions of the post-soviet area. The key features of the foreign trade of the Kingdom of Morocco with the post-soviet countries has been defined: the negative balance of foreign trade, the high importance of critical commodities in the import of the country and a significant proportion of technological goods in the country's exports.
It is substantiated that the priority of development of Moroccan foreign trade cooperation with the post-soviet countries should be to increase exports, primarily electrical products and vehicles. It is indicated the possibility for exports of used cars, cheap clothes, as well as fish and canned fish in regions with low purchasing power. Another priority in the post-soviet area has been proposed, that is to identify alternative markets to diversify the supply of goods traditionally imported by the Kingdom of Morocco from other countries of the world economy, in particular cotton.
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Kupchyk, O. „CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE IN 1920-1922“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, Nr. 143 (2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.143.5.
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The article describes the circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with Czechoslovakian Republic in the early 1920’s. The analysis of historiography of this scientific problem recovered the absence of the researches in modern Ukrainian historical science on the relations between Czechoslovakia and Soviet Ukraine in the early 1920’s. It’s established that the source database, including archival documents, allows a comprehensive answer to the task in the study. The contractual legal framework, organizational forms of trade activities of the Soviet Ukraine in Czechoslovakia have been clarified. It is stated that the inability to compete with the Germans in the Russian market caused the Czechoslovakians’ great interest in the Ukrainian market. There was a positive experience of Czechoslovakian-Ukrainian economic relations even before the First World War, which was to guarantee the resumption of trade relations between the countries in the early 1920s. This had been facilitated by shipping on the Danube to the Black Sea. 'Trade Representative Office' considered the logistics of trade (demanded goods, ways of delivery, placement of warehouses, sanitary and technical control). Persons of sales representatives were established (Y. Novakovsky, M. Lomovsky, I. Girsa, V. Benesh). The role of the Soviet Ukraine 'Trade Representative Office' in Prague in the foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic is revealed. The place of the Czechoslovakian market in the export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. The interest of Czechoslovakian traders in Ukrainian raw materials, namely flax, hemp, wool and leather was noted. It is stated that the trade representatives of the Soviet Ukraine were exploring the possibility of selling other raw materials on the Czechoslovakian market, namely iron ore, coal, etc. It is found that the trading company has purchased in large quantities flour (wheat, rye), sugar (refinement, sand) and cereals (wheat, barley, rye, peas, oats). The Czechoslovakian traders and entrepreneurs were particularly interested in forming «mixed partnerships» with the Ukrainians (supplying railway equipment, making file sheets, production of medicines, glass and porcelain). Czechoslovakians also sought to obtain a concession for tractor cultivation of lands in Ukraine. At the same time, participation in the Ukrainian-Czechoslovakian trade «Vokoopspilka» was revealed. The participation of the Soviet Ukraine at the Prague International Exhibition in 1922 was covered, which became its first participation in international exhibitions.
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Martinets, Yuliya A. „SOVIET-AUSTRIAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AS A PROBLEM OF RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY“. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, Nr. 4 (2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-4-19-31.
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This article is devoted to the trade and economic relations between the USSR and the Austrian Republic, whose modern borders were drawn up only at the end of the Second World War. The author aims to give a brief overview of the main scientific results (dissertation studies, monographs, scientific articles) of domestic – Soviet and Russian – historians and economists. The article attempts to analyze the influence of the state ideology on the development of domestic Austrian studies and to trace the reflection of the ideological confrontation between the East and the West during the Cold War on the works devoted to the Soviet-Austrian relations. Analyzing the topics of key scientific works, the author identifies several large thematic layers in the study of the history of the modern Austrian Republic and its interaction with the USSR and the Russian Federation. Among them: the political life of Austria, its international interaction, the economic development of the Austrian Republic, as well as the Soviet-Austrian relations in the political sphere. Nevertheless, both in Soviet and Russian historiography, according to the author, there are still poorly studied areas – the least covered topic remains the trade and economic interaction of the modern Austrian Republic with the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century
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Sorokin, Alexey. „Trade and Economic Relations as an Instrument of Soviet Policy to Maintain Austria's Neutrality (1955—1964)“. ISTORIYA 15, Nr. 1 (135) (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840030004-3.
