Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Sols – Pollution – Analyse“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Sols – Pollution – Analyse":
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Ye, Lambiénou, Désiré Jean Pascal Lompo, Aboubakar Sako und Hassan Bismarck Nacro. „Evaluation of trace metal content in soils subjected to inputs of solid urban wastes“. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, Nr. 9 (25.03.2021): 3361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i9.31.
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Large amounts of solid urban waste (SUW), sometimes containing trace metal (TM), are used to fertilize agricultural soils. The aim of this study was to assess concentrations of TM in peri-urban agricultural soils exposed to SUW inputs around Bobo-Dioulasso. Composite samples of fourteen soil profiles (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm) were collected in the classified Dindéréso forest in the outskirts of Bobo-Dioulasso. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) was used to analyze TM concentrations in the samples. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn varied broadly according to the sampling sites and soil horizons. The maximum concentrations of the analyzed elements in all sites were lower than the limit concentrations. Regardless soil horizons, the pollution index were less than 1, suggesting that the sampled soils were not subject to multiple contaminations of TM.
D’importantes quantités de déchets urbains solides (DUS), renfermant parfois des éléments traces métalliques (ETM), sont utilisées pour fertiliser les sols agricoles. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer les concentrations en ETM des sols péri-urbains de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso soumis à l’épandage des DUS. Des échantillons composites de sols ont été prélevés, suivant les horizons 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm et 40-60 cm, sur quatorze sites dans la forêt classée de Dindérésso située à la périphérie de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso. L’analyse des échantillons de sol a été effectuée par spectrométrie de masse avec plasma à couplage inductif (ICP/MS). Les résultats montrent que les concentrations en Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb et Zn des sols sont très variées. Elles varient en fonction de l’ETM, du site et de l’horizon du sol. Les concentrations des différents ETM dans les sols sont inférieures aux valeurs limites sur tous les sites. L’index de pollution de chaque site est inférieur à 1, quel que soit l’horizon de sol, suggérant ainsi que les sites de la zone ne font pas l’objet d’une contamination multiple de leurs sols par les ETM.
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Diop, Tidiane, Abdoulaye Diarra, Mouhamadou Abdoulaye Diallo, Mame Mor Dione und Abdoulaye Diop. „Impact d’une décharge urbaine sur la contamination métallique des sols : cas de la décharge de Mbeubeuss (Dakar)“. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, Nr. 6 (12.03.2023): 2992–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i6.41.
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La contamination des sols par des éléments traces métalliques est l’un des problèmes environnementaux les plus pressants. La mise en décharge d’ordures ménagères est une source de cette contamination. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact de la décharge urbaine de Mbeubeuss (Dakar) sur la contamination en Éléments traces Métalliques (ETM). La méthodologie consiste à prélever cinq (5) échantillons de sols retenus en fonction de leur proximité au point central de la décharge afin de caractériser les paramètres physico-chimiques (pH et conductivité électriques) et les teneurs en Éléments Traces Métalliques (ETM). Les valeurs des pH, comprises entre 6,5 et 8,1, montrent que les sols sont neutres ou légèrement alcalins avec des conductivités électriques élevées [0,98-0,11ms/cm]. Les résultats des analyses des teneurs en ETM par XRF montrent que les sols de la décharge de Mbeubeuss sont riches en Cu (16,97-216 ppm), Fe (4250-12500 ppm), Zn (45,04-279,88 ppm), Pb (ld-322,78 ppm), Mn (652,11-803,25 ppm), Cr (37,52 – 67,17 ppm) et Ti (515,4-3753 ppm). L’évaluation de la contamination a été faite en calculant les indices de pollution et de géo accumulation. Cette étude montre une diminution de la pollution au fur et à mesure que l’on s’éloigne du point central et une accumulation de Zn et Pb à proximité de la décharge.
Contamination of soils with trace metals is one of the most pressing environmental problems. The dumping of household waste is a source of this contamination. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the urban landfill of Mbeubeuss (Dakar) on the contamination of Trace Metal Elements (TME). The methodology consists of taking five (5) soil samples selected according to their proximity to the central point of the landfill in order to characterize the physico-chemical parameters (pH and electrical conductivity) and the levels of Trace Metal Elements (TME). The pH Values, between 6.5 and 8.1, show that the soils are neutral or slightly alkaline with high electrical conductivities [0.98-0.11ms/cm]. The results of XRF analyses of TME content show that the soils of the Mbeubeuss dump are rich in Cu (16.97-216 ppm), Fe (4250-12500 ppm), Zn (45.04-279.88 ppm), Pb (ld-322.78 ppm), Mn (652.11-803.25 ppm), Cr (37.52-67.17 ppm) and Ti (515.4-3753 ppm). The contamination assessment was done by calculating the pollution and geo accumulation indices. This study shows a decrease in pollution as one moves away from the central point and an accumulation of Zn and Pb near the landfill.
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Yuan, Jinlong, Yunbin Wu, Zhifeng Shu, Lian Su, Dawei Tang, Yuanjian Yang, Jingjing Dong, Saifen Yu, Zhen Zhang und Haiyun Xia. „Real-Time Synchronous 3-D Detection of Air Pollution and Wind Using a Solo Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar“. Remote Sensing 14, Nr. 12 (11.06.2022): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14122809.
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The monitoring and tracking of urban air pollution is a challenging environmental issue. The approach of synchronous 3-D detection of wind and pollution using a solo coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) is developed and demonstrated. The 3-D distribution of pollutant is depicted by the backscatter coefficient based on signal intensity of CDWL. Then, a high-resolution wind field is derived to track the local air pollution source with its diffusion and to analyze transboundary air pollution episodes. The approach is experimentally implemented in a chemical industry park. Smoke plumes caused by point source pollutions are captured well using plan position indicator (PPI) scanning with low elevation. A typical source of pollution is located, combining the trajectory of the smoke plume and the horizontal wind vector. In addition, transboundary air pollution caused by the transport of dust storms is detected in a vertical profile scanning pattern, which is consistent with the results of national monitoring stations and backward trajectory models. Our present work provides a significant 3-D detection approach to air pollution monitoring with its sources, paths, and heights by using a solo-CDWL system.
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Djougo-Jantcheu, Yolande, Barthélémy Ndongo, Roger Ntankouo Njila und Kevin Nguedia Djatsa. „Assessment of the Polluting Status of Sludge from a Physicochemical Water Purification Unit and Their Impacts on the Soil: Case of the Yato Station (Littoral-Cameroon)“. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering 9, Nr. 1 (27.02.2024): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13.
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The Yato physicochemical water purification station is located in Dibombari District Council in the Littoral-Cameroon region. It is one of the largest drinking water production stations in the Central African sub-region. This work aims to evaluate, through the quantification of the concentrations of Trace Metal Elements (TMEs), the polluting status of the sludge from this drinking water production station and their impacts on the soil. To achieve this objective, mixed samples of sludge from sludge treatment ponds (taken according to the technique described in GIDS-A003 point 6 as explained in the Solid and pasty waste sampling strategy of Code of Good Practice No. 2) and samples of sludge from primary settling basins (taken in transparent bottles in polyethylene terephthalate of 1.5L) were analysed. Likewise, three soil wells were carried out and soil samples were taken on two levels of alteration then sent to the laboratory where physicochemical and TME analyses were carried out. The characteristics of the samples that were analysed are: particle size, texture (sand, silt, clay), physiochemistry (pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen) and TME (chromium, copper, zinc, manganese). The results obtained show that the polluting status of the sludge from the Yato station is proven because their pollution index by heavy metals is greater than 1. The pollution index greater than 1 in the sludge from the treatment basins is due to the strong concentrations of TME originating from the accumulation of waste of all kinds in this location. Overall, TME concentrations in soils decrease for the most part from the surface towards depth. All the TMEs studied (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr) are present in all horizons. There is multiple contamination of sludge by TMEs because their pollution index is greater than 1 (IP>1). Although the sludge pollution indices are greater than 1, those of the different horizons are much lower than 1. Thus, since the TMEs decrease with depth, the subsurface horizons would be less affected by the pollutants contained in the station sludge. marking a real pollution of the surface layers.
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Su, Rong Jun. „Study and Analysis on Pollution of Expanding Project of Coal Gangue Power Plant“. Advanced Materials Research 485 (Februar 2012): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.518.
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In order to study the environmental impact of coal gangue power industry, took Expanding Project of Heilongjiang Dadong Coal Gangue Power Plant (EPHDCGPP) as an example to analyze its pollution. According to the requirements of Chinese environmental assessment and its project situation, analyzed its features of technology process and possible pollution of present plant and expanding project such as noise, dust, smoke, SO2, waste water and waste solid etc. Accident risk analysis was also done. Moreover, the intensity of polluting source were confirmed as 676.5 t/a of smoke dust and 680 t/a of SO2. All 7.6×104 t/a of ash and 2.23×105 t/a of slag will be sold to a local cement plant. Noises on boundary less than 50 dB(A) in day time and 45 dB(A) during night. There will no waste water discharge after expanding project. Meanwhile, measures to prevent above-mentioned pollution were proponed. This would lay a sound foundation for environmental impact assessment.
