Dissertationen zum Thema „Sols – Pollution – Analyse“
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Blanc, Armelle. „Analyse de cycle de vie des filières de traitement des sites industriels pollues“. Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0123.
The management of industrial polluted sites is a major issue. From isolated problems, polluted sites are now the subject of a national policy. More particularly from an environmental viewpoint, the choice of the objective of the treatment and the selection of suitable treatment techniques need to take into account a lot of conflicting criteria. But the case of industrial polluted sites is, above all, an illustration of the double process of « appropriation-disappropriation » which characterises any technical activity. The polluted site is a form of« disappropriation » inherited from past activities. On one hand, the treatment allows an « appropriation » of the site but, on the other hand, it induces an exploitation of natural resources which can be considered as a « disappropriation » process. We need methods to control this « appropriation-disappropriation » process. Life cycle assessment, which aims at assessing environmental impacts on the life cycle of products, seems to suit properly. But a more precise analysis of the method shows that it cannot assess environmental impacts of technical systems. We have called this phenomenon «the paradox of life cycle assessment ». We have suppressed this paradox and proposed. A new interpretation of the method, showing that it is a good tool for improving the productivity of natural resources. LCA can be used in a more general procedure for the control of the development of technical activities. We conclude with an illustration of the use of LCA for the choice of the treatment of a site polluted by sulphur
Juc, Diana. „Extraction, analyse et traitement des sols pollués par des hydrocarbures pétroliers“. Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0084.
The present work concerns the extraction, analysis and treatment of polluted soils by petroleum hydrocarbons. A complete bibliographic study has been carried out on the different parts of this work. The choice of the study of three polluted Moldavian sites has been done after a thorough examination of polluted sites in Republic of Moldova. The best conclusions of sampling, extraction and analysis have been rested in the laboratory in order to obtain reliable and easy analysis. The extraction has been carried out by sonication and the analysis has been done by gas chromatography simultaneously two original techniques have been developed for VOC analysis: Setting up development of microsublimation apparatus with high sensibility and a linear response for the study of lightly polluted soils. Evaluation of new techniques for using the microchromatograph MTI in the case of petroleum VOC's. The airport is currently the most important source of pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons in Moldova; the methodological estimation of the environmental risk has been carried out and migration study of the aviation fuel has been done. Laboratory pilots scale studies on polluted soils and oils has been achieved and their functionary has been carried out. This led us to propose low-cost easy and reliable biotreatments
Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. „Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
Wuchner, Klaus. „Préparation et analyse de micropolluants organiques dans des échantillons environnementaux (extraction par fluide supercritique ; préconcentration et analyse en ligne HPLC)“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT069G.
Henry, Jean-Yves. „Détection et caractérisation des pollutions du sous-sol par des composés organiques volatifs : Mise au point d'un analyseur de gaz telluriques par spectrométrie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier“. Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU3009.
Heroult, Julien. „Etude de la biodisponibilité des organoétains en milieu agricole : persistance dans les sols et exposition des végétaux récoltés“. Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3032.
Due to their biocide and plastic stabilizing properties, organotin compounds (OTC) are widely used in various agricultural, industrial or household activities. In agriculture, direct pesticide spraying or spreading of sewage sludge can lead to soil contamination. As their biocide properties are non specific, OTC remain hazardous for ecosystems as well as for Humans. To assess risks linked to soil contamination, it is of major concern to evaluate OTC fate in the soil – soil solution – plant system. At first, this work dealt with the development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of organotins in soils. This method was then applied to (i) estimate the persistence and degradation schemes of the 6 OTC most frequently detected in the environment (i. E. Butyl- and phenyltins) and (ii) screen OTC in several French agricultural soils. It appeared that OTC half-life time ranged from 24 (TPhT) to 220 days (MBT) and studied orchard and vineyard soils were most of the time contaminated. Finally, OTC phytotoxicity, uptake and fate within maize were studied to estimate their bioavailability towards ultivated vegetables and hazard due to food chain contamination. Our first results point out a significative OTC accumulation in plant
Philibert, Aurore. „Méthodes de méta-analyse pour l’estimation des émissions de N2O par les sols agricoles“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0072/document.
The term meta-analysis refers to the statistical analysis of a large set of results coming from individual studies about the same topic. This approach is increasingly used in various areas, including agronomy. In this domain however, a bibliographic review conducted by this thesis, showed that meta-analyses were not always of good quality. Meta-analyses in agronomy very seldom study the robustness of their findings relative to data quality and statistical methods.The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate and illustrate the importance of sensitivity analysis in the context of meta-analysis and as an example this is based on the estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils. The estimation of emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) is made at the worldwide level by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). N2O is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming power 298 times greater than the one of CO2 over a 100 year period. The key characteristics of N2O emissions are a significant spatial and time variability. Two databases are used for this work: the database of Rochette and Janzen (2005) and the one of Stehfest and Bouwman (2006). They collect numerous worldwide N2O emissions measurements from published studies and have played a significant role in the estimation of N2O emissions produced by the IPCC. The results show the value of random effects models in order to estimate N2O emissions from agricultural soils. They are well suited to the structure of the data (repeated observations on the same site for different doses of fertilizers, with several sites considered). They allow to differentiate the inter-site and intra-site variability and to estimate the effect of the rate of nitrogen fertilize on the N2O emissions. In this paper, the analysis of the sensitivity of the estimations to the shape of the relationship "Emission of N2O / N fertilizer dose" has shown that an exponential relationship would be the most appropriate. Therefore it would be appropriate to replace the constant emission factor of the IPCC (1% emission whatever the dose of nitrogen fertilizer) by a variable factor which would increase with the dose. On the other hand we did not identify significant differences between frequentist and Bayesian inference methods. Two approaches have been proposed to include environmental variables and cropping practices in the estimates of N2O. The first one using the Random Forest method allows managing missing data and provides the best N2O emissions predictions. The other one, based on random effects models allow to take into account these explanatory variables via one or several measurements of N2O. They allow predicting N2O emissions for non-tested doses in unfertilized farmer's field. However their results are sensitive to the experimental design used locally to measure N2O emissions
Choquet, Catherine. „Analyse de modèles d'écoulements en milieu poreux hétérogène“. Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21392.
