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1
Fitzpatrick, R. W., J. W. Cox, B. Munday und J. F. Bourne. „Development of soil-landscape and vegetation indicators for managing waterlogged and saline catchments“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, Nr. 3 (2003): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00198.
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The objectives of this study were to develop a systematic approach to identify important soil morphological and vegetation field indicators to better target land management in degraded landscapes in a specific region. The authors were able to link the soil-landscape features to the main soil and water processes operating within the landscape. This information was used to develop a set of field indicators (e.g. soil colour) within a user-friendly soil classification key that is linked to land use options to form the basis of a manual. It was shown that information written in this format helped farmers and regional advisers to identify options for remediation of waterlogged and saline areas and to improve planning at property and catchment scales. The authors identified a series of steps to be taken in producing the manual. Steps 1–5 describe the soil layers and construct them in toposequences, which are then used to map soil types in key surrounding areas. Steps 6–9 involve the local community in developing the manual.The paper provides an account of how manuals have been produced for 2 badly degraded areas in southern Australia (Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia; and western Victoria) and promotes the methodologies for other regions. Descriptive soil information is pictorially integrated along toposequences and applied to identify key soil features. Complex scientific processes and terminology are more simply communicated to local groups using coloured cross-sectional diagrams and photographs of soil and vegetation to overcome some of the perceived barriers to adoption of best management practices. We consider the approach should have generic application.
2
Speight, Natasha, Daniel Colella, Wayne Boardman, David A. Taggart, Julie I. Haynes und William G. Breed. „Seasonal variation in occurrence of oxalate nephrosis in South Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)“. Australian Mammalogy 41, Nr. 1 (2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17038.
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Many koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, are affected by oxalate nephrosis, in which renal calcium oxalate deposition occurs. In other species, suboptimal water intake increases the risk of urinary calcium oxalate crystal formation. Koalas principally rely on eucalypt leaf moisture content to maintain hydration but the Mount Lofty Ranges region has hot, dry summers. This study investigates the association between temperature, rainfall and eucalypt leaf moisture and the occurrence of oxalate nephrosis in this population of koalas. Koalas from the Mount Lofty Ranges population that had died or were euthanased between 2008 and 2016 were necropsied and oxalate nephrosis was determined by histopathology (n=50). Leaf moisture content of Mount Lofty eucalypts was determined seasonally. It was found that increased numbers of koalas with oxalate nephrosis died in the months following high mean maximal temperature and in the months following low rainfall. Eucalypt leaf moisture content was not significantly associated with koala deaths. These findings suggest that hot and dry summer/autumn periods contribute to an increased incidence of koala deaths due to oxalate nephrosis. This is probably due to the effects of evaporative water loss and/or lack of access to supplementary drinking water at this time.
3
Merry, RH, KG Tiller und AF Richards. „Variability in characteristics of some acidic pasture soils in South Australia and implications for lime application“. Soil Research 28, Nr. 1 (1990): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900027.
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The variability of soil pH (0.01 M CaCI2), aluminium and manganese (extractable in 0.01 M CaCl2), total carbon and some soil morphological factors have been investigated in the surface and subsoil at seven pasture sites in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island, South Australia. The coefficients of variation of the factors measured were found to be of a similar order, except for soil pH which, being a logarithmic transformation, is much lower. Relationships between pH and soil aluminium, manganese and carbon are used to predict the effects of further acidification, especially with respect to the development of increased extractable aluminium, and to assess the likelihood of problems in selecting appropriate rates of lime application.
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Varcoe, Jon, John A. van Leeuwen, David J. Chittleborough, James W. Cox, Ronald J. Smernik und Anna Heitz. „Changes in water quality following gypsum application to catchment soils of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia“. Organic Geochemistry 41, Nr. 2 (Februar 2010): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.010.
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5
Fritsch, E., und RW Fitzpatrick. „Colour plates - Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes .1. A new method for constructing conceptual soil-water-landscape models“. Soil Research 32, Nr. 5 (1994): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940880.
