Dissertationen zum Thema „Sources hydrothermales et continetales“
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Aquila, Quentin. „Explorer la géochimie des océans archéens avec les Formations de fer rubanées (BIF) : apport des compositions isotopiques Hf-Nd-Pb“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0054.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Banded Iron Formations (BIF) are unique sedimentary archives for studying the primitive oceans of the Archean. However, the environment of formation and the mechanisms involved in the formation of these iron- and silicon-rich chemical sediments are poorly constrained. The BIFs have been little studied for their Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, although they could provide new constraints on the hydrothermal and continental sources feeding the ancient oceans. To better constrain the BIFs environment of formation, I combined field observations with a petro-geochemical study on a sedimentary succession from the Barberton belt (3.25 Ga, South Africa). The deposition model of the Barberton BIFs involves a deep depositional environment, at the base of a slope and distal from the continent. This environment is occasionally disturbed by gravity-driven terrigenous deposits (mafic) characteristics of a deep-sea fan system. I evaluated whether the seawater geochemical signature (REE+Y, low HFSE) indicated the preservation of the primary Hf-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions in a BIF from the Isua belt (3.7 Ga, Greenland). The Isua BIF shows post-depositional disturbances in the Hf-Nd isotopic compositions attributed to the presence of secondary apatites. However, it preserved a 207Pb-206Pb age of 3810 ± 7 Ma inherited from detrital zircons. Therefore, the REE+Y spectrum typical of seawater does not guarantee the preservation of the primary Hf-Nd isotopic compositions of seawater, nor the absence of any terrigenous contamination. Finally, I explored the origin and source of Nd and Hf in the BIFs at the scale of the bands on samples from the Témagami belt (2.7 Ga, Canada). The initial Nd-Hf isotopic compositions of the Si-rich bands of the Témagami BIFs show a decoupling of the two isotopic systems. Conversely, those of the Fe-rich bands remain coupled in Nd-Hf. The Si-rich bands record a radiogenic Hf isotopic composition originating from the weathering waters of felsic continents. Conversely, the Hf and Nd in the Fe-rich bands could mainly originate from submarine hydrothermalism
Mandon, Perrine. „Origines et évolution de lignées hydrothermales“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS467.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe originality of the hydrothermal vents fauna led to the classification of some organisms under new high taxonomic ranks. However, previous molecular studies reassigned them to known lineages, leading to major reductions in such ranking. Classically in phylogenetic studies, optimizing both taxonomic sampling and molecular markers is challenging. This Ph.D project illustrates this limitation, but still provides breakthroughs in the understanding of the origin and evolution of three hydrothermal taxa. In Polynoidae worms, the multigenic approach, led on a large taxonomic and ecological sampling, indicates at least two colonization events of hydrothermal vents. However, the limited resolution of these markers for deep nodes prevented the clear understanding of such events. A similar limitation was previously encountered for Alvinocarididae shrimp and Bythograeidae crabs families in their respective infra-orders (Caridea and Brachyura). Here, two approaches aiming to search and identify markers were tested on these groups. The first one, based on the sequencing of the mitochondrial genome (easily generalizable), resolves deep nodes in Brachyura, and places the available Bythograeidae species near the Xanthidae. The second, based on transcriptome sequencing, allows the identification of molecular markers conserved enough to resolve inter-familial relationships in Caridea. Although this approach is less generalizable, the identified markers could be targeted a posteriori on a wide taxonomic scale using marker-specific probes
Hamraoui, Lahcen. „Collagènes et matrices extracellulaires d'annélides et de vestimentifères des sources hydrothermales profondes“. Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077120.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSauvadet, Anne-Laure. „Interactions entre ciliés et métazoaires dans deux environnements marins contrastés : les sources hydrothermales et les sédiments anoxiques“. Paris 6, 2010. http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/images/stories/sbr/Edition-communication/theses/these_sauvadet.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoiron, Marie-Christine. „Minéralisations à Au, As, Sb, : altérations hydrothermales et fluides associés dans le bassin de Villeranges, Combrailles, Massif central français /“. Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603128r.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLossouarn, Julien. „Découverte et caractérisation des premiers virus de Thermotogales (bactéries thermophiles et anaérobies) issus de sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes“. Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0058/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur knowledge of the viral diversity associated to procaryotic microorganisms inhabiting the deep sea hydrothermal vents is still limited. Only few studies have focused on viral abundance and impact on microbial mortality within these ecosystems. A limited number of viruses from these environments were isolated and characterized. Two viruses, PAV1 and TPV1, associated to hyperthermophilic anaerobic Archaea, Thermococcales order, have ever been described in our laboratory. The topic of this phD thesis was to extend our investigation to other deep sea vent microorganisms in order to deepen our knowledge on the marine hydrothermal virosphere. We decided to focus more precisely on the bacterial order of Thermotogales. This order is composed of anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria that are, for almost, hyper/thermophilic. They share the same ecological niche as the Thermococcales and are metabolically close. Numerous lateral gene transfers have contributed to the evolutionary history of the Thermotogales, implying the potential involvement of viruses. The presence of CRISPRs has also been reported in many genomes, suggesting that Thermotogales certainly are or have been exposed to viral infections. However, up till now, only 3 miniplasmids have been described within Thermotogales and no viruses. Fifty strains of Thermotogales, mostly from the LM2E culture collection (Ifremer and “UBOCC”), were screened for the presence of potential bacteriovirus. Extrachromosomal DNA elements, including 2 plasmids and 7 bacterioviruses (siphovirus-like), were discovered amongst strains belonging to both Thermosipho and Marinitoga genera. Preliminary studies were performed on these elements and one of the new virus-host systems was characterized in details. MPV1 (Marinitoga piezophila virus 1) is a temperate siphovirus-like isolated from a piezophilic bacterium, it is the first bacteriovirus associated to the Thermotogales order. This host strain is piezophilic but easily cultivable at atmospheric pressure after several subcultures. Whether most experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure, the viral production appeared to be effective at hydrostatic pressure. We reported the analyses of the complete sequence of the MPV1 genome (43.7 kb, extracted from purified virions) and its comparison to the provirus present in the sequenced genome of Marinitoga piezophila KA3. Analyses of the viral genome suggested a close evolutionary relationship of MPV1 to Firmicutes bacterioviruses .We also reported that this bacteriovirus shares its host with a circular extrachromosomal genetic element of 13.3 kb (pMP1). This ‘ménage à trois’ is surprising in the sense where the 13.3kb element, that contains 13 ORFs of mostly unknown function, uses the viral capsid to propagate. Therefore, it would likely correspond to a new example of molecular piracy
Moussard, Hélène. „Analyses moléculaires de la diversité et des fonctions de micro-organismes incultivés des sources hydrothermales profondes“. Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur knowledge of the diversity of marine microbial communities has long been restricted to the precious but incomplete information generated by the culture-based methods. In this study, molecular techniques (PCR, cloning, sequencing, hybridization, metagenomics library construction and genetic markers [16S rRNA, genes coding for enzymes specific to the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (acIB, oorA)] were used to circumvent the limits inherent to cultivation methods, and to obtain a more realistic view of the specific and functional diversity of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent microbial communities. This research allowed (i) to confirm the ecological significance of free-living epsilon-Proteobacteria at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, especially during in-situ colonization experiments (this study provides the first example of the prevalence and ecological significance of free-living Arcobacter-like at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, which are supposed to be sulfo-oxidizing bacteria involved in filamentous sulphur formation, (ii) to design and validate a 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probe targeting most of the epsilon-Proteobacteria found in hydrothermal systems, (iii) to obtain the physiology of yet uncultured groups of archea from deep-sea hydrothermal vents using metagenomics. By the combined use of variety of molecular approaches this work enlarges our view of the diversity of microbial communities in deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Gaillard, Mélusine. „Etude moléculaire de PAV1, le premier virus hyperthermophile marin : Recherche et caractérisation préliminaire de particules de type virale chez les archées de l'ordre de Thermococcales inféodées aux sources hydrothermales marines profondes“. Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePAV1, discovered in our lab, is the first hyperthermophilic virus isolated from a deep-sea vent. It is lemon-shaped and infects the archea Pyroccoccus abyssi. Its genome is a double stranded DNA of 18. 1 kbp. Here we report the molecular analysis of this virus. First, we studied PAV1 genome. We proved it is high copy number (about 70 copies per chromosome) and slightly negatively supercoiled in its host. As the archeal chromosome, viral DNA is not dam or dcm methylated. All 25 predicted genes are transcribed in six mRNAs in majority polycistronic and the larger one covers 75 % of genome. Then, we tried to show that protein 899 could be involved in viral DNA metabolism and we identified protein 121 as one of the majority protein. The last part of this study aimed to discover new viruses infecting archaea from the order Thermococcales in deep-sea environment. Observations realized with transmission electronic microscope on enrichment cultures revealed an unexpected viral diversity. Then, a screening was realized one about 120 Thermococcales strains and we discovered a piezophilic strain named KAZA from specie Thermococcus barophilus which produces “piezo-dependanr” virus-like particles