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Trade and economic relations played an important role for the Soviet Union in the policy of maintaining Austrian neutrality. This was expressed, on the one hand, in the desire to prevent Austria from joining the structures of European integration, the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community. On the other hand, the Soviet Union made considerable efforts to develop bilateral trade and increase its own trade turnover with Austria. Such combined actions were supposed to have an impact on the preservation and transformation of Austrian neutrality in the manner necessary for the Soviet Union.
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Zhukov, S., und O. Reznikova. „Economic Interactions in the Post-Soviet Space“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 8 (20.08.2007): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2007-8-93-103.
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The article discusses key problems of economic interactions within the post-Soviet space. It examines the objective foundations and limitations of economic cooperation among post-Soviet economies, dynamics of mutual trade flows and patterns of foreign direct investments. Special attention is paid to such phenomena as trans-border migration and unregistered trade.
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Becker, Abraham S. „Main Features of United States-Soviet Trade“. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 36, Nr. 4 (1987): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1173834.
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Brands, H. W., und Philip J. Funigiello. „American-Soviet Trade in the Cold War“. Journal of American History 76, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1989): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936536.
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Crawford, Mark. „Spy Trade Might Free Two Soviet Scientists“. Science 230, Nr. 4727 (15.11.1985): 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4727.788.c.
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Crawford, Mark. „Spy Trade Might Free Two Soviet Scientists“. Science 230, Nr. 4727 (15.11.1985): 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4727.788-c.
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Marer, Paul, und Philip J. Funigiello. „American-Soviet Trade in the Cold War.“ American Historical Review 96, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1991): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165041.
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Dent, Marian Grace. „Practical Aspects of U.S.-Soviet Trade Law“. Legal Reference Services Quarterly 8, Nr. 3-4 (03.11.1988): 37–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j113v08n03_04.
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Debray, Bibek. „The Terms of Indo-Soviet Trade Revisited“. Foreign Trade Review 24, Nr. 4 (Januar 1990): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515900402.
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Stern, Paula. „U.S.—Soviet Trade: The Question of Leverage“. Washington Quarterly 12, Nr. 4 (September 1989): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636608909445387.
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HANSON, DAVID. „Chemicals benefit in U.S.-Soviet trade talks“. Chemical & Engineering News 66, Nr. 16 (18.04.1988): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v066n016.p006a.
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CRAWFORD, M. „Spy Trade Might Free Two Soviet Scientists“. Science 230, Nr. 4727 (15.11.1985): 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4727.788-b.
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Birman, Igor. „A note on Soviet foreign trade gains“. Soviet Studies 38, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1986): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668138608411662.
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Clement, Hermann. „Changes in the soviet foreign trade system“. International Executive 31, Nr. 2 (September 1989): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060310214.
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Sukhonos, V. V. „THE SOVIET MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS“. Legal horizons, Nr. 17 (2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:42.
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The article is devoted to the political and legal problems of the organization of local authorities. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the Soviet model of local government in the period of its first reform, which falls on the day of the so-called “New Economic Policy”, when the liberalization processes started, called the “Leninist line for the development of socialist democracy”. However, the expansion of this democracy was greatly complicated by the fact that the Soviet state apparatus did not have its own bureaucracy, and therefore, for the most part, relied on the bureaucracy of the old, bureaucracy, raised on the bureaucratic traditions of the royal apparatus. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that many of the workers of the party and Soviet bodies, especially the grassroots, were hardly deprived of previous methods of state administration, which usually had military-administrative character. The transition to a new economic policy (NEP), a certain liberalization of the Soviet system could not but cause a revival in the work of the party, trade unions, and the Soviets. But if the restructuring of the party and trade unions was implemented within a rather short time, then in relation to the Soviets, it was a bit delayed. The newly formed Soviet state apparatus proved to be unprepared for various kinds of social experiments. Among other things, this was due to the inadequate level of farming in the first years of the NEP, the general deterioration of the civil war, the still hard financial situation of the people and the use of all these circumstances by the opponents of the Bolsheviks in the countryside. The most effective means of improving the Soviet apparatus and eliminating bureaucratic “tricks” was the regular campaign in the form of wide involvement in the management of the state of workers and peoples. Particularly relevant was the issue of improving the forms of party leadership by the activities of the Soviet state and economic apparatus. It was necessary to find the right forms of relations between the party and Soviet bodies, to eliminate the practice of substituting Soviets by party bodies not removed from the civil war since the times of civil war. This kind of branching should have provided a more systematic discussion and solution of economic issues by the Soviet authorities while increasing the responsibility of each Soviet worker and the case he was entrusted with. On the other hand, this provided the opportunity for party bodies to focus on the overall management of the work of all state bodies, paying particular attention to the education and organization of working classes. However, despite a certain liberalization of the Soviet system, the model of the organization of local government in the USSR in the period of the New Economic Policy remained ineffective, both as a result of its virtually “curious” character and absolute domination of the members of the Bolshevik Party in the Soviets. Keywords: Local Government; a system of Councils; local Councils; Councils of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies; Soviet local government.
