Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Solar sales“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Solar sales"
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Rutkin, Aviva. „Blockchain aids solar sales“. New Scientist 231, Nr. 3088 (August 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(16)31558-5.
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Teikwa, Yassin, und Chacha Magasi. „Factors affecting sales of international solar mini-grids in Tanzania mainland“. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, Nr. 1 (14.02.2022): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i1.1556.
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The research purpose was to investigate factors that affect Sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Tanzania Mainland. The motivation for the study was because there was evidence of a decline in sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Mwanza, Dar es Salaam, and Arusha regions. The study used a sample size of 70 respondents, a cross-section survey, primary data, and secondary data. The study used the mixed methods research design. Multiple linear regression was employed in quantitative data analysis with the aid of SPSS. Thematic analysis was conducted to derive themes from the qualitative data and information obtained was utilized to supplement the quantitative data. The study revealed that government policies, more specifically energy policy, significantly affect sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Tanzania Mainland. In addition, the regulatory framework, particularly tariff, significantly affects sales of International Solar Mini-Grids. Also, customers’ purchasing tendencies were significantly affecting the sales of International Solar Mini-Grids. The findings imply that ignoring the factors affecting sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Tanzania Mainland might worsen the power sector and solar Mini-Grids sustainability. This work recommends that to foster the sales of International Solar Mini-Grids, the government should have a suitable energy policy and regulatory framework geared to enhance the marketability of electricity and enhance customer purchase. The study contributes to knowledge by offering empirical evidence on renewable energy that will be of paramount importance to other renewable energy stakeholders.
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Marselina, Claudia. „Increasing the Brand Awareness of Sans Power’s Consumers in its Marketing Booklet“. K@ta Kita 7, Nr. 1 (28.02.2019): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.7.1.91-95.
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This paper aims at overcoming the problem faced by Sans Power by creating a marketing booklet as the solution. Sans Power is a trading company selling solar-energy products, like solar water pumps and solar panels. It offers a variety of solar water pumps based on the function, which are Submersible Solar Pump, Surface Solar Pump, and Solar Pool Pump. The main problem Sans Power is currently facing is the salespeople find it hard to explain to its customers and prospects about the uniqueness of buying Sans Power’s products. Therefore, a marketing booklet emphasizing the uniqueness of the products would be a solution. The marketing booklet will become the tool for the sales and marketing team to offer the unique benefits the customers can get. It will also make customers know more about Sans Power’s products and services, which can attract them increasing the sales. Keywords: promotion, promotional tool, marketing booklet, brand, brand awareness, unique selling point.
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Hariyantoro, Robertus Didik. „PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN, KUALITAS PRODUK SOLAR WATER HEATER, HARGA, PROMOSI LANGSUNG, PROMOSI TIDAK LANGSUNG DAN AFTER SALES SERVICE TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN PADA PT. JAYA DUTA INDONESIA“. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Almatama 1, Nr. 1 (16.03.2022): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.58413/jmba.v1i1.238.
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Penelitian ini berjudul pengaruh kualitas pelayanan, kualitas produk solar water heater, harga, promosi langsung, promosi tidak langsung dan after sales service terhadap kepuasan konsumen pada PT. Jaya Duta Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 120 responden. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis korelasi dan regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial hanya variabel kualitas pelayanan, kualitas produk dan after sales service yang mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen. Sedangkan variabel harga, promosi langsung dan promosi tidak langsung tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Sementara itu dari hasil uji secara simultan kualitas pelayanan, kualitas produk solar water heater, harga, promosi langsung, promosi tidak langsung dan after sales service berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen.
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Buchori, Achmad, Suwarno Widodo, Sigit Ristanto und Listya Endang Artiani. „Diseminasi Teknologi Mesin Genset Tenaga Surya Bagi Masyarakat Terdampak Bencana Gunung Merapi Desa Wukirsari Kecamatan Cangkringan Kabupaten Sleman“. Journal of Dedicators Community 3, Nr. 2 (13.08.2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34001/jdc.v3i2.811.
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The problem experienced by Wukirsari Village as one of the areas affected by the Mount Merapi disaster is the frequent occurrence of PLN power outages. To overcome this problem, the dissemination of technology products to the community aims to improve the ability of Wukirsari villagers to make natural electricity based on solar power and use solar power generator technology and be able to increase the value of sales and marketing. Outputs generated from this activity include the development of a number of group members, training in the use and maintenance of solar generator sets, training in the manufacture of solar engine generator sets, good financial management training and product sales and marketing training. This activity has resulted in: (1) solar generator products that have been carefully prepared with good results by the UPGRIS team, (2) villagers of Wukirsari are able to treat and use properly and correctly, (3) symbolic delivery to 3 residents solar power generator with capacity, 900 Watt, 1200 Watt and 1500 Watt
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Susanty, Evy. „Analisis Dampak Pemanfaatan Solar Photovoltaic Menggunakan Skema Performance Based Rental (PBR)“. JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 7, Nr. 3 (03.03.2024): 2729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v7i3.3973.
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Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dampak pemanfaatan solar photovoltaic (PV) menggunakan skema Performance Based Rental (PBR). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jakarta dengan pengambilan populasi pelanggan dari salah satu perusahaan lokal solar pv developer di Indonesia dimana terdapat 63 sampel pelanggan atau perusahaan dengan beberapa jenis industri seperti pabrik plastik, rokok, pendidikan, makanan dan minuman, otomotif dan perhotelan yang telah menggunakan pembangkit listrik tenaga surya dalam kegiatan operasinya pada tahun 2020 - 2023. Metode penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, data diolah menggunakan aplikasi pengolah data yaitu IBM SPSS kemudian dianalisis dengan metode Analisa Regresi. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa Performance Based Rental lebih menarik daripada Direct Sales dan Pendapatan yang dihasilakan dari komposisi PBR 60% dan Direct Sales 40% merupakan komposisi yang paling optimum bagi perusahaan solar PV developer di Indonesia untuk saat ini.
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Rizal, Anita. „Determinants of Value Chain Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Industry in Kathmandu Valley“. Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research 1, Nr. 2 (31.08.2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbssr.v1i2.20922.
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<p>The objective of this paper is to find out key factors influencing target market of solar photovoltaic industry; and identify ways on how to reduce cost of sales in solar photovoltaic industry in Nepal. It also analyzes better ways of marketing solar photovoltaic system in current market. The conceptual model taken for this study comprises of Porter’s (1985) value chain analysis theory which has identified two sequences of activities i.e. primary and support activities. Exploratory research has been used where primary data is collected through structured questionnaire distributed among 120 individual sellers of solar photovoltaic system inside Kathmandu valley. The data collected are analyzed using SPSS 16.0 which is coded and tabulated by Microsoft Excel spreadsheet application.</p><p>The result of the analysis of the data shows that factors influencing value chain of solar PV industry are infrastructure (mostly furniture, workshop, showroom, capital and human resources in less number) needed to set up a company, imported from different countries, distribution channel, subsidy claim, marketing medium and after sales service. Few companies import huge quantity of solar related products. Most of the companies targeting direct customer don't claim subsidy directly rather they claim via other pre-qualified companies. Also these companies consider radio advertisement to reach customers at large rather than any other medium of marketing. These companies value warranty and repair & maintenance services as an after sales service. Although few of the solar photovoltaic systems are manufactured in Nepal, they prefer to import these items rather than promote Nepal made products. Thus, these factors have created value from import to service to the customers.</p><p>Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 153-168</p>
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Vasilkovskiy, Artem. „A hybrid power plant for cost-effective electric power supply to substations for their own needs“. Energy Systems 5, Nr. 1 (25.11.2020): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/es.2020.1.027.
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This article has examined the project for implementation of a hybrid power plant based on solar panels and fuel cells, showed its advantages and functional diagram. The article also has analyzed sales markets for a hybrid power plant based on solar panels and fuel cells, identified competitive advantages, developed structure, and suggested operating principles of the hybrid power plant.
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Nugroho, Eko Adi, Suhanan Suhanan und Rochim Bakti Cahyono. „Study on The Design of Solar-Wind Energy System to Reduce The Use of Gas Fuel in The Southeast Sumatra Block“. Journal of Sosial Science 3, Nr. 4 (25.07.2022): 730–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jss.v3i4.371.