Corre, Erwan. „Approches moléculaires de la diversité microbienne de deux environnements extrêmes : les sources hydrothermales profondes et les réservoirs pétroliers“. Brest, 2000. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01115381.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJolivet, Edmond. „Etudes physiologiques et moléculaires de la résistance aux rayonnements ionisants d'archaea hyperthermophiles isolées de sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes“. Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10137.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHalaimia, Toumi Nassima. „Caractérisation et analyse fonctionnelle des éléments transposables de type mariner issus de deux espèces des sources hydrothermales océaniques (Bythograea thermydron et Alvinella caudata)“. Le Mans, 2006. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2006/2006LEMA1023.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe particularism of the deep-sea hydrothermal organisms led us to question us on their developed adaptive answers. For that, we chose to study mariner transposable elements which their impact on genetic variability was shown. They are segments of DNA able to move in the genome, they have a simple structure, a length of approximately 1300pb. They have a gene which codes the transposase which is responsible for the mobility of the element itself. This gene is flanked by reversed terminal repetitions; ITR. The transposase recognizes and binds ITRs specifically, cut the element and insert it in another genomic site. The transposase ensures all the stages of displacement. 29 mariner sequences were isolated and characterized in the genoms of the crab Bythograea thermydron and the worm Alvinella caudata. Their transposases are able to recognize and to bind to ITRs. They are also ready to generate cut
Halaimia, Toumi Nassima Laulier Marc. „Caractérisation et analyse fonctionnelle des éléments transposables de type mariner issus de deux espèces des sources hydrothermales océaniques (Bythograea thermydron et Alvinella caudata)“. [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2006/2006LEMA1023.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLadrat, Christine. „Mise en évidence et étude de deux enzymes thermostables de micro-organismes thermophiles isolés d'écosystèmes hydrothermaux sous-marins“. Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMPD586.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne. „Clonage de genes codant pour des adn-polymerases d'archaea provenant de sources hydrothermales abyssales. Synthese, purification et etude des enzymes recombinants“. Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077359.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNercessian, Olivier. „Etude de la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle des communautes microbiennes associées à des sources hydrothermales marines profondes par des approches moléculaires“. Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOur knowledge of the diversity of marine microbial communities has long been restricted to the precious but incomplete informations generated by the culture-based methods. In this study, molecular techniques (PCR, RT-PCR, cloning, sequencing, hybridization) and genetic markers [16S rRNA, genes coding for enzymes specific of diverse metabolic pathways (mcr A, pmo A, dsrAB)] were used to circumvent the limits inherent to cultivation methods ant to get a more realistic view of the specific and functional diversity of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent microbial communities. This research allowed (i) to reveal a wide diversity af archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA, and to show the existence of variations in the archaeal coomunity composition at the hydrothermal site and hydrothermal field scales, (ii) to discover new microbial lineages whatever the genetic markers used, and to study the phylogenetic diversity and geopgraphic distribution of one of them (iii) to develop and validate 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes targeting Archaea frequently found in hydrothermal systems, and (iv) to identify the most active Archaea of a microbial community associated with an hydrothermal sample. By the combined use of diverse molecular approaches, this work enlarges our view of the diversity of microbial communities in deep-sea hydrothermal vents
Jollivet, Didier. „Distribution et évolution de la faune associée aux sources hydrothermales profondes à 13°N sur la dorsale du Pacifique oriental : le cas particulier des polychètes alvinellidae“. Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePradillon, Florence. „Données sur les processus de reproduction et de développement précoce d' un eucaryote thermophile Alvinella pompejana“. Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066462.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuperron, Sébastien. „Symbioses bactériennes de bivalves mytilidés associés aux sources de fluides en domaine océanique profond : diversité, rôle nutritionnel et influence de l'environnement“. Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066498.