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A pedo-hydrological method which involves interpreting features in soils that result from both ancient and modern processes along toposequences in a subcatchment of the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, is used to construct conceptual soil-water-landscape models. This method links soil-landscape features to soil-water processes with strong emphasis on: (i) soil water-flow systems and (ii) soil-forming and soil-change processes. The conceptual model illustrates the interactions between soil processes acting in soil water-flow systems. This model is able to predict future modes of soil-landscape evolution under changing environmental conditions. As well, it may be used by land and water supply managers to develop more efficient management strategies under conditions of increasing land degradation (e.g. erosion and water pollution). A typical Palexeralf-Natraqualf hydro-toposequence of soils (i.e. catena consisting of red-yellow-grey duplex soils) is used as an example to illustrate this new approach. The landscape selected is undergoing severe soil degradation (i.e. waterlogging, dryland salinity, erosion and water pollution). The constructed conceptual soil-water-landscape model is the result of detailed pedo-hydrological investigations along toposequences in a representative subcatchment in the high rainfall zone (>600 mm) of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The model illustrates in graphic form interactions between three soil water-flow systems (freely drained red soil system, hydromorphic topsoil system, hydromorphic subsoil system) and eight soil processes (saprolitization, ferralitization, glaebulization, redoximorphism, eluviation/illuviation, salinization/solonization, sulfidization/sulfuricization and water erosion). The study demonstrates that this whole ecosystem has been placed into disequilibrium thereby developing severe land degradation problems as a result of rising saline sulfatic ground watertables and perched watertables due to land-clearing since European settlement. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology framework and overall summary for other papers in a series dealing essentially with detailed field and laboratory investigations of individual soil-water processes.
6
Fritsch, E., und RW Fitzpatrick. „Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes .1. A new method for constructing conceptual soil-water-landscape models“. Soil Research 32, Nr. 5 (1994): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940889.
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A pedo-hydrological method which involves interpreting features in soils that result from both ancient and modern processes along toposequences in a subcatchment of the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia, is used to construct conceptual soil-water-landscape models. This method links soil-landscape features to soil-water processes with strong emphasis on: (i) soil water-flow systems and (ii) soil-forming and soil-change processes. The conceptual model illustrates the interactions between soil processes acting in soil water-flow systems. This model is able to predict future modes of soil-landscape evolution under changing environmental conditions. As well, it may be used by land and water supply managers to develop more efficient management strategies under conditions of increasing land degradation (e.g. erosion and water pollution). A typical Palexeralf-Natraqualf hydro-toposequence of soils (i.e. catena consisting of red-yellow-grey duplex soils) is used as an example to illustrate this new approach. The landscape selected is undergoing severe soil degradation (i.e. waterlogging, dryland salinity, erosion and water pollution). The constructed conceptual soil-water-landscape model is the result of detailed pedo-hydrological investigations along toposequences in a representative subcatchment in the high rainfall zone (>600 mm) of the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The model illustrates in graphic form interactions between three soil water-flow systems (freely drained red soil system, hydromorphic topsoil system, hydromorphic subsoil system) and eight soil processes (saprolitization, ferralitization, glaebulization, redoximorphism, eluviation/illuviation, salinization/solonization, sulfidization/sulfuricization and water erosion). The study demonstrates that this whole ecosystem has been placed into disequilibrium thereby developing severe land degradation problems as a result of rising saline sulfatic ground watertables and perched watertables due to land-clearing since European settlement. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodology framework and overall summary for other papers in a series dealing essentially with detailed field and laboratory investigations of individual soil-water processes.
7
Naidu, R., DR Williamson, RW Fitzpatrick und IO Hollingsworth. „Effect of landuse on the composition of throughflow water immediately above clayey B horizons in the Warren Catchment, South Australia“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, Nr. 2 (1993): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930239.
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The effect of landuse on composition of throughflow water immediately above the clayey B horizons in duplex soils (mostly natric and/or sodic) in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, was investigated using simple lysimeters. During July-November 1991, the pH of the first flow immediately after rainstorm under pines, native woodland, and pasture, respectively, was 5.7, 6.0, and 6.4. At each of the sites, average pH over 4 months during July-November was 5.8-5.9. Both the electrical conductivity (EC) and the amounts of total dissolved solids (TDS) were 2-3 times higher under pine than at other sites. The rate of change in EC with respect to TDS varied considerably among the sites, possibly due to the large differences in the concentration of dissolved organic compounds. Although the pH of water was >5.5, both aluminium and iron were recorded, especially under pine, where there were also high levels of dissolved organic compounds. High levels of suspended colloidal matter were recorded in the water flowing under pine, and these levels were related to dissolved organic carbon.
8
Biddle, DL, DJ Chittleborough und RW Fitzpatrick. „Field-based comparison of platinum and wax impregnated graphite redox electrodes“. Soil Research 33, Nr. 3 (1995): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950415.
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An inert electrode was constructed using wax-impregnated graphite (WIG) as an alternative to Pt for permanent installation in the regolith. The performance of WIG electrodes has not previously been systematically evaluated by using data from field trials, although Pt and WIG measure similar Eh values in laboratory solutions. We compared the performance of the WIG electrode when installed adjacent to Pt redox electrodes in the A, B and C horizons of duplex soils in a X-eralf-Aqualf toposequence near Mount Crawford in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Lower potentials, commonly in the order of 200 mV, were measured from WIG electrodes, relative to Pt electrodes. Measurements of potential from adjacently installed WIG and Pt electrodes did not show significant correlation. Generally oxidizing redox potentials were measured in all soils in which electrodes were installed due to below average rainfall during the sampling period. Further testing of WIG electrodes in reduced regolith is needed. Interpretation of Eh trends, measured using Pt electrodes, between the A, B and C horizon are presented.