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Shemetova, Tamara A. „Trade, Economic and Political Relations between Soviet Russia and the Chinese Province of Xinjiang in 1921-1922“. RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, Nr. 1 (15.03.2023): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-85-96.
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The author analyzes the features and results of trade, economic and political relations of the Chinese province of Xinjiang with Soviet Russia and the USSR in 1921-1922. The main sources for the preparation of the article were historical and archival materials on the trade and economic relations of Xinjiang with Russia and the Soviet Union (1896-1949) in Chinese, as well as documents from a number of Moscow archives (the Russian State Archive of Economics, the Russian State Military Archive, the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation). The analysis showed that during the period under review the Soviet-Xinjiang trade, economic and political relations were rather ambiguous. This is evidenced by statistical data on the volume of trade for 1921 and 1922, which, despite the measures taken by Moscow, did not increase. In addition, it should be emphasized that the range and list of goods supplied by the parties changed significantly. The author comes to the conclusion that in 1921-1922 there did not take place the final restoration and development of all-round ties between the Soviet Union and the Chinese province of Xinjiang. It was the Soviet leadership that was the initiator of the bilateral rapprochement.
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Mukhina, Irina. „Regulating the Trade: International Peddling in Post-Soviet Russia“. Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 37, Nr. 2 (2010): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633210x536889.
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AbstractThe economic, social, and political reforms of the former Soviet Union gave rise to a flourishing international peddling trade variously termed “shuttle trading,” “a suitcase trade,” or at times “trading tourism.” Small at first in the later 1980s, by the mid-1990s the shuttle trade expanded to include millions of people and came to constitute the backbone of Russian consumer trade. Initially the government was willing to “look the other way” or even support the shuttle trade as a way to provide for the collapsing consumer market in Russia. Yet the government drastically underestimated the vast number of people that the trade would attract and subsequently the scale and longevity of the trade. By 1993 and then progressively into the 1990s, the government aimed to bring this highly problematic aspect of the emerging market under its control, both by the means of regulating private businesses and creating a more business-conducive environment and by improving border control in order to make the borders “hard”. Thus this article analyzes the shuttle trade to demonstrate the ways in which decision makers, by accumulating raw data about the scale of the trade, border crossing, and the trade's social consequences, utilized these statistics in creating regulatory measures that simultaneously attempted to shape both the border control and customs regulations and the emerging free market space of the post-Soviet Russia.
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Fava, Valentina. „Between Business Interests and Ideological Marketing: The USSR and the Cold War in Fiat Corporate Strategy, 1957–1972“. Journal of Cold War Studies 20, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2018): 26–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00822.
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This article analyzes the landmark deal between the Italian automobile corporation Fiat and the Soviet government to build and operate the Volga Automobile Factory (VAZ). Drawing on formerly closed corporate records and declassified Soviet documents, the article traces how the Cold War helped shape the strategy of a West European multinational corporation in its attempts to manipulate the national and international political context in which it was acting. In Fiat's strategy toward the uncertain Soviet market, car production represented more of a bridgehead than an ultimate objective. Fiat's Ostpolitik was carefully planned and coordinated with the U.S. government and with other large Italian businesses. Italian-Soviet cooperation in building VAZ, the symbol of material well-being and peaceful industrial reconstruction, facilitated the requests of Soviet officials and Western corporations to lift East-West trade restrictions on non-strategic goods, thus conferring political legitimacy on trade with the Soviet Union.