Abbes, Kaïs. „Analyse de la relation agriculture-environnement : une approche bio-économique : cas de la salinisation des sols et de la pollution par les nitrates au nord tunisien“. Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10002.
Schmitt, Philippe. „Potentiels de l'électrophorèse capillaire dans l'analyse des pesticides et des substances humiques : application à l'étude des interactions pesticides - substances humiques“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL117N.
Scheifler, Renaud. „Evaluation de la biodisponibilité et des transferts de polluants métalliques et organiques dans les réseaux trophiques "sols-plantes-invertébrés"“. Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2022.
Pollution of ecosystems by metallic trace elements (MTEs) and organic compounds may lead to pollutant transfer in food webs. The aim of this work was to improve the assessment of bioavailability, transfer and effects of various MTEs (mainly cadmium (Cd) but also copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) and an organic pollutant, the herbicide isoproturon. The food webs studied in this work were made up of 2 or 3 compartments among the following: soil - primary producer (lettuce Lactuca sativa, colza Brassica napus and maize Zea mays) - primary consumer (snail Helix aspersa) - secondary consumer (carabid beetle Chrysocarabus splendens). Three complementary approaches using food webs of increasing complexity were exploited in laboratory experiments, under semi-field conditions and in situ
Wakim, Lara Maria. „Caractérisation environnementale des sols : de nouvelles pistes pour expliquer la variabilité spatiale de la maladie de Crohn ?“ Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR089.pdf.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition with an unknown etiology, and environmental factors are among the potential causes. Among these factors, soil contamination has never been studied, although many soil pollutants have been associated with the disease in epidemiological studies. France has the world's largest Crohn's disease registry, EPIMAD, which covers four departments: Nord, Somme, Pas-de-Calais, and Seine-Maritime, where spatial clusters of high- and low-incidence have been identified. These clusters open the door to environmental studies.Therefore, an environmental approach to soil quality has become necessary: do the soils in the clusters differ in terms of quality? Are there variations in pollutant concentrations between high and low-incidence clusters? If so, what are the elements or cocktail of elements involved? The objective of our study is to characterize the soils within these clusters and collect extensive data on potential soil pollutants to compare soil qualities between the clusters.This thesis initially adopted a data reuse approach, characterizing soils on the basis of existing data and refining interpretation using a composite index, the "mean impregnation ratio" (RIM). Given the scarcity of available data, two large-scale soil sampling campaigns were launched in the disease clusters. The first was aimed at screening for the contaminants most frequently found in soils. The second campaign adapted a targeted approach, targeting pollutants showing an association with Crohn's disease in the literature. Thus, 14 molecules belonging to the endocrine disruptors, antibiotics and drugs most commonly used in humans were measured in soils. As the measurement of these molecules within this complex matrix is not yet normalized, an analytical method was developed to detect these pollutants, and sample analyses were carried out in accordance with this established protocol.This approach generated more than 81,000 new data on the soil pollutants sampled. Existing databases were used to characterize the physical landscape of the clusters and identify sources of contamination. They also enabled us to detect a correlation between heavy metals in agricultural soils and the incidence of Crohn's disease. Furthermore, from an ecological point of view, the detection of hormones in forested areas at concentrations higher than those reported in the literature, constitutes a pioneering result of this thesis. To date, based on initial analyses and interpretations, emerging pollutants have shown no significant difference between over- and under-incidence clusters. We recommend more focused studies on pollutants related to agricultural practices and their effects on Crohn's disease, a promising avenue of investigation in our study
Barkouch, Yassir. „Etude du transfert des éléments traces métalliques (Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se et Zn) dans une chaîne alimentaire d'une zone minière de la région de Marrakech – Maroc“. Nantes, 2007. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=94e74876-89f6-4559-9b82-3dec10a7b079.
Like any mining industry, the exploitation of the mineral resources (extraction and valorization) in the region of Haouz-Marrakech, generated probably at all the stages a certain number of environmental impacts and undermined the various elements of the environment by its direct and indirect effects. Our study aimed to study the incidence of the still active mining center of Drâa Lasfar (13 km to the North-West of Marrakech city in Morocco) on the environment. It concerned, on one hand, the diagnosis of the current state of surface and the major harmful effects caused by mining, and on the other hand, the evaluation of the level of contamination cased by the toxic metallic trace elements (ETM) of treatment residues and water rejected by the mine, surface and underground water, the sediments, the grounds, the plants, the animals and the human population living sedentarily around the mine. The study made it possible to highlight the high degree of metal pollution of water and of the residues of treatment rejected by the mine and consequently constitute the principal source of metal pollution and harmful effect in this zone. The diffusion of this metal pollution towards water of the Tensift Wadi, being the principal source of water for irrigation, constitutes a starting point of the transfer of ETM through the grounds (irrigated) polluted towards the links of the trophic chains to finally reach the Man living sedentarily in this area via the animal and vegetable foodstuffs. In our study, we tried to facilitate the comprehension of these transfers between the various food chain links via the establishment of mathematical relations connecting the various concentrations in ETM from a trophic level to another
Ben, Fradj Nosra. „Analyse micro-économique spatialisée des enjeux environnementaux de l’introduction de productions agricoles à finalité énergétique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0007.
