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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Solvatation d'ions“
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Solvatation d'ions"
Van, der Rest Guillaume. „Etude de la reactivite d'ions solvates en phase gazeuse : approche de la solvatation“. Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EPXX0018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBonin, Julien. „Solvatation de l'électron dans des solutions aqueuses et des alcools : étude par spectroscopie d'absorption femtoseconde“. Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112142.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this PhD work we studied, with a time-resolved femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy method, the influence of the environment on the optical absorption spectrum of the solvated electron. First, we studied the absorption spectrum of the solvated electron in concentrated aqueous solutions of salts. Reviewing ten cations and two counterions, we observed a continuous shift of the absorption band toward shorter wavelengths without any change in shape and the bandwidth. The spectral shift depends on the characteristics of the cation (size and charge) but also on the counterion (screening effect and salt dissociation). Then, we studied the electron solvation dynamics in several alcohols (propane-1-ol, pentane-1-ol, propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol and glycerol). The transient absorption spectra recorded on 450 ps and between 440 and 710 nm have showed that, after its formation, the solvated electron mainly absorbs in the near-IR, then its spectrum evolves toward the visible domain to reach the spectrum of the stable species after a few tens of picoseconds. Global analysis of these data by two solvation models (stepwise and continuous) using a powerful Bayesian inference method coupled with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method has allowed us to obtain characteristic times that correlate the macroscopic properties of the liquids (viscosity and dielectric relaxation times)
García, Alfonso Ernesto. „Etude théorique de la dynamique de nanogouttes d'hélium superfluide : formation d'agrégats, solvatation d'ions, explosion coulombienne, et nucléation et détection de vortex quantiques“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES069.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSeveral dynamical processes involving Helium-4 nanodroplets (HNDs) are studied theoretically, in relation with experiments. HNDs are clusters of several hundred to several hundred billions of 4He atoms which exhibit remarkable properties: very low temperature, ~0.4K, superfluid properties, ability to pickup any dopant, weak interaction with any atom or molecule. The studied processes reflect the two main interests in HNDs: characterizing superfluid properties in a finite-size system (quantum vortex nucleation and detection), and using HNDs as an ideal environment to study dopant spectroscopy and dynamics (clustering, ion solvation, and Coulomb explosion). Extensive simulations are conducted using 4He-Density Functional Theory (4He-DFT) and its time-dependent version (4He-TDDFT). This approach can successfully simulate the equilibrium and dynamics of droplets of several thousand of atoms and provide detailed insight into the structural dynamics of the entire system which is not accessible experimentally: visualization of solvation shells, nature of helium droplet excitations. Rare gas (Rg) cluster formation is studied inside HeN under realistic conditions where one Rg atom collides with a solvated n-atom cluster to form the (n+1)-atom cluster. The 4He-DFT simulation results are compared to those of approximate atomistic approaches. Although quantum and superfluidity effects are better described with 4He-TDDFT, several common features are demonstrated. The most stable gas phase configuration is usually not produced, but an isomer with fewer bonds instead, and/or more dilute structures because of the rigidity of the helium solvation shell around the Rg atoms. The sinking of alkali (Ak) cations in HNDs is simulated in parallel with experimental investigations in the group of Stapelfeldt (Aarhus), in complement to earlier studies on Na+ sinking. It aims at shedding some light on the primary steps of solvation, by suddenly ionizing the alkali atom sitting in a dimple at the droplet surface. The build up of the first solvation shell around the ions is shown to be progressive, pointing to a Poissonian mechanism in which each He atom binds independently to the ion. For the lighter alkalis, the solvation shell is incomplete at the end of the dynamics, suggesting a kinetic rather than thermodynamical control of its formation. Coulomb explosion simulations of Ak2 molecules initially sitting at the droplet surface and suddenly ionized are conducted in order to understand the effect of the HNDs on Ak2++ fragmentation dynamics. The corresponding experiment in Stapelfeldt's group in Aarhus aimed at measuring the proportion of triplet to singlet state in the formation of Ak2, and at imaging the vibrational wave function. Several parameters are examined in the simulations: droplet size, zero point motion of Ak2 vibration, and orientational distribution of Ak2 on the droplet surface. The results validate the experimental approach, and evidence an unexpected curvature of the ion trajectories which could be used to measure droplet sizes individually, something that has only been possible up to now for very large sizes (by X-ray diffraction). The nucleation of quantum vortices, a characteristic of helium superfluidity, has been revealed in very large droplets (VLD) and attributed to angular momentum created by friction of the liquid in the nozzle prior to expansion and cooling. Here droplet-droplet collisions are explored as an alternative mechanism. The results show the nucleation of quantum vortices at indentations of the merged droplet, a mechanism general for all droplet sizes. However, no signature has been found to detect vortices in smaller droplets so far. In this work, fluorescence absorption or excitation spectroscopy of alkali atoms is proposed: a vortex is shown to shift and broaden the alkali spectrum. The effect could be measurable above the first excited states
Sieffert, Nicolas. „Importance des interfaces liquides-liquides: de l'extraction d'ions à la catalyse biphasique : Etudes par dynamique moléculaire avec des solvants moléculaires et des liquides ioniques“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13101.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe report molecular dynamics studies on interfaces between water and “classical” (chloroform, decene) or “green” (room temperature ionic liquids) immiscible liquids, in order to characterize the distribution of ionic and molecular species involved in two important processes in chemistry: the solvent extraction of ions (such as radioactive Cs+) and phase transfer catalysis (rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins). The results show analogies and differences between several hydrophobic phases, and allow us to understand, at the nanoscopic level, the mechanism of these complex processes in heterogeneous solutions
Benamar, Driss. „Activités et fonctions ionagogues d'analogues synthétiques de la gramicidine A : effets de modifications portant sur la partie C-terminale“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20093.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarekha, Bogdan. „Structure et dynamique microscopiques dans les mélanges de liquides ioniques à base d’imidazolium et de solvants polaires aprotiques : RMN, spectroscopie Raman et modélisation moléculaire“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10071/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents a multi-technique approach for analysis of the structure and dynamics in the mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+) cation coupled with perfluorinated anions (BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO2)2N−), on one side, and polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN), ), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and propylene carbonate (PC), on the other side. Raman spectroscopy and NMR chemical shift measurements were used to probe changes of electronic density at specific interaction sites of ILs and solvent molecules as a function of mixture composition. Quantum-chemical calculations of the representative configurations were performed to complement the interpenetration of spectral observations. Important changes in the structure and dynamics are observed only at low IL content (xIL<0.2). It was established that ion solvation phenomena prevail over those of ion association for the solvents of high donicity (γ-BL, PC) and for ILs whose anions are bulky and have diffusive charge distribution (PF6−, (CF3SO2)2N−). The relative diffusion coefficients of solvent molecules to cations as a function of concentration depend on the nature of the solvent but not on the anion. In all cases these relative coefficients exhibit constant values at low IL content (xLI<0.2) and then increase steeply (AN), moderately (γ-BL) or negligibly (PC) at high IL concentrations. In BmimPF6-based systems anionic diffusivities were followed via RMN of 31P nuclei