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AF, Eghomwanre. „Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soils from Scrapyards in Benin City, Nigeria“. Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 2, Nr. 4 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000132.
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Scrap metals found in scrapyards accounts for a large proportion of municipal solid waste in Nigeria. They are a menace to the environment and pose potential health risk to nearby residents. T his study assessed the physicochemical quality and heavy meta l contamination of surface soils from selected scrapyards in Benin City, Nigeria. Surface soils were collected from 12 randomly selected scrapyards between February and April 2018. Physicochemical analyses were carried out using standard analytical methods , while heavy metal ( Fe, Cd, Zn, Cr, and Pb ) concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The physicochemical indicators showed values which ranged from 6.17 ± 1.17 to 7.81 ± 0.88, 335.00 ± 60.62 to 2467.33 ± 1708.95μS/cm and 2 .18 ± 0.39 to 44.27 ± 17.72 mg/kg for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and nitrate ( NO - 3 ) respectively. The texture of the scrapyard soils was predominantly sand. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the scrapyard sites were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher than the control site. A strong positive correlation existed among the studied metals. The concentrations of heavy metals were above the WHO/FAO critical level of 100 mg/kg except for Cr and Cd. Contamination indexes of the scrapyard soils showed th at the soils samples from all the locations were highly contaminated with heavy metals. There is urgent need for evacuation of the scrap metal wastes from the scrapyards and enactment of appropriate legislations which prohibits the use of land in residenti al areas as scrapyards in the city to prevent likely health hazard
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Christ Bardoul, Engambe, Tchoumou Martin, IFO Grace Mazel und Moussoki Nsona Promesse. „Speciation and Pollution Assessment of Chromium and Zinc in Landfill Soils of Brazzaville: Physico-Chemical Analyses and Heavy Metal Contamination“. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, Nr. 9 (05.09.2023): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23824181941.
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Špelić, Ivana, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić und Rajka Budin. „Optimization of energy savings in shoe sole production“. Koža & obuća 68, Nr. 1 (12.06.2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34187/ko.68.1.7.
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Since 1970’s, the most popular shoe soles are (EVA) soles, made from Ethylene Vinyl Acetate, copolymer consisting of ethylene and vinyl acetate. The thermosets and elastomers (rubbers), among them accounting EVA, encompasses around 30% of the tonnage of all synthetic polymers produced, with the synthetic rubbers exceeding the tonnage of natural rubber. With that in mind, the energy savings in rubber processing plants are of great importance and the paper analyses the potential of energy savings in shoe soles production process made of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA). The shoe soles made from EVA are lightweight, easy to mould, water and moisture resistant, highly elastic, shock absorbent, great thermal insulators, highly durable, etc. The energy savings using the process return condensate in shoe sole production process are presented. Using the return condensate results in lower make up water consumption, substantial fuel savings needed to produce steam and lower chemical consumption. Returning hot process condensate to the boiler results in oil savings of 14,9%. Also, the thermal pollution is reduced by 95,3%, while the volume of the flue gases is lowered from 17,11 m3FG/kgNEC to 14,57 m3FG/kgNEC or by 14,8%. Such a system enables both the oil savings and reduces the thermal pollution. The comparison of process with and without flue gases heat recovery shows fuel savings of 18,76%, while the temperature reduces from 221°C to 137,39°C and while the volume of the flue gases is lowered to 13,90 m3FG/ kgP.
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Akinbile, C. O. „Environmental impact of landfill on groundwater quality and agricultural soils in Nigeria“. Soil and Water Research 7, No. 1 (15.03.2012): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2011-swr.
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Physical, chemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out of water samples from three boreholes located near a landfill, and or soil samples at Akure, Nigeria, to ascertain the effect of the dumpsite on the groundwater and soil quality. The samples from borehole locations with radial distances of 50, 80, and 100 m, respectively, away from the landfill and twelve soil samples collected at distances 0 (dump centre), 10, 20, and 30 m away from the refuse dump were analysed. The parameters determined were the turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total iron, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, calcium and heavy metals like copper, zinc, and lead. Most of these parameters indicated pollution but were below the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for consumption. The pH ranged from 5.7 to 6.8 indicating toxic pollution, the turbidity values were between 1.6 and 6.6 NTU, and the temperature ranged from 26.5°C to 27.5°C. The concentrations of iron, nitrate, nitrite and calcium ranged from 0.9 to 1.4, 30 to 61, 0.7 to 0.9, and 17 to 122 mg/l, respectively. Out of heavy metals, zinc ranged between 3.3 and 5.4 mg/l and lead ranged from 1.1 to 1.2 mg/l. Soil water holding capacity, porosity, pH, organic matter, organic carbon and organic nitrogen ranged from 38 to 54, 44 to 48, 6.9–7.5, 2.44–4.27, 1.42–2.48, and 0.12–0.21%, respectively. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences at 95% level. The results showed that all the boreholes were not strongly polluted but require treatment before use while the soil is absolutely unsuitable for the crop production. Re-designing of sanitary landfills to prevent leachate from getting to the water table, adoption of clean technology for recycling greenhouse gases and a sustainable land management programme for reclamation are recommended.
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Sueoka, Y., M. Sakakibara, S. Sano und K. Sera. „Heavy metal accumulation and the practical application of lichens as bioindicators for heavy metal pollution in surface soil“. International Journal of PIXE 26, Nr. 03n04 (Januar 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083517500024.
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Levels of trace element pollution in surface soil have been estimated using soil analyses and leaching tests. These methods may reveal different results due to the effect of soil properties on the elemental availability. Therefore, this study advocates an alternative method for monitoring and assessment of trace element pollution in surface soil using terricolous fruticose lichens. Lichens and their substrata were analyzed using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and XRF to clarify the relationships between Cu, Zn, As and Pb concentrations in lichens and soils, including their absorption properties. Concentrations of these elements in the lichens were positively correlated with those in the soils regardless of lichen species, location, habitat, or conditions of soils. The analyzed lichens had neither competitive nor antagonistic properties in their elemental absorption, which made them good bioindicators of trace element pollution in surface soil. The distribution maps of average Cu, Zn, As and Pb concentrations at each sampling region was detected at almost all of the Cu, Zn and As pollution of the soils. Therefore, lichens could be used in practical applications to monitor Cu, Zn and As pollution in surface soils.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Sols – Pollution – Analyse":
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Blanc, Armelle. „Analyse de cycle de vie des filières de traitement des sites industriels pollues“. Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0123.
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La gestion des sites industriels pollués constitue aujourd'hui un enjeu important. De points noirs isolés, les sites industriels pollués sont devenus l'objet d'une politique nationale. Le choix des objectifs de traitement d'un site et des techniques de traitement appropriées nécessite la prise en compte d'un grand nombre de critères parfois conflictuels, sur le plan environnemental notamment. Mais le cas des sites industriels pollués est surtout emblématique du double processus d'appropriation-désappropriation qui accompagne nos activités techniques. Le site pollué est une forme de « désappropriation » héritée des activités passées. Le traitement, s'il permet une « réappropriation » du site, implique en contrepartie une exploitation des ressources naturelles lors de sa mise en œuvre. Il est aujourd'hui nécessaire de disposer de méthodes susceptibles de contrôler ce phénomène d'appropriation-désappropriation. L'ACY, dont l'objectif est d'évaluer l'ensemble des impacts environnementaux liés au cycle de vie d'un produit ou d'un service paraît a priori adéquate. Mais une analyse critique plus précise de cette méthode montre qu'elle ne permet pas d'évaluer les impacts environnementaux des systèmes techniques. Après avoir levé ce que nous appelons le paradoxe de l'ACY, nous en proposons une nouvelle lecture et montrons qu'elle constitue un outil d'amélioration de la productivité des ressources naturelles et qu'en ce sens elle peut être utilisée dans une procédure plus générale de contrôle des techniques. Enfin, afin d'illustrer notre propos, nous concluons par une application de l'ACY au choix d'une technique de traitement d'un site pollué par du soufreThe management of industrial polluted sites is a major issue. From isolated problems, polluted sites are now the subject of a national policy. More particularly from an environmental viewpoint, the choice of the objective of the treatment and the selection of suitable treatment techniques need to take into account a lot of conflicting criteria. But the case of industrial polluted sites is, above all, an illustration of the double process of « appropriation-disappropriation » which characterises any technical activity. The polluted site is a form of« disappropriation » inherited from past activities. On one hand, the treatment allows an « appropriation » of the site but, on the other hand, it induces an exploitation of natural resources which can be considered as a « disappropriation » process. We need methods to control this « appropriation-disappropriation » process. Life cycle assessment, which aims at assessing environmental impacts on the life cycle of products, seems to suit properly. But a more precise analysis of the method shows that it cannot assess environmental impacts of technical systems. We have called this phenomenon «the paradox of life cycle assessment ». We have suppressed this paradox and proposed. A new interpretation of the method, showing that it is a good tool for improving the productivity of natural resources. LCA can be used in a more general procedure for the control of the development of technical activities. We conclude with an illustration of the use of LCA for the choice of the treatment of a site polluted by sulphur
2
Juc, Diana. „Extraction, analyse et traitement des sols pollués par des hydrocarbures pétroliers“. Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0084.
