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Duca, Daniele, Andrea Pizzi, Manuela Mancini, Giorgio Rossini, Chiara Mengarelli, Alessio Ilari, Giulia Lucesoli, Giuseppe Toscano und Ester Foppa Pedretti. „Fast measurement by infrared spectroscopy as support to woody biofuels quality determination“. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, Nr. 1 (08.03.2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.499.
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The increase in the demand for energy supply during the past few decades has brought and will bring to a growth in the utilisation of renewable resources, in particular of solid biomasses. Considering the variability in the properties of biomass and the globalisation of the timber market, a chemical and physical characterisation is essential to determine the biomass quality. The specific international standards on solid biofuels (ISO 17225 series) describe proper specification and classification of wood chip and pellet, to ensure appropriate quality. Moreover, standard requires information about origin and source of the biomass, normally only to be declared by the producers. In order to fulfill the requirements for the biomass quality, the origin and the source should be assessed, even if currently is hard to determine, in particular on milled or densified biomass. Infrared spectroscopy can provide information on the biomass at the chemical level, directly linked also to its origin and source. This technique is fast and not destructive thus suitable also for online monitoring along the biofuel production chain. In this study, 60 samples belonging to 8 different species were collected and related spectra were acquired using a Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectrometer equipped with a module for solid analysis and analysed by principal component analysis. The results obtained show that the method is very efficient in the identification between coniferous and deciduous wood (99% confidence level) and good results were obtained in the recognition of coniferous/deciduous mixtures, too. Nevertheless, some clear differences have been also noted among intra-class grouping, but additional tests should be carried out. This technique can provide useful information to solid biofuel stakeholders about wood quality and origin, important especially for sustainability issues. Further work will be oriented to the development of IR methodologies for the fast measurement of other important biomass parameters (<em>e.g.</em>, ash content, high calorific value, nitrogen content, <em>etc</em>.).
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Carneiro-Junior, José Airton de Mattos, Giulyane Felix de de Oliveira, Carine Tondo Alves, Heloysa Martins Carvalho Andrade, Silvio Alexandre Beisl Vieira de Beisl Vieira de Melo und Ednildo Andrade Torres. „Valorization of Prosopis juliflora Woody Biomass in Northeast Brazilian through Dry Torrefaction“. Energies 14, Nr. 12 (11.06.2021): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123465.
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Torrefaction has been investigated to improve the desirable properties of biomass as solid biofuel, usually used in natura as firewood in several countries. This paper has the main objective to present a broad characterization of the biomass Prosopis juliflora (P. juliflora), investigating its potential as a solid biofuel after its torrefaction process. The methodology was based on different procedures. The experimental runs were carried out at 230, 270, and 310 °C for 30 min, using a bench-scale torrefaction apparatus, with an inert atmosphere. In order to investigate the effect of temperature in constant time, torrefaction parameters were calculated, such as mass yield, energy yield, calorific value, base-to-acid ratio (B/A), and the alkaline index (AI). The physicochemical properties of the torrefied samples were determined and thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the kinetic parameters at four different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min. Pyrolysis kinetics was investigated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods. Highly thermally stable biofuels were obtained due to the great degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose during torrefaction at higher temperatures. The highest heating value (HHV) of the samples varied between 18.3 and 23.1 MJ/kg, and the energy yield between 81.1 and 96.2%. The results indicate that P. juliflora torrefied becomes a more attractive and competitive solid biofuel alternative in the generation of heat and energy in northeast Brazil.
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Abu Darim, Rosmaria, Amizon Azizan und Jailani Salihon. „A Review on the Advancement of Online Monitoring System for Cellulosic Ethanol Production“. Advanced Materials Research 1113 (Juli 2015): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.751.
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Bioethanol is mainly produced by sugar fermentation process. Due to global demand on energy for transportation and environmental concern, biofuels as renewable energy in replacing petrol, the non-renewable energy source, has come into picture. Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass such as woody biomass (trees), herbaceous biomass (grasses) and waste cellulosic materials (solid waste) could be used in replacing starch (such as corn and potato) as source of sugar in producing bioethanol. Recently, study on cellulosic ethanol was focussing on fermentation process using ethanologenic strain such as engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Invasive method in the study during fermentation may lead to uncertain or unwanted screening strategies or metabolic pathways. This paper reviews about the online monitoring system used by researchers in order to study the growth kinetics of ethanologenic strain. Online monitoring system for the Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR) and Carbon dioxide Transfer Rate (CTR) is found to be the important method to study kinetic model of ethanologenic strain, thus increasing metabolic yields with optimum design condition.
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Moreira, Bruno Rafael de Almeida, Ronaldo da Silva Viana, Victor Hugo Cruz, Anderson Chagas Magalhães, Celso Tadao Miasaki, Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo, Lucas Aparecido Manzani Lisboa et al. „Second-Generation Lignocellulosic Supportive Material Improves Atomic Ratios of C:O and H:O and Thermomechanical Behavior of Hybrid Non-Woody Pellets“. Molecules 25, Nr. 18 (15.09.2020): 4219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184219.
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Pellets refer to solid biofuels for heating and power. The pellet’s integrity is of great relevant to ensure safe and effective transportation and storage, and comfort to stakeholders. Several materials that are supportive, whether organic and inorganic, to pellets exist. However, no work in the literature is linking making hybrid non-wood pellets with addition of residual biomass from distillation of cellulosic bioethanol, and this requires further investigations. Figuring out how effective this challenging agro-industrial residue could be for reinforcing non-wood pellets is accordingly the scientific point of this study focusing on management of waste and valorization of biomass. The pilot-scale manufacturing of hybrid pellets consisted of systematically pressing sugarcane bagasse with the lignocellulosic reinforcement at the mass ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 on an automatic pelletizer machine at 200 MPa and 125 °C. Elemental contents of C and H, durability, and energy density all increased significantly from 50.05 to 53.50%, 5.95 to 7.80%, 95.90 to 99.55%, and 28.20 to 31.20 MJ kg−1, respectively, with blending the starting material with the reinforcement at 1:3. Preliminary evidence of residual biomass from distillation of second-generation bioethanol capable of highly improving molecular flammable/combustible properties, mechanical stability, and fuel power of composite non-wood pellets exist.
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Ivanova, Tatiana, Alexandru Muntean, Bohumi lHavrland und Petr Hutla. „Quality assessment of solid biofuel made of sweet sorghum biomass“. BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181002007.
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The present article relates to assessment of energy utilization of sweet sorghum waste biomass as solid biofuel (briquettes). The briquettes were produced from biomass of pure sweet sorghum after juice extraction, mixture of sorghum with wood sawdust (ratio 1:1) and mixture of sorghum with wood shavings (ratio 1:1). Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of produced briquettes were measured in accordance with appropriate standards. The research results showed that the mixed sorghum briquettes with wood shavings have the highest mechanical durability and the lowest ash content; on the other hand, briquettes made of sweet sorghum and wood sawdust havethe best values of all other parameters, including higher calorific values, density, etc. Although addition of residual wood biomass improved the general quality of sorghum based briquettes, it was stated that the briquettes made of pure processed sorghum stalks belong to the category of high quality agricultural solid biofuels. It can be concluded that sweet sorghum is of very good prospects and thus it is a promising biomass feedstock for solid biofuels production (not only for the production of liquid biofuel as it has been used by today and has been known before).
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SÁNCHEZ GATÓN, MIGUEL ÁNGEL, MARIA ISABEL CAMPOS LABADIE und JOSE JUAN SEGOVIA PURAS. „PREDICTION FOR TOTAL MOISTURE CONTENT IN WOOD PELLETS BY NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS)“. DYNA 96, Nr. 3 (01.05.2021): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/9935.