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTilliette, Chloé. „Influence du fer et autres éléments traces issus des sources hydrothermales peu profondes sur la biogéochimie marine dans le Pacifique Sud-Ouest“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean has been identified as a hotspot for dinitrogen (N2) fixation by diazotrophic organisms, with some of the highest rates recorded in the global ocean. The success of these species relies on non-limiting concentrations of dissolved iron (DFe) in the photic layer of the region, whose origin remains unclear. In this thesis work, the distribution of DFe was studied along a 6100-km transect from Noumea to the gyre waters, crossing the Lau Basin and the Tonga Arc (175°E to 166°W, along 19-21°S). Combined with an optimal multiparametric water mass analysis, DFe anomalies were determined over the transect area, the most notable being present along the Tonga Arc. The results demonstrated that water masses of remote origin entering the Lau Basin could not explain the concentrations observed at the surface in this region, leading to the confident conclusion that DFe originates from shallow hydrothermal sources present along the arc. Although a non-negligeable portion of this DFe input is transported over long distances, a large majority is rapidly removed near the sources through a variety of processes highlighted by a box model. Besides iron, hydrothermal fluids are enriched in numerous other metals that may be toxic to organisms. These fluids, introduced directly into the photic layer, could have an impact on phytoplankton. Their effect was evaluated in an innovative experiment during which natural plankton communities were subjected to an enrichment gradient of hydrothermal fluids. Despite an initial toxic effect of a few days, hydrothermal inputs ultimately induced N2 fixation, productivity and organic matter export rates two to three times higher than those of the non-enriched control. This fertilizing effect probably results from the detoxification of the environment, rich in numerous potentially toxic elements, by resistant ecotypes able to produce strong ligands, such as thiols, limiting the bioavailability of certain metals. The additional supply of fertilizing elements by the fluids, in particular DFe, thus allowed the subsequent growth of the most sensitive species. These experimental results, faithfully reproducing the in-situ observations, confirm the involvement of shallow hydrothermal fluids in the high productivity observed in the region. Hydrothermal sources could be traced at different spatial and temporal scales through the deployment of drifting (for a few days, along the Tonga Arc) and fixed (for a year, along the Lau Ridge) sediment traps and through the coring of seafloor sediments at the trap deployment sites (geological time scale). Al-Fe-Mn tracing revealed that the lithogenic material exported at small and large spatial scales in the region originated from shallow and/or deep hydrothermal sources located along the Tonga Arc. This hydrothermal signature has also been detected in the seafloor sediments, particularly in the vicinity of the Lau Ridge where the presence of a major active source is strongly suspected. Finally, the similar patterns observed for the export of biological and hydrothermal particles suggest that surface production is closely linked to hydrothermal inputs into the photic layer. In conclusion, this thesis work has demonstrated the influence of shallow hydrothermal sources on the fate of trace elements, particularly iron, in the water column and seafloor sediments, and their link to biological productivity in the Western Tropical South Pacific region
Douchement, Claude. „Chimie de deux milieux marins anoxiques : Eaux hydrothermales et eaux interstitielles des sédiments : Méthodologie des prélèvements et des analyses des composés de l'azote, du phosphore et du silicium : Dynamique de leur circulation en sédiments côtiers“. Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThiroux, Sarah. „Etudes des interactions entre virus et hôtes archéens hydrothermaux hyperthermophiles Two viruses, MCV1 and MCV2, which infect Marinitoga bacteria isolated from deep‐sea hydrothermal vents: functional and genomic analysis, in Environmental microbiology 20(2), 2018“. Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://theses-scd.univ-brest.fr/2019/These-2019-SML-Microbiologie-THIROUX_Sarah.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDespite the importance of viruses in the diversity, adaptation, and evolution of microbial communities, the virosphere of deep-sea hydrothermal vents remains poorly characterized. To date, only 10 viruses isolated from deep sea hydrothermal vents, including 8 bacterial viruses and 2 archaeal viruses, have been described. In this context, this thesis work focused on gaining insights into the viral interactions with deep-sea autotrophic archaeal component. We aimed to characterize viruses of methanogens, which are abundant primary producers in these hydrothermal environments. MFV1, the first hyperthermophilic head-tail virus described, was isolated from Methanocaldococcus fervens, a hyperthermophilic methanogen from hydrothermal sediments. A functional and genomic characterization of this new siphovirus was conducted.The infectivity of MFV1 was demonstrated on Methanocaldococcus species. The plasmid pMEFER01, carried by M. fervens, can also be packaged in viral capsids. The study of other viruses of hyperthermophilic and hydrothermal methanogens was initiated. M. vulcanius produced head-tailed virions whereas those isolated from M. jannaschii had a particular morphology (stem-loops). In parallel, the study of a lemon-shaped virus, infecting Thermococcus thioreducens, permits to take an interest on another archaeal order, which is wellrepresented in marine hydrothermal systems.Surprisingly, this virus seemed capable of infecting hyperthermophilic methanogens. The characterization of new host-virus systems but also of interactions with different mobile genetic elements (plasmids, vesicles) expanding knowledge about the abyssal mobilome