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Ce travail de thèse concerne l'extraction, l'analyse et le traitement de sols pollués par des hydrocarbures pétroliers. Une étude bibliographique a d'abord été effectuée sur les différents aspects de ce travail. Le choix de l'étude de trois sites pollués moldaves (un dépôt de produits pétroliers (essence, gazole, huile), un dépôt d'huiles désaffecté et un aéroport militaire en exploitation) a été fait après recensement des sites existants en Moldavie. Les meilleures conditions de prélèvement d'extraction et d'analyse ont été mises au point au laboratoire afin d'avoir des dosages quantitatifs fiables et faciles à mettre en ouvre. L'extraction a été effectuée par sonication et le dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Parallèlement deux techniques originales ont été développées pour l'analyse des composés organiques volatils : Montage d'un appareillage d'analyse par micro sublimation à réponse linéaire de haute sensibilité, applicable à l'étude de sols faiblement pollués. Evaluation de nouvelles techniques d'utilisation du micro chromatographe MTI à l'analyse des composés pétroliers volatils. L'aéroport étant une des plus importantes sources actuelles de pollution par les produits pétroliers en Moldavie, 1' estimation méthodologique du risque correspondant a été effectuée et une étude de migration du kérosène a été conduite. Des pilotes de ces sols pollués par essence, gazole et huile ont été montés et leur fonctionnement a été étudié au laboratoire. Ceci nous a conduits à proposer des bio-traitements simples, efficaces et peu onéreuxThe present work concerns the extraction, analysis and treatment of polluted soils by petroleum hydrocarbons. A complete bibliographic study has been carried out on the different parts of this work. The choice of the study of three polluted Moldavian sites has been done after a thorough examination of polluted sites in Republic of Moldova. The best conclusions of sampling, extraction and analysis have been rested in the laboratory in order to obtain reliable and easy analysis. The extraction has been carried out by sonication and the analysis has been done by gas chromatography simultaneously two original techniques have been developed for VOC analysis: Setting up development of microsublimation apparatus with high sensibility and a linear response for the study of lightly polluted soils. Evaluation of new techniques for using the microchromatograph MTI in the case of petroleum VOC's. The airport is currently the most important source of pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons in Moldova; the methodological estimation of the environmental risk has been carried out and migration study of the aviation fuel has been done. Laboratory pilots scale studies on polluted soils and oils has been achieved and their functionary has been carried out. This led us to propose low-cost easy and reliable biotreatments
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Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. „Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
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L'objectif du travail a ete d'evaluer les risques ecologiques resultant des teneurs des sols en 5 elements traces (cd, cu, ni, pb et zn). Ces elements ont deux origines: geologiques et anthropogenetiques. Ce travail a ete realise a partir de 186 points d'etude repartis dans 6 sites au sud de la france. Les sols etudies ont des proprietes physicochimiques tres variees. L'etude montre d'une part la possibilite d'effectuer une biosurveillance directe (sur le terrain) de la contamination par les elements traces des milieux terrestres et d'autre part l'interet d'utiliser les lombriciens comme outils de mesure et de comparaison des niveaux de bio-contamination (bio-indication physiologique). Cette bioconcentration depend de la teneur totale en elements traces des sols mais aussi des proprietes physicochimiques et des categories ecologiques lombriciennes. Partant de ces bioconcentrations de contaminants observes, il a ete possible de faire une evaluation des transferts importants des contaminants depuis les lombriciens vers leurs predateurs, ceux-ci se sont averes preoccupants. En outre, nous avons constate la disparition (bio-indication existentielle), dans des sols contamines par les elements traces, d'un genre lombricien anecique (scherothe ca spp. ) important dans le fonctionnement d'ecosystemes (erosion, chaines alimentaires, degradation de la matiere organique et liberation des elements necessaires aux plantes et aux microorganismes. . . ). L'etude a montre egalement que les analyses partielles et les etudes en microcosmes contribuent peu a la connaissance ecotoxicologique
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Wuchner, Klaus. „Préparation et analyse de micropolluants organiques dans des échantillons environnementaux (extraction par fluide supercritique ; préconcentration et analyse en ligne HPLC)“. Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT069G.
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L'extraction et l'enrichissement de micropolluants organiques, couvrant une large gamme de polarite, sont etudies pour des matrices environnementales. Deux techniques de preparation d'echantillons sont evaluees et optimisees: l'extraction par fluide supercritique (sfe) de matrices solides (sols, sediments, adsorbants) et la preconcentration de polluants aqueux sur une precolonne, remplie d'un adsorbant polymerique (polystyrene-divinylbenzene), couplee en-ligne a la chromatographie en phase liquide (hplc), equipee d'un detecteur uv multi longueur d'ondes. Les fluides supercritiques permettent d'extraire des pesticides organophosphores et le pyrimicarbe de sols et de sediments en moins d'une heure avec des rendements de 80% (ou superieurs). L'ajout de methanol ou d'eau a la matrice permet de rompre les interactions matrice-analyte, qui sont un des principaux facteurs limitant l'efficacite en sfe. L'eau modifie la morphologie d'un sol et ameliore l'extraction des analytes polaires, mais diminue la vitesse d'extraction des composes apolaires. Des extractions a des temperatures elevees ( 100c) augmentent la diffusivite des analytes dans la matrice. Un ajustement de ces parametres est particulierement important si le temps de contact entre les polluants et la matrice est long (plusieurs mois). L'influence relative des divers parametres operatoires (temperature, pression, debit du fluide, methode de dopage, modificateurs, caracteristiques de la matrice etc. . . ) est etudiee. Une purification en-ligne des extraits sur silice ou florisil est evaluee. Des extractions fractionnees par ajustement de la densite du fluide sont realisables pour des polluants aqueux, enrichis sur un adsorbant. L'enrichissement sur l'adsorbant polymerique est etudie pour 42 polluants, en particulier des pesticides, dans les eaux de riviere de la region toulousaine. 34 composes peuvent etre doses a 1. 0 ppb et identifies plus surement grace a l'acquisition de leurs spectres uv. Les composes neutres tres polaires ou ioniques (substances acides) ne sont pas suffisamment retenus par l'adsorbant pour une identification a 1 ppb. La repetabilite des temps de retention et des surfaces chromatographiques est etudiee, ainsi que l'effet d'une filtration et d'une acidification de l'eau. Deux adsorbants, un charbon graphitise et un polymere polyvinylpyrrolidone ne permettent pas d'elargir la gamme de micropolluants analysables a 1 ppb. Les 2 techniques de preparation d'echantillons etudiees diminuent considerablement le temps et la consommation de solvants par rapport aux techniques d'extraction classiques. (soxhlet, extraction liquide-liquide)
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Henry, Jean-Yves. „Détection et caractérisation des pollutions du sous-sol par des composés organiques volatifs : Mise au point d'un analyseur de gaz telluriques par spectrométrie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier“. Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU3009.
Annotation:
L'analyse des gaz telluriques est une technique permettant de localiser les pollutions du sous-sol par des composes organiques volatils hydrophobes ou toute substance biodégradable en composés volatils. Cette méthode est économique, simple et rapide à mettre en œuvre. L'étude des différents mécanismes de migration des polluants dans la phase gazeuse tellurique permet de préciser la méthodologie de prélèvement des gaz dans les sols. Une étude bibliographique dresse l'état de l'art de la technique du point de vue prélèvement et analyse. Afin de disposer d'un système autonome, rapide, sensible, capable d'identifier et de quantifier les polluants sur site, un analyseur de gaz utilisant la spectrométrie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier a été développé. L'appareil est étalonné par génération dynamique et dilution d'étalons commerciaux. Un logiciel a été écrit afin de quantifier les teneurs des espèces gazeuses présentes, de calculer un spectre résiduel et d'identifier des molécules inconnues. L'efficacité et l'inertie chimique d'un dispositif de séchage des gaz en ligne ont été étudiées. L'évaluation du système a été conduite en laboratoire avec deux mélanges gazeux comprenant des polluants courants (N-hexane, monoaromatiques, 1-1-1 trichloroéthane, trichloréthylène) et deux produits de biodégradation(Co#2 et méthane). L'étude des teneurs mesurées en fonction de la longueur du trajet optique a permis d'établir que les limites de détection pratiques sont inférieures à la partie par million en volume (PPMV) pour la plupart des produits étudiés. La détection d'un contaminant dans un des mélanges (protoxyde d'azote) a mis en valeur la qualité des quantifications et de la procédure d'identification. La dernière partie de l'étude a consisté à utiliser l'analyseur IRTF sur un site contaminé. Il a été ainsi possible de localiser les zones de pollution avec une reproductibilité des mesures inférieures à 5%, d'identifier et de doser du tétrachloroéthylène à des teneurs proches de la PPMV.