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Mankind consumes as many fossil fuels per year as nature produced during a million years. Furthermore, energy consumption has tripled in the last 60 years, and is expected to be doubled in 2050, due to the technological and economic takeoff of large emerging powers. In light of this scenario, a change in energy policies should be aimed to promote energy efficiency and the use of sustainable energy resources, such as bioenergy, safely and environmental friendly. Biomass fuels take a main role in the EU's energy and climate policies, aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and combating Climate Change. Quality control of biofuels and knowledge of their characteristics reach a large relevance in any industrial application based on the energy use of biofuels. NIRS technology (near infrared spectroscopy, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) is based on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and material, and now is presented as an encouraging technological tool for quality testing of solid biofuels, since it is a non-destructive and much faster and cheaper analytical technique than traditional ones, which are based on current ISO standards. That interaction appears as spectral vibrations (energy absorption or absorbance) that are properly processed, allowing to measure the most important physical-chemical properties of solid biofuels in a fast, simple and non-destructive way. Wood pellet is the highest quality solid biofuel in the current biomass market, which is regulated by ENplus® certification scheme in the European-wide, ensuring the quality of product to consumers. Low heating value is the most important parameter of solid biofuel, and is strongly linked to total moisture content, so the control of moisture is key factor during pelletizing process. The original research carried out in this work allows to present the development of a NIRS prediction model for total moisture in wood pellets, in the range of values of 5 – 10 %, providing a much faster and more automated methodology for product quality control, both in production plants of wood pellets and in power plants with wood pellets as fuel. Keywords: near infrared spectroscopy, wood pellets, quality control, moisture, prediction model
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Marian, G., I. Gelu, B. Istrati, A. Gudîma, B. Nazar, A. Pavlenco, A. Banari und N. Daraduda. „Quality of pellets produced from agricultural wood residues specific to the Prut river basin“. UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 109, Nr. 1 (2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2021-1(109)-11.
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Quality of pellets produced from agricultural wood residues specific to the Prut river basin This paper presents an overview of the prospects for the use of agricultural wood residues, specific to the climatic zone adjacent to the Prut River and the qualitative characteristics of densified solid biofuels in the form of pellets produced from the main types of the agricultural wood biomass, taken from agricultural plantations in the Republic of Moldova and Botosani, Iasi, Vaslui and Galați counties in Romania. The aim of the paper is to establish the energy potential of the main indigenous agricultural wood residues and to analyze the quality of the pellets produced from these residues. The research results showed that the pellets produced from the studied agricultural residues mainly meet ENPlus 3 requirements for most qualitative parameters, except for those produced from blackberry and currant residues. Residues from the prunning of some types of fruit shrubs can be used to produce pellets by creating mixtures of different proportions, and their qualitative characteristics can be significantly improved by thermo-chemical pre-treatment of the raw material. Keywords: plant biomass, densified solid biofuels, pellets, biofuel, energy potential, agricultural wood residues.
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Tian, Feiyu, Deliang Xu und Xinwu Xu. „Extruded Solid Biofuels of Rice Straw Plus Oriented Strand Board Residues at Various Proportions“. Energies 13, Nr. 13 (04.07.2020): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133468.
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Disposal of vast agricultural residues has been a nerve-wracking social problem in many agriculture-intensive regions. Open-field combustion both squanders those biomass resources and causes severe atmospheric pollution and hazards. In addition, wood industries yield residues such as sanding powders without value application. Production of biofuels out of these biomass provides a multiple beneficial solution. To that end, this work focused on fabrication of biomass fuels using rice straws (Calorific value: 14.7 MJ/Kg) and wood residues from OSB industries (Calorific value: 17.3 MJ/Kg). Biofuel sticks from various proportions of biomass residues were made using an 18.5 KW industrial biomass extruder without adding bonding agents, achieving densities of 1.0–1.6 g/cm3 and comparative calorific values. The biofuel sticks exhibit moisture sensitivity when subjected to a ten-day conditioning. Release of residual stresses that were created during the densification process led to structural destruction of the products under moisture aggression. It’s highlighted that combination of rice straw particles with OSB residues gives sound extrusion process ability and high combustibility. The blend of rice straws and OSB residues are proven practically feasible for making solid biofuels. It’s suggested to promote the waste-to-wealth technological scheme in addressing the energy crisis worldwide, especially in those regions rich in agricultural residues while poor in non-renewable energy sources.
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Halysh, Nataliia. „THE DISCRETE MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF COMPANY’S STRATEGY ON THE SOLID BIOFUEL MARKET“. Economic Analysis, Nr. 28(4) (2018): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.04.185.
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Introduction. In the article, the author pays attention to the research of the actual data of the enterprise, which produces the solid biofuel, with the isolation of raw material supply processes and the formation of the finished products’ cost structure. A system of differential equations is developed and presented. It reveals the influence of these factors and the dynamics of the share of the company's presence on the market of solid biofuels. The method of interval data analysis is substantiated. This method gives adequate results in the calculation of forecast intervals of the indicators and influences the adoption of strategic decisions on the presence of the company in the market of commodity products. An interlinear discrete model of the dynamics of the company's share for 2016 and 2017 is constructed, as a result of which its suitability for implementation in the activity of the enterprise is checked and taken into account while developing the strategy for its development. Purpose. The article aims to construct an interval discrete model of a company's market share at solid biofuels’ market using the system of difference equations and analysis of interval data. Based on the justification of the expediency of the chosen method of research, the other goal is identified. It is to develop the proposals for the implementation of this model in the activities of the enterprise for the production of wood pellets as the basis for providing a management strategy of this enterprise in uncertain external environment. Method. Such standard methods of scientific research as method of systematization, method of processing, method of summation of data, method of definition of general summary synthetic indicators, method of presentation of the results in the form of statistical tables, method of graphs and figures have been used in this research. A special method of data analysis based on interval arithmetic and interval data analysis has been implemented. Results. In the paper, scientific and methodological approaches to developing a strategy for the activities of enterprises producing solid biofuels have been improved. The proposals, which are given to the wood pellets’ enterprises, are based on the use of the developed interval model of market share dynamics of the enterprise at the solid biofuel market. It gives the ability to determine the range of values of the expected dynamics of this market share, depending on the cost of its products and the range of values of the market share by the consumption of raw materials. The results and recommendations, which are described in this article, can be used by enterprises producing solid biofuels (in particular, wood pellets) with a differentiated production cycle, which includes input and output logistics.
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Зотова, Elena Zotova, Сафонов und Andrey Safonov. „Analysis of methodologies for assessing physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of wood pellets“. Forestry Engineering Journal 4, Nr. 1 (21.04.2014): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3354.
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The paper discusses the methodology for assessing characteristics in relation to this type of wood biofuel. Part of the methods is adopted by the national standards of the Russian Federation, the other part is proposed because of the lack of regulations. Interest in solid biofuels in the last decade has increased steadily, a rather stable market was formed, and there are its own leaders. Until not long ago the absence of legally approved methods for determining physical, mechanical, thermal, chemical characteristics made significant challenges for the development of this promising trend of industrial production, both in Europe and in the Russian Federation.
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Križan, Peter, Michal Svátek, Miloš Matúš und Juraj Beniak. „Application of mathematical modelling when determining the parameters effect of biomass densification process on solid biofuels quality“. MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816807005.
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The main aim of this paper is to present the design of experiment (DOE) and evaluation methodology for this experimental plan in order to determine the parameters effect of biomass densification process on final solid biofuels quality. One of the recovery possibilities for waste biomass raw materials is production of solid biofuels. Using a variety combination of influencing variables can be improve the final quality of solid biofuels. Raw biomass material variables influence, especially (type of raw material, particle size, moisture content, compression pressure and compression temperature) can be recognized during the production of solid biofuels. Their effect can be seen through the quality indicators; especially mentioned variables significantly influence the mechanical quality indicators of solid biofuels. In this experimental research authors would like to investigate properties and behaviour of wood raw waste biomass during densification. This contribution discusses the analysis and design of experimental process, its individual steps and their subsequent DOE leading to the development of a mathematical model that will describe this process. This paper also presents the research findings regarding the effect of influencing variables on final density of solid biofuels during densification. Aim of the experimental process is to determine the mutual interaction between solid biofuels density and influencing variables during densification. Effect of compression pressure, compression temperature, moisture content and particle size on solid biofuels density from wood sawdust was determined.