Matabos, Marjolaine. „Biodiversité des peuplements hydrothermaux de la dorsale Est-Pacifique : influence des traits d'histoire de vie des organismes et de l'environnement géophysique et physico-chimique“. Paris 6, 2007. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01117647.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBirien, Tiphaine. „Génétique et génomique des microorganismes piézophiles des sources hydrothermales océaniques profondes : adaptation aux hautes pressions hydrostatiques chez l'archée piézo-hyperthermophile : Thermococcus barophilus, apport de la génétique et impact des hydrogénases“. Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe deep sea representing a significant portion of the terrestrial biosphere but still very little studied and many questions remain about organisms that live in this ecosystems including their diversity and adaptibility. At this depth Hydrostatic pressure is the major physical parameter. In this study, physiological adaptations to HHP were investigated after genetic deletion of hydrogenase clusters in T.barophilus. This archea piezo-hyperthermophilic was isolated at 3550m from a hydrothermal vent site; indeed, previous transcriptomic experimented have highlighted the over-expression of genes encoding hydrogenases under sub and supra-optimal HHP using the recent genetic system available for this archaeon. This gene disruption system is based on single and double crossover events to obtain makerless deletion mutants and used simvastatin and 6-MP for selection and counterselection respectively. In this study we developped firstly a new way of selection for the genetic disruption system using 6-methylpurine for negative selection. This method was then used to delete two cytoplasmic sulfhydrogenases (SHI and SHII) and membrane bound hydrogenases (Mbh, Mbh-Codh, Mbx). Using 6-methylpurine for negative selection to inverted the rate of false positives pop-out clones from 80% obtained with 5-FOA to 10% and the first phenotypic studies of mutants strains under HHP show the impact of hydrogenase on culture growth and hydrogen production
Lattuati-Derieux, Agnès. „Caracterisation par des methodes chimiques et spectroscopiques des lipides de micro-organismes marins : _ thermococcus hydrothermalis et pyrococcus abyssi, archaea hyperthermophiles de sources hydrothermales marines profondes _ marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, bacterie marine halotolerante extreme“. Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHusson, Bérengère. „Fonctionnement et dynamique des écosystèmes hydrothermaux : vers un premier modèle“. Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0008/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn nearly forty years of research, significant insights have been gained on vent field geology, on the chemistry of emitted fluid and on the ecology of the communities inhabiting hydrothermal ecosystems. The fauna forms dense assemblages, distributed along the hydrothermal fluid/sea water mixing gradient, and visually dominated only by a few species. The high spatio-temporal variability of the hydrothermal fluid has a strong influence on species distribution. However, the mechanisms determining the species response to this variability is still poorly understood. In order to investigate this issue, a modelling approach is presented. Data collected for more than 20 years on the Eiffel Tower edifice, on the Lucky Strike vent filed (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) were integrated in order to identify meaningful elements for our problem. An integrative study of the faunal biomasses on the edifice showed that these are dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. This bivalve is likely to have a significant influence on the ecosystem functioning and is thus the object of a first model. The search for data to constrain it led to the measurement of in situ metabolic rates. Once parametrized, the model provided quantitative estimates of unknown fluxes. The simulation of hydrothermal flow interruption provided some insights on the mussel biomass response to its environment variability
Lopez, Benjamin. „Architecture et distribution des systemes carbonatés se développant autour des sources hydrothermales : cas d’étude du basin de Denizli (Turquie), de la region de Rapolano (Italie) et de Mammoth Hot Springs (Wyoming, USA)“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4326.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGeothermal spring carbonate (GSC) corresponds to a complex carbonate system formed around carbonate-rich springs fed by rising groundwaters along permeable fault zones. Their development is mainly controlled by the nature of springwaters emerging above water table. Therefore carbonate deposition is, in this setting, intimately related to complex interactions between hydrological, tectonic and structural processes occurring prior to water emergence. Moreover, carbonate sedimentation from springwater results from sedimentary processes controlled by complex interactions between hydrological, chemical characteristics and biological activity. Such processes are sensitive to slight environmental variations and thus lead to a large spectrum of lithofacies and ecosystems.The aim of this study is to improve knowledge and fundamental concepts regarding development of geothermal spring carbonates. For that purpose, lithofacies investigation, from microfabrics at micro-scale to 3-dimensional configuration at field-scale, is considered as an essential tool. Such investigations had been carried out in sites where Quaternary and actively forming GSCs were abundant (e.g. Rapolano region, Italy, Denizli Basin, Turkey and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA)