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Heroult, Julien. „Etude de la biodisponibilité des organoétains en milieu agricole : persistance dans les sols et exposition des végétaux récoltés“. Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3032.
Annotation:
De par leurs propriétés biocides et stabilisantes des matières plastiques, les organoétains (OTC) sont employés dans diverses activités aussi bien agricoles, industrielles que domestiques. Dans le milieu agricole plus particulièrement, la pulvérisation de pesticides ou encore l’épandage de boues de station d’épuration peuvent induire une contamination des sols. Le caractère non spécifique des propriétés biocides de ces composés engendre ainsi un danger pour les écosystèmes voire pour l’Homme. Afin d’évaluer les risques d’une contamination des sols, il est primordial de connaître le devenir des OTC dans le système sol – solution de sol – plante. Ce travail a eu comme premier objectif de développer et valider une méthode d’analyse de ces composés dans les sols. Cette méthode a par la suite permis d’évaluer la persistance et de définir les schémas de dégradation des 6 OTC les plus fréquemment détectés dans l’environnement (i. E. Butyl- et phénylétains). Il en ressort des temps de demi-vie compris entre 24 (TPhT) et 220 jours (MBT). Un état des lieux de la contamination des sols agricoles français a été réalisé mettant en évidence la présence quasi-systématique d’OTC dans les sols de cultures de vignes et vergers. Enfin, la phytotoxicité des organoétains, leur prélèvement et leur devenir dans le maïs ont été étudiés afin d’évaluer leur biodisponibilité vis-à-vis des végétaux cultivés et ainsi d’estimer les dangers d’une contamination de la chaîne alimentaire. Au vu de ces premiers résultats, l’accumulation des OTC dans le végétal apparaît significativeDue to their biocide and plastic stabilizing properties, organotin compounds (OTC) are widely used in various agricultural, industrial or household activities. In agriculture, direct pesticide spraying or spreading of sewage sludge can lead to soil contamination. As their biocide properties are non specific, OTC remain hazardous for ecosystems as well as for Humans. To assess risks linked to soil contamination, it is of major concern to evaluate OTC fate in the soil – soil solution – plant system. At first, this work dealt with the development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of organotins in soils. This method was then applied to (i) estimate the persistence and degradation schemes of the 6 OTC most frequently detected in the environment (i. E. Butyl- and phenyltins) and (ii) screen OTC in several French agricultural soils. It appeared that OTC half-life time ranged from 24 (TPhT) to 220 days (MBT) and studied orchard and vineyard soils were most of the time contaminated. Finally, OTC phytotoxicity, uptake and fate within maize were studied to estimate their bioavailability towards ultivated vegetables and hazard due to food chain contamination. Our first results point out a significative OTC accumulation in plant
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Philibert, Aurore. „Méthodes de méta-analyse pour l’estimation des émissions de N2O par les sols agricoles“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0072/document.
Annotation:
Le terme de méta-analyse désigne l'analyse statique d'un large ensemble de résultats provenant d'études individuelles pour un même sujet donné. Cette approche est de plus en plus étudiée dans différents domaines, notamment en agronomie. Dans cette discipline, une revue bibliographique réalisée dans le cadre de la thèse a cependant montré que les méta-analyses n'étaient pas toujours de bonne qualité. Les méta-analyses effectuées en agronomie étudient ainsi très rarement la robustesse de leurs conclusions aux données utilisées et aux méthodes statistiques. L'objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer et d'illustrer l'importance des analyses de sensibilité dans le cadre de la méta-analyse en s'appuyant sur l'exemple de l'estimation des émissions de N2O provenant des sols agricoles. L'estimation des émissions de protoxyde d'azote (N2O) est réalisée à l'échelle mondaile par le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC). Le N2O est un puissant gaz à effet de serre avec un pouvoir de réchauffement 298 fois plus puissant que le CO2 sur une période de 100 ans. Les émissions de N2O ont la particularité de présenter une forte variabilité spatiale et temporelle. Deux bases de données sont utilisées dans ce travail : la base de données de Rochette et Janzen (2005) et celle de Stehfest et Bouwman (2006). Elles recensent de nombreuses mesures d'émissions de N2O réparties dans le monde provenant d'études publiées et ont joué un rôle important lors des estimations d'émissions de N2O réalisées par le GIEC. Les résultats montrent l'intérêt des modèles à effets aléatoires pour estimer les émissions de NO2 issues de sols agricoles. Ils sont bien adaptés à la structure des données (observations répétées sur un même site pour différentes doses d'engrais, avec plusieurs sites considérés). Ils permettent de distinguer la variabilité inter-sites de la variabilité intra-site et d'estimer l'effet de la dose d'engrais azoté sur les émissions de NO2. Dans ce mémoire, l'analyse de la sensibilité des estimations à la forme de la relation "Emission de N2O / Dose d'engrais azoté" a montré qu'une relation exponentielle était plus adaptée. Il apparait ainsi souhaitable de remplacer le facteur d'émission constant du GIEC (1% d'émission quelque soit la dose d'engrais azoté) par un facteur variable qui augmenterait en fonction de la dose. Nous n'avons par contre pas identifié de différence importante entre les méthodes d'inférence fréquentiste et bayésienne. Deux approches ont été proposées pour inclure des variables de milieu et de pratiques culturales dans les estimations de N2O. La méthode Random Forest permet de gérer les données manquantes et présente les meilleures prédictions d'émission de N2O. Les modèles à effets aléatoires permettent eux de prendre en compte ces variables explicatives par le biais d'une ou plusieurs mesures d'émission de N2O. Cette méthode permet de prédire les émissions de N2O pour des doses non testées comme le cas non fertilisé en parcelles agricoles. Les résultats de cette méthode sont cependant sensibles au plan d'expérience utilisé localement pour mesurer les émissions de N2OThe term meta-analysis refers to the statistical analysis of a large set of results coming from individual studies about the same topic. This approach is increasingly used in various areas, including agronomy. In this domain however, a bibliographic review conducted by this thesis, showed that meta-analyses were not always of good quality. Meta-analyses in agronomy very seldom study the robustness of their findings relative to data quality and statistical methods.The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate and illustrate the importance of sensitivity analysis in the context of meta-analysis and as an example this is based on the estimation of N2O emissions from agricultural soils. The estimation of emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) is made at the worldwide level by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). N2O is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming power 298 times greater than the one of CO2 over a 100 year period. The key characteristics of N2O emissions are a significant spatial and time variability. Two databases are used for this work: the database of Rochette and Janzen (2005) and the one of Stehfest and Bouwman (2006). They collect numerous worldwide N2O emissions measurements from published studies and have played a significant role in the estimation of N2O emissions produced by the IPCC. The results show the value of random effects models in order to estimate N2O emissions from agricultural soils. They are well suited to the structure of the data (repeated observations on the same site for different doses of fertilizers, with several sites considered). They allow to differentiate the inter-site and intra-site variability and to estimate the effect of the rate of nitrogen fertilize on the N2O emissions. In this paper, the analysis of the sensitivity of the estimations to the shape of the relationship "Emission of N2O / N fertilizer dose" has shown that an exponential relationship would be the most appropriate. Therefore it would be appropriate to replace the constant emission factor of the IPCC (1% emission whatever the dose of nitrogen fertilizer) by a variable factor which would increase with the dose. On the other hand we did not identify significant differences between frequentist and Bayesian inference methods. Two approaches have been proposed to include environmental variables and cropping practices in the estimates of N2O. The first one using the Random Forest method allows managing missing data and provides the best N2O emissions predictions. The other one, based on random effects models allow to take into account these explanatory variables via one or several measurements of N2O. They allow predicting N2O emissions for non-tested doses in unfertilized farmer's field. However their results are sensitive to the experimental design used locally to measure N2O emissions
8
Choquet, Catherine. „Analyse de modèles d'écoulements en milieu poreux hétérogène“. Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21392.