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Куликов und S. Kulikov. „USE OF PERSPECTIVE TYPES OF FUEL FOR CARS“. Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, Nr. 2 (17.12.2015): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17776.
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The article describes the main types of biofuels used as motor fuel for vehicles: solid biofuels - wood and straw; liquid biofuels - ethanol, methanol, biodiesel; gaseous biofuels - biogas, hydrogen. Given their basic energy characteristics, production volumes in the countries of the European Union and Russia.
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Geletukha, G. G., T. A. Zheliezna, S. V. Drahniev und A. I. Bashtovyi. „ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF AGROBIOMASS BRIQUETTES IN UKRAINE. PART 1“. Industrial Heat Engineering 40, Nr. 4 (14.12.2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.4.2018.09.
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The purpose of the work is to analyze existing preconditions, driving forces, and barriers for the widespread introduction of the production and use of fuel briquettes from biomass in Ukraine. The task of the work is to determine the advantages and prospects of the process, first of all, for domestic consumers, as well as to develop recommendations for creating a positive environment for the development of this segment of bioenergy in Ukraine. This part of the paper presents the current state of the market for solid biofuels in Ukraine. It is shown that in the biofuel market, the largest segment is solid biofuel in the form of firewood, wood chips, pellets and biomass briquettes, baled straw. Currently, a large amount of pellets and briquettes are exported from Ukraine to Europe due to the insufficient demand in the domestic market. The main features of the solid biofuels production in Ukraine are regional unevenness and relative non-uniformity of production as well as a large number of small-scale enterprises that work with traders. The advantages of the use of biomass briquettes as fuel were analyzed. The main advantages are the conformity of characteristics of briquettes with the requirements of boiler equipment for fuel, better ecological indicators in comparison with the burning of low-quality wood, no needs for specialized energy equipment in contrast with the use of pellets, availability of a significant amount of feedstock especially for briquettes from the biomass of agricultural origin. The current volume of the Ukrainian market for fuel briquettes from biomass for individual heating of the population can be estimated at the level of 500 th. t/year with its growth to over 3 million t/year until 2035. This part of the paper considers possible types of feedstock for the production of fuel briquettes and requirements for it. It is noted that the feedstock for the production of fuel briquettes can be soft and hard wood, straw, reed, sunflower husk, rice and buckwheat husk, flax sheave, and other vegetable residues. Typical requirements for the feedstock: water content – 6...12%, fraction composition – 2...10 mm.
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Kulokas, Mindaugas, Marius Praspaliauskas und Nerijus Pedišius. „Investigation of Buckwheat Hulls as Additives in the Production of Solid Biomass Fuel from Straw“. Energies 14, Nr. 2 (06.01.2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020265.
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The aim of this study was to further increase the amount of straw that can be used to produce solid biofuels, as currently only about 130–140 thousand of the 3 million tonnes of straw collected annually in Lithuania are used for solid biofuel production. Therefore, the use of buckwheat hulls as an additive in solid biofuel production was investigated. Mixtures of wheat straw and buckwheat hulls were used for this research, with an increase in buckwheat hulls from 25% to 75% of the total weight of the mixture. Results of the analysis of the chemical composition, moisture, ash, and volatile matter content of the mixtures, as well as their ash properties, were compared with the corresponding results obtained with pure buckwheat hulls, wheat straw, and wood chips. It is observed an increase in all ash melting temperatures by increasing the portion of buckwheat hulls in the mixture. Additionally, the ash shrinkage starting temperature was shown to increase as the total content of buckwheat hulls also increased in the mixture. This increase ranged from 90 °C to 210 °C. Furthermore, the Cl concentration in fuel mixtures and the corrosion risk of equipment are accordingly reduced by using buckwheat hulls, as an addition that does not contain Cl.
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Jasinskas, Algirdas, Ramūnas Mieldažys, Eglė Jotautienė, Rolandas Domeika, Edvardas Vaiciukevičius und Marek Marks. „Technical, Environmental, and Qualitative Assessment of the Oak Waste Processing and Its Usage for Energy Conversion“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 19 (01.10.2020): 8113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198113.
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The article analyses and evaluates the possibilities of using oak bark, oak leaves, and their mixtures for biofuel. The preparation of this waste for the burning process (milling, granulation) has been investigated and the results have been presented together with the analysis of the prepared granules’ properties—humidity, density, strength, elemental composition, ash content, caloric value, and others. The moisture content of the oak waste granules ranged from 8.1% to 12.5%, and the granules’ density ranged from 975.8 to 1122.2 kg m−3 DM (dry matter). The amount of oak ash found was very high (from 10.4% to 14.7%)—about 10 times higher than that of wood waste granules. The calorific value determined after burning the oak bark and leaves pellets was sufficiently high, ranging from 17.3 to 17.7 MJ kg−1. This thermal value of oak waste granules was close to the calorific value of the herbaceous plant species and some types of wood waste. The environmental impact of burning the granules of oak waste was also assessed. The harmful emissions of carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburnt hydrocarbons into the environment were found to be below the permissible limits for the incineration of oak waste granules. The highest CO gas concentration, determined when burning the oak leaves, was 1187.70 mg m−3, and the lowest NOx concentration, determined when burning the oak bark and leaf mixture granules, was 341.2 mg m−3. The coefficient of energy efficiency R of the granulated oak leaves biofuel, when the oak waste biomass moisture content was reduced by 10%, reached 3.64. It was very similar to the results of previous studies of various types of granulated straw biofuel (3.5–3.7). The research results presented show that, given that the main parameters of oak waste meet the basic requirements of solid biofuel, oak bark, leaves, and their mixture can be recommended to be used as solid biofuels.
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Kumar, Baibhaw, L. Gábor Szepesi und Zoltán Szamosi. „Drying behaviour observations for wood chips of grade EN14961“. Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, Nr. 4 (2021): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.4.19.
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Solid biofuels such as woodchips have always been a significant source of fuel in the field of renewable energy. However, the drying of wood chips has been a challenge in preparing biofuels and other applications. The moisture content of below 25% in the wood chips of grade EN 14961 is considered the premium wood chip material. Solar drying emerged as a leading solution for the drying of wood chips. The paper investigates the comparison of moisture removal rate using a natural convective solar dryer compared to open sun drying developed at Miskolc, Hungary (48°06'15.0"N 20°47'30.0"E).
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Gomonay, Mihail. „Production of wood solid biofuels at timber enterprises“. Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, Nr. 2 (12.03.2014): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3003.
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Ver Beek, Noah, Elvin Vindel, Matthew Kuperus Heun und Paul E. Brockway. „Quantifying the Environmental Impacts of Cookstove Transitions: A Societal Exergy Analysis Based Model of Energy Consumption and Forest Stocks in Honduras“. Energies 13, Nr. 12 (20.06.2020): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123206.
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Unsustainable consumption of biofuels contributes to deforestation and climate change, while household air pollution from burning solid biofuels in homes results in millions of premature deaths globally every year. Honduras, like many low and medium Human Development Index countries, depends on primary solid biofuels for more than 30% of its primary energy supply (as of 2013). We conducted a societal exergy analysis and developed a forest stock model for Honduras for 1971–2013 and used the results to model an energy transition from traditional wood stoves to either improved efficiency wood cookstoves or modern fuel cookstoves (using Electricity or Liquefied petroleum gas) over the period 2013–2050. The exergy analysis and forest model enabled quantification of the environmental tradeoffs between the improved efficiency and fuel switching scenarios. We find that the continued reliance on wood within both the existing and improved wood cookstove scenarios would exhaust forest stocks by 2050, though improved efficiency could reduce national greenhouse gas emissions. Modern fuel cookstoves would reduce household air pollution, emissions, and deforestation. However, the best alternative to successfully reduce household air pollution, GHG emissions, and deforestation is a rapid switch to electric stoves with significant investment in renewable-based electricity.