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The Southeast Sumatra block produces oil and gas. Natural gas production of 15,300 MSCF is used as fuel for turbine generators to generate 38 MW of electrical energy, while the rest is used as business products. The application of the solar-wind system can reduce the load on the turbine generator so that gas fuel consumption is also reduced. Five platforms have areas that can be utilized for a solar-wind system. This study aims to determine the amount of gas fuel consumption that can be reduced by the solar-wind system application. The method is simulation using the HOMER software to determine the amount of electrical energy that can be supplied and the costs required by the solar-wind system. The components used are found in the HOMER software and on the market. The simulation results show that the off-grid solar-wind system can provide electricity supply of 50,235 kWh per year and reduce gas fuel consumption by 20,094 MSCF per year. The on-grid solar-wind system can provide electricity supply of up to 81,230 kWh per year and reducing the use of gas fuel by 32,492 MSCF per year. The off-grid solar-wind system will increase gas sales by $132,620 per year with NPV>0 and ROI 21%, while the on-grid system will increase gas sales by $214,447 per year with NPV>0 and ROI 57%. Both models of solar-wind systems have positive economic values so that they are feasible to implement
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Chavan, Anupamaa, und Madhav Welling. „INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS IMPACTING THE ADOPTION OF SOLAR WATER HEATERS AMONG THE RESIDENTS OF COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETIES- STUDY CONDUCTED IN CITIES OF INDIA“. International Journal of Advanced Research 10, Nr. 09 (30.09.2022): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15379.
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According to U. S. Energy Department, water heating accounts for about 18% to 25% of household energy consumption. World today faces energy security problems due to its demand and supply disruptions. Using solar energy for water heating becomes a good option. Solar energy is renewable, clean and green thus its usage helps in sustainable development. This research paper tries to identify the factors impacting the adoption of solar water heaters among the residents of Cooperative Housing Societies (CHSs) in six cities of India these factors will help the manufacturers/suppliers of solar water heaters to frame marketing strategies for adoption and augmenting the sales of these products.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Solar sales"
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Rodríguez-Laguna, María del Rocío. „Heat transfer fluids: From fundamental aspects of graphene nanofluids at room temperature to molten salts formulations for solar-thermal conversion“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667803.
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Los fluidos de transferencia de calor, y en particular los nanofluidos, se pueden considerar un elemento esencial en diversos sectores industriales y su rendimiento es clave para una adecuada aplicación en tecnologías que van desde la gestión térmica y la refrigeración, a la generación de energía solar térmica y eléctrica mediante el uso de intercambiadores de calor. Estas industrias necesitan fluidos de transferencia de calor con un rango de temperatura del líquido más amplio y mejores prestaciones en la transferencia de calor que los fluidos convencionales. Todos los fluidos parecen beneficiarse de la dispersión de nanopartículas sólidas, tanto aquellos usados en aplicaciones de baja temperatura y temperatura ambiente, como aquellos que funden a más alta temperatura (p. ej. sales fundidas). La dispersión de nanopartículas conduce a la obtención de nanofluidos que con frecuencia presentan mejores conductividades térmicas y/o calores específicos en comparación con los fluidos base. Sin embargo hay algunas excepciones. En la bibliografía podemos encontrar resultados contradictorios acerca de la mejora de las propiedades térmicas en nanofluidos, lo cual hace que sea necesario un estudio de estos materiales en mayor profundidad. Por otra parte, la naturaleza líquida de estos materiales plantea un verdadero desafío, tanto desde el punto de vista experimental como en relación al marco conceptual.
El trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis ha abordado dos retos diferentes relacionados con los fluidos de transferencia de calor y los nanofluidos. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo un estudio riguroso y sistemático de las propiedades térmicas, morfológicas, reológicas, de estabilidad, acústicas y vibracionales de nanofluidos de grafeno en disolventes orgánicos. Observamos un gran aumento de la conductividad térmica de hasta un 48% y un aumento del 18% en la capacidad calorífica de los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilacetamida (DMAc). También se observó una mejora significativa en los nanofluidos de grafeno en N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF) del orden del 25% y 12% para la conductividad térmica y la capacidad calorífica, respectivamente. El desplazamiento de varias bandas del espectro Raman de DMF y DMAc hacia altas frecuencias (máx. ~ 4 cm-1) al aumentar la concentración de grafeno, sugirió que éste tiene la capacidad de afectar a las moléculas de disolvente a larga distancia, en términos de energía vibracional. En paralelo, las simulaciones numéricas basadas en la teoría funcional de la densidad (DFT) y dinámica molecular (MD) mostraron una orientación paralela de DMF hacia el grafeno, favoreciendo la interacción π-π y contribuyendo a la modificación de los espectros de Raman. Además, se observó un orden local de las moléculas de DMF alrededor del grafeno, lo que sugiere que tanto este tipo especial de interacción como el orden local inducido pueden contribuir a la mejora de las propiedades térmicas del fluido. También se realizaron estudios similares en nanofluidos de grafeno disperso en 1-metil-2-pirrolidona, sin embargo, no se observó ninguna modificación de la conductividad térmica o de los espectros de Raman. Todas estas observaciones juntas sugieren que existe una correlación entre la modificación de los espectros vibracionales y el aumento de la conductividad térmica de los nanofluidos. En vista de los resultados, se discutieron y descartaron algunos de los mecanismos propuestos para explicar la mejora de la conductividad térmica en nanofluidos.
La segunda línea de investigación se centró en el desarrollo y caracterización de nuevas formulaciones de sales fundidas con baja temperatura de fusión y alta estabilidad térmica. Con este propósito, se sintetizaron dos nuevas formulaciones de seis componentes basadas en nitratos con una temperatura de fusión de 60-75 °C y una estabilidad térmica de aprox. 500 °C. Por otro lado, la complejidad de las muestras llevó a establecer una serie de métodos experimentales que se proponen para la detección del punto de fusión de estos materiales como una alternativa a la calorimetría convencional, estas técnicas son: espectroscopia Raman, técnica 3ω y transmisión óptica.Heat transfer fluids and nanofluids constitute an important element in the industry and their performance is key to the successful application in technologies that go from heat management and cooling to heat exchangers in thermal-solar energy and electricity generation. These industries demand heat transfer fluids with a wider liquid temperature range and better thermal performance than the conventional fluids. From low-temperature fluids to high-temperature molten salts, these fluids seem to benefit from the dispersion of solid nanoparticles, leading to nanofluids which frequently feature improved thermal conductivities and/or specific heats as compared with the bare fluids. However, there are some exceptions. Contradictory reports make it necessary to study these materials in greater depth than has been usual. Yet, the liquid nature of these materials poses a real challenge, both from the experimental point of view and from the conceptual framework. The work reported in this thesis has tackled two different challenges related to heat transfer fluids and nanofluids. In the first place, a careful and systematic study of thermal, morphological, rheological, stability, acoustic and vibrational properties of graphene-based nanofluids was carried out. We observed a huge increase of up to 48% in thermal conductivity and 18% in heat capacity of graphene-N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) nanofluids. A significant enhancement was also observed in graphene-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) nanofluids of approximately 25% and 12% for thermal conductivity and heat capacity, respectively. The blue shift of several Raman bands (max. ~ 4 cm-1) with increasing graphene concentration in DMF and DMAc nanofluids suggested that graphene has the ability to affect solvent molecules at long-range, in terms of vibrational energy. In parallel, numerical simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) showed a parallel orientation of DMF towards graphene, favoring π–π stacking and contributing to the modification of the Raman spectra. Furthermore, a local order of DMF molecules around graphene was observed suggesting that both this special kind of interaction and the induced local order may contribute to the enhancement of the thermal properties of the fluid. Similar studies were also performed in graphene-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone nanofluids, however, no modification of the thermal conductivity or the Raman spectra was observed. All these observations together suggest that there is a correlation between the modification of the vibrational spectra and the increase in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. In light of these results, the mechanisms suggested in the literature to explain the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids were discussed and some of them were discarded. The second line of research focused on the development and characterization of novel molten salts formulations with low-melting temperature and high thermal stability. In this regard, two novel formulations of six components based on nitrates with a melting temperature of 60-75 °C and a thermal stability up to ~ 500 °C were synthesized. Moreover, the complexity of the samples led to establish a series of experimental methods which are proposed for the melting temperature detection of these materials as an alternative to conventional calorimetry. These methods are Raman spectroscopy, three-omega technique, and optical transmission.
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Maldonado, Gálvez Paula Daniela. „Despacho Óptimo de una Central Solar con Almacenamiento de Calor en Sales“. Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104327.