Annotation:
Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de quelques modèles d'écoulements de fluides miscibles et faiblement compressibles. Les problèmes considérés interviennent dans la modélisation de la contamination des nappes phréatiques par des espèces radioactives, ou de l'exploitation de réservoirs pétroliers. La modélisation des phénomènes conduit à l'étude de systèmes d'équations aux dérivées partielles de type parabolique. Plusieurs équations de type diffusion-convection, modélisant le transport de chaque espèce en solution, sont couplées à l'équation gouvernant le champ des vitesses de Darcy. A cela peut s'ajouter une équation régissant la diffusion de la chaleur. Ce mémoire comprend 3 parties distinctes : -Ecoulements de contaminants radioactifs en milieu poreux : nous donnons le système des équations aux dérivées partielles qui traduisent les lois de conservation de masse et d'énergie. Nous prenons en compte les mécanismes physico-chimiques les plus importants. Nous étudions ensuite l'existence de solutions dans différents cadres physiques ; -Homogénéisation d'écoulements tridimentionnels : l'objet de cette partie est la modélisation dans un milieu naturellement fracturé, ainsi que dans un milieu aux caractéristiques physiques fortement oscillantes ; -Modèles d'écoulements unidimensionnel : cette restriction de la dimension nous permet de traiter des termes non linéaires de couplage supplémentaires. Cette partie est constituée d'une étude d'homogénéisation, et de l'analyse mathématique d'un modèle dans lequel on néglige le terme de dispersion
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Abbes, Kaïs. „Analyse de la relation agriculture-environnement : une approche bio-économique : cas de la salinisation des sols et de la pollution par les nitrates au nord tunisien“. Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10002.
Annotation:
Pour aborder la complexité de la relation agriculture-environnement, un modèle économique est couplé à un modèle biophysique. Le modèle bio-économique ainsi conçu pour une région semi-aride nous a permis de tirer des riches enseignements. Sur le plan empirique, la simulation des formules tarifaires binômes de l'eau a mis en exergue les conflits d'intérêts entre des agriculteurs cherchant à maximiser leurs revenus et un gestionnaire de la ressource en eau soucieux d'améliorer la couverture de ses charges. Alors que la simulation des politiques environnementales a mis en évidence que aucun effort de dépollution n'est envisageable sans que cela engendre une perte de revenu des exploitants. Sur le plan théorique, nous démontrons que la fonction d'externalité est désormais non-convexe et risque ainsi de compromettre l'efficacité de certaines politiques environnementales. Dans ce cas, l'éco-conditionnalité liée à la rotation des cultures paraît une piste intéressante à explorer.
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Schmitt, Philippe. „Potentiels de l'électrophorèse capillaire dans l'analyse des pesticides et des substances humiques : application à l'étude des interactions pesticides - substances humiques“. Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL117N.
Annotation:
Différentes méthodes électrophorétiques ont été développées pour l'analyse de pesticides et de substances humiques. En électrophorèse capillaire de zone (CZE), des herbicides cationiques (s-triazines) et/ou anioniques (acides phénoxyacétiques) peuvent être séparés aisément avec une limite de détection de l'ordre de 10 g/l. La CZE est également efficace dans l'analyse du comportement électrophorétique de mélanges complexes de polyélectrolytes anioniques tels que les substances humiques. Un exemple d'application de la CZE est donné dans l'analyse des métabolites hydroxyles de l'atrazine lors de processus photochimiques en présence de substances humiques dissoutes. L’addition dans le tampon de séparation de différentes cyclodextrines substituées permet la séparation d'énantiomères de pesticides racémiques. L’utilisation de la CZE dans l'analyse d'échantillons réels est démontrée dans le suivi de la dégradation sélective d'un mélange racémique de dichlorprop, après son application aux champs. Les énantiomères de pesticides neutres (organophosphorés, DDT, DDD, DDE, acétamides, ester d'acides phénoxyacétiques) sont séparés en utilisant l'électrophorèse capillaire micellaire (MECC) avec addition de cyclodextrines. L’addition dans le tampon de séparation de substances organiques (ou inorganiques) à réactions spécifiques avec les échantillons permet d'orienter et d'optimiser les séparations ; le capillaire devient un réacteur. Cette propriété est utilisée dans la technique d'électrophorèse capillaire d'affinité (ACE) qui a été adaptée pour la mesure simultanée des états de liaison entre quatre s-triazines et des acides phénoliques (addition des ligands dans le tampon de séparation). L’adsorption des mêmes herbicides à des substances humiques est modélisée d'une manière similaire qu'en électrophorèse capillaire micellaire (MECC), démontrant de surcroit les propriétés micellaires des substances humiques ; une concentration micellaire critique peut être définie pour les substances humiques (micelles chargées). De cette manière les coefficients de partage de s-triazines entre la phase aqueuse et différentes phases humiques dissoutes peuvent être déterminés rapidement et simultanément
Bücher zum Thema "Sols – Pollution – Analyse":
1
Hewitt, Alan D. On-site method for measuring nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives in soil and groundwater using GC-NPD: Feasibility study. Hanover, N.H: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1999.
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Wilkinson, P. The determination of environmental levels of uranium and thorium series isotopes and ℗£℗đʺ́Cs in aquatic and terrestrial samples. Ottawa: Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1985.
3
Asrari, Elham. Heavy metal contamination of water and soil: Analysis, assessment, and remediation strategies. Toronto: Apple Academic Press, 2014.
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1962-, Gauthier Renée, und Québec (Province). Direction des programmes de gestion des déchets et des lieux contaminés., Hrsg. Problématique des sols et des eaux souterraines contaminés par des produits pétroliers: Sélection des paramètres analytiques. [Québec]: Gouvernement du Québec, Le Ministère, Direction des substances dangereuses, 1993.
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A, O'Shay Tracey, Hoddinott Keith B. 1956-, ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock., ASTM Subcommittee D18.06 on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil. und American Petroleum Institute, Hrsg. Analysis of soils contaminated with petroleum constituents. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1994.
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Ph, Quevauviller, und Royal Society of Chemistry, Hrsg. Methodologies in soil and sediment fractionation studies: Single and sequential extraction procedures. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
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Grant, Clarence L. Comparison criteria for environmental chemical analyses of split samples sent to different laboratories: Corps of Engineers archived data. [Hanover, N.H.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1996.
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Takahashi, Yoshio. Sentanteki X-sen kyūshūhō o mochiita dojōchū no yōso no ikō kyodō ni kansuru kenkyū. [Hiroshima-shi]: Hiroshima Daigaku, 2007.
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Stock, Reinhard. Die Verbreitung von Waldschäden in Fichtenforsten des Westharzes: Eine geographische Analyse. Göttingen: E. Goltze, 1990.
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Byrnes, Mark E. Field sampling methods for remedial investigations. 2. Aufl. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 2009.
Buchteile zum Thema "Sols – Pollution – Analyse":
1
Pfahler, V., J. Adu-Gyamfi, D. O’Connell und F. Tamburini. „The Use of the δ18OP to Study P Cycling in the Environment“. In Oxygen Isotopes of Inorganic Phosphate in Environmental Samples, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97497-8_1.
Annotation:
AbstractPhosphorus (P) fertilizers are known to increase crop productivity; however, when applied in excess, it can cause serious environment pollution. Monitoring P pollution in natural environments using stable isotopes has been difficult because P has only one stable isotope (31P) making the use of P stable isotope tracing not an option. Radioactive P isotopes (32P and 33P) have been used but its drawbacks are the short half-life, health risks and safety procedures required to apply them in agricultural catchments. Phosphorus in organic and inorganic P forms is strongly bonded to oxygen (O), which has three stable isotopes, providing a system to track P cycling in agricultural catchments and environment using the stable isotopes of O in phosphate (δ18O-PO4). In recent years, various studies have indicated that the analysis of the stable isotopic composition of oxygen (O) bound to P (δ18Op) to better understand P cycling in the environment, has become a promising tracer (surrogate) to investigate soil P transformation, plant P uptake and to trace the sources of P from the soil to water bodies and the environment. The chapter outlines the background and examples of δ18Op studies in sediments, soils, fresh water, mineral fertilizers and plants.
2
Zho, Yarui, Haiyan Qin, Haoze Gao, Alexander M. Piotrowski und Zilong Li. „Analysis and assessment of nickel pollution in soils and research progress of passivation repair technology“. In Advances in Geology and Resources Exploration, 740–48. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308584-104.
3
Roux, Jacques. „L’expertise en local : modalités et opérativité du connaître par accointance en situation de risque ou de catastrophe“. In Le recours aux experts, 427–45. Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pug.dumou.2013.01.0427.
Annotation:
Documentée à partir de trois cas d’expertise pratiquée par des personnes privées, impliquées dans des situations affectant des territoires (inondation, pollution des sols, perturbations climatiques), la forme de connaissance in vivo qui est mise ici en analyse, inscrite de manière singulière dans un contexte de proximité, n’en mobilise pas moins des catégories et des modèles de la science de laboratoire. Ni amateurs ni profanes, ces porteurs de savoirs par accointance valident leur expertise dans l’actualisation d’une relation à un milieu menacé d’existence. Agissant en leur nom propre, ils interviennent ce faisant en vue du bien commun, enracinant l’insertion politique de l’expertise dans l’épreuve des choses communes, ici et maintenant.
4
„Methods of Assessing and Analyzing Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils“. In Global Industrial Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa, 90–121. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7116-6.ch004.