The main objective of this thesis is to perform an economic analysis of the impacts of second generation (2G) biofuel crops production on land use, agricultural practices and the environment. As for the environmental impacts, we focus on the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizers' consumption and the pollutants emissions (N2O, NH3 et NO3). The second objective is to estimate the potential development of 2G ethanol production in France. The available data and modeling tools that we use in this thesis allow for an economic analysis on a fine spatial dimension. The agricultural supply, given by the AROPAj model, is then combined with the different French bioenergy demands and public policies, which are modeled by the TIMES-GeoMIRET model. This modeling framework allows us to highlight the coherence of bioenergy objectives with the biomass resource potential through the analysis of the technological choices and the regionalisation of the bioenergy plants. Results indicate that "fuel" is not competing only with food, but also with "feed" because producing biomass is achieved at the expense of food and feed production. Cultivating dedicated biomass crops decreases land allocated to crops with high nutrient requirements, and consequently reduces the nitrogen losses. The coupling between AROPAj and TIMES-GeoMIRET has shown that 0.5 Mt of ethanol/year should be produced in 2030, which corresponds approximately to an output capacity of 3 processing plants. These plants should be built in the French northwest region, more precisely at Lillebonne where a 1G ethanol plant already exists
Crossay, Thomas. „Caractérisation taxonomique des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules natifs des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie ; analyse de leur synergie permettant l’adaptation des plantes à ces milieux extrêmes“. Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0003.
Plant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis can be critically important in the development of sustainable agriculture, remediation of polluted lands and ecological restoration of degraded sites, such as mines. Indeed, AMF symbioses improve plant growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses from the environment. This study based on the hypothesis, that in environments facing different stress factors, inoculation with several species from different AMF taxa may be essential to promote growth and to withstand stresses of plant in ultramafic soils of mine-degraded areas. The aims of the present study were to characterize taxonomically (isolate, describe, and identify) and functionally (plant growth and adaptation) AMF from ultramafic soil. Five new species of AMF from ultramafic soil were described (Blaszkowski et al. 2017; Crossay et al. 2018). Taxonomic identification of AMF need considerable expertise and is not well-adapted for “routine” identification. Therefore, we developed a fast, accurate and efficient method for AMF identification using MALDI-TOF MS proteomic-based biotyping approach (Crossay et al. 2017). Finally, we analyzed the effects of six species of AMF from a New Caledonian ultramafic soil on plant growth and nutrition, using mono-inoculations and mixtures comprising different numbers of AMF species, in a greenhouse experiment. Our results suggest that, co-inoculation of native AMF was very efficient in improving growth and tolerance to heavy metals of plants in ultramafic soil (Crossay et al. 2019)
Goulas, Anaïs. „Devenir et biodisponibilité des antibiotiques entrant dans les sols agricoles lors du recyclage des matières fertilisantes d'origine résiduaire“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA034/document.
Antibiotics are chronically introduced in soils through the application of exogenous organic matter (EOM) such as manure or sewage sludge. The environmental dissemination of these pollutants presents a long-term risk for health particularly due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistances. The origin and the properties of EOM can influence the antibiotic behavior in soils. This behavior and the potential impact on living-organisms depends on the antibiotic (bio)availability. Few data about the antibiotic bioavailability in soils exist and increasing knowledge is conditioned by the development of extraction and analytical methods for molecules at low concentrations in complex organomineral matrices. This research work focuses on the link between the MAFOR type, the behavior and the bioavailability of antibiotics in soils, and their impacts on soil microorganisms. Chemical methods were developed to assess the(bio)availability and the behavior of two antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin) and some transformation products in EOM-amended soils incubated in controlled conditions. A modelling approach was used to describe the behavior of sulfamethoxazole and its main metabolite in soils as a function of the organic matter evolution; the modelling results suggest that co-metabolism was responsible for the molecule mineralization and the formation of biogenic non-extractable residues. Finally chemical data were confronted to biological measures: the (bio)availability of antibiotics estimated through different aqueous extractions was related to their biodegradation by adapted soil microorganisms or to their toxicity on soil microbial activities. Original results were obtained in this work and will be useful to assess the risk related to the antibiotic dispersion in the environment
Wong, Henry Kwai-Kwan. „Comportement des galeries souterraines soumises à un chargement thermique“. Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENPC9414.
Cavalcante, Fraga Luis Henrique. „Caractérisation des sols pollués via des méthodes géophysiques : couplage entre le diagnostic conventionnel et les méthodes géophysiques pour estimer la distribution spatiale des polluants à l’aide du formalisme géostatistique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS645.
The spatial characterization of pollution sources is a key step for estimating the costs of the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. Geochemical sampling is costly and time-consuming and only allows punctual information about contamination levels. This PhD work evaluated the electromagnetic mapping method (EMI) for imaging the physical properties of the subsoil to (1) define geophysical measurement protocols and (2) exploit spatialized geophysical and geochemical data for a better estimation of hydrocarbon-polluted soil volumes through geostatistical formalism. The results at the Poitiers’ site, located in a peri-urban context with an unknown backfill coverage, highlighted the sensitivity of the EMI method for determining the geometry of the backfill layer. The new geophysical measurement strategy applied at the Rouen’s site, which is heavily polluted with hydrocarbons and located in an urban environment, has been modified with exhaustive EMI mapping, electrical resistivity and polarization tomography, ground penetrating radar and physical measurements at sample scale. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated an overall correlation between the hydrocarbon levels and the apparent electrical conductivities measured by the EMI method. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the urban fill, surface facilities and a discontinuous aquifer have severely disrupted EMI measurements. Despite the decrease in the variance of estimation error when geophysical data have been integrated into geostatistical models, linear correlations are still weak. A novel geophysical measurement protocol has been designed and demonstrated its potential for assessing contaminated sites
Saba, Dany. „Les radionucléides et le plomb émis par une usine de fertilisants au Liban : Etude de leurs mobilités dans les sols et les plantes pour une évaluation du risque sanitaire“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA025/document.