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Ivanova, Tatiana, Amilkar Mendoza Hernández, Jiří Bradna, Eloy Fernández Cusimamani, Juan García Montoya und Daniel Armas Espinel. „Assessment of Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) Wood Biomass for Briquettes’ Production“. Forests 9, Nr. 10 (05.10.2018): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100613.
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Residual biomass from guava (Psidium guajava L.), a common and widespread fruit tree native to Latin America, has been analyzed in the present research in order to determine the biomass quality and its potential use for energy purposes. Obtained biomass was grinded and compacted into the form of fuel briquettes. Determinations of solid biofuel parameters, i.e., physical, mechanical and chemical properties such as calorific value, moisture, ash content, volatile matter, mechanical durability, contents of the main chemical elements and heavy metals were performed according to international standards. As a result, not inconsiderable traces of heavy metals were found, with a concentration of zinc 4.57 mg kg−1 as the highest. Guava’s moisture content (9.8%) comfortably fulfilled the minimum standard requirements and the net calorific value as received (17.11 MJ kg−1) met the average value of a wood. However, measured sulphur content (0.063%) as well as ash content (3.74%) exceeded the maximum allowed limits for the graded wood briquettes and, therefore, guava wood briquettes should be rather categorized as non-woody A class briquettes. The results of the study can contribute significantly to the knowledge of guava wood properties and its potential as renewable solid fuel since there is little published data about it.
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Drahniev, S. V., T. A. Zheliezna und A. I. Bashtovyi. „FEASIBILITY STUDY OF PROJECTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SOLID BIOFUELS FROM BIOMASS OF AGRARIAN PLANTATIONS PRUNING AND REMOVAL“. Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, Nr. 2 (24.03.2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2021.8.
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The aim of the work is to carry out a feasibility study of projects for the production of solid biofuels from biomass of pruning of perennial agricultural plantations for further use in boilers. Currently, this bioenergy sector is at the beginning of its development in the EU and in Ukraine, however it has quite good prospects for the future. An assessment of the energy potential of biomass obtained from pruning and removal of orchards and vineyards in Ukraine is performed. According to data of 2019, this potential is estimated at 116.2 ktoe. Though this potential is only a minor part of the total energy potential of biomass in Ukraine (23.6 Mtoe in 2019), biomass of these types is an important local fuel for the regions of its generation and can significantly reduce their dependence on traditional energy carriers. Biomass of pruning and removal of agricultural plantations can be a feedstock for chips (more often for hog fuel) or for solid biofuels of higher quality such as pellets and briquettes. Fuel properties of such solid biofuels are slightly worse than those of biofuels from forest wood or energy crops, but still high enough for the effective use in energy equipment. The main features are higher ash content and, accordingly, lower calorific value. The feasibility study of a typical project for the production of briquettes from vineyard pruning demonstrated economic viability of such projects in Ukraine. Further research in this area will lie in the feasibility study of obtaining solid biofuels from biomass of pruning and removal of orchards, as well as projects for the production of heat from such biofuels for Ukraine’s conditions.
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Kraszkiewicz, Artur, Artur Przywara und Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis. „Impact of Ignition Technique on Pollutants Emission during the Combustion of Selected Solid Biofuels“. Energies 13, Nr. 10 (25.05.2020): 2664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102664.
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Nowadays, heating using wood, briquettes, or pellets is a curious replacement to fossil fuels such as coal, oil, or gas. Unfortunately, the combustion of biofuels, especially in low-power boilers with unstable operating conditions, releases a lot of gas pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and various organic compounds) that are usually generated due to the incomplete product combustion. The combustion of biofuel in grate boilers with top-down ignition is a new approach, popular in society (mainly used for coal fuels), which improves the combustion process and reduces the amount of pollutants emitted. This study evaluated the impact of ignition techniques on the emission level of gas pollutants during the combustion of wood logs, briquettes, and pellets of pine in grate-based charging boilers. The combination of top ignition mode with pinewood logs allowed us to achieve a reduction of 6% in CO and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission into the atmosphere. However, the combination of top-down ignition mode with pellets and briquettes produced, in fully operational conditions, 1- to 18-fold higher levels of CO and SO2 respectively, than bottom-up ignition, after an initial period of low level CO and SO2 emissions. During the tests (mainly with ignition from top), substantial emissions of NO were observed of up to 400 mg·m−3 at 10% O2. Therefore, further research is required to decrease emission related to the content of nitrogen in biomass. In this respect, research of impact on the combustion temperature of such emissions is needed.
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Fortes, António Gonçalves, und Baltazar Raimundo. „Bioenergia em Moçambique: tecnologias de produção, uso e aspetos sustentáveis“. Desenvolvimento Socioeconômico em Debate 6, Nr. 1 (30.04.2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18616/rdsd.v6i1.5777.
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Face aos problemas socioambientais e econômicos resultantes do uso dos combustíveis fósseis, Moçambique vem implementado diversos projetos de inclusão das energias renováveis (ER) na matriz energética nacional. Uma alternativa promissora é o uso da bioenergia, com vista a explorar seu potencial para produção de energia de forma sustentável. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo objetiva realizar a caracterização do setor de biomassa e bioenergia em Moçambique, através das tecnologias usadas no processamento, o contexto legal e os aspetos sustentáveis na produção e utilização desta fonte. Os resultados mostram que a biomassa (sólida, liquida e gasosa) pode ser utilizada diretamente para geração de calor e/ou eletricidade. A biomassa lenhosa é a mais usada pela população moçambicana para fins domésticos, e casualmente, para fins comercial e industrial. Concluir que, para o atual cenário nacional, a inclusão da biomassa derivada de rejeitos urbanos e industriais pode resolver, em simultâneo, o problema energético e de gestão de resíduos. É sustentável a relação entre a produção de alimento – geração de energia – preservação do meio ambiente. E o uso de tecnologias eficientes na geração dos biocombustíveis reduz os impactos ambientais e a dependência dos combustíveis fósseis, para além de promover os serviços de maior qualidade, contribuir para o aumento da eficiência de conversão e na sustentabilidade energética, especialmente na área rural.Palavras chaves: bioenergia; fonte alternativa; tecnologias de produção; sustentabilidade.Bioenergy in Mozambique: production technologies, use and sustainable aspectsABSTRACTIn view of the socio-environmental and economic problems resulting from the use of fossil fuels, Mozambique has implemented several projects to include renewable energies (RE) in the national energy matrix. A promising alternative is the use of bioenergy, with a view to exploring its potential for sustainable energy production. In this perspective, this article aims to characterize the bioenergy sector in Mozambique, through the technologies used in the conversion, the legal context and the sustainable aspects in the production and use of this source. The results show that biomass (solid, liquid and gaseous) can be used directly to generate heat and/or electricity. Woody biomass is the most used by the Mozambican population for domestic purposes, and casually, for commercial and industrial purposes. To conclude that, for the current national scenario, the inclusion of biomass derived from urban and industrial waste can simultaneously solve the energy and waste management problem. The relationship between food production - energy generation - preservation of the environment is sustainable. And the use of efficient technologies in generation of biofuels reduces environmental impacts and dependence on fossil fuels, in addition to promoting higher quality services, contributing to increasing conversion efficiency and energy sustainability, especially in rural areas.Keywords: bioenergy; alternative source; production technologies; sustainability.