Annotation:
As heavy metal pollution in soils grows to be an environmental and public health concern, there is need to apply accurate, precise, cost effective, and highly sensitive analytical approaches to assay the contaminant levels. The results of such analyses can be used in making informed plans to curtail pollution by using greener, reclamation and/or remediation methods in affected land. In this chapter, direct and indirect analytical methods to assay heavy metals in soils and their working approaches are discussed. The sampling of targeted soils and before-analysis preparations of analytical samples are also elaborated. Spectrometric techniques were found to be the most superior analytical methods due to their low detection limits, high sensitivity and contaminant identification power and extensive lineal ranges for multi-elemental analysis. However, equipment uses and sample introduction approaches require optimization in the techniques to prevent physical, chemical, and spectral interferences, which compromise analytical accuracy.
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„Methods of Rating Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils Using Indices“. In Global Industrial Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa, 122–40. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7116-6.ch005.
Annotation:
Heavy metal contamination in soils is from both lithologic and anthropogenic origin. Assessment of such contaminants in soils is done using empirical geochemical studies that involve soil sampling and their subsequent analysis using different laboratory techniques and equipment. Contamination degree rating is done thereafter using pollution indices. In this chapter, single and total complex pollution indices are studied and their purpose, strengths, and weaknesses discussed. Findings showed that pollution rating is purpose-driven and site specific. Important considerations to make when choosing a pollution index to use depends on the target soil use, data availability, purpose of the study and comparability of obtained results. Simultaneous use of multiple indices is recommended for enhanced pollution rating accuracy.
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„Heavy Metal Pollution of Soils and Their Ecological Risk in Suburban Areas“. In Global Industrial Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa, 141–60. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7116-6.ch006.
Annotation:
In this study, soils of five suburban areas of Nairobi, Kenya where vegetables were irrigated with wastewater were assayed for heavy metals and resultant concentrations compared to the predefined permissible levels. Using multivariate statistical analyses, relationships among the assayed metals were established. Furthermore, pollution and ecological risk indices were used to rate pollution levels from assayed metal contaminants. Findings showed that concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg and Mn were higher than permissible levels, which was indicative of pollution. All metals except Co and Ni came from similar sources based on their positive Pearson's correlation coefficient values. Based on the computed pollution and ecological risk indices, Cd and Hg had the greatest pollution contribution in the soils. Pollution in the study area was largely a result of anthropogenic activities in the vicinity. Affirmative action is imperative to regulate the release and reuse of wastewater for agricultural purposes.
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Collins, Chris D. „Soil Pollution and Risk Assessment“. In Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control, 340–55. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849736480-00340.
Annotation:
Soil is a vital resource to the operation of the global ecosystem it provides a wide range of functions including; a growing medium for crops, support for buildings and regulating elemental cycles. Pollutants in the soil environment can disrupt these processes. It is therefore essential that we strive to reduce these impacts. In order to do this we must understand the source of contaminants, their transport within soils and how they reach potential receptors. The receptor maybe the soil itself, an organism within it or a person exposed to it. By understanding these linkages we can develop strategies to reduce negative outcomes. This chapter describes this source-pathway-receptor linkage and how it is quantified for the purposes of risk assessment. First the sources are described for the potentially toxic elements and organic pollutants. The transport in soils following contamination is then outlined for these two groups of pollutants. Finally the quantification of exposure is briefly described to determine the human impact of these chemicals. The chapter also illustrates new chemical methods for the analysis of soils to fine tune the risk assessment procedure.
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Rathoure, Ashok Kumar. „Soil Sampling, Analysis, and Rock Phosphate Amendments“. In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 32–45. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7940-3.ch003.
Annotation:
Soil plays a vital role in supporting the growth of crops and other vegetation, maintaining the environment, and acting as source and sink for atmospheric gases. Soils are natural bodies on which plants grow. The increasing population, industrialization, and changing lifestyle have negative effect on soil and are responsible for soil pollution. Good soil and climate for more crop production are valuable things for any nation. Soil amendments can be used to cost-effectively reduce the bio-availability and mobility of toxic metals in contaminated soils. Organic amendments considerably affect nutrient balance and interaction mobility of nutrients by influencing the chemical, physical, and biological environment in soils. Here in this chapter, the author has discussed the soil, its profile and type, analysis, and benefits on rock phosphate amendments.
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Keefer, Robert F. „Satellite Imaging, Laser Technology, and Computer Programs“. In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0021.
Annotation:
management, and development planning. Two examples of this are: GIS could allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times during natural disasters; or GIS could be used to find wetlands that need protection from pollution. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to capture, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information (Allender, 1998). A more simplified definition would he: a computer system capable of holding and using data, describing places on the earth’s surface, for the purpose of spatial analysis. It is also “intelligent graphics” to aid in the analysis and depiction of complex data sets. Components of GIS include ARC/INFO:GIS software by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute), ARC—graphical features of points, lines/arcs, and polygons, INFO—the relational database component of tables of data of any attribute that ties to a graphical component.
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Kumar Gupta, Pankaj. „Hydrocarbon pollution assessment and analysis using GC–MS“. In Advances in Remediation Techniques for Polluted Soils and Groundwater, 361–77. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823830-1.00010-9.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Sols – Pollution – Analyse":
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Kharina, G. V. „The problem of technogenic soil pollution in the city of Yekaterinburg with heavy metals“. In III ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION “ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, CULTURAL INITIATIVES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT-DNIT-III-2024”. Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/dnit-iii.2024.11.1004.
Annotation:
: the work is devoted to the problem of soil pollution in Yekaterinburg with heavy metals. The mechanisms of fixation of heavy metals in soils are given; the negative effects of accumulation of heavy metals in soils are noted. The purpose of the work was to assess the degree of technogenic accumulation of heavy metals in the soils of the city of Yekaterinburg. The experimental part lists the sites of soil sampling in Yekaterinburg; describes the method of preparing samples for analysis; it is noted that the gross content of heavy metals (copper, lead, cadmium, zinc and nickel) was determined by inversion voltammetry. It was found that soils with sampling sites located near industrial enterprises are more polluted. The values of the geoaccumulation index of these heavy metals in soils are calculated. A strong level of soil contamination with lead and cadmium and an average level of contamination with nickel and zinc were revealed. A number of technogeneities of heavy metals in the soils of Yekaterinburg have been established. The maximum technogenicity is set for cadmium and lead.
2
Altan, Metin, Ömer Ayyildiz, Semra Malkoç, Berna Yazici und Savaş Koparal. „Developing Heavy Metal Pollution Map with Multifactor Contributed“. In Optical Remote Sensing of the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orse.2010.pdotua3.
Annotation:
In this study, a detailed investigation has been conducted to understand the contamination characteristics and distributions of heavy metal pollution in terms of contributions of the heavy metal concentrations as mg/kg of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Fe and Mn in the urban soil in Eskişehir city center. The amount of these heavy metals were determined from 15 soil sample points collected within urban area and every sample point included 6 separated samples for chemical analyses. The results indicated that concentration values of all metals except Ni and Cr in soils were below the risky limit pollution values. Spatial distribution maps were created and recoded, in terms of these heavy metals concentrations as contribution to heavy metal pollution in soil, through Geographical Information Systems techniques.
3
Nitcheva, Olga, und Albena Vatralova. „ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN BULGARIA AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS FOR ITS MITIGATION“. In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.006.
Annotation:
Nitrogen pollution contributes to climate change, acid rain and eutrophication. The present study evaluates the degree of nitrogen contamination of air, surface and ground waters in Bulgaria with reference to the 2021 EU Action Plan 'Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil' as well as the relevant international and national regulations in the field. The analysis uses data from the Bulgarian Ministry of Environment and Water, Ministry of Agriculture, the European Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research � EDGAR, and FAO. The main sources of nitrogen pollution are considered with special attention to the mineral fertilizers applied to soils in agriculture. Numerical experiments implemented with the mathematical model WAVE identified rational fertilization rates, achieving permissible nitrogen pollution of the atmosphere and groundwater at good crop yields. The methodology can be applied for recommendation of good agricultural practices in order to preserve the ecological balance and optimize the economic costs of mineral fertilizers, especially in the current situation of their prices sharp increase.
4
Nevidomskaya, D. G., T. M. Minkina, N. E. Kravtsova, V. A. Chaplygin und A. P. Scherbakov. „ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS OF SOILS AND PLANTS OF THE DELTA OF THE DON RIVER AND THE COAST OF THE TAGANROG BAY“. In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.372-375.
Annotation:
Complex studies in the terrestrial components of the ecosystems in the Don River and the coast of the Taganrog Bay were carried out. Monitoring plots were selected that gave an idea of the sources of input, migration flows and zones of accumulation of heavy metals in soils and plants. High mobility of Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cu in soils was established, statistically significant linear correlations between the total content of Zn, Cg, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Pb in soils and plants were determined.
5
DANCHENKO, Yuliya, Pavlo BOSAK, Igor SHUKEL und Vasyl POPOVYCH. „Railway infrastructure of Ukraine as a factor of soil chemical hazard (analytical overview)“. In 12th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VILNIUS TECH, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2023.873.