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Zaitsev, V. V. „BANK GUARANTEE IN SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET LEGISLATION“. Ex jure, Nr. 4 (2020): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2619-0648-2020-4-68-81.
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Abstract: the article discusses the features of legal regulation and the practical application of the guarantee institution, which was used in the Soviet period mainly in foreign trade transactions, and a bank guarantee as a new security method enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The paper also characterizes the main international sources related to this security method. The author compares the bank guarantee with non-processor methods of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations, and also explores the most complex issues that arise in modern civil circulation in the practice of applying a bank guarantee. A lot of attention in the article is paid to the analysis of legal positions formulated regarding the application of a bank guarantee by the highest judicial bodies of Russia.
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Životić, Aleksandar. „Na putu normalizacije – jugoslovensko-sovjetski trgovinski pregovori 1940“. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 69, Nr. 1 (23.03.2021): 35–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_21102a.
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Based on available published and unpublished archival sources of Yugoslav and Soviet origin, as well as relevant historiographical and memoir literature, the paper analyzes the historical circumstances and motives that led to the opening of Yugoslav–Soviet trade negotiations in early May 1940. The course of the talks in Moscow, the character of the concluded agreement, and the scope of mutual trade relations until the outbreak of the Second World War in Yugoslavia, in April 1941, are highlighted. The reactions of the interested great powers—particularly Germany, Italy and Great Britain— to the Yugoslav–Soviet economic and political rapprochement are also presented. The paper contains the author’s assessment of the importance of economic negotiations as an introduction to the complete normalization of Yugoslav–Soviet relations.
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Kupchyk, O. „POLAND IN FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE IN THE EARLY 1920’s“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, Nr. 145 (2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.8.
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The article reveals the circumstances under which the Ukrainian SSR established trade relations with the Republic of Poland in the early 1920s. The contractual legal framework and organizational forms of the Ukrainian SSR's trade activity in Poland have been clarified. The Poles have a greater interest in trade with neighboring Soviet Ukraine than Russia. Persons of sales representatives were established (I. Khurgin, I. Ruzhytsky). The role of the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representation in Warsaw in the foreign trade activities of the Ukrainian SSR is revealed. The place of the Polish market in export-import operations of the Soviet Ukraine has been determined. It is found that, in accordance with the Protocol of the Additional Protocol to the Riga Peace Treaty, concluded on March 18, 1921, the Polish Government reserved the right to «normalize» the transit of German and Austrian goods passing through the Polish territory. Instead, during the negotiations in June 1921 on the conclusion of a trade agreement, the Polish government insisted that the Ukrainian SSR should be bound by the obligation of «the greatest facilitation of Poland’s trade in Ukraine». They planned to implement this by introducing customs tariffs favorable to Poles. Because of this, the trade agreement was not concluded. It is stated that in Warsaw the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office started operating in October 1921. Then the Soviet traders established the interest of the Polish metallurgical plants in Silesia in the Ukrainian iron ore (due to the small amount of iron in the Polish ore). They investigated the interest of these plants to Ukrainian scrap (due to lack of Polish) and anthracite coal. At the same time, they determined that Poles were competitors in the timber trade. Due to the importance of the Free City of Danzig as a center for international trade, the bulk of the export goods of the Ukrainian SSR was directed to this city (market and port), not Warsaw. The Danzig Division and the Danzig Warehouses of the sales office operated in Danzig. It has been investigated that during the 1921–1921 years, the Polish market of the Ukrainian Soviet Union bought both Polish and foreign goods. Imports from Poland at that time consisted of cereals (until 1922), agricultural and agricultural machinery and tools, clothing and footwear, haberdashery, electrical goods, stationery. Ukrainian exports consisted of metals, coal, wood, minerals, livestock waste, medicinal plants. Participation of the Soviet Ukraine representatives in the Eastern Fair in Lviv in the autumn of 1922 is covered. It was established that the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office in Warsaw operated until the end of 1922, when the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representative Office was formed.