The use of phosphate fertilizers and phosphate rock as raw material by fertilizer plants, and the by-product phosphogypsum, contribute in increasing the levels of natural radionuclides and trace metals in the environment. This may affect the ecosystem and human health.This study evaluates the radiological impact of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides, mainly 238U, 232Th and their decay product, and 40K. As well as, it evaluates the health impact of Pb, present in the raw material and fertilizers produced by a fertilizer plant in Lebanon.The main objective is to characterize the diffuse contamination of these pollutants with a view to assess the health risk in 9 non-cultivated residential sites around the plant. A focus on the quantitative assessment of the health risk is specifically linked to the consumption of the wild plant Dittrichia viscosa and the accidental ingestion of soil dust for the inhabitants of the study area. The concept of bioaccessibility of soil and plant Pb is integrated into these assessments. Chemical extractions using EDTA and the Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) were used for in vitro estimation of available and bioaccessible Pb fractions. These were incorporated into the risk calculations. The radiological risks related to gamma ionizing radiation from radioelements were also estimated via radiological parameters.All of the work has shown that the fertilizer plant generates diffuse contamination that increases the levels of radionuclides and Pb in the near environment, specifically in soils (for 238U, 226Ra and their decay products 214Pb, 212Pb and 210Pb, as well as for Pb), and in the aerial parts of Dittrichia viscosa plants (for Pb and 210Pb). The study of the distribution of 210Pb and PbEDTA fractions provide additional information to characterize the Pb contribution due to the activity of the plant. The results showed that the mean values of activity concentrations of radioelements in soil samples were slightly higher than those determined in other Lebanese regions and worldwide average values. Based on the radiological parameters, no significant risk has been identified for the population frequenting the area.The pseudo-total soil Pb concentrations were below the applied thresholds. Threshold exceedances were observed for Pb levels in Dittrichia viscosa leaves.Two health risk assessment schemes for Pb were studied: a first classical scheme based on the hypothesis of the total ingestion of total Pb levels in soils and plants; a second scheme where only fractions reaching the systemic circulation have been measured and considered in risk calculations. These two schemes were studied for two high-exposure field scenarios. Taking into account the bioaccessible Pb concentrations in the calculations greatly reduces (at least by a factor of 10) the potential risk for both scenarios, whereas the classical risk calculations show a significant risk for the children. Whatever the chosen risk calculation scheme, ingestion of plants remains the main route of exposure for the two maximalist scenarios
Netto, André Maciel. „Transfert d'eau et de solutés dans un sol agricole hétérogène : analyse de différents types de mesures, de la variabilité spatiale et modélisation monodimensionnelle“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801928.
Poisvert, Cécile. „Analyse et modélisation des surplus azotés en France au cours du siècle dernier : application aux échelles départementales et communales“. Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4030.
This work aimed to study trends in nitrogen pressure and its drivers on the French territory. A nitrogen soil surface balance was developed and used to obtain nitrogen surplus times series at the departmental scale from 1917 to 2015 and at the municipality scale from 1995 to 2015. Characterisation of departmental trends showed that nowadays, more than 69% of the country presents a decrease in nitrogen pressure, mainly resulting from decrease in mineral fertilizer. Municipality surpluses are heterogeneous for all departments since 1955. Results can be used in the framework of the status of the nitrate directive of 2019, but also to characterise nitrogen pressure on water bodies or as input data for other models
Baugros, Jean-Baptiste. „Recherche et développement dans le domaine des substances chimiques : préparation aux réponses du sytème REACH“. Phd thesis, Lyon 1, 2008. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/37/13/57/PDF/Baugros_Jean-baptiste.pdf.
The environment and the health of populations have raised major preoccupations at national level as well as European one. REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of CHemicals) is a system voted by European Union which brings together more than forty directives in order to eliminate and replace more toxic chemical substances. In this context, the set up of such a system requests robust, reliable and reproducible analytical method to evaluate and detect at ultra-traces level priority substances in waters and soils. After targeting several substances listed on the annexe XVII of REACH, we have completed this selection by other priority pollutants for the environment of “Rhône-Alpes” region, like pesticides. Thus, the analytical method proposed allows the detection and the quantification by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS of 33 substances (10 alkylphenols, 5 triazole fungicides, 1 morpholino fungicides, 1 pyridazinone acaricide, 2 phthalates, bisphenol A, 2 carbamate insecticides, one ditiocarbamates pesticides residu, 2 organophosphorous pesticides and 8 organochlorines) in environmental matrices as complex as wastewater effluents and sludge. The extraction of analytes was led by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) for aqueous samples and by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) which was totally optimized by experimental design about parameters. Both extracts were purified by the same way by SPE. The preparation to the validation give us the confirmation of low detection limits comprised between 7. 2 ppt and 1. 27 ppb in waters and between 5 ppb to 1. 7 ppm in sludge/soils
Baugros, Jean-Baptiste. „Recherche et développement dans le domaine des substances chimiques : préparation aux réponses du sytème REACH“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00371357.