9
BAKER, G. H., V. J. BARRETT, R. GREY-GARDNER und J. C. BUCKERFIELD. „The life history and abundance of the introduced earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and A. caliginosa (Annelida: Lumbricidae) in pasture soils in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia“. Austral Ecology 17, Nr. 2 (Juni 1992): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1992.tb00796.x.
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10
Granger, AR, und DRC Traeger. „Effect of different rates and timing of soil applications of paclobutrazol on the growth of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.)“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, Nr. 2 (1993): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930207.
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The response of sweet cherry trees (butt circumference, canopy volume, yield) to different rates of the growth-inhibiting chemical paclobutrazol applied at various times during each year was studied on red podsolic soils in the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia Two experiments were conducted: one used a regression design with 16 rates of paclobutrazol; the other was a randomised block experiment with paclobutrazol treatments applied in spring, autumn, or half in autumn and half in spring. Butt circumference growth of the variety Sam grafted on Mahaleb rootstocks tended to reduce with inceased rates of paclobutrazol in the first year of application. The lowest rate of paclobutrazol to reduce butt growth sigdicantly below that of control trees was 1.2 g a.i./tree. Canopy growth showed a delayed response in measurable growth inhibition in the season after treatment; however, no significant differences were measured for rate of canopy growth in any year for any treatment in the regression experiment. Despite this, final canopy volumes of trees treated with 1.6 g paclobutrazol in spring were half those of control canopies. Variability in butt growth response to the range of rates applied was attributed largely to localised differences in soil properties which influenced paclobutrazol movement and uptake. This variability was gradually reduced over the 3-year period with continued paclobutrazol applications. In 1987, crop level ratings made before harvest showed significantly higher levels of fruit on trees treated with 1.6 g paclobutrazol in spring, indicating that fruit numbers could be increased by applications of paclobutrazol.
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Guan, H., A. J. Love, C. T. Simmons, O. Makhnin und A. S. Kayaalp. „Factors influencing chloride deposition in a coastal hilly area and application to chloride deposition mapping“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, Nr. 5 (26.05.2010): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-801-2010.
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Abstract. Chloride is commonly used as an environmental tracer for studying water flow and solute transport in the environment. It is especially useful for estimating groundwater recharge based on the commonly used chloride mass balance (CMB) method. Strong spatial variability in chloride deposition in coastal areas is one difficulty encountered in appropriately applying the method. A high-resolution bulk chloride deposition map in the coastal region is thus needed. The aim of this study is to construct a chloride deposition map in the Mount Lofty Ranges (MLR), a coastal hilly area of approximately 9000 km2 spatial extent in South Australia. We examined geographic (related to coastal distance), orographic, and atmospheric factors that may influence chloride deposition, using partial correlation and regression analyses. The results indicate that coastal distance, elevation, as well as terrain aspect and slope, appear to be significant factors controlling chloride deposition in the study area. Coastal distance accounts for 70% of spatial variability in bulk chloride deposition, with elevation, terrain aspect and slope an additional 15%. The results are incorporated into a de-trended residual kriging model (ASOADeK) to produce a 1 km×1 km resolution bulk chloride deposition and concentration maps. The average uncertainty of the deposition map is about 20–30% in the western MLR, and 40–50% in the eastern MLR. The maps will form a useful basis for examining catchment chloride balance for the CMB application in the study area.
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Guan, H., A. J. Love, C. T. Simmons und A. S. Kayaalp. „Factors influencing chloride deposition in a coastal hilly area and application to chloride deposition mapping“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, Nr. 5 (16.09.2009): 5851–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-5851-2009.
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Abstract. Chloride is commonly used as an environmental tracer for studying water flow and solute transport in the environment. It is especially useful for estimating groundwater recharge based on the commonly used chloride mass balance (CMB) method. Strong spatial variability in chloride deposition in coastal areas is one difficulty encountered in appropriately applying the CMB approach. Furthermore, intensive vegetation clearance for agriculture, for example during the European settlement in many coastal areas of Australia, may have perturbed catchment chloride balance conditions for appropriate use in CMB applications. In order to deal with these issues, a high resolution chloride deposition map in the coastal region is needed. In this study, we examined geographic, orographic, and atmospheric factors influencing chloride deposition in the Mount Lofty Ranges (MLR), a coastal hilly area of approximately 9000 km2 spatial extent in South Australia, using partial correlation and regression analyses. The results indicate that coastal distance, and terrain aspect and slope are two most significant factors controlling chloride deposition. Coastal distance accounts for 65% spatial variability in chloride deposition, with terrain aspect and slope for 8%. The deposition gradient is about 0.08 gm-2 year-1 km-1 as one progresses inland. The results are incorporated into a published de-trended residual kriging approach (ASOADeK) to produce a 1 km×1 km resolution annual chloride deposition map and a bulk precipitation chloride concentration map. The average uncertainty of the deposition map is about 30% in the western MLR, and over 50% in the eastern MLR. The maps will form a very useful basis for examining catchment chloride balances for use in the CMB application in the study area.