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Ingeniera Civil ElectricistaLa presente memoria tiene por objetivo principal optimizar el despacho de una central solar térmica, que tiene como sistema de almacenamiento tanques de sales fundidas, y que además considera el funcionamiento de una caldera auxiliar para recalentar el fluido circulante en el campo solar. Para cumplir con el objetivo se evaluaron los principales factores influyentes, se realizó un análisis del comportamiento de los costos marginales de las dos subestaciones cercanas a la posible ubicación de la planta, estimando el funcionamiento mensual de la planta para diferentes formas de operación. En este contexto, se implementó un mapa de comportamiento de la central, para estudiar el funcionamiento en un rango variado de escenarios, para así obtener una estadística de las horas en las que el almacenamiento estaba activo, y cuando era la caldera auxiliar la que tenía el peso de la generación. Asimismo fue posible discernir las combinaciones de salida de turbina y porcentaje de combustible fósil que lograban una mejor eficiencia del bloque de potencia. El mapa de comportamiento también identificó los escenarios en los que el fluido térmico alcanza su mayor temperatura y se tenía una cantidad más alta de pérdidas térmicas, además de identificar en qué meses se generaba el mayor gasto en combustible fósil. Una vez terminado el mapa de comportamiento, se diseñaron dos conjuntos de estrategias, una plana a lo largo del día, con una salida de turbina al 100% y otra que permite una fluctuación de generación entre un 80% y un 110%. Cada conjunto está definido por diferentes escenarios, en algunos de los cuales se daba preferencia al almacenamiento y en otros a la caldera auxiliar. Los resultados de las estrategias diseñadas se valorizaron, obteniendo los ingresos por generación y los costos por concepto de combustible fósil para la caldera auxiliar. Además se determinaron las alternativas que presentaban una mejor eficiencia a lo largo del año. Se determinó que el escenario que contemplaba una generación diferenciada a lo largo del día, pese a tener durante gran parte del año un margen de ingreso similar a la producción plana, era una mejor opción dado que el gasto en combustible era menor y, por lo tanto, implica una menor contaminación por emisiones de dióxido de carbono. Finalmente se presenta un resumen del comportamiento de la central, con los datos de generación bruta y neta anual, el consumo de agua, las horas de generación y la eficiencia promedio de la planta.
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Ruiz-Cabañas, F. Javier. „Corrosion evaluation of molten salts thermal energy storage (TES) systems in concentrated solar power plants (CSP)“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671680.
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El protagonisme creixent de la tecnologia solar termoelèctrica entre el ventall de les energies renovables es centra en la seva capacitat d’adaptar la seva producció a la demanda energètica exigida. La gestionabilitat d’aquest tipus de centrals s’ha aconseguit amb la integració de sistemes d’emmagatzematge tèrmic en les mateixes. La major part dels sistemes d’emmagatzematge tèrmic, ja sigui els que s’utilitzen a nivell comercial com aquells que es troben en fase de desenvolupament proposen l’ús de sals inorgàniques foses com a medi d’emmagatzematge. Aquestes sals presenten l’inconvenient de la seva alta corrosivitat a altes temperatures.
Per un costat, s’han analitzat els fenòmens de corrosió associats a les sals solars utilitzades a la planta pilot TES-PS10 mitjançant la instal·lació de racks de testimonis de corrosió als tancs de sals. A més, al finalitzar l’operació de la instal·lació pilot s’ha dut a terme un estudi post-mortem dels seus. Finalment, amb l’objectiu d’abaratir el cost de l’inventari de sals, s’ha analitzat a nivell de laboratori la corrosivitat de diferents mescles de nitrats de baixa puresa. El segon bloc de la tesi es centra en els sistemes d’emmagatzematge tèrmic en calor latent. Concretament, s’analitza la corrosió associada a la mescla peritèctica 46% LiOH-54% KOH proposta com a material de canvi de fase en un mòdul d’evaporació d’instal·lacions termoelèctriques de generació directa de vapor. D’aquesta forma, s’han dut a terme una sèrie d’assajos a nivell de laboratori amb l’objectiu d’avaluar el comportament envers la corrosió de diferents materials en contacte amb aquests hidròxids.El creciente protagonismo de la tecnología solar se centra en su capacidad para adaptar su producción a la demanda energética exigida. La gestionabilidad de este tipo de centrales se ha conseguido mediante la integración de sistemas de almacenamiento térmico en sales fundidas. El uso de sales fundidas en sistemas de almacenamiento térmico presenta el hándicap de su corrosividad a alta temperatura. El primer bloque de la Tesis analiza los fenómenos de corrosión asociados a las sales solares en la planta piloto TES-PS10 mediante la instalación de racks de corrosión en los tanques de sales. Además, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio post-mortem de componentes de la instalación. Finalmente, se ha analizado a nivel de laboratorio la corrosividad de distintas mezclas de nitrato de baja pureza. El segundo bloque de la tesis se centra en los sistemas de almacenamiento en calor latente. En concreto, se analiza la corrosión asociada a la mezcla peritéctica 46% LiOH-54% KOH propuesta como material de cambio de fase en el módulo de evaporación en plantas de generación directa de vapor. De este modo, se han llevado a cabo ensayos de corrosión a nivel de laboratorio para evaluar el comportamiento a corrosión de distintos materiales en contacto con los hidróxidos.
The growing of concentrated solar power (CSP) within the different renewable energies is due to its ability to adapt the production to the required energy demand. The dispatchability of this type of plants has been achieved through the integration of molten salts thermal storage systems (TES). Molten salts have a handicap associated to their corrosiveness at high temperature. First block of this Thesis analyzes the corrosion phenomena associated with solar salts used in TES-PS10 pilot plant by installing corrosion racks in the salt tanks. Moreover, a postmortem study of different components was performed after facility shut down. Finally, in order to reduce the cost of the salt inventory in TES systems, the corrosivity of different low purity nitrates mixtures has been analyzed at laboratory scale. The second block of the Thesis focuses on latent heat storage systems. Specifically, it has been analyzed the corrosion associated with the proposed 46% LiOH-54% KOH peritectic mixture as a phase change material in the evaporation module of direct steam generation (DSG) CSP plants. Thus, corrosion tests have been performed at laboratory level to evaluate the corrosion performance of several materials in contact with such hydroxides.
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Peiró, Bell-lloch Gerard. „Emmagatzematge d’energia tèrmica d’alta temperatura per aplicacions de fred solar i centrals termosolars“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462071.
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Aquesta tesi contribueix en el camp de l’emmagatzematge d’energia tèrmica (TES) per aplicacions de fred solar i centrals termosolars. Concretament, en la validació i optimització de la tecnologia TES a través de l’experimentació a escala de planta pilot. La present tesi s’ha dividit en dues parts. Una, on s’estudien dues tècniques de millora de la transferència de calor en sistemes d’emmagatzematge per calor latent per aplicacions de fred solar. I una altra, on s’estudia la viabilitat d’un intercanviador de plaques per operar en un sistema d’emmagatzematge de doble tanc per centrals termosolars de cilindre parabòlic. Així com la influència de les estratègies d’operació i del fluid caloportador en el procés de transferència de calor en el mateix intercanviador. Els diferents estudis d’aquesta tesi han estat realitzats mitjançant la planta pilot de la Universitat de Lleida construïda l’any 2008 amb la col·laboració d’Abengoa.Esta tesis contribuye en el campo del almacenamiento de energía térmica (TES) para aplicaciones de frío solar y centrales termosolares. Concretamente, en la validación y optimización de la tecnología TES a través de la experimentación a escala de planta piloto. La presente tesis está dividida en dos partes. Una, donde se estudian dos técnicas de mejora de la transferencia de calor en sistemas de almacenamiento por calor latente para aplicaciones de frío solar. Y otra, donde se demuestra la viabilidad de un intercambiador de placas para operar en un sistema de almacenamiento de doble tanque para centrales termosolares de cilindro parabólico. Así como la influencia de las estrategias de operación y del fluido caloportador en el proceso de transferencia de calor en el mismo intercanviador. Los diferentes estudios de esta tesis se han realizado mediante la planta piloto de la Universidad de Lleida construida en 2008 con la colaboración de Abengoa.
This thesis has contributed to the thermal energy storage (TES) field applied in solar cooling and concentrated solar power plants. Specifically, it is focused on validation and optimization of TES technology through the experimentation at pilot plant scale. This thesis is divided in two parts. A first part, where two heat transfer enhancement techniques in latent heat storage systems for solar cooling applications have been studied. And a second part, where the feasibility of plate heat exchanger to operate in a two-tank molten salts TES system for parabolic trough solar plant has been demonstrated. Moreover the influence of operational strategies and heat transfer fluid in heat transfer process of the same heat exchanger has been studied. The different studies included in this thesis has been performed through the pilot plant of University of Lleida built in 2008 in collaboration with Abengoa.