Après avoir ciblé plusieurs substances listées sur l'annexe XVII de REACH, nous avons complété cette sélection par des polluants prioritaires de l'environnement Rhône Alpin tels les pesticides. Ainsi, la méthode d'analyse proposée permet de détecter et de quantifier par CPG-SM et CPL-SM/SM 33 substances (10 alkylphénols, 5 fongicides triazole, 1 fongicide morpholine,
1 acaricide pyridazinone, 2 phtalates, bisphénol A, 2 insecticides carbamates, un résidu des pesticides dithiocarbamates, 2 pesticides organophosphorés et 8 organochlorés) dans des matrices environnementales aussi complexes que des effluents et des boues de station épuration.
L'extraction des analytes est menée par Extraction sur Phase Solide (SPE) pour les échantillons aqueux et par Extraction par Solvant Accélérée (ASE) qui a été entièrement optimisée par étude statistique des paramètres. Les extraits sont ensuite purifiés de la même manière par SPE. La préparation à la validation de ma méthode nous a permis de confirmer des limites de détection basses comprises entre 7,2 ppt et 1,27 ppb dans les eaux et entre 5 ppb et 1,7 ppm dans les boues/sols
Verardo, Elicia. „Procédés de traitement biologiques in situ : la modélisation numérique comme outil d'aide à la décision“. Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30013/document.
In-situ bioremediation is a commonly used remediation technology to clean up the subsurface of petroleum-contaminated sites. Although demonstrating the relevance of this type of treatment is an essential prerequisite for each site where it is implemented, the effectiveness of the treatment depends on its implementation conditions in the site-specific context. The monitoring and control of different processes that govern biodegradation phenomena is complex, and optimization is a key element of successful treatment both technically and economically. The general approach of the thesis is the development of a methodology for using modelling in a management approach (as defined in the French regulatory text) of petroleum-contaminated site treated by in situ biodegradation. The work focuses on the use of modelling as a tool for understanding mechanisms and for decision support at every stage of treatment: • System design: defining the best possible option.• Monitoring the effectiveness of treatment: process optimization.• Prediction and justification of stopping treatment: analysis of the uncertainty on the treatment result. Data from two study sites are used to define the modelling methodology. At each stage of the bio-remediation project (design, conception, monitoring and optimization) may be associated a modelling stage that will be more or less sophisticated depending on accuracy requirements. The first tool developed involved predictive uncertainty analysis, which is crucial when modelling is used as a decision support tool, and can be used at the design process step or for predicting the effectiveness of treatment. The process of in-situ bioremediation involves complex and uncertain relationships among biomass, contaminants and appropriate control actions. Forecasting remedial performance (in terms of flux and mass reduction) is a challenge due to uncertainties associated with (i) the medium and source properties and (ii) the efficiency of concentration reducing mechanisms. Parametric uncertainty contributions involved in forecasting treatment performance is carried out with the “Null-Space Monte Carlo” (NSMC) method implemented in the PEST tool. The second tool relates design and / or monitoring optimization of the bio-treatment method. In this context, two purposes can be considered: the reduction of contaminants flux or mass in the source zone. The tool used is a mathematical optimization algorithm called "Particle Swarm Optimization" (PSO). The choice of the objective function to be optimized is particularly important and appears to be related to hydrogeochemical site-specific behavior. This study showed that the NSMC and PSO methods are suitable tools for an efficient use reactive transport models in environmental management. The computation time of these highly parameterized and nonlinear models still limit the use of modelling as a decision support tool. Despite these limitations, the proposed approach for managing the bioremediation in-situ groundwater on actual site can be effective to provide support in managing the treatment of pollution, extending the field of application of numerical modelling. This approach also allows to highlight difficulties due to site-specific behavior or to the treatment technique applied, and to inform decision support managers in consequence
Laurent, Céline. „Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
The agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Tsalkani, Canella. „Le nitrate de peracetyle (pan) dans la pollution photooxydante : physicochimie, analyse, etudes de cas“. Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077244.
Mey, Morgane. „The life cycle assessment of the Milazzo peninsula (north-eastern Sicily, Italy) : geochimical impact assessment of water and soils“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018983.
Mustafa, Akhmad Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. „Improving acid sulfate soils for brackish water aquaculture ponds in South Sulawesi, Indonesia“. Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40619.
Cortinovis, Jérôme. „Etude expérimentale et modélisation des émissions biogéniques d'oxydes d'azote et d'isoprène depuis les écosystèmes naturels et aménagés:impact sur l'ozone“. Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30162.
In order to build a national inventory of nitrogen oxides from agricultural activities, an algorithm deduced from laboratory experiments was coupled with the CERES crop model to simulate NOx flux at the soil level. Simulations on a year basis allow the estimation of emission factors. NOx fluxes were integrated at the regional scale for three administrative regions. A new version of the SURFATM SVAT model integrating NOx emissions and NOx-O3 basic chemistry simulates ozone and NOx surface-atmosphere exchanges. Two contrasted sites from the ESCOMPTE experiment were used to validate this new approach. The canopy reduction factor, that is the actual proportion of NOx emitted above the canopy, was calculated, this net emission being included in a meso-scale model. The contribution of isoprene emissions, the major contributor in the COV global inventory, to ozone production has been evaluated for the ESCOMPTE experiment. This contribution is a function of the anthropogenic plume degree of maturation. The contribution appears to be mostly important in the suburban and rural areas. Coupling an algorithm combining high and low frequency terms with the SVAT ISBA-Ags allows for simulations of isoprene emissions at the canopy scale including a seasonal variation. Summer emissions appear to be preponderant when compared to spring and autumn ones. Coupling with the MesoNH-Chemistry model shows the maximum seasonal contribution of isoprene emissions to ozone production during summer, followed by spring and autumn periods
Helene, Livia Portes Innocenti. „Diagnóstico ambiental de solo contaminado por cromo de curtume em Motuca (SP) por métodos geofísicos /“. Rio Claro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/139516.