Taillefer, Audrey. „Interactions entre tectonique et hydrothermalisme : rôle de la faille normale de la Têt sur la circulation hydrothermale et la distribution des sources thermales des Pyrénées Orientales“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT118/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNon-magmatic hydrothermal systems in mountain ranges are poorly studied compared to extensive ones. They likely involve similar processes than those highlighted for other hydro-geothermal continental systems, however questions remain about : 1) the water origin and the structures responsible for efficient infiltrations, 2) the type of pathways from depth to the hot springs, and the conservation of the draining capacity, 3) the geometry and amplitude of the thermal anomalies and subsequent fluid-rock interactions in the deep transfer zone.In Eastern Pyrénées (France), the alignment of 29 hot springs (29-73°C) along the brittle Têt fault and its related high topography allows studying these processes.The integrative analysis of remote sensing, multi-scale geological field observations and hydrothermal fluid geochemistry, provides strong constraints to establish a realistic 3D numerical model coupling heat transfers with fluid flows. From the infiltration areas to the springs at the surface, we show that :1. The hydrothermal fluids have a meteoric origin and infiltrate at high altitude (>2200 m). Three intersecting fracture sets, resulting from three consecutive tectonic stages, pervasively distribute on the infiltration areas. They probably are efficient structures to transfer fluids through the crust to the hot springs.2. Hot springs are mostly located close to the Têt fault, in its footwall, at the base of the most elevated topography. They always localize in crystalline rocks, at the interface with metasediments, related to unfaulted or faulted contacts by brittle or old ductile faults. Hot spring locations also match with intersections of brittle-fault damage zones.3. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids indicates similar rock-water interactions for all the springs, suggesting a transfer zone of similar lithology. There is no mixing with superficial water, suggesting that differences of temperatures between hot springs are related to multiple pathways deriving from a thermal anomaly. In numerical models, flows mainly come from high reliefs in the fault footwall, or circulate along the fault plane. Hot spring temperatures depend on the temperature reached at depth, which depends on the flow depth. Flow distribution in the crust depends on the topography, both of the fault scarp and along the fault. The tops of the topography are infiltration areas, while low elevations are resurgence areas.The understanding of fault and topography-related hydrothermal systems has strong implications for thermalism and for geothermal exploration
Feraga, Touhami. „Étude quantitative et qualitative des eaux thermales du Nord-Est algérien“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT147.
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Hernández, Ávila Iván. „Dispersion larvaire et cycle de vie dans les environnements hydrothermaux profonds : le cas de Rimicaris exoculata et d'espèces proches“. Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0086/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDeep-water hydrothermal vent host high-biomass communities based on chemoautotrophy supported by the metabolic activity of free-living and symbiotic bacteria associated to invertebrates, especially megafauna. Knowledge on the mechanisms of dispersal and the life cycle of vent species is essential to our understanding of the vent communities in terms of distribution, structure and temporal variation. In this study, I present some advances regarding the dispersal and life cycle of a dominant species of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) vent ecosystems, the alvinocaridid shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, and other related species. The methodological approaches applied include morphological descriptions of larvae, analysis of population biology and reproduction, and molecular genetics for species identification, phylogenetic reconstructions, population genetics and bacterial diversity. Most observations and studies presented here were conducted on samples collected in January-February 2014, during the BICOSE cruise on the MAR.Based on the analysis of Zoea I larvae of four species (R. exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae andAlvinocaris muricola), we conclude that the alvinocaridid first larval stage is lecitotrophic with extended development, allowing large dispersal without external food requirement. A bathypelagical larval dispersal and a shift to a planktotrophic stage during the larval period is proposed. In terms of population biology, collections performed at the TAG and Snake Pit vent fields show variations in the population structure among habitats, according to sex and life stage. Large aggregations of shrimps found close of the vent emission comprise mostly females and young individuals, whereas scattered adults found at the vent periphery were mostly males. Multiple cohorts were found in both vents fields, denoting a discontinuous recruitment. Brooding females were observed in significant numbers close to the vent emission, which contrasts with their constant lack in previous field studies and suggests a seasonal reproduction with a brooding period the winter season. In addition, differences in the reproductive effort were detected between vent fields, including egg number, egg size and proportion of aborted females. The egg surface of R. exoculata is colonized by episymbiotic bacteria. Cloning approaches show that the bacterial assemblages on eggs seem to be specific, suggesting their symbiotic role, and evolve according to the egg development. The bacterial assemblages on eggs and their variation during the embryonic development remind the episymbiotic communities found in the branchial chamber of adults, suggesting similar detoxification or nutrition role. In other Rimicaris species, questions about life cycle, vent connectivity and speciation have been raised