5
Sarvghad, Moghaddam Madjid. „Corrosion of structural alloys in molten salts for solar thermal energy storage“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118056/1/Madjid_Sarvghad%20Moghaddam_Thesis.pdf.
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In this thesis, the compatibility of some structural alloys with the most recent high-temperature candidates as storage media (molten salts) to be used in thermal energy storage (TES) for the next generation of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants is investigated. This study endeavours to investigate the thermal and corrosive impacts of molten salts on commercial alloys by developing methods to measure and track the material degradation in contact with the corrosive medium. The role of material microstructure on corrosion and/or oxidation behaviour is studied and discussed in detail.
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Lopes, Telma Sofia Risso. „Advantages and drawbacks of a linear focusing system with low melting point molten salts“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31058.
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Parabolic trough power plants have been the most commercially implemented solar thermal electricity plants in the world. As such, several studies have been carried out over the last years in order to improve the efficiency/reduce the costs of this type of plants. From here it came the possibility of using the salts, that are currently used in this type of plants as storage fluid only, as heat transfer fluid (HTF). Its use as HTF seems to be a viable solution, however its implementation requires careful analysis. The project that gave rise to this dissertation aims to study this feasibility. During this work, the advantages and disadvantages of the salts in relation to the thermal oils (HTF currently used in this type of installations) will be presented and demonstrated, and SAM simulations will be performed to analyse the performance of a platform with the different fluids. Finally, the changes caused in the LCOE as well as in the power block design and efficiency will be determined; Resumo:
VANTAGENS E DESVANTAGENS DOS SAIS FUNDIDOS DE BAIXO PONTO DE FUSÃO NUM SISTEMA DE FOCO LINEAR
As centrais lineares de coletores cilíndrico-parabólicos são atualmente a tecnologia de geração solar termoelétrica mais utilizada em todo o mundo. Como tal, vários estudos têm vindo a ser realizados ao longo dos últimos anos com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência/reduzir os custos deste tipo de plantas. Daqui surgiu a possibilidade de utilizar os sais fundidos, já utilizados neste tipo de plantas apenas como fluido de armazenamento, também como fluido de transferência de calor (HTF). A sua utilização como HTF parece ser uma solução viável, no entanto a sua implementação requer uma análise cuidada. O projeto que deu origem a esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar essa viabilidade. Ao longo deste trabalho serão apresentadas e demonstradas as vantagens e desvantagens dos sais em relação aos óleos térmicos (HTF utilizado atualmente neste tipo de instalações), realizadas simulações em SAM para analisar a performance de uma plataforma com os distintos fluidos e por fim determinadas as alterações provocadas no LCOE assim como no desempenho e eficiência do bloco de potência.
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Berdibek, Shapagat. „Measurement of optical properties of molten salts and metallic compounds for advanced solar and nuclear systems“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106769.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2015."June 2015." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 29).
Renewable energies can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Solar thermal systems designed to use molten salts to directly absorb the solar heat are promising due to (1) potentially higher efficiency in capture of sunlight and (2) use of the salt to simultaneously capture sunlight and store heat in the salt. The optical properties of the molten salts are crucial for the design of such thermal systems because they determine the depth of the salt required to absorb sunlight and allow modeling of the performance of such systems. Molten salts are also being developed as coolants for high temperature reactors. Optical properties are also required to determine the radiative heat transfer of the coolant. The objectives of this thesis were to build a better system to measure these properties and measure the optical properties of the proposed salt for a direct absorption concentrated solar thermal system. The attenuation coefficient of light in a binary nitrate salt mixture (KNO 3-NaNO3 40-60 wt%) was measured over the wavelength range 833-2500 nm and the temperature range 300-400°C. This salt is the leading candidate for the first generation of a proposed concentrated solar power on demand (CSPonD) concept [3]. The relevant data was obtained using a FTIR spectrometer and an experimental apparatus designed for semitransparent liquids. The apparatus was validated using the published data for the attenuation of light in deionized water. The attenuation coefficients of the binary nitrate salt mixture for the lower wavelengths matched the data obtained by Passerini [1]. For the longer wavelengths, the attenuation coefficient peaked around 2.5 Pm as predicted by Drotning [2]. Since certain metallic components of solar and nuclear systems are exposed to the molten salt, it is important to characterize the behavior of their reflectivity in the presence of the molten salt. The reflectivity of 304L stainless steel was measured for the wavelength range 600-5000 nm at incident angles of light 10°, 40°, and 70° after an 8-day molten salt immersion test. The reflectivity was measured to be less than 10% for the solar spectrum.
by Shapagat Berdibek.
S.B.
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Amber, Ityona. „Transient natural convection induced by the absorption of concentrated solar radiation in high temperature molten salts“. Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3106.
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Solar-thermal energy systems that involve the deposition of radiation in absorbing high temperature molten salts to harness the entire solar spectrum and achieve high efficiencies and low Levelised Cost Of Energy (LCOE) are of considerable interest for power generation. From a design stand point, to achieve a competitive solar power generation devices, it is imperative to have an accurate knowledge of the inherent physical processes of such a fluid system. Thus under high temperature conditions, detailed understanding of the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in an irradiated fluid is considered. The work investigates the spectral dependent heat transfer and fluid dynamics in a thermal storage concept which uniquely combines a volumetric receiver and a single tank thermal store. The Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is protypical of a small scale concept concentrated solar plant. Advances in computing power, has seen Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) consolidated as a powerful tool employed by researchers and engineers to simulate real world behaviour and complex phenomena to a certain degree of accuracy with low effort in time, personnel and resources. This thesis is focused on the development of a realistic numerical model capable of predicting the local volumetric absorption of solar radiation in a fluid layer which provides an improved understanding of the hydrodynamic and thermal conditions in an enclosed fluid layer. Computational Fluid Dynamics is used to simulate the transient heat transfer and fluid flow determined by a combined influence of volumetric absorption and natural convection in a high temperature fluid filled enclosure. The enclosure is studied for the specific case in which a high temperature salt is first heated by direct volumetric absorption of the incident solar radiation and secondly by natural convection from a absorber plate located at the bottom of the enclosure whose sole purpose is to absorb all non-absorbed radiation reaching the lower surface. The current models considers the depth dependence absorption of solar radiation based on (i) a solar weighted absorption coe cient (assumed constant over all wavelengths) and (ii) spectral absorption coe cient characterised by wavelength band based on a standard solar spectrum reference. A commercially available CFD Package based on Finite Element Method (FEM), COMSOL Multiphysics is used to discretise and solve the Navier Stokes and energy equation under transients heating conditions for a non Boussinesq condition by accounting for the temperature variable properties of molten salts. A time-dependent and Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) solver using implicit time-stepping methods is combined with refined mesh to solve the non-linear PDE. Validity of the numerical tool has been conducted, by comparing results from published results found in literature with corresponding numerical results. The mesh element optimum sizes and time steps used conform to those obtained in validation models. Simulations have been conducted for a daily charging period of three hours as used in conjunction with a solar system. The effects of bottom absorber plate, flux Rayleigh number, aspect ratio, variable Air Mass and inclination angle have also been investigated. Numerical results are presented in terms of surface plots, temperature contours, and velocity contours and streamlines which show the thermal field distribution and flow structures, for volumetric absorption of thermal radiation coupled with natural convection. Performance criteria are based on quantification of the level of thermal stratification using the MIX number, the dimensionless exergy and capture efficiency. Three dimensionality effects were studied by considering three dimensional simulation for the same problem. The results show that the present method and models are capable of capturing the main features of the flow and the overall performance of these turbulence models in terms of predicting time-averaged quantities. Results obtained indicate a nonlinear temperature profile consisting of two distinct layers: a surface layer and a bottom layer. The numerical results reveal natural convection in the cavity follows an initial stage, a transitional stage and a quasi-steady stage. Results indicate that volumetric absorption of solar radiation, when coupled to natural convection has a direct influence on the thermal field through the disparities in absorption and emission phenomena. The isotherms and streamlines show that the natural convective heat transfer and flow are quite different from those obtained in differentially heat enclosures. Thus the heat transfer mechanism destroys a symmetry of the system that relates clockwise and counter clockwise flows. Temperature and flow field are found to be greatly influenced by the aspect ratio (H/D) of the store and the flux Rayleigh number. It is found that the predicted heat transfer from the lower surface in the cavity is increased when the simulation is extended from two to three dimensional. Results obtained indicated that increasing the aspect ratio, Air Mass and inclination angle all result in increasing levels of thermal stratification. Natural convection from the lower absorber surface is found to increase with increasing flux Rayleigh number.