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Attard, Thomas M., Mehrdad Arshadi, Calle Nilsson, Vitaliy L. Budarin, Elizabeth Valencia-Reyes, James H. Clark und Andrew J. Hunt. „Impact of supercritical extraction on solid fuel wood pellet properties and off-gassing during storage“. Green Chemistry 18, Nr. 9 (2016): 2682–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02479j.
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Mudryk, Krzysztof, Marcin Jewiarz, Marek Wróbel, Marcin Niemiec und Arkadiusz Dyjakon. „Evaluation of Urban Tree Leaf Biomass-Potential, Physico-Mechanical and Chemical Parameters of Raw Material and Solid Biofuel“. Energies 14, Nr. 4 (04.02.2021): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040818.
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The paper presents the results of research aimed at evaluating the possibility of using selected tree leaf species to produce solid biofuels. The possibility of production of qualitative solid biofuels from urban tree leaves meets the expectations of the municipal sector. Collection of tree leaves in urban areas is very often necessary for road safety reasons, the need to collect biomass rich in dust and pollution as well as biomass infested with pests. The production of solid biofuels from tree leaves allows for effective management of this raw material with energy recovery. The performed research indicates such a possibility, and the obtained ash is used as a soil improver. The conducted research showed that the biomass of leaves of five tree species used in the experiment can be a source of raw materials for production of qualitative biofuels. The obtained pellets were characterized by properties comparable to those of classical wood pellets. The lower heating value of the obtained pellets ranged from 14.5 to 15.5 MJ∙kg−1. Physical properties of the obtained pellets described by bulk density (BD 600–660 kg∙m−3), mechanical durability (DU 90–96%), moisture (Mar 10–12.5%) indicate that these products can be used in existing combustion equipment. Preliminary analysis of the obtained ashes (determination of ash melting point, bulk density) indicates that they should not cause difficulties in ash removal systems from the combustion chamber.
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Kieush, Lina, Maksym Boyko, Andrii Koveria, Maksym Yaholnyk und Natalia Poliakova. „Manganese Sinter Production with Wood Biomass Application“. Key Engineering Materials 844 (Mai 2020): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.844.124.
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A large amount of finely dispersed manganese ore left after benefication operations or blown out from the furnaces is unsuitable for direct use in electric furnaces and blast furnaces, therefore it is necessary to granulate it in order to have the efficient use of its fine ore particles in metallurgy. To make our research more of practical use, we found it is reasonable not only work over manganese fines sintering but also to attempt mitigating the negative effect on the environment produced by the further sintering and apply the biofuel within the total fuel mass. Under laboratory conditions, the studies have been carried out with the objective to obtain manganese sinter, in which wood biomass is applied, namely initial and pre-pyrolyzed, at temperatures of 673, 873, 1073 and 1273 K. The amount of biofuel in the sinter blend was 25 wt.%. It has been established that the biomass use causes the decrease in the specific capacity of the sintering plant. However, for the efficient manganese ores sintering process, the biofuel of high pyrolysis temperature of 1273 K is required. To achieve the specific capacity and the yield to be as high as those when coke breeze is only used, the amount of the biofuel for manganese ore sintering should be less than 25 wt.% of the solid fuel. Additionally, it has been revealed that the further increase in the biofuel ratio in the total fuel amount is possible on condition that its reactivity is decreased, or larger particles of the biofuel are used.
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Basok, B., B. Davydenko, L. Kuzhel, O. M. Lysenko und A. Veremiichuk. „Experimental studies of burning plant pellets in a domestic boiler“. Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply 37 (01.04.2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2021.37.13-23.
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In recent years, biofuels have increasingly been used as fuel in Ukraine. Ukraine is an agro-industrial country with great potential for the production and use of pellets of plant origin. Our country ranks 6th in the world for the production of such biofuels as pellets, but most of them (about 85 %) are exported abroad. This is due to the low demand for pellets in the domestic market. Cereal straw can be used in municipal energy. The amount of straw left after harvest is sufficient for its use as fuel. This biofuel in its composition and calorific value is close to such traditional fuels as wood and peat. Also, raw materials for bio-pellets can be sunflower husks and energy crops. The main objectives of this work are experimental studies of the combustion of different types of agropellets. An experimental installation of a solid fuel boiler with a pellet burner was developed and implemented at the Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine to study the peculiarities of pellet combustion. With the help of the developed measurement system based on a comb with thermocouples, which is located above the torch in the boiler, the temperature regime in the boiler volume was studied and the peculiarities of the pellet burning process in the burner were determined. As a result of the work, experimental studies of the peculiarities of burning pellets of agricultural origin, namely straw (barley, wheat) and pellets from corn cobs were carried out. On the basis of the constructed graphic dependences the characteristic features of temperature modes of work of a household copper at burning of agropellets were defined. The use of the results is possible in the communal and industrial heat energy, social and budgetary sphere and individual household sector.
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Halysh, Nataliia. „Peculiarities of producing wood pellets and company growth strategies“. Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, Nr. 4 (86) (12.12.2017): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.04.096.
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The article states that Ukraine is among countries with a high potential level of biomass, which serves as a raw material for the production of solid biofuels. As Ukraine’s economy is developing, there is an increased demand for energy resources. In response to energy dependence and steadily rising prices for fuels, there has also been a shift in the focus towards using alternative energy sources such as biofuels, particularly, wood pellets. The paper covers the factors leading to the growth of the pellet industry, namely: improving the ecological situation, reducing carbon emissions, increasing prices on extracted fuels, waste recycling optimization, etc. The peculiarities of wood pellet production are outlined and their impact on decision-making processes in enterprises, especially in logistics-related areas, is discussed. A particular attention is paid to technology aspects of producing wood pellets and technological organization of manufacturing processes. The article summarizes a list of required production equipment, which affects initial investment, projecting production cost and financial results of operations. Some peculiarities of woodworking enterprises which provide raw material for wood pellet plants are considered. The major challenges and prospects related to forming a long-term strategy for producing wood pellets are highlighted. Based on the results of the study, a principle for optimizing production costs, particularly raw materials costs, is suggested. The optimization model includes all production costs incurred when producing pellets. It is also found that the optimal distance from the furthest sources of raw material should be up to 50 km. The article concludes that addressing various aspects of producing and consuming biofuels in Ukraine is relevant and important. Further studies should be performed into defining criteria for management in such type of plants.
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Yoshida, Takahiro, Katsushi Kuroda, Daisuke Kamikawa, Yoshitaka Kubojima, Takashi Nomura, Hiroki Watada, Tetsuya Sano und Seiji Ohara. „Water Resistance of Torrefied Wood Pellets Prepared by Different Methods“. Energies 14, Nr. 6 (15.03.2021): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061618.
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Torrefaction used in combination with pelletization is a promising technology to upgrade solid biofuels and has been demonstrated worldwide. In comparison with normal biomass pellets, which disintegrate under wet conditions, one of the advantages of torrefied biomass pellets is better water resistance. An understanding of the differences in water proof properties for torrefied biomass pellets by different production schemes can promote their further application. In the communication, various torrefied pellets were exposed to indoor and outdoor conditions, and changes in moisture content and diameter were examined. Two production schemes for the torrefied pellets were used for comparison: the torrefaction of wood chips followed by pelletization (pre-torrefaction) and the pelletization of wood chips followed by torrefaction (post-torrefaction). It was found that the post-torrefied pellets had much lower moisture levels than the pre-torrefied pellets in both indoor and outdoor tests. In the outdoor test with no-roof condition, the rate of increase in moisture content for the pre-torrefied pellets was more than double that for the post-torrefied pellets, and the post-torrefied pellets exhibited almost no diameter change. The results on the superior water resistance of post-torrefied pellets were nearly consistent with those reported in previous literature. Torrefied pellets have been considered for industrial use, such as in co-combustion and gasification on a large scale. Taking advantage of the different water resistances, torrefied pellets could also be used by personal and community consumers on a small scale for long-term indoor and outdoor storages as advanced solid biofuels with high waterproof performance, energy density, and lower biodegradation.