recently. Genetic studies suggest that two species with contrasting distribution, morphology and ecology, R. hybisae and R. chacei, are the same species. This question is related also with the source of a massive recruitment of R. chacei found at TAG vent field, despite the low density of adults. Analysis of population genetics and phylogenetic reconstructions with multiple genes show that R. chacei and R. hybisae are separate lineages with recent or undergoing speciation. These species, as R. exoculata and other alvinocaridids, show a genetic population model associated with a migration pool. An extended larval period could contribute to the wide dispersal and high genetic flow between populations. Implications of these findings and perspectives of future research are discussed in terms of additional experiments and field sampling required to characterize the larval period of alvinocaridids, the variations of symbiosis of the different life stages and sexes inhabiting different habitats, the quantitative and functional characterization of the episymbiosis on eggs, and the evolutionary processes associated with the speciation in Rimicaris
Las emisiones hidrotermales profundas albergan comunidades de elevada biomasa basadas en quimioautotrofía, soportadas por la actividad metabólica de bacterias de vida libre y bacterias simbiontes asociadas a invertebrados marinos, especialmente megafauna. El conocimiento de los mecanismos de dispersión y el ciclo de vida de las especies de ambientes hidrotermales es escencial para comprender los procesos ecológicos de ambientes hidrotermales asociados a la distribución, la estructura comunitaria y la variación temporal. En este estudio, presento algunos avances relacionados a la dispersión y el ciclo de vida de una especie dominante de los sistemas de emision hidrotermal de la dorsal medioatlántica. La aproximaciones metodológicas aplicadas en este estudio incluyen el estudio de la morfología larvaria, el análisis de la biologia poblacional y de la reproducciôn, así como genética molecular con fines de identificación, reconstructión filogenética, genética de poblaciones y análisis de diversidad de bacterias. La mayoría de las observaciones y análisis presentados en el presente estudio fueron realizados con muestras colectadas en enero y febrero de 2014 durante el crucero oceanográfico BICOSE en la dorsal medioatlántica (campos TAG y Snake Pit). El análisis morfológico de la larva Zoea I de cuatro especies (R. exoculata, Mirocaris fortunata, Nautilocaris saintlaurentae y Alvinocaris muricola) permite concluir que el primer estadio larvario de la familia Alvinocarididae es lecitotrôfico con una duración del desarrollo extendida, permitiendo la dispersión a grandes distancias sin requerimiento de una fuente externa de nutrición. Se propone para estas especies una dispersión batipelágica y un cambio a un estadio planctotrófico durante el periodo larvario. En relación a la biología poblacional, fue observada una variación en la estructura poblacional entre hábitats en relación al sexo y el estado de desarrollo.Las agregaciones densas de camarones encontradas cerca de las emisiones hidrotermales están compuestas principales de hembras y juveniles, mientras la mayoría de adultos dispersos encontrados en la periferia de las chimeneas fueron machos. Varias cohortes de tallas fueron identificadas en ambas poblaciones, lo cual denota un reclutamiento discontinuo. Una gran cantidad de hembras ovígeras fueron observadas cerca de la emisión hidrotermal, lo cual contrasta con la casi completa ausencia de hembras ovígeras en muestreos previos y sugiere una reproducción estacional con incubación y desove durante el invierno. La superficie de los huevos de R.exoculata está colonizada por bacterias episimbiontes. Los análisis de clonación muestran que los ensambles bacterianos parecen ser específicos, lo cual sugiere una relación simbiótica. Además estos ensambles cambian en relación al desarrollo embrionario. Los ensambles de bacterias observados en los huevos son similares a las comunidades episimbiontes encontradas en la cámara branquial de los adultos, sugiriendo la ocurrencia de procesos de detoxificación o nutrición similares. En otras especies del género Rimicaris, interrogantes en relación al ciclo de vida, la conectividad entre sistemas hidrotermales y la especiación han surgido recientemente. Estudios genéticos sugieren que dos especies alopátricas y con diferencias en morfología y ecología, R. hybisae y R. chacei representan una especie única. Esta hipótesis se encuentra relacionada además con el origen de un reclutamiento masivo de R. chacei encontrado en el campo TAG, a pesar de la baja densidad de adultos. Análisis de genética poblacional y reconstrucciones filogenéticas utilizando varios genes muestran que R. chacei y R. hybisae son linajes separados producto de una especiación reciente o en proceso. Estas especies, al igual que R. exoculata y otros alvinocarídidos, muestran patrones de conectividad asociados al modelo de migración colectiva (migration pool). Implicaciones de estos hallazgos y perspectivas de futuras […]