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Carvalho, Marlise Lila Silva. „Eficiência da luz solar refletida e desempenho de dispositivos de sombreamento: estudo para salas de aula na cidade de Maceió“. Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2018. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/3522.
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A humid subtropical climate is characterized by a predominant partly cloudy sky, which increases the intensity of solar radiation, and makes shade an essential requeriment. Thus, the indoor daylighting environment may depend more on reflected light than on direct light. Planning the shape of the surfaces is an important means of making full use of the reflected sunlight. In this regard, shading devices can be designed that just obstruct the view of the sky enough to provide shade, by reflecting the sunlight for the environment, and reducing this loss. The aim of this doctoral research is to study the performance of shading devices in classrooms with regard to their luminous power when capturing reflected sunlight in Maceió, so as to determine the potential use of sunlight in these elements. Three variables of these devices were defined for this: the number of pieces, specularity and reflectance of the surfaces devices. The resulting models from the combination of these variables were analyzed to calculate the reflected sunlight efficiency, rate employed in this research. The software used for the computational simulations of these models was TropLux. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine which variables had the greatest impact on the reflected sunlight efficiency and to relate the rate to the daylighting performance through indicators of availability, distribution and the maintenance of illuminance inside the environment: these included the annual average illuminance and uniformity rate, and spatial daylight autonomy. The results showed that the reflectance of the devices is the variable that has the most positive influence on the reflected sunlight efficiency, and is able to increase the rate by up to 142%. The annual average illuminance and the spatial daylight autonomy were positively related to the efficiency and the defined parameterization also led to an increase of their values. With regard to the distribution of illuminances, the variations of the analyzed parameters resulted in a reduction of the uniformity rate in most of the cases studied. The increase in specularity and specular reflectance in the models facing east reduced the rate by up to 34% and 41%, respectively. Increasing the number of components in the system devices installed in lateral openings, only provides a valid solution for the increase of the illumination when these elements have a high reflectance, especially specular. This represents a more efficient strategy in the case of the north facade. Among the analyzed models, in the systems with the largest number of components, and where the surface finishing process provides specular reflection, there is a greater use of sunlight in the reflected form. The use of light colors, such as white, beige and yellow, also benefit the use of sunlight, especially if they are used in materials with specular reflection. In contrast, the high reflectances resulted in a reduction of the uniformity of illumination in the environment. From the results of the studies carried out into reflected sunlight efficiency, it can be stated that it is possible to increase the use of sunlight through the variation of certain shading devices and, hence, to bring benefits by making daylighting available in the environment.O clima quente e úmido caracteriza-se pelo predomínio do céu parcialmente nublado, o que torna intensa a radiação solar, impondo a necessidade de sombreamento. Assim, a iluminação natural no interior do ambiente pode depender mais da luz refletida do que da luz natural direta. Planejar a forma das superfícies é um importante recurso para o aproveitamento da luz solar refletida. Neste sentido, dispositivos de sombreamento podem ser projetados para obstruir a visão do céu apenas o necessário para o sombreamento, refletindo a luz solar para o ambiente e minimizando essa perda. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa de doutorado é estudar o desempenho de dispositivos de sombreamento em salas de aula com relação à eficiência luminosa na captação da luz solar refletida, em Maceió, a fim de que seja identificado o potencial de aproveitamento da luz solar desses elementos. Para isso foram definidas três variáveis desses dispositivos: número de peças, especularidade e refletância das superfícies dos brises. Os modelos resultantes da combinação dessas variáveis foram analisados quanto à eficiência da luz solar refletida, índice proposto nesta pesquisa. O programa utilizado para as simulações computacionais desses modelos foi o TropLux. Análises estatísticas foram desenvolvidas a fim de identificar as variáveis de maior impacto para a eficiência da luz solar refletida e relacionar o índice ao desempenho da iluminação, através de indicadores de disponibilidade, distribuição e manutenção da iluminância no ambiente: iluminância média anual, uniformidade média anual e autonomia de luz natural espacial. Os resultados mostraram que a refletância dos dispositivos é a variável que mais influencia positivamente a eficiência da luz solar refletida, chegando a incrementar em até 142% o índice. A iluminância média anual e a autonomia de luz natural espacial foram relacionados positivamente à eficiência e a parametrização definida também contribuiu para a ampliação dos seus valores. Quanto à distribuição de iluminâncias, a variação dos parâmetros analisados resultou em redução do índice de uniformidade, na maioria dos casos estudados. O aumento da especularidade e da refletância especular em modelos voltados para Leste reduziram o índice em 34% e 41%, respectivamente. Aumentar o número de peças em sistemas de dispositivos inseridos em aberturas laterais apenas corresponde a uma solução válida para o incremento da iluminação quando tais elementos possuem alta refletância, sobretudo especular. Tal medida representa uma estratégia mais eficiente no caso da fachada Norte. Entre os modelos analisados, os sistemas com maior número de peças, cujo acabamento das superfícies proporciona reflexão especular, são capazes de promover maior aproveitamento da luz solar na forma refletida. O uso de cores claras, como branco, creme e amarelo, também favorece o aproveitamento da luz solar, sobretudo se forem empregadas em materiais com reflexão especular. Por outro lado, altas refletâncias resultaram em redução da uniformidade da iluminação no ambiente. A partir dos resultados dos estudos de eficiência da luz solar refletida desenvolvidos, pode-se afirmar que é possível ampliar o aproveitamento da luz solar através da variação de determinadas características de dispositivos de sombreamento e, consequentemente, trazer benefícios para a disponibilidade de iluminação no ambiente.
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Guerreiro, Luís. „Energy optimization of a concentrated solar power plant with thermal storage“. Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25594.
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One of the most relevant problems to solve at a planetary scale is the access to an affordable
clean source of energy as CO2 equivalent emissions should be reduced significantly. Some
authors aim for a zero emissions target for 2050. Renewable energies will play a leading role in
this energy transition, and solar energy with storage is a promising technology exploring a
renewable and worldwide available resource.
Within the present thesis component development like a new thermal storage thermocline tank
design or having latent heat storage capability are technological developments that have been
pursued and analyzed on a system perspective basis, focusing on reducing the LCOE value of
a commercial STE plant using TRNSYS software. Material research with molten salts mixtures
and cement based materials has been performed at lab scale. A fully validation should occur
through a 13 partners pan-European H2020 project called NEWSOL which has been developed
supported on the laboratory data obtained.
Moreover, incorporation of local available material, “modern slag” from an old mine of Alentejo
region, was also studied. The material could be used as an aggregate incorporated into calcium
aluminate cement (CAC) or as filler. This would help to solve a local environmental complex
problem related to soil, air and water pollution due to heavy metals and mining activity in Mina
de São Domingos, Southeast of Portugal.
The integration of these results underlies a broad energy transition model, a proposal is
presented in this thesis, with the aim to foster development towards a sustainable usage of
resources and promote clean technologies especially in the energy sector. This model can be
locally adapted depending on the pattern of existing industries. The goal is to achieve a smooth
transition into a clean tech energy society in line with the target of achieving zero emissions for
2050; Optimização Energética de uma Central de
Concentração Solar com Armazenamento de Energia
Resumo:
Um dos problemas mais relevantes a resolver a uma escala planetária é o acesso, com um
custo moderado, a fontes limpas de energia considerando que as emissões equivalentes de
CO2 derão ser reduzidas drasticamente. Alguns autores ambicionam mesmo um objetivo de
zero emissões em 2050. As energias renováveis irão desempenhar um papel preponderante
nesta transição energética, sendo que a energia solar com armazenamento é uma tecnologia
promissora que aproveita um recurso renovável e disponível em boa parte do Planeta.
Na presente tese foi realizado o desenvolvimento de componentes nomeadamente o design
que um novo tanque do tipo termocline, ou de novos elementos recorrendo ao calor latente,
desenvolvimentos tecnológicos que foram analizados de uma perspectiva de sistema, dando o
enfoque na redução do custo nivelado da electricidade (LCOE) para uma planta Termosolar
usando o software TRNSYS. Foi também realizada investigação em laboratório ao nível dos
materiais com várias misturas de sais fundidos inclusivé em contacto directo com materiais de
base cimenticia. Uma validação completa deverá ocorrer no projeto NEWSOL do programa
H2020 que reúne um consórcio de 13 parceiros europeus e que foi preparado e submetido
tendo por base os resultados laboratoriais obtidos.