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Joo, Bokyoung, Hyejin Yeon, Sangil Lee, Soojeung Ahn, Kyeongjae Lee, Eunsuk Jang und JongChoul Won. „Conversion of Wood Waste into Solid Biofuel Using Catalytic HTC Process“. Journal of the Korean society for New and Renewable Energy 10, Nr. 2 (25.06.2014): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7849/ksnre.2014.10.2.012.
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Woo, Duk-Gam, Sang Hyeon Kim und Tae Han Kim. „Solid Fuel Characteristics of Pellets Comprising Spent Coffee Grounds and Wood Powder“. Energies 14, Nr. 2 (11.01.2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020371.
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To help mitigate the effects of global warming and fossil fuel depletion caused by human use of fossil fuels, solid fuel pellets were developed from a mixture of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and pine sawdust (PS). The feasibility of SCG-PS pellets as biofuel was also verified by evaluating its fuel quality. An increase in the proportion of SCG in the pellet led to an increase in its calorific value, owing to the high C, H, and oil contents, and increases in the ash and S contents, owing to the high S content in SCG. Analysis of the feedstock particle size distribution revealed that SCG particles are smaller than PS particles; thus, the durability of the pellet decreases as the proportion of SCG increases. Accordingly, the samples with higher SCG proportions (70 and 90 wt.%) did not meet the moisture content standards for biomass solid refuse fuel (bio-SRF) set by the Korea Ministry of Environment, whereas the samples with lower SCG proportions did. In particular, CP10 (10 wt.% SCG + 90 wt.% PS) satisfied the quality standards of Grade 1 wood pellets, demonstrating the feasibility of using SCG as a raw material for biofuel pellet production.
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Lyubov, V. K., A. N. Popov und E. I. Popova. „Study the Еfficiency of the Вoiler Вurning Вiofuels and Рeat“. Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, Nr. 3 (12.03.2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-3-20-25.
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The results of experimental research thermal and environmental performance of the boiler "Firematic 60" burning pellets, bark, pressed wood sanding dust, granulated peat and sod peat and black pellets of hydrolytic lignin are presented. The research identified the heat balance components of the boiler and gaseous emissions during burning solid fuels. The emissions of solid particles and the content of soot particles are studied. Energy survey found boiler provides high thermal and environmental performance during burning biofuels and granulated peat that should be used for buildings heating; especially in the conditions of North-Arctic region. The organization of production of black pellets of hydrolytic lignin allowed to obtain high-quality fuel from biomass wasted 40–60 years ago.
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Geletukha, G. G. „ANALYSIS OF PELLETS AND BRIQUETTES PRODUCTION FROM CORN RESIDUES IN UKRAINE“. Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, Nr. 2 (25.04.2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2020.9.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze the technical and economic basis for the development of the production of pellets and briquettes from by-products of grain corn in Ukraine. The objective of the work is to determine conditions that ensure feasibility of projects of this type in Ukraine. Results of estimation of energy potential of by-products of corn grain in Ukraine are presented. The country has a large potential for this type of biomass available for biofuels and energy production. Current trends in agricultural development indicate that this potential may even increase in the future. For Ukraine’s conditions, it is recommended to harvest by-products of grain corn in the form of rectangular bales with the use of a three-pass harvesting system. Fuel characteristics of corn stover are considered. In general, biomass of this type has fairly good fuel properties close to those of wood fuels. Due to this, biofuels made from corn stover can be burned in boiler equipment intended for wood biomass. The effective use of grain corn by-products is the production of briquettes and pellets. Under current conditions, a simple payback period for such business projects can be up to 4…5 years with the internal return rate of more than 22%. The biggest impact on the main economic indicators of the projects is made by the sale price of solid biofuels, the productivity of the equipment, as well as the price of raw material.
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Gami, B., R. Limbachiya, R. Parmar, H. Bhimani und B. Patel. „An Evaluation of Different Non-woody and Woody Biomass of Gujarat, India for Preparation of Pellets—A Solid Biofuel“. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 33, Nr. 22 (19.09.2011): 2078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030903503183.
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Vasiliki, Kamperidou, Lykidis Charalampos und Barmpoutis Panagiotis. „Utilization of wood and bark of fast-growing hardwood species in energy production“. Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 4 (27.04.2018): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/141/2017-jfs.
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In this research, the calorific value and ash content of wood and bark of some fast-growing hardwood species, such as tree-of-heaven, (Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle), empress tree (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunberg) Steudel), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux), oriental plane (Platanus orientalis Linnaeus) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia Linnaeus) were investigated in order to comprehend their behaviour during combustion and estimate their utilization potential as solid biofuels (pellets). Beech (Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus) wood was used for comparative reasons. Different ratios of all the studied species in mixture were examined in order to investigate the material ratio that provides a satisfactory calorific value, while parallelly meeting the ash content requirements of the pellet production standard (ISO 17225-2:2014). Black locust bark seems to greatly increase the calorific value of the material. Empress tree wood had the lowest ash content, meeting the requirements of the best class (ENplus A1 – residential use), while tree-of-heaven and poplar were classified into ENplus B class (third class of residential use). By using the appropriate proportions, all the materials examined could be utilized in pellet production.
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Madadian, E., A. H. Akbarzadeh und M. Lefsrud. „Pelletized Composite Wood Fiber Mixed with Plastic as Advanced Solid Biofuels: Thermo-Chemical Analysis“. Waste and Biomass Valorization 9, Nr. 9 (08.04.2017): 1629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9921-1.
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Szulik, Wojciech, und Iwona Jelonek. „Petrographic and Chemical Research on Furnace Wastes From Individual Heating Furnaces and Boilers – Method for Identification of Co-Burning Municipal Waste“. New Trends in Production Engineering 3, Nr. 1 (01.08.2020): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2020-0010.
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AbstractNumerous varieties of solid fuels have been employed for the production of heat in buildings and during cooking by utilizing furnaces and boilers. The most commonly used energy carriers include hard and brown coal, coke, and wood-based solid biofuels in the form of various types of pellets, briquettes, and chips. Notably, furnace and boiler users can combine these fuels in any way by changing their proportions. Generally, users of furnaces and boilers are known to co-burn solid fuels and various types of municipal waste. However, the municipal waste contains a number of organic compounds and toxic metals that can be released into the atmosphere during the combustion process; this poses a threat to the health of the environment and public. Herein, chemical and petrographic tests were performed to study the sources of furnace wastes. This research facilitates the identification of unacceptable substances such as plastics, metal filings, and glass.
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Mappapa, Indah Astieningsih, und Ahmad T. Yuliansyah. „Solid Biofuel Production from Meranti (Shorea Sp.) Sawdust Using Hydrothermal Treatment“. Key Engineering Materials 789 (November 2018): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.789.104.
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In the context of industrialization, wood industry plays an important role as one of thepillar components in building Indonesia industry where 76.36% is supported by Meranti (Shorea Sp.).However, the increase of wood processing industries produces waste biomass in the form of largeamount sawdust. Hydrothermal treatment is an environmentally clean technology of convertingbiomass into coal-like solid called hydrochar using subcritical water. The purpose of this research isto determine the effect of temperature and water to biomass (b/w) ratio in the formation of hydrocharfrom Meranti sawdust. This research was carried out using a 250 mL hydrothermal reactor where amixture of Meranti sawdust and water heated at temperature variation of 240 and 300oC; b/w ratio1:20, 2:20, 3:20; initial pressure of 1.0 Mpa and holding time for 30 minutes. Hydrochar were thencharacterized in terms of yield, caloric value, proximate and ultimate analysis. Based on experimentalresult, 39-78% raw materials were converted into hydrochar where the highest yield was found ontemperature operation of 240oC and b/w ratio 2:20.