Banca: Anna Silvia Palcheco Peixoto
Banca: Andrea Teixeira Ustra
Resumo: O gerenciamento das áreas contaminadas prevê o levantamento de um conjunto de dados que variam desde informações do histórico da ocorrência, diagnóstico, remediação e monitoramento. O assentamento Monte Alegre localizado nos municípios de Motuca - SP e Araraquara- SP foi alvo de disposição irregular de aparas de couro de curtume no solo no ano de 2001 proveniente de indústrias da região. O processo de curtimento envolve o uso de sais de cromo, considerado cancerígeno em sua forma hexavalente. Baseado em indícios prévios, a CETESB realizou análises químicas no local e reconheceu a contaminação do solo em alguns lotes. O presente estudo realizou levantamentos geofísicos em um destes lotes. Foram utilizados os métodos da eletrorresistividade e da polarização induzida, por meio de 10 linhas paralelas de tomografia elétrica em arranjo Schlumberger. Os dados processados são representados em modelos logarítmicos bidimensionais e tridimensionais. A partir dos modelos de inversão 2D, foi possível reconhecer uma alternância de linhas com valores de resistividade, relacionados a áreas impactadas e não impactadas. Para o caso das medidas de cargabilidade, também foi reconhecido esta alternância de valores. A modelagem 3D permitiu uma estimativa de continuidade lateral e em profundidade das áreas contrastantes, além da estimativa de alcance máximo de 4 metros de profundidade, ou seja, restrita ao solo superficial. A análise conjunta entre o histórico ambiental da área e resultados geofísicos permite caracterizar a presença de contaminantes metálicos (Cr) em faixas de solo que recebem leiras de aparas de couro, cuja presença de metal é indicada pela alta cargabilidade (acima de 0,67mV/V), em relação ao padrão natural da área. Decorridos aproximadamente 14 anos da denúncia de lançamento indevido de aparas ... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The management of contaminated sites includes the purchase of a dataset ranging from the historical information of the occurrence, preliminary and detail diagnostic, monitoring and remediation. The settlement Monte Alegre located in Motuca (SP) and Araraquara (SP) received an irregular disposal of waste of tannery leather on the soil surface in 2001 by the industries of the region. The tanning process involves the use of chromium salts, considered a carcinogen element in its hexavalent form. Based on preliminary evidence, the environmental state agency performed chemical analysis and recognized soil contamination in some rural properties. This study conducted geophysical surveys at one of these properties. The geophysical methods of resistivity and induced polarization conduced 10 parallel lines of electrical tomography with Schlumberger array. The processed data are presented in two-dimensional and three-dimensional logarithmic models. From the 2D inversion models, it was possible to recognize an alternation in lines that received and incorporated the leather in the soil, and the ones who did not. In the chargeability data, it was also recognized this alternation of values. The 3D modeling allowed an estimate of lateral continuity and depth of contrasting areas, besides the estimate of maximum range of 4 meters in depth, hence restricted to the superficial soil. The analysis of the environmental history of the field and geophysical results, allowed the characterization of the presence of metal contaminants (Cr) in soil, which receive leather indicated by high chargeability (above 0,67mV/V) in relation to the natural pattern of the area. After 14 years of the end of improper release of leather crust in the settlement and the complete removal of the waste, it is still recognized clear indications of contamination on soil by chromium, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Batonneau, Yann Merlin Jean-Claude. „Approche physico-chimique des pollutions atmosphériques engendrées par la production pyrométallurgique de plomb et de zinc“. Grenoble : Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, 2006. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2002-141-142.pdf.
Araujo, Suzana Romeiro. „Reflectance spectroscopy vis-NIR and mid-IR applied for soil studies“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-02042013-133023/.