Adicionalmente, incorporação de material disponível (escória de minério) de uma mina
abandonada da região do Alentejo foi outro dos aspectos estudados. Verificou-se que este
material poderá ser utilizado como agregado num ligante do tipo cimento de aluminato de
cálcio (CAC) ou como “filler”. Este re-aproveitamento resolveria um problema ambiental
complexo derivado do elevado conteúdo de metais pesados resultantes da actividade de
mineração e que actualamente provocam poluição do solo, água e ar na área da Mina de São
Domingos, Sudeste de Portugal.
Estes progressos deverão ser integrados num modelo de transição energética mais amplo. Na
presente tese, uma proposta concreta é apresentada, com o objectivo de incentivar o
desenvolvimento na direção de uma utilização sustentável dos recursos e a promoção de
tecnologias limpas nomeadamente no sector da energia. Este modelo poderá ser adaptado
localmente dependendo do padrão de indústrias existente. O objectivo é atingir uma transição
suave para uma sociedade de energias limpas em linha com o objectivo de atingir zero
emissões de CO2 equivalente em 2050.
Bücher zum Thema "Solar sales"
1
Selling solar: The diffusion of renewable energy in emerging markets. London: Earthscan, 2008.
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2
Whittenberger, J. Daniel. Mechanical properties of pure nickel alloys after long term exposures to LiOH and vacuum at 775 K. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.
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3
GOVERNMENT, US. Investment treaty with Uruguay: Message from the President of the United States transmitting Treaty Between the United States of America and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay Concerning the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investment. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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4
GOVERNMENT, US. Aviation, smoking ban: Agreement between the United States of America and other governments, done at Chicago November 1, 1994. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1999.
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5
GOVERNMENT, US. International taxation: United States tax treaties. Colorado Springs, Colo: Shepard's/McGraw-Hill, 1993.
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6
GOVERNMENT, US. Provisions in U.S. international air transport agreements. Washington, D.C. (1709 New York Ave., N.W., Washington 20006): Air Transport Association of America, 1985.
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7
GOVERNMENT, US. The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement : tariff schedule of the United States. Ottawa: External Affairs Canada, 1987.
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8
GOVERNMENT, US. Extradition treaties with Organization of Eastern Caribbean States: Message from the President of the United States transmitting extradition treaties between the government of the United States of America and the governments of six countries comprising the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (collectively, the "treaties") .... Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
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9
Thornton, E. J. Supercharge Your Solar Sales: Get More Solar Leads Using Free Internet Tools. Independently Published, 2021.
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10
White, Sean. PV Technical Sales: Preparation for the NABCEP Technical Sales Certification. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Solar sales"
1
Riedke, Eva. „A Solar Off-Grid Software: The Making of Infrastructures, Markets and Consumers ‘Beyond Energy’“. In Digitisation and Low-Carbon Energy Transitions, 31–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16708-9_3.
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AbstractRiedke engages with the processes of digitization that accompany the selling of solar off-grid products to the so-called ‘unelectrified poor’. The chapter draws attention to how the selling of solar goes hand in hand with the establishment of people’s ‘credit worthiness’, aimed at advancing financial inclusion in markets beyond solar. From an ethnographic perspective, the chapter engages with a German-Kenyan solar start-up and a software it has designed to manage sales processes to keep track of current and future customers. Exploring the details of this software, the chapter contributes to our understanding of how solar power is provided to meet a basic need, a most basic level of human well-being, but simultaneously also to form new consumer subjects for new markets.
2
Yamauchi, Futoshi, und Hiroyuki Takeshima. „Solar Power to Transform Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from a Solar-Powered Cold Storage Intervention in Nigeria“. In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 329–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_24.
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AbstractIn developing countries, a substantial amount of perishable and often highly nutritious commodities, such as fruits and vegetables, are lost after harvest, mainly caused by the lack of key infrastructures, such as electricity and cold chain facilities. On the other hand, the world has recently seen the potential of solar power in decarbonizing economies and transforming rural livelihoods in developing countries. A new technology, such as solar power photovoltaics, is highly divisible and, therefore, can be easily introduced to overcome the lack of sustainable electricity supply. In 2020–2021, we implemented an intervention to rebuild rural livelihoods in conflict-affected northeast Nigeria by building solar-powered cold storage facilities that can reduce food loss and increase consumption of perishable, micronutrient-rich horticulture products; increase incomes of market agents and producers; and improve employment. The intervention brought a significant increase in the number of days that horticulture products remain fresh, market sales for cold storage users, and the amount of vegetables available to the local population. Cost-benefit analysis showed a significant net economic gain in the long-run. Our example shows that a technological innovation, which overcomes the lack of an essential investment for development, can trigger economic transformation.
3
Varghese, Sangeeth. „Future of Energy“. In Future of Business and Finance, 53–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36382-5_6.
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AbstractThe energy sector accounts for three-quarters of greenhouse gas emissions presently, and consequently, efforts to mitigate the consequences of climate change rely massively on improving the condition of our energy consumption, production and transportation. Some of the broad trends that are predicted to realize by 2050 include the global energy demand to continue rising at an average annual growth rate to 2% with most of the increased demand coming from South Asian and African countries which experience significant economic growth during these three decades. Most of the increased demand of energy will be in the form of electricity, and efficiency in electricity production, storage and transportation will become absolutely crucial. Almost 77% of new energy demand is predicted to be met using solar and wind energy production, with some help from biofuels and nuclear energy. The realization of a net-zero future requires the adding capacity for 630 GW of solar power and 390 GW of wind power generation every year, mass electrification of vehicles to increase electric vehicles’ share of global sales from around 5% presently to 60% by 2050, and significant improvement in energy storage and transmission.
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Safaei, Samaneh, Farshid Keynia, Sam Haghdady, Azim Heydari und Mario Lamagna. „Design of CCHP System with the Help of Combined Chiller System, Solar Energy, and Gas Microturbine“. In The Urban Book Series, 79–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_9.
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AbstractThis work was conducted to design a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system with photovoltaic energy which provides simultaneous generation of electricity, heat, and cold for a high-rise office building (23 floors) in the city of Mashhad in Iran. Our strategy was to supply load electric, thermal, and refrigeration with the help of solar energy. In addition, its superiority over other systems was evaluated. Analysis and study of solar radiation and the maximum level of solar panels use, according to the architectural plan, were carried out at the project site. The analysis of shadow points, the use of inverters and electrical detectors to increase the maximum solar power, and its cost-effectiveness were carefully studied via PVSOL software. Additionally, the amount of heat, cold, and electricity consumption was accurately calculated according to international standards and utilizing HAP software. The criteria for saving on the initial cost reduction, carbon dioxide emission reduction, operating cost reduction, payback period, revenue, and the minimum life expectancy of the equipment compared to those in other methods were also evaluated. The results obtained from the designed system of simultaneous generation of electricity, heat, and refrigeration, which combines gas microturbines as the primary stimulus, a combination of absorption and compression chiller to provide refrigeration load, a boiler for auxiliary heat load, and a thermal photovoltaic system to produce both electric and thermal loads, were finally revealed. This is believed to be a cost-effective strategy for high-rise residential or commercial buildings with a geographical location like that of Mashhad. Based on the electricity sales to the grid, with the rate of increase in inflation in electricity tariffs, this design in the Mashhad project was estimated to have an annual income of 166.676 thousand dollars. Moreover, the initial capital return period in this project was calculated to be 5.19 years.
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Bauer, T., D. Laing und R. Tamme. „Recent Progress in Alkali Nitrate/Nitrite Developments for Solar Thermal Power Applications“. In Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology, 543–53. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118448847.ch7c.
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Mazzà, Guglielmo, Marco Pasini, Silvia Ricci, Matthew Matimbwi und Giampietro Pizzo. „Establishing Local Power Markets and Enabling Financial Access to Solar Photovoltaic Technologies: Experiences in Rural Tanzania“. In Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection, 263–80. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38215-5_11.
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AbstractEnergy inclusion is a major concern in Tanzania, where rural areas are widely lacking access to both power networks and off-grid systems. Different barriers are slowing the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7: universal electrification in the country raises concerns in delays and equity. Financial exclusion adds to the complexity of adopting appropriate technological solutions, particularly for rural communities. Solar photovoltaic solutions represent an opportunity to increase energy access and enable growth. The introduction of new technological products requires to establish local power markets, including demand, financial resources and providers, supply mechanisms and after-sale services. The financing of renewable energy solutions for rural households partially relies on microfinance institutions and community financial groups. Technology suppliers are also providing financial services to expand access to solar and photovoltaic products, applying models mostly enabled by mobile payment systems. The paper assesses the effects of an initiative implemented in Malinyi and Kilombero districts to support the establishment of local solar power markets. The involvement of Village Community Banks to engage communities and develop sustainable financial schemes is evaluated, together with the complexity of combining awareness raising on technological solutions and financial education. Results of the implementation are presented and discussed evaluating the different ingredients of the established markets.