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Matúš, Miloš, Peter Križan, Monika Kováčová und Juraj Beniak. „THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE FRACTION ON THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF PINE SAWDUST AND THE EFFECTIVENESS CRITERION FOR DENSIFICATION“. Acta Polytechnica 54, Nr. 1 (28.02.2014): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2014.54.0052.
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Particulate matter from biomass, e.g. wood sawdust, is very diverse. The basic parameter describing the densification process of particulate matter is its compressibility, quantified by the coefficient of compressibility. Knowing this coefficient for a specific material is a basic prerequisite for the application of compressibility equations describing the densification process, and for calculating the workload in the production process of high-grade solid biofuel. This paper deals with a methodology for determining the compressibility factor for sawdust on the basis of experiments to quantify pine sawdust. The experiments were performed in two stages. The first stage was an experimental investigation of the influence of size fraction on the final compressibility of pine sawdust. The results show the behaviour of the pressure load when the parameters of the particulate matter are changed. In the second stage, the experiments are evaluated and optimized to achieve minimum energy input of the process and a maximum degree of densification. The research results will be used to develop new technologies and machinery for biomass densification to achieve a high-grade solid biofuel.
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Madadian, E., A. H. Akbarzadeh, V. Orsat und M. Lefsrud. „Pelletized Composite Wood Fiber Mixed with Plastic as Advanced Solid Biofuels: Physico-Chemo-Mechanical Analysis“. Waste and Biomass Valorization 10, Nr. 3 (20.09.2017): 721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0080-1.
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Jevič, P., P. Hutla, J. Malaťák und Z. Šedivá. „Efficiency and gases emissions with incineration of composite and one-component biofuel briquettes in room heater“. Research in Agricultural Engineering 53, No. 3 (07.01.2008): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2125-rae.
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In accordance with the technical standard ČSN EN 13229 “Inset appliances for heating including open fires fired by solid fuels – Requirements and test methods” was performed the basic assessment of thermal efficiency and emission parameters of prototype of combustion accumulation stove SK-2 with upper after-burning and nominal heat output of 8 kW. Verified gradually were the bio-briquettes of diameter 65 mm from mixture of wheat straw and 20% m/m of brown coal, wheat straw and 5% m/m of brown coal, wheat straw, mixture of wheat straw and 10% m/m of water and molasses solution, Ecobiopal created with the fermented blend of 33% m/m of digested clean water plant sludge and 67% m/m of wood chopped material, blend of wheat straw and 15% m/m of sugar beet pulp, mixture of timothy hay and 25% m/m of brown coal, timothy grass hay, meadow hay, mixture of meadow hay and 25% m/m of brown coal. The lowest CO emissions, when the limit value of 3000 mg/m<sup>3</sup><sub>N</sub> at 13% of O<sub>2</sub> has not been exceeded, determined for more strict 1<sup>st</sup> class and the highest efficiency at nominal heat performance, i.e. higher or equal to 70% (Class I) have been reached by the briquettes produced from mixture of wheat straw and 15% m/m of sugar beet pulp, timothy hay and mixture of meadow hay with addition of 25% m/m of brown coal. Further were measured NO<sub>x</sub> and HCl emissions. NO<sub>x</sub> values were significantly lower than limit values determined for similar combustion of solid biofuel. Higher differences of HCl emissions correlate with various Cl content in fuels. Only the wheat straw briquettes with share of 25% m/m of brown coal have exceeded the limit value by 16%. Other fuels have shown considerably lower values. The results have proved better heat-technical and emission parameters of blended briquettes and are significant also for solid biofuels and solid recovered fuels standardization as well as for increasing efficiency method detection and ecological parameters optimization including HCl emissions.
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Shapar, R. O., O. V. Husarova und D. M. Korinchuk. „REGULARITIES OF CONVECTIVE LOW TEMPERATURE DRYING OF ENERGY SPECIES WOOD“. Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, Nr. 4 (07.10.2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.4.2020.5.
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The article presents an analysis of the technological stages of the production of solid biofuel from energy wood species, it is noted that up to 70% of the total energy consumption is spent on drying processes in technological processes. The urgency and advantages of low-temperature drying of such wood have been substantiated. It is noted in the work that the heat and humidity modes should ensure an increase in the energy efficiency of the process and a high calorific value of the resulting fuel.
The purpose of the article is to intensify the process of dehydration of energy wood to obtain solid biofuel, to determine the effect on the process of convective low-temperature drying of the operating parameters of the drying agent, the size and shape of the raw material, and the specific load on the drying surface.
Energy willow was used as an object for dehydration, the initial moisture content of which varied over a wide range from 45 to 60% per wet weight; dehydration was carried out until the material reached residual moisture content of 5...6%.
Studies on the effect of the temperature of the drying agent on the kinetics of moisture exchange prove that an increase in temperature from 80 to 100 °C intensifies heat and mass transfer and reduces the duration of the process by up to 25%. The results of experimental studies of the effect of the specific load on the dehydration process showed that an increase in load has a positive effect on the productivity of the drying unit and increases the volume of processed raw materials. At the same time, the total duration of dehydration from the minimum load to the maximum increases by 3.5 times. It is noted in the work that a significant parameter of influence on the kinetics of drying and increasing the efficiency of the process is the method of grinding the raw material. The most intensive mode corresponds to the method of grinding willow by combining abrasion and impact. With this method of grinding, the drying time is reduced from 15 to 25% in comparison with the others considered.
The combination of the specified conditions and parameters of low-temperature drying provides an economical process and obtaining dried willow with low and evenly distributed residual moisture. The use of such material in the technological cycle of biofuel production guarantees the reliable operation of the combustion device for a long time.
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Ţenu, Ioan, Cecilia Roman, Lacrimioara Senila, Radu Roşca, Petru Cârlescu, Marius Băetu, Vlad Arsenoaia, Emanuel Petru Dumitrachi und Oana-Raluca Corduneanu. „Valorization of Vine Tendrils Resulted from Pruning as Densified Solid Biomass Fuel (Briquettes)“. Processes 9, Nr. 8 (16.08.2021): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081409.
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Concerns over the past few decades have focused, more than ever, on finding and implementing efficient, handy, and renewable sources to reduce pollution. Biomass, in general, and biomass from annual vine cuttings, are renewable sources that can be used by a large amount of the population. Biomass densification in the form of briquettes is an efficient method of obtaining a biofuel with the same characteristics as wood. The production of densified material as a briquette consists of sampling, drying naturally, chopping, grinding and briquetting the vine cuttings. The obtained results showed that the size of the briquettes met the requirements imposed by the standard, with a length between 185 mm and 400 mm and a diameter of 58 ± 0.75 mm, the humidity of the briquettes varying between 5.42%, at Sauvignon Blanc and 7.98% for Pinot Noir, while the durability of the briquettes registered minimum values of 98.17% for Muscat Ottonel and a maximum of 99.14% for Feteasca Neagra, and a unit density with values between 1227 kg/m3 for Feteasca Alba and 1389 kg/m3 for Pinot Noir. The conclusions of these experiments are promising, showing that the densification of biomass from vines cuttings qualifies within the standard requirements for obtaining a valuable biofuel.
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Konieczyński, Jan, Bogusław Komosiński, Ewelina Cieślik, Tomasz Konieczny, Barbara Mathews, Tomasz Rachwał und Grzegorz Rzońca. „Research into properties of dust from domestic central heating boiler fired with coal and solid biofuels“. Archives of Environmental Protection 43, Nr. 2 (27.06.2017): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0019.
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Abstract The aim of this research was to assess the content and composition of the pollutants emitted by domestic central heating boilers equipped with an automatic underfeed fuel delivery system for the combustion chamber. The comparative research was conducted. It concerned fuel properties, flue gas parameters, contents of dust (fl y ash) and gaseous substances polluting the air in the flue gases emitted from a domestic CH boiler burning bituminous coal, pellets from coniferous wood, cereal straw, miscanthus, and sunflower husks, coniferous tree bark, and oats and barley grain. The emission factors for dust and gaseous air pollutants were established as they are helpful to assess the contribution of such boilers in the atmospheric air pollution. When assessing the researched boiler, it was found out that despite the development in design and construction, flue gases contained fly ash with a significant EC content, which affected the air quality.