Para o planejamento agrícola e o monitoramento ambiental são necessárias informações sobre os solos. As análises de solos realizadas através de métodos convencionais em laboratório são normalmente caras e demoradas. Além disso, geram resíduos químicos que caso não sejam dispostos e/ou tratados adequadamente, podem contaminar o ambiente. Nas últimas décadas a espectroscopia de reflectância difusa na região do visível e infravermelho próximo (vis-NIR, 400-2500 nm) do espectroeletromagnético tem se mostrado uma alternativa viável para analisar atributos de solo de maneira rápida. Para tanto, a informação espectral é matematicamente extraída do espectro e métodos multivariados são usados afim de correlacioná-la com as propriedades do solo. Entretanto, ainda são poucos estudos de solos em que a espectroscopia de reflectância na região do infravermelho médio (mid-IR, 4000-400 cm-1) foi usada. Objetivaram-se com este trabalho investigar a viabilidade da utilização de dados espectrais vis-NIR e mid-IR de solos e métodos quimiométricos para predizer as propriedades dos mesmos, a fim de reduzir o número de análises convencionais de terra. As relações existentes entre características espectrais e propriedades físico-químicas de solos tropicais foram avaliadas em três estudos distintos com solos (i) de uma biblioteca espectral (Capítulo 1), (ii) da região amazônica (Capítulo 2) e, (iii) contaminados com metais pesados e lodo de curtume (Capítulo 3). Foi possível identificar faixas espectrais nas regiões do vis-NIR e mid-IR relacionadas às feições de absorção características da água, óxidos de ferro e minerais de argila. No capítulo 1 os modelos de predição vis-NIR de argila e matéria orgânica do solo apresentaram elevada acurácia. Isto reflete a influência direta destas propriedades do solo na sua resposta espectral. A divisão da biblioteca espectral em subgrupos menores baseada nas características espectrais foi eficiente na quantificação de atributos de solos tropicais. Outra alternativa foi usar o método de regressão de árvores para o conjunto total de dados. No capítulo 2, os modelos de predição mid-IR foram mais precisos que os vis-NIR. Os modelos de carbono orgânico do solo e capacidade de troca catiônica obtidos pela regressão pelo método dos mínimos quadrados parciais permitiram a reprodução do padrão espacial destas propriedades na área estudada (r > 0.81); e puderam ser aplicados em uma área geográfica diferente, em amostras de solos desconhecidas. No capítulo 3, a adsorção de metais em constituintes dos solos provocou mudanças nas curvas espectrais dos mesmos, mostrando diferenças entre solos altamente contaminados por metais pesados e solos livres de contaminação. Os teores de Cr (semi-total) no solo pode ser predito através da espectroscopia de reflectância vis-NIR-mid-IR e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais. Fe e Mn também foram preditos com acurácia usando dados vis-NIR. Em geral, os modelos de predição vis- NIR de metais pesados foram mais precisos que o mid-IR. A vantagem da utilização do sensor vis-NIR está no preparo mais simples de amostras e na possibilidade de utilizá-lo diretamente no campo.
Kim, Eun Kyoung. „Use of soil texture analyses to predict fracturing in glacial tills and other unconsolidated materials“. Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196080474.
MORCELLI, CLAUDIA P. R. „Elementos do grupo da platina (Pt, Pd e Rh) emitidos por conversores cataliticos de automoveis: um estudo realizado em solos localizados as margens da Rodovia dos Bandeirantes no Estado de Sao Paulo“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11222.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
FAPESP:00/02118-9
Gazano, Vanessa Santos Oliveira. „Contaminação de solos por metais tóxicos provenientes do descarte inadequado de pilhas Zinco-Carbono de uso doméstico“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-15052012-140600/.
The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni in an oxisol column contaminated with zinc-carbon batteries. Two control and two contaminated columns, and batteries alone were leached for a periods of six months and one year with aqueous solution of HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:1, pH 4,0) to simulate rainwater. The metal concentrations in effluent and soil were measured by means of ICP-OES technique. Results from the contaminated column showed enhanced concentrations in both effluent and soil (mainly zinc, manganese and lead). In addition, the total amount of metals in effluent and soil showed similar sequence order as observed for batteries alone (Zn > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd) indicating that batteries can be considered the main source of contamination. We also observed migration of Zn and Mn from the top to the lower layers of the soil columns. The study gives further evidence that batteries can significantly contaminate the soil with metals like Zn, Mn and Pb, and maybe Cd too. This soil contamination combined with the enhanced concentrations found in the effluent can point out a probable groundwater contamination.
Cachier-Rivault, Hélène. „Approche isotopique du cycle atmospherique du carbone particulaire“. Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077061.
Diop, Amadou. „Diagnostic des pratiques d'utilisation et quantification des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes de Dakar (Sénégal)“. Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959895.
PATTY, LAURENT. „Limitation du transfert par ruissellement vers les eaux superficielles de deux herbicides (isoproturon et diflufenicanil) : méthodologie analytique et étude de d'efficacité de bandes enherbées“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10057.
Cao, Feifei. „Approche interdisciplinaire pour la caractérisation hydrogéologique du milieu crayeux : application au transfert de perchlorate dans la craie de Champagne“. Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMS013.
Perchlorate (ClO4-) has frequently been detected in groundwater at concentrations relevant to human health. Analyzes in Champagne-Ardenne have highlighted the presence of ClO4- in groundwater for drinking water supply. The ClO4- has two suspected sources: a military source related to World War I (WWI) and an agricultural source related to past use of Chilean nitrate fertilizers. The objectives of the study are to determine the sources and behavior of ClO4- in the Champagne Chalk aquifer and to explain the heterogeneities observed by specifying the aquifer functioning.The study area is located east of Reims. A methodology involving historical, hydrodynamic, geochemistry, groundwater dating and isotope analysis has been developed. High spatio-temporal heterogeneities are observed in the Chalk aquifer. A conceptual model of aquifer functioning is proposed, highlighting main factors governing the Chalk groundwater geochemistry. ClO4- is detected throughout the area with high concentrations (> 4 µgL-1) detected mainly downgradient the Champagne Mounts, where large quantities of ammunition were used, stored and destroyed during and after WWI. A post-WWI military origin of ClO4- is inferred from isotopic analysis and groundwater ages. Different tendencies of ClO4- variation are observed and interpreted by a combination of ClO4- concentrations, aquifer functioning and historical investigations, revealing major sources of ClO4- (e.g., unexploded ammunitions, ammunition destruction sites) and its transfer mechanisms in the aquifer. ClO4- contamination in the Champagne Chalk seems unlikely to decrease in the short- to medium-term due to the long persistence time of major sources
Loizeau, Vincent. „Prise en compte d'un modèle de sol multi-couches pour la simulation multi-milieux à l'échelle européenne des polluants organiques persistants“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1168/document.