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Wang, T., und R. G. Reddy. „Novel LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3-NaNO2Molten Salts for Solar Thermal Energy Storage Applications“. In Energy Technology 2014, 141–48. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888735.ch18.
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Li, Liangxing, Jinzhao Guan, Aimin Liu, Zhongning Shi, Michal Korenko, Junli Xu, Bingliang Gao und Zhaowen Wang. „Preparation of Solar Grade Silicon Precursor by Silicon Dioxide Electrolysis in Molten Salts“. In EPD Congress 2015, 209–17. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093503.ch25.
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Li, Liangxing, Jinzhao Guan, Aimin Liu, Zhongning Shi, Michal Korenko, Junli Xu, Bingliang Gao und Zhaowen Wang. „Preparation of Solar Grade Silicon Precursor by Silicon Dioxide Electrolysis in Molten Salts“. In EPD Congress 2015, 209–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48214-9_25.
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Wang, T., D. Mantha und R. G. Reddy. „High Thermal Energy Storage Density LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3-KNO2Quaternary Molten Salts for Parabolic Trough Solar Power Generation“. In Energy Technology 2012, 73–84. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118365038.ch10.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Solar sales"
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Holthaus, Jennifer, Bikash Pandey, Robert Foster, Bernard Ngetich, James Mbwika, Evgenia Sokolova und Philip Siminyu. „Accelerating Solar Water Pump Sales in Kenya: Return on Investment Case Studies“. In ISES Solar World Conference 2017 and the IEA SHC Solar Heating and Cooling Conference for Buildings and Industry 2017. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2017.30.03.
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Fanney, A. Hunter, Brian P. Dougherty und Mark W. Davis. „Measured Performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Panels“. In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-138.
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Abstract The photovoltaic industry is experiencing rapid growth. Industry analysts project that photovoltaic sales will increase from their current $1.5 billion level to over $27 billion by 2020, representing an average growth rate of 25% [1]. To date, the vast majority of sales have been for navigational signals, call boxes, telecommunication centers, consumer products, off-grid electrification projects, and small grid-interactive residential rooftop applications. Building integrated photovoltaics, the integration of photovoltaic cells into one of more of the exterior surfaces of the building envelope, represents a small but growing photovoltaic application. In order for building owners, designers, and architects to make informed economic decisions regarding the use of building integrated photovoltaics, accurate predictive tools and performance data are needed. A building integrated photovoltaic test bed has been constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide the performance data needed for model validation. The facility incorporates four identical pairs of building integrated photovoltaic panels constructed using single-crystalline, polycrystalline, silicon film, and amorphous silicon photovoltaic cells. One panel of each identical pair is installed with thermal insulation attached to its rear surface. The second paired panel is installed without thermal insulation. This experimental configuration yields results that quantify the effect of elevated cell temperature on the panels’ performance for different cell technologies. This paper presents the first set of experimental results from this facility. Comparisons are made between the electrical performance of the insulated and non-insulated panels for each of the four cell technologies. The monthly and overall conversion efficiencies for each cell technology are presented and the seasonal performance variations discussed. Daily efficiencies are presented for a selected month. Finally, hourly plots of the power output and panel temperatures are presented and discussed for the single-crystalline and amorphous silicon panels.
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Ogoli, David Mwale, und D. Yogi Goswami. „Applicability of Stand-Alone Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Home Systems in Kenya“. In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-139.
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Abstract The Kenyan photovoltaic industry has been growing steadily in recent years. Since 1990 more than 2.5 megawatts of photovoltaic capacity have been sold in Kenya and 60% of these sales have gone into home systems as part of new energy supplies. The demand for energy in Kenya exceeds the supply and for this reason renewable energy is regarded a priority in the energy sector. A solution to this problem lies in four areas: technology development, environmental protection, energy economics and socio-cultural adjustments. This paper discusses the state of current research and applications of stand-alone building-integrated PV home systems by looking at the possibilities and limitations in this developing country. Houses need a PV panel-surface area of about 36m2 to meet basic energy needs.
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„AVALIAÇÃO DE MODELOS DE ESTIMATIVA DA RADIAÇÃO SOLAR MENSAL EM CAMPO SALES – CE“. In II Simpósio Brasileiro de Recursos Naturais do Semiárido. Associação COMVERGIR Sustentável, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18068/iisbrns2015.geoap265.
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Rukh Shakeel, Shah, und Arto Rajala. „Transforming Energy Marketing Practices for Enhanced Solar PV Adoption“. In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002258.
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The adoption and use of solar PV systems is a complex and multifarious process influenced by personal, social, economic, technical and regulatory factors. Solar PV companies involved in the sales and interaction with the customers can play an important role in facilitating adoption. Companies’ ability to effectively market the product, disseminate information, frame value offerings and address consumers concerns can play an important role in this regard. The small size of the domestic market, an amplified competition and limited resources highlight the need to alter the way companies have been carrying out their operations. The qualitative study explores how solar PV companies can transform their marketing operations by integrating through the use of advanced digital technologies to facilitate the process.
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Maxey, L. C., J. E. Parks, D. L. Beshears, D. D. Earl, M. V. Lapsa und J. D. Muhs. „Spectral Transmission of a Solar Collector and Fiber Optic Distribution Hybrid Lighting System“. In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36107.
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Increased use of solar energy will reduce requirements for non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels and reduce associated greenhouse gas emissions. The benefits of replacing fossil-based energy with solar energy are often dependent on the application and operational or duty cycle for power demand. One particularly efficient use of solar energy is hybrid lighting. In hybrid lighting, solar light is concentrated into optical fibers and then coupled with supplemental electrical lighting to maintain a constant level of illumination. The system is able to offer reliable lighting with less energy consumption from the electrical grid (which is often driven by non-renewable sources). This technique offers energy efficiency benefits since the solar light is used directly and suffers no conversion losses. Furthermore, the solar spectrum provides an illumination that lighting engineers value for it’s quality; office inhabitants appreciate for its comfort; and retailers believe leads to increased sales. When available solar light is low, the hybrid system allows traditional light sources to reliably meet lighting demands. The success of the solar hybrid lighting system is dependent on the collection and transmission efficiency of the system. In this study, the spectral transmission of a hybrid lighting system is characterized. The system is composed of a 200-sun concentration reflective solar collector and a plastic fiber optic distribution network. The ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (NIR) spectral transmission was characterized over a spectral range of 200 nm to 2400 nm. The UV and NIR performance of the system is critical since optical fiber damage can be caused by both UV and NIR light; thus, optimal system design maximizes the collection and transmission of visible light while minimizing the transmission of the UV and NIR light. Spectral transmission data for all components in the hybrid system are presented, and performance properties relative to solar applications are discussed.
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Cohen, Stuart M., Michael E. Webber und Gary T. Rochelle. „Utilizing Solar Thermal Energy for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture“. In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90147.
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There is broad scientific agreement that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are contributing to global climate change and that carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary contributor. Coal-based electricity generation produces over 30% of U.S. CO2 emissions; however, coal is also an available, secure, and low cost fuel that currently provides roughly half of U.S. electricity. As the world transitions from the existing fossil fuel-based energy infrastructure to a sustainable energy system, carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) will be a critical technology to allow continued use of coal-based electricity in an environmentally acceptable manner. Post-combustion amine absorption and stripping is one leading CO2 capture technology that is relatively mature, available for retrofit, and amenable to flexible operation. However, standard system designs have high capital costs and can reduce plant output by approximately 30% due to energy requirements for solvent regeneration (stripping) and CO2 compression. A typical design extracts steam from the power cycle to provide CO2 capture energy, reducing net power output by 11–40%. One way to reduce the CO2 capture energy penalty while developing renewable energy technologies is to provide some or all CO2 capture energy with a solar thermal energy system. Doing so would allow greater power plant output when electricity demand and prices are the highest. This study presents an initial review of solar thermal technologies for supplying energy for CO2 capture with a focus on high temperature solar thermal systems. Parabolic trough and central receiver (power tower) technology appear technically able to supply superheated steam for CO2 compression or saturated steam for solvent stripping, but steam requirements depend strongly on power plant and CO2 capture system design. Evacuated tube and compound parabolic collectors could feasibly supply heat for solvent stripping. A parabolic trough system supplying the energy for CO2 compression and solvent stripping at a gross 500 megawatt-electrical coal-fired power plant using 7 molal MEA-based CO2 capture would require a total aperture area on the order of 2 km2 or more if sized for an average direct normal solar insolation of 561 W/m2. The solar system’s capital costs would be roughly half that of the base coal-fired plant with CO2 capture. This analysis finds that irrespective of capital costs, relatively high electricity prices are required for additional electricity sales to offset the operating and maintenance costs of the solar thermal system, and desirable operational periods will be further limited by the availability of sunlight and thermal storage. At CO2 prices near 50 dollars per metric ton of CO2, bypassing CO2 capture yields similar operating economics as using solar energy for CO2 capture with lower capital cost. Even at high CO2 prices, any operating profit improvement from using solar energy for CO2 capture is unlikely to offset system capital costs. For high temperature solar systems such as power towers and parabolic troughs, direct electricity generation is likely a more efficient way to use solar energy to replace output lost to CO2 capture energy. However, low temperature solar systems might integrate more seamlessly with solvent stripping equipment, and more rigorous plant design analysis is required to definitively assess the technical and economic feasibility of using solar energy for CO2 capture.