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Höfer, Isabel, und Martin Kaltschmitt. „Effect of additives on particulate matter formation of solid biofuel blends from wood and straw“. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 7, Nr. 1 (06.08.2016): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-016-0217-7.
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Spirchez, Cosmin, Aurel Lunguleasa und Cătălin Croitoru. „Ecological briquettes from sunflower seed husk“. E3S Web of Conferences 80 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198001001.
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The paper aims to use the waste of sun-flower hulls in order to obtain some lignocellulosic briquettes as renewable solid fuels. First, the sunflower seed husks were ground, after that they were sorted and only the fractions corresponding to the briquettes and pellets were used. After obtaining the stable briquettes there were determined the physical and caloric properties of briquettes manufactured from sunflower husks, as potential alternative biofuels. The moisture content, ash content and density of the briquettes have been determined and correlated with their calorific properties, namely the calorific value and calorific density. The experimental results have indicated that, even if the self-adhesion of sunflower seed hulls is less than that of wood sawdust, they have a better behaviour in humid environment. Good results make it possible to use these briquettes for both household heating systems and thermal power plants
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Morales-Máximo, Mario, Carlos A. García, Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra, José Juan Alvarado-Flores, Borja Velázquez-Martí und José Guadalupe Rutiaga-Quiñones. „Evaluation and Characterization of Timber Residues of Pinus spp. as an Energy Resource for the Production of Solid Biofuels in an Indigenous Community in Mexico“. Forests 12, Nr. 8 (23.07.2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12080977.
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This study shows the energy potential of pine wood waste for the production of solid biofuels, and was carried out in an indigenous community in the state of Michoacán. One of the main economic activities of this community is the production of handcrafted furniture, which generates a large amount of wood waste. The most relevant results obtained in this research show that the community generates approximately 2268 kg of sawdust and 5418 kg of shavings per week, and the estimated energy potential per year for both sawdust is 1.94 PJ and for shaving is 4.65 PJ. Based on the particle size observed, the wood residue can be used to generate pellets or briquettes. Other average results in sawdust and (shavings) are the following: initial moisture content 15.3% (16.8%), apparent density 169.23 kg/m3 (49.25 kg/m3), ash 0.43% (0.42%), volatile material 84.9% (83.60%), fixed carbon 14.65% (15.96%), hemicelluloses 12.89% (10.68%), cellulose 52.68% (52.82%), lignin 26.73% (25.98%), extractives 7.69% (10.51%), calorific value 17.6 MJ/kg (17.9 MJ/kg). The major chemical elements in the ash were Al, K. Fe, Ca, P, Na, and Mg. Finally, the results obtained indicate that this biomass can be used to generate pellets or briquettes in this indigenous community.
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Petersen, Ann Kristin, und Birger Solberg. „Substitution between floor constructions in wood and natural stone: comparison of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and costs over the life cycle“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, Nr. 6 (01.06.2003): 1061–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-020.
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This paper compares two floor constructions used at the new airport outside Oslo, one made of solid oak and one made of natural stone, to (i) make an inventory of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the life cycle of the two constructions, (ii) calculate the differences regarding GHG emissions and cost, and (iii) determine which factors have the strongest influence on the results. Manufacturing the wood floor required 1.6 times more energy and produced one-third of the GHG emissions compared with the natural stone floor. Over the life cycle, net GHG emissions can be avoided only if the wood is used as a biofuel after the replacement or demolition of the floor. The wooden floor must be competitive on price to be a cost-efficient action against global warming. Per cubic metre of wood floor, emissions of up to 1.263 t of CO2 equivalents can be avoided by a substitution between the two floor constructions. The factors that have the most influence on the result are carbon fixation on forest land, waste handling of wood, and discount rate, the latter reflecting the relative importance over time given to a unit of GHG emissions.
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BERGLIN, NIKLAS, PER TOMANI, HASSAN SALMAN, SOLVIE HERSTAD SVÄRD und LARS-ERIK ÅMAND. „Pilot-scale combustion studies with kraft lignin in a powder burner and a CFB boiler“. June 2010 9, Nr. 6 (01.07.2010): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.6.24.
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Processes have been developed to produce a solid biofuel with high energy density and low ash content from kraft lignin precipitated from black liquor. Pilot-scale tests of the lignin biofuel were carried out with a 150 kW powder burner and a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Lignin powder could be fired in a powder burner with good combustion performance after some trimming of the air flows to reduce swirl. Lignin dried to 10% moisture content was easy to feed smoothly and had less bridging tendencies in the feeding system than did wood/bark powder. In the CFB boiler, lignin was easily handled and cofired together with bark. Although the filter cake was broken into smaller pieces and fines, the combustion was not disturbed. When cofiring lignin with bark, the sulfur emission increased compared with bark firing only, but most of the sulfur was captured by calcium in the bark ash. Conventional sulfur capture also occurred with addition of limestone to the bed. The sulfur content in the lignin had a significantly positive effect on reducing the alkali chloride content in the deposits, thus reducing the high temperature corrosion risk.
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Shafiei, Marzieh, Keikhosro Karimi, Hamid Zilouei und Mohammad J. Taherzadeh. „Enhanced Ethanol and Biogas Production from Pinewood by NMMO Pretreatment and Detailed Biomass Analysis“. BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/469378.
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N-Methyl morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) is an environmentally friendly and commercially applied cellulose solvent that is suggested for pretreatment of lignocelluloses to improve biofuel productions. However, the underlying mechanisms of the improvements have been poorly understood yet. In an attempt to investigate the mechanisms, pinewood powder and chips were pretreated with 85% (w/w) NMMO at 120°C for 1–15 h. The pretreatment improved ethanol production yield from 7.2% (g/g) for the untreated wood powder to 68.1–86.1% (g/g) and from 1.7% (g/g) for the untreated wood chips to 12.6–51.2% (g/g) of theoretical yield. Similarly, the biogas yields of untreated wood chips and powder were improved from 21 and 66 (mL/g volatile solids) by 3.5–6.8- and 2.6–3.4-folds, respectively. SEM micrographs indicated major increase in the wood porosity by the pretreatment, which would confirm increase in the water swelling capacity as well as enzyme adsorption. The analysis of X-ray diffraction showed considerable reduction in the cellulose crystallinity by the pretreatment, while FTIR spectroscopy results indicated reduction of lignin on the wood surface by the pretreatment.
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Ivanova, Tatiana, Bohumil Havrland, Radek Novotny, Alexandru Muntean und Petr Hutla. „Influence of raw material properties on energy consumption during briquetting process“. BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181002006.
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Biomass is doubtless a very significant source of renewable energy being worldwide abundant with high energy potential. This paper deals with assessment energy consumption at especially grinding and briquetting processes, which should result in essential economy of energy at solid biofuel production. Various types of raw materials were used at the experiment such as hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass, two species of Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus x gigantheus) and apple wood biomass. These materials were dried, grinded and pressed by piston press having pressing chamber diameter of 65 mm. Materials were grinded into three fractions (4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm). Material throughput (kg.h-1) and energy consumption (kWh.t-1) were registered. As to results: the highest throughput at both grinding cases as well as briquetting was found at apple wood biomass; however the energy consumption during briquetting of apple wood was relatively high. The worst results concerning throughput and energy consumption (especially at briquetting) were found at hemp biomass. Nevertheless, briquettes made of hemp had the best mechanical durability. Both Miscunthus species (herbaceous biomass) have very similar parameters and showed quite good relation between throughput and energy consumption at the used machines.