Annotation:
To reach the aim in solving these tasks, the following theoretical methods of research were used, mainly analysis, experimental data, complex assessment of hazardous influence of railway infrastructure on the environment, mainly soil chemical pollution, which are an essential part of railway infrastructure. Considering the comparative characteristics, we can make a prognosis on any heavy metal impact with excessive content of acid and alkaline properties of polluted soils. A result of scientific research an analytical review of the issue of railway infrastructure in Ukraine as a factor of soil chemical hazard and determination of the main sources of pollution among the enterprises of rail transport.
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MAZHAYSKY, Yuri, Tatyana GUSEVA und Otilija MISECKAITĖ. „INTEGRATED MELIORATION MEASURES ON RESTORATION OF POLLUTED AND DEGRADED SOILS FERTILITY“. In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.044.
Annotation:
In case of significant technogenic geochemical loads on agricultural landscapes, the issue of ecological forecasting of environmental management is particularly important. Scientific studies of this issue are aimed at establishing the critical values for the components of the ecosystem, the classification of technogenic sources of hazardous substances, levels of soil contamination. This study presents a research to determine the content of heavy metals in the soils of the Ryazan region (Russia) and analyzed the level of their pollution. In the experiments organic, organomineral and mineral fertilizers systems were studied. From 2002 to 2008 were conducted lysimetric experiments on detoxification of elevated pollution of sod-podzol sandy loam soil, and from 2006 to 2008 of podzolized black soil. The participation of the non-ferrous metals plant emissions was detected in the pollution of sod-podzol light in granulometric composition soils with copper of up to 80 mg·kg-1, when the average concentration of Cu in the soil was 38.8 ±6 mg·kg-1. Humification plays a significant role in the formation of soil, its most important properties and characteristics. The saturation of 1 hectare of sown area with organic was slightly different in the experiments, but the intensity of accumulation of humus from the various agrochemical means did not almost differ. The problem of adaptation of plants in the conditions of technogenic environment is of primary importance. Plants have three biobarera against the admission of toxicants, these are the soil – the root – the stem – the reproductive organs. Grain in contaminated soil is environmentally hazardous as the content of Pb is indicated at the level of 0.68, 1.17 mg·kg-1 (MPC 0.5), Cd – 0.27, 0.11 mg·kg-1 (MPC 0.1), Zn – 76 mg·kg-1 (50 MPC). Use of fertilizing systems had a mostly positive effect, but products do not always become environmentally friendly.
7
Hovorun, Anastasiia, und Olga Myslyuk. „ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF URBAN SOILS IN CHERKASSY“. In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.08.
Annotation:
The characteristics of the soil cover of the city Cherkassy and the sources of anthropogenic changes of its acidbase properties are presented. The results of the research of soils from different functional zones of the city Cherkassy showed that its reaction is mainly alkaline. The cartographic model of experimental data was made with the program SURFER showing acid-base regime characteristics of soils in different functional zones of the city. This mapping allowed to identify the following soils: fertile (рН = 6.5–7.0) and potentially fertile (рН = 7.0–7.5), hardly suitable (рН = 7.5–8.0), moderately (рН = 8.0–8.5) and highly (рН = 8.0–8.5) toxic. It is concluded that only 60% of urban soils can be identified as fertile or potentially fertile in terms of characteristics of acid-base regime. The results of the evaluation of acid-base regime of urban soilsare correlated with the results of the previous studies of pollution of snow cover in the areas of permanent emissions and the anionic composition of soils. The analysis of the cause-effect relationships in the impact of adverse environmental factors on urban landscapes showed that the formation of acid-base regime of soils is influenced both by the natural landscape, i.e. geochemical, and anthropogenic factors.
8
Pirvulescu, Luminita, Despina-Maria Bordean, Loredana Copacean und Narcis Gheorghe Baghina. „ASSESSMENT OF STRONTIUM, RUBIDIUM AND SCANDIUM STATUS IN SOILS AFFECTED BY SOLID WASTE DEPOSITS“. In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/35.
Annotation:
The aim of the study was to assess the level of contamination of soil with strontium, rubidium and scandium in the solid waste deposits. The study was performed on soil samples collected from Moldova Noua, southwest of Romania, an area with historical anthropogenic history. The soil analysis was performed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The samples were collected from five collection points using a random pattern from around the illegal waste deposit and all analyses were performed in triplicate. To assess the influence of wastes on the soils concentration levels of strontium (Sr), rubidium (Rb) and scandium (Sc), were calculated contamination factors (CF), and pollution index (PIL) by reporting the concentration of the investigated elements of the upper earth crust concentrations and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) calculated by reporting the elements concentration values to a control sample, used as reference. The reference sample was collected from an area close to the waste deposit but located in a protected green area. The results show that from the investigated elements, scandium is the element of concern, the soil presenting a moderate contamination level with this element.
9
Panasyuk, M. I., A. D. Skorbun, V. V. Ronchar und A. V. Zhydkov. „The Nature of Contamination of the Area in the Nearest Vicinity of Chornobyl NPP Destroyed Unit“. In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4737.
Annotation:
A territory around the destroyed by the 1986 accident 4-th unit of Chornobyl NPP has been contaminated severely by radioactive materials pollution from the damaged unit. During the stage of accident consequences mitigation, the radioactive materials in a form of fragments of building constructions, fuel elements, graphite cladding, and upper layer of soil have been collected and buried. Around the destroyed Unit 4 the “Shelter” have been erected, and the decontaminated territory was covered by such anthropogenic soils as a pure crushed stone, sand and poured concrete. Special investigation indicates, however, that those soil turned out to be contaminated as well, and the main amount of the whole activity is concentrated in the so called active layer of the soil, which is located close to the pre-accident earth surface level. Given report is devoted to a possible mechanism of the soils contamination and radionuclide distributions in soils by way of laboratory analysis of cores of wells, which were drilled in the local zone, and gamma logging data analysis as well. The performed sampling analysis of soils, which belongs to the Shelter object industrial site show that radioactive contamination of anthropogenic soils of the active layer is mainly originates from active impurities (fine dispersed fuel particles) being distributed in a uniform way in the soil volume. The industrial site territory is covered by a concrete of a noticeable specific activity. That concrete during construction of “Shelter” flowed out through chinks in the casing and spread over the surrounding site. The concrete leached small fuel particles and carried those particles away from obstruction in mechanical way. This turned out an effective and power enough mechanism to contaminate the industrial site by radionuclides already just after an active stage of the accident. It seems to be perspective to introduce a technology for reprocessing of industrial site soils by way of flotation. That will permit to concentrate the considerable part of an activity and so to reduce sharply the volume of high-active radwastes, which must be buried.
10
GURSKIENĖ, Virginija, und Justina JATUŽYTĖ. „LAND USE IN ŽUVINTAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE“. In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.053.
Annotation:
The aim of the study – to assess the current land use and sustainable farming possibilities in the area of the Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve. Mathematical statistical analysis, graphing, interviews, induction and other methods were used during the research. Agricultural censuses, agricultural land and crop declaration (that had been carried out between the years 2012 and 2014) and some other data were analyzed. Intensive farming was established in the group of agrarian areas landscape management zones: conventional industrial farming in the landscape management zone. In the analyzed Simnas, Krosna and Igliauka subdistricts land is used quite extensively, therefore restructuring, in order to improve the ecological conditions, is possible not reducing the volume of production, but in accordance with the guidelines. In the territory of the Žuvintas Biosphere Reserve the declared crop area increased by 0.4 per cent from 2012 to 2014, perennial grass area increased by 4.01 per cent. Sustainable farming was set in the Amalvas polder and peat soils as well as in areas sensitive to surface and groundwater pollution. In the major part of the polder extensive agriculture is developed, it is mainly natural grasslands and pastures as well as cultivated grasslands. SWOT analysis was performed.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Sols – Pollution – Analyse":
1
Meunier, Valérie, und Eric Marsden. Analyse coût-bénéfices: guide méthodologique. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, Dezember 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/492acb.