Piquet, Bérénice. „La flexibilité des symbioses entre bivalves et bactéries chimiotrophes : mécanismes, régulation et résilience“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS357.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSymbiosis between mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus and sulfur-oxidizing and methanotrophic bacteria located in their gills enables these bivalves to live in harsh environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents. This symbiosis is flexible, as the abundance of each symbiont varies according to the available chemical substrata. Our goal was to investigate mechanisms underlying this flexibility based on experiments in vessels, pressurized or not. Cell proliferation in gills, monitored by immunolabelling of mitosis markers and by in vivo incorporation of synthetic nucleotides, showed multiplication areas in the ciliated zone and the dorsal region of the gills. Apoptosis, quantified by specific labelling, shows that Bathymodiolus gills display a higher apoptotic rate than coastal mussels without symbionts. Bacteriocytes with a low symbiont content are most frequently undergoing apoptosis, which invalidates the hypothesis of a direct regulation of the quantity of symbionts by apoptosis. The comparison with the coastal mussel Mytilus edulis enabled us to show an high cell turnover rate in the ciliated zone of Bathymodiolus, a possible adaptation to symbiosis and to the environment. The mussel gills maintained whithout substrates for the symbionts changed, and ended up displaying similarities with those of coastal mussels. Bathymodiolus releases little amounts of both types of symbionts, This could facilitate lateral transmission of the symbionts to neighbouring mussels. This first integrative approach of the mechanisms involved in symbiosis flexibility opens new perspectives on the way hosts and symbionts interact
Cruaud, Perrine. „Influence des communautés microbiennes sédimentaires sur la répartition faunistique dans les sites hydrothermaux et les zones d'émissions de fluides froids du bassin de Guaymas“. Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0059/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWhereas the deep-sea environment is often considered to be a desert, hydrothermal vents andcold seeps provide “oases” of biological activity on the ocean floor. Vent and seep ecosystems support complex food webs based on microbial chemoautotrophic primary production. These hydrothermal vent and cold seeps ecosystems both release hydrocarbon- and sulfide-rich fluids,fueling various surface assemblages such as mat-forming giant bacteria or symbiont-bearinginvertebrates (e.g. bivalves, tubeworms). In the Guaymas Basin, the nearby presence at a few tens of kilometers of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents coupled with comparable sedimentary settings and depths offer a unique opportunity to assess and compare the microbial community composition of these ecosystems. Tobetter understand their overall functioning, we studied sedimentary microbial communities associated with cold seep and hydrothermal vent areas in the Guaymas Basin. The diversity of microbial communities inhabiting sediments was studied using high throughput sequencing (454pyrosequencing), combined with complementary approaches, such as FISH and quantitative PCR. This study reveals that sediments found in the Guaymas Basin were colonized by microbial communities typically found in these types of ecosystems. Our results revealed a high similarity between microbial communities composition associated with the cold seep and hydrothermal vent areas as a probable consequence of the sedimentary context. Nonetheless, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic lineages (e.g.: Thermodesulfobacteria, Desulfurococcales, etc) were exclusively identified in hydrothermally influenced sediments highlighting the strong influence of temperature gradients and other hydrothermally-related factors on microbial community composition. Furthermore, sediments populated by different surface assemblages show distinct porewater geochemistry features and are associated with distinct microbial communities. Indeed, in the sediments underlying microbial mats characterized by high methane porewater concentrations,microbial communities were dominated by anaerobic methane oxidizers (ANME), known to produce sulfide which provides high fluxes of sulfide to the seafloor. In contrast, sediment associated microbial communities underlying faunal assemblages were characterized by a lower biomass and lower methane porewater concentrations in sediments, limiting porewater sulfide concentrations. Without elevated and toxic sulfide concentrations, faunal assemblages can colonize the surface. Together, geochemical and microbial surveys indicate that porewater methane concentrations play an important role in the microbial community structure and subsequently in the establishment of the surface colonizers. Furthermore, presence and activity of the surface colonizers influence the underlying microbial communities probably because of modification of energy source availabilities. Finally, the existence of similar microbial populations between the two ecosystems also raises the question of their dispersal mechanisms. Our results support the hypothesis of a potential continuity among deep-sea ecosystems. In absence of physical borders, environmental conditions (temperature, specific compounds associated withhydrothermal fluids) might select specific and highly adapted microorganisms from the pool of microorganisms dispersed globally across the seafloor
Kouris, Angela. „Colonies de ciliés tapis bleus en provenance de sources hydrothermales du Pacifique Nord-Est : symbiose microbienne et écologie“. Thèse, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2413/1/D1846.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDancette, Raphaëlle. „La biodiversité et les impacts de la recherche aux champs hydrothermaux main endeavour et mothra de la Zone de Protection Marine des sources hydrothermales d'Endeavour (EHVMPA)“. Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1409/1/M10432.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLelièvre, Yann. „Structure et dynamique temporelle des communautés hydrothermales inféodées à la dorsale Juan de Fuca : utilisation d’une approche observatoire fond de mer“. Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20779.
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