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Rezaeizadeh, Rezvan, İlknur Şahin und Aybaba Hançerlioğulları. „Design and Optimization of PV/T Solar Collector System Suitable for Local Climate Conditions in Türkiye - İran“. In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.13.
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This study implements this concept by using a new roof-mounted PV multi-reflection panel, which not only increases the power output of the PV panel, but most importantly, the aesthetic aspect is a major barrier to large-scale uptake of PV/T. We developed it by considering the production planning of the industrial, expecting our model to determine each optimum production level. This model is based on a mixed binary-continuous linear optimization problem. The flow variables are continuous and the decision variables can be sales and purchases in the markets and gas purchases. We extracted the extra earnings and generate by comparing the situations that interact with the electricity markets and those that do not. In this study, it is aimed to develop an alternative system to the inefficient conventional building energy production and space heating systems, which are widely used in Türkiye, and to ensure that the developed technology has wide usage areas. The reason of rapid development of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector technologies, which are not yet known in the world and not used in R&D industrial applications, is to provide solutions to the industrial and social difficulties in the field of energy with Türkiye and İran, which has a close climate, by providing commercial value. In this way, it contributes to the industrial and economic development of both countries by creating new employment opportunities. Thus, private investment in innovative research in the field of solar and other renewable energy systems contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions by the two neighbouring powerful states and to the solution of problems related to energy security, climate change and increased energy consumption. In the study, more heat than heated PV panels using the high thermal conductivity of the fluids, which achieved 14% improvement in electricity production with the withdrawal of Fe2O4 nanofluid. Since the amount of heat absorbed in the thermal system is high, there is an increase in the average 10.4% temperature (∆T) hot fluid temperature compared to the base fluid water was obtained in Fe2O4 nanofluid. For this reason, it is to integrate a power-generating PV panel and a solar thermal heating panel within the same collection surface.
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Blake, Daniel M., Luc Moens, Daniel Rudnicki und Heidi Pilath. „Lifetime of Imidazolium Salts at Elevated Temperatures“. In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65129.
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This report summarizes progress to date on the thermal stability of imidazolium salts being considered for application as heat transfer and thermal storage fluids in solar parabolic trough power systems. Imidazolium salts are a subset of the general class of molten salts. They are termed ionic liquids because many have freezing points at or below room temperature. This class of salts was selected for initial study because there were many examples that were reported to be stable at high temperatures. These reports were usually based on the results of standard thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. Work by our subcontractor at the University of Alabama and at NREL showed that slow heating rates or when the temperature is held constant for long times resulted in decomposition temperatures that are much lower than found with the usual TGA methods. We have used a TGA technique that allows calculation of the rates of thermal decomposition as a function of temperature. The results lead us to the conclusion that the imidazolium salts known to be the most thermally stable would not have useful lifetimes above about 200°C. At present this determination is based on the rough approximation that the fluid in a solar trough system experiences a constant, high temperature. Better estimates of the useful lifetime will require a system model that takes into account the time at temperature distribution of a fluid moving through the different components in a solar plant.
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Moens, Luc, Daniel M. Blake, Daniel L. Rudnicki und Mary Jane Hale. „Advanced Thermal Storage Fluids for Solar Parabolic Trough Systems“. In ASME Solar 2002: International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2002-1063.
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It has been established that the development of a storage option and increasing the operating temperature for parabolic trough electric systems can significantly reduce the levelized electricity cost (LEC) compared to the current state of the art. Both improvements require a new heat transfer fluid that must have a very low vapor pressure at the hot operating temperature and combined with a high thermal stability, higher than 450°C. Further, the piping layout of trough plants dictates that the fluid not be allowed to freeze, which dictates the use of extensive insulation and heat tracing unless the fluid has a freezing point near 0°C. At present, it seems likely that this “ideal” fluid will have to be found among organic rather than inorganic salts. We are therefore investigating the chemical and thermal properties of ‘room temperature ionic liquids’ (RTILs) that hold much promise as a new class of heat transfer or storage fluids.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Solar sales"
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Stukel, Laura, Ben Hoen, Sandra Adomatis, Craig Foley, Laura Parsons, Mark James, Roxana-Andreea Mastor und Lindsey Wedewer. Capturing the Sun: A Roadmap for Navigating Data-Access Challenges and Auto-Populating Solar Home Sales Listings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1351316.
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Mayes, Richard T., James Matthew Kurley III, Phillip W. Halstenberg, Abbey McAlister, Dino Sulejmanovic, Stephen S. Raiman, Sheng Dai und Bruce A. Pint. Purification of Chloride Salts for Concentrated Solar Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Dezember 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1506795.
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Wallace, Sean, Scott Lux, Constandinos Mitsingas, Irene Andsager und Tapan Patel. Performance testing and modeling of a transpired ventilation preheat solar wall : performance evaluation of facilities at Fort Drum, NY, and Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42000.
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This work performed measurement and verification of installed, operational solar wall systems at Fort Drum, NY, and Forbes Field, Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Actual annual savings were compared estimated savings generated by a solar wall modeling tool (RETScreen). A comparison with the RETScreen modeling tool shows that the measured actively heated air provided by the solar wall provides 57% more heat than the RETScreen tool predicted, after accounting for boiler efficiency. The solar wall at Fort Drum yields a net savings of $851/yr, for a simple payback of 146 years and a SIR of 0.16. RETScreen models indicate that the solar wall system at Forbes Field, Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS saves $9,350/yr, for a simple payback of 58.8 years and a SIR of 0.34. Although results showed that, due to low natural gas prices, the Fort Drum system was not economically viable, it was recommended that the system still be used to meet renewable energy and fossil fuel reduction goals. The current system becomes economical (SIR 1.00) at a natural gas rate of $16.00/MMBTU or $1.60 /therm.
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Kruizenga, Alan Michael, Karla Rosa Reyes, Kirsty Leong-Hau und April Nissen. Effects of Cation Concentration on Thermophysical Properties of Solar Salts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Mai 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1504609.
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Reddy, Ramana G. Novel Molten Salts Thermal Energy Storage for Concentrating Solar Power Generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1111584.
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Bradshaw, Robert, und Craig Tyner. Chemical and Engineering Factors Affecting Solar Central Receiver Applications of Ternary Molten Salts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juli 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1545833.
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Mathur, Anoop. Heat Transfer and Latent Heat Storage in Inorganic Molten Salts for Concentrating Solar Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089923.
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Adams, Sophie, Lisa Diamond, Tara Esterl, Peter Fröhlich, Rishabh Ghotge, Regina Hemm, Ida Marie Henriksen et al. Social License to Automate: Emerging Approaches to Demand Side Management. IEA User-Centred Energy Systems Technology Collaboration Programme, Oktober 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47568/4xr122.
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The Social License to Automate Task has investigated the social dimensions of user engagement with automated technologies in energy systems to understand how end-user trust to automate is built and maintained in different jurisdictions and cultural settings. The rapid uptake of renewable energy systems will require new automated technologies to balance energy supplies. Some developers are looking to locate these in households where energy is being used. This saves moving the energy from centralised generation sites (remote hydro, solar or wind). This report details the findings from a 2 year project with 16 researchers in 6 countries, 26 Case studies spanning electric vehicles, home and precinct batteries, air conditioners and other heat pumps.