Persitent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic substances that bioaccumulate in the food chain. Once emitted in the atmosphere, they are transported by the wind and deposited on soil. Since they are persistent, they can be reemited from soil to atmosphere by volatilization and travel over very long distances. This process is called grasshopper effect. Thus, POPs may be found at significant levels far from their emission source. It is necessary to understand the transport and fate of these pollutants in order to support the decision making process and reduce human exposure to POPs. Regulations over the last decades lead to a decrease of anthropogenic emissions and subsequent decrease of atmospheric concentration. In this context, the soil is no longer a sink of POPs but can be a source to the atmosphere. Many numeric models aim to study the behavior of POPs in the environment. Most of them consider soil compartment as a homogeneous box, leading to an underestimation of reemissions. Then, it appears of great importance to develop more realistic soil models. The objective of my thesis was to develop such a model, with vertical transport within the soil. This model was evaluated against measured concentration soil profile. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to identify the key parameters involved in the process of reemissions. Then, the soil model was coupled with an atmospheric transport model. A case study was finally undertaken to estimate the impacts of reemissions on global-mass balance of POPs at European scale
Desjonquères, Camille. „Ecologie et diversité acoustique des milieux aquatiques : exploration en milieux tempérés“. Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0015/document.
An important diversity of animal species produces sounds during communication, orientation, movement, or prey-predator acts. These sounds are not distributed randomly in space and time and are therefore thought to follow assembly rules forming either acoustic populations or acoustic communities. Freshwater environments and ponds in particular, are considered as primary resources for biological diversity and as such host a potentially significant number of soniferous species. However the acoustic diversity of these natural environments remains totally unexplored.The main aim of this PhD was to explore for the first time the acoustic diversity found in temperate freshwater by studying the patterns and structural processes of a selection of acoustic populations and communities recorded in several types of freshwater environments. A review of the literature on sound production by freshwater organisms along with laboratory recordings of target species revealed that a valuable acoustic diversity can be found in temperate freshwater environments. To understand how the acoustic diversity is structured, the acoustic communities of three temperate ponds were acoustically monitored. This study revealed that the three ponds were characterized by rich and distinct acoustic communities with specific spatio-temporal dynamics. To further understand the potential factors structuring freshwater acoustic communities, environmental variables were assessed along with the composition of acoustic communities found in six secondary channels of the Rhône riverine floodplain. Two environmental variables were investigated: the water temperature and the level of lateral connectivity of the secondary channels to the main river. Acoustic communities in the Rhône riverine floodplain were clearly structured by lateral connectivity suggesting a role of this key variable as an assembly rule. Finally to understand the possible processes linking animal acoustics and the natural environment, a population of aquatic insect, Micronecta scholtzi, was acoustically monitored in a Mediterranean pond. The level of M. scholtzi acoustic activity was assessed continuously using a network of twelve synchronised acoustic sensors. The acoustic activity of \textit{M. scholtzi} showed a regular daily pattern that was modified in amplitude and phase by the playback of an anthropogenic noise. This experiment revealed that the effects of noise pollution may emerge at an aquatic insect population level. This PhD unraveled the existence of a significant amount of unexplored acoustic diversity in freshwater environments and identified links between acoustics and the environment. This research opens interesting perspectives in the use of acoustic to tackle fundamental and applied ecological questions in freshwater environments
Robert, Colas. „Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263.
France is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Almahallawi, Khamis. „Modelling interaction of land use, urbanization and hydrological factors for the analysis of groundwater quality in mediterranean zone (example the Gaza Strip, Palestine)“. Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Almahallawi.pdf.
Pour simuler la pollution des eaux souterraines par les nitrates dans des zones agricoles, le meilleur réseau utilisé est le Multilayer perceptron (MLP) avec six variables d'entrée et quatre couches cachées. Le meilleur réseau pour simuler les nitrates des eaux souterraines en milieu urbain est le modèle MPL. L'étude a prouvé que le modèle RNA peut être employé comme outil de gestion pour la prévision de la qualité agricole et urbaine des eaux souterraines pour aider les planificateurs du secteur de l'eau. En outre, tous les aquifères côtiers sont typiques dans le monde entier et cette approche de modélisation des eaux souterraines peut être appliquée à d'autres aquifères côtiers à une échelle régionale ou internationale. Puisque l'agriculture et l'élevage intensif produisent des risques de pollution d'azote, la gestion de la fertilisation est ici essentielle pour arrêter la dégradation de la qualité des eaux souterraines. L'augmentation du l'équipement des réseaux d'égouts et des eaux résiduaires avec des techniques appropriées de traitement est un facteur principal important pour abaisser la pollution des nitrates dues à l'activité urbaine
Lichtfouse, Eric. „Fossiles moléculaires d'intérêt microbiologique, pétrolier, agronomique et environnemental“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173971.
Robert, Colas. „Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263/document.
France is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Buddhadasa, Saman. „Methodologies for the analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons extracted from contaminated soils“. Thesis, 2002. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15575/.
Mofokeng, Dikonketso Shirley-may. „Analyses of the impacts of bacteriological seepage emanating from pig farming on the natural environment“. Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19820.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)
Elephant, Dimpho Elvis. „A comparative study of the BCR sequential and batch extractions for wastes and waste-amended soil“. Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7357.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
Smit, Gerrit Daniel Stephanus. „'n Analise van die sosiale waardes in die leefwêreld van Klemens van Aleksandrië soos vergestalt in sy Paidagogos (Afrikaans)“. Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24817.
Thesis (DLitt (Greek))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Ancient Languages
unrestricted
Govender, Kamenthren. „An assessment of synthetic landfill leachate attenuation in soil and the spatial and temporal implications of the leachate on bacterial community diversity“. Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/443.