Annotation:
La gestion des risques industriels soulève de nombreuses questions auxquelles on ne peut pas répondre par un simple «oui» ou «non»: (1) quels critères la société devrait-elle utiliser pour décider que les risques d'une installation industrielle ont été réduits aussi bas que raisonnablement praticable? (2) comment arbitrer entre des considérations qui relèvent de «dimensions» différentes: morts et blessés potentiels en cas d'accident industriel, impacts potentiels sur l'environnement, enjeux financiers, développement de l'emploi, déménagements forcés en cas d'expropriation d'habitations, etc. et ayant des impacts sur de multiples parties prenantes (riverains des installations industrielles, exploitants et employés des sites, élus locaux et régionaux, etc.)? L'analyse coût-bénéfices (ACB) est un outil d'aide à la décision qui peut faciliter la discussion entre parties prenantes. Elle fournit un cadre structuré permettant de présenter l'ensemble des éléments de la décision et discuter de leur pondération respective, favorisant ainsi la transparence du processus décisionnel. Cet outil est largement utilisé dans les pays anglo-saxons en matière de réglementation environnementale et de décisions concernant la sécurité industrielle. Le présent document vise à aider des analystes qui souhaiteraient conduire une ACB d'un projet d'investissement en matière de sécurité ou une analyse d'impact d'une réglementation liée à la prévention. Il vise également à éclairer les lecteurs de telles études et les aider à évaluer la qualité de l'analyse. Le document présente les concepts économiques qui sous-tendent l'ACB, et décrit les principales étapes pratiques d'une étude. Il fournit des indications sur les sources de données permettant de monétiser différentes conséquences hors-marché de l'activité industrielle (impact sur la santé et la sécurité des personnes, pollutions environnementales et nuisances sonores). Le document propose également une check-list des questions qu'il peut être utile de se poser lors de la lecture critique d'une étude ACB.
2
Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert und Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.
Annotation:
Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
3
Castellano, Mike J., Abraham G. Shaviv, Raphael Linker und Matt Liebman. Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile soil organic matter fractions. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597926.bard.
Annotation:
A major goal in Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems is to maximize nitrogen availability to crops while minimizing nitrogen losses to air and water resources. This goal has presented a significant challenge to global agronomists and scientists because crops require large inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to maximize yield, but N fertilizers are easily lost to surrounding ecosystems where they contribute to water pollution and greenhouse gas concentrations. Determination of the optimum N fertilizer input is complex because the amount of N produced from soil organic matter varies with time, space and management. Indicators of soil N availability may help to guide requirements for N fertilizer inputs and are increasingly viewed as indicators of soil health To address these challenges and improve N availability indicators, project 4550 “Improving nitrogen availability indicators by emphasizing correlations between gross nitrogen mineralization and the quality and quantity of labile organic matter fractions” addressed the following objectives: Link the quantity and quality of labile soil organic matter fractions to indicators of soil fertility and environmental quality including: i) laboratory potential net N mineralization ii) in situ gross N mineralization iii) in situ N accumulation on ion exchange resins iv) crop uptake of N from mineralized soil organic matter sources (non-fertilizer N), and v) soil nitrate pool size. Evaluate and compare the potential for hot water extractable organic matter (HWEOM) and particulate organic matter quantity and quality to characterize soil N dynamics in biophysically variable Israeli and U.S. agroecosystems that are managed with different N fertility sources. Ultimately, we sought to determine if nitrogen availability indicators are the same for i) gross vs. potential net N mineralization processes, ii) diverse agroecosystems (Israel vs. US) and, iii) management strategies (organic vs. inorganic N fertility sources). Nitrogen availability indicators significantly differed for gross vs. potential N mineralization processes. These results highlight that different mechanisms control each process. Although most research on N availability indicators focuses on potential net N mineralization, new research highlights that gross N mineralization may better reflect plant N availability. Results from this project identify the use of ion exchange resin (IERs) beads as a potential technical advance to improve N mineralization assays and predictors of N availability. The IERs mimic the rhizosphere by protecting mineralized N from loss and immobilization. As a result, the IERs may save time and money by providing a measurement of N mineralization that is more similar to the costly and time consuming measurement of gross N mineralization. In further search of more accurate and cost-effective predictors of N dynamics, Excitation- Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy analysis of HWEOM solution has the potential to provide reliable indicators for changes in HWEOM over time. These results demonstrated that conventional methods of labile soil organic matter quantity (HWEOM) coupled with new analyses (EEM) may be used to obtain more detailed information about N dynamics. Across Israeli and US soils with organic and inorganic based N fertility sources, multiple linear regression models were developed to predict gross and potential N mineralization. The use of N availability indicators is increasing as they are incorporated into soil health assessments and agroecosystem models that guide N inputs. Results from this project suggest that some soil variables can universally predict these important ecosystem process across diverse soils, climate and agronomic management. BARD Report - Project4550 Page 2 of 249
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Jones, David, Roy Cook, John Sovell, Matt Ley, Hannah Shepler, David Weinzimmer und Carlos Linares. Natural resource condition assessment: Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301822.
Annotation:
The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program administered by the NPS Water Resources Division evaluates current conditions for important natural resources and resource indicators using primarily existing information and data. NRCAs also report on trends in resource condition, when possible, identify critical data gaps, and characterize a general level of confidence for study findings. This NRCA complements previous scientific endeavors, is multi-disciplinary in scope, employs a hierarchical indicator framework, identifies and develops reference conditions/values for comparison against current conditions, and emphasizes spatial evaluation of conditions where possible. Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (LIBO) was authorized by an act of Congress on February 19, 1962, (Public Law 87-407) to preserve the site associated with the boyhood and family of President Abraham Lincoln, including a portion of the original Tom Lincoln farm and the nearby gravesite of Nancy Hanks Lincoln. The 200-acre memorial commemorates the pioneer farm where Abraham Lincoln lived from the age of 7 to 21. The NRCA for LIBO employed a scoping process involving Colorado State University, LIBO and other NPS staffs to establish the NRCA framework, identify important park resources, and gather existing information and data. Indicators and measures for each resource were then identified and evaluated. Data and information were analyzed and synthesized to provide summaries and address condition, trend and confidence using a standardized but flexible framework. A total of nine focal resources were examined: four addressing system and human dimensions, one addressing chemical and physical attributes, and four addressing biological attributes. The quality and currentness of data used for the evaluation varied by resource. Landscape context ? system and human dimensions included land cover and land use, natural night skies, soundscape, and climate change. Climate change and land cover/land use were not assigned a condition or trend?they provide important context to the memorial and many natural resources and can be stressors. Some of the land cover and land use-related stressors at LIBO and in the larger region are related to the development of rural land and increases in population/housing over time. The trend in land development, coupled with the lack of significantly sized and linked protected areas, presents significant challenges to the conservation of natural resources of LIBO to also include natural night skies, natural sounds and scenery. Climate change is happening and is affecting resources, but is not considered good or bad per se. The information synthesized in that section is useful in examining potential trends in the vulnerability of sensitive resources and broad habitat types such as forests. Night skies and soundscapes, significantly altered by disturbance due to traffic, development and urbanization, warrant significant and moderate concern, respectively, and appear to be in decline. Air quality was the sole resource supporting chemical and physical environment at the memorial. The condition of air quality can affect human dimensions of the park such as visibility and scenery as well as biological components such as the effect of ozone levels on vegetation health. Air quality warrants significant concern and is largely impacted by historical and current land uses outside the memorial boundary. The floral biological component was examined by assessing native species composition, Mean Coefficient of Conservation, Floristic Quality Assessment Index, invasive exotic plants, forest pests and disease, and forest vulnerability to climate change. Vegetation resources at LIBO have been influenced by historical land uses that have changed the species composition and age structure of these communities. Although large tracts of forests can be found surrounding the park, the majority of forested areas are fragmented, and few areas within and around LIBO exhibit late-successional or old-growth characteristics. Vegetation communities at LIBO have a long history of being impacted by a variety of stressors and threats including noxious and invasive weeds, diseases and insect pests; compounding effects of climate change, air pollution, acid rain/atmospheric chemistry, and past land uses; and impacts associated with overabundant white-tail deer populations. These stressors and threats have collectively shaped and continue to impact plant community condition and ecological succession. The sole metric in good condition was native species composition, while all other indicators and metrics warranted either moderate or significant concern. The faunal biological components examined included birds, herptiles, and mammals. Birds (unchanging trend) and herptiles (no trend determined) warrant moderate concern, while mammal populations warrant significant concern (no trend determined). The confidence of both herptiles and mammals was low due to length of time since data were last collected. Current forest structure within and surrounding LIBO generally reflects the historical overstory composition but changes in the hardwood forest at LIBO and the surrounding area have resulted in declines in the avian fauna of the region since the 1970s. The decline in woodland bird populations has been caused by multiple factors including the conversion of hardwood forest to other land cover types, habitat fragmentation, and increasing human population growth. The identification of data gaps during the course of the assessment is an important NRCA outcome. Resource-specific details are presented in each resource section. In some cases, significant data gaps contributed to the resource not being evaluated or low confidence in the condition or trend being assigned to a resource. Primary data gaps and uncertainties encountered were lack of recent survey data, uncertainties regarding reference conditions, availability of consistent long-term data, and the need for more robust or sensitive sampling designs. Impacts associated with development outside the park will continue to stress some resources. Regionally, the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely but specific outcomes are uncertain. Nonetheless, within the past several decades, some progress has been made toward restoring the quality of natural resources within the park, most notably the forested environments. Regional and park-specific mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to maintain or improve the condition of some resources over time. Success will require acknowledging a ?dynamic change context? that manages widespread and volatile problems while confronting uncertainties, managing natural and cultural resources simultaneously and interdependently, developing disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge, and establishing connectivity across broad landscapes beyond park borders.