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Cox, JW, E. Fritsch und RW Fitzpatrick. „Interpretation of soil features produced by ancient and modern processes in degraded landscapes. VII. Water duration“. Soil Research 34, Nr. 6 (1996): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960803.
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Rising saline groundwater and fresh perched water have increased over 120 years (modern processes) in the Mediterranean region (>600 mm per annum) of the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. This was caused by replacement of native vegetation with pastures which use less water. Relationships between morphological features (mainly soil colour) and field measurements (e.g. watertable duration, salinity, and sodicity) were studied to 3 m at 12 sites down a representative toposequence of red-yellow-grey duplex soils (Palexeralfs-Natraqualfs), which are common from crest to flat in these catchments. Three soil systems were identified from groupings of soil features: (i) brown/grey topsoil system (e.g. A and E horizons), (ii) red subsoil system (e.g. Bt), and (iii) yellow/white subsoil system (e.g. Btng or Cg). A water duration index was developed to quantify water duration in the brown/grey topsoil system from perched water levels measured in 12 dipwells installed to 0.5 m. Nested piezometers were used to determine if unsaturated zones occurred within the subsoil systems. Measured water duration and levels were compared with the presence pr absence of inferred redoximorphic features. Most features in the brown/grey topsoil system and the red and yellow/white subsoil systems reflected differences in water duration. A conceptual model was constructed to match successive changes in hydrology with differences in soil morphology and thus distinguish between modern and relict (late Mesozoic) soil features that developed under past and present hydrological conditions.
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Bresciani, Etienne, Roger H. Cranswick, Eddie W. Banks, Jordi Batlle-Aguilar, Peter G. Cook und Okke Batelaan. „Using hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity data to distinguish between mountain-front and mountain-block recharge to basin aquifers“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, Nr. 2 (02.03.2018): 1629–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1629-2018.
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Abstract. Numerous basin aquifers in arid and semi-arid regions of the world derive a significant portion of their recharge from adjacent mountains. Such recharge can effectively occur through either stream infiltration in the mountain-front zone (mountain-front recharge, MFR) or subsurface flow from the mountain (mountain-block recharge, MBR). While a thorough understanding of recharge mechanisms is critical for conceptualizing and managing groundwater systems, distinguishing between MFR and MBR is difficult. We present an approach that uses hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity (EC) data to distinguish between MFR and MBR. These variables are inexpensive to measure, and may be readily available from hydrogeological databases in many cases. Hydraulic heads can provide information on groundwater flow directions and stream–aquifer interactions, while chloride concentrations and EC values can be used to distinguish between different water sources if these have a distinct signature. Such information can provide evidence for the occurrence or absence of MFR and MBR. This approach is tested through application to the Adelaide Plains basin, South Australia. The recharge mechanisms of this basin have long been debated, in part due to difficulties in understanding the hydraulic role of faults. Both hydraulic head and chloride (equivalently, EC) data consistently suggest that streams are gaining in the adjacent Mount Lofty Ranges and losing when entering the basin. Moreover, the data indicate that not only the Quaternary aquifers but also the deeper Tertiary aquifers are recharged through MFR and not MBR. It is expected that this finding will have a significant impact on the management of water resources in the region. This study demonstrates the relevance of using hydraulic head, chloride and EC data to distinguish between MFR and MBR.
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Maier, NA, G. Barth und M. Bennell. „Effect of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus on the yield, growth and nutrient status of ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata)“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, Nr. 5 (1994): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940681.
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The effect of annual applications of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) on the yield, growth and nutrient status of Ixodia daisy (Ixodia achillaeioides ssp. alata) grown on a silty loam, was investigated in field experiments conducted during 1989-91 in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. The experimental design was a randomised block with 3 replications. The N and K treatments, at annual rates up to 200 kg N/ha and 150 kg K/ha, were applied as 2 equal side-dressings. The P treatments, at rates up to 200 kg/ha, were broadcast as 1 annual application. To assess plant nutrient status we sampled the fifth leaf below the growing terminal of 50 stems in October and whole stems at harvest. As rate of applied N increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in total biomass harvested, number of 3040 and 41-50 cm stems, total number of marketable stems, plant height and width. Annual N application rates of 75-110 kg/ha were required for 95% of maximum biomass yield and number of marketable stems. The application of K did not significantly (P>0.05) affect yield or plant growth. First and second order interactions between N, K and year were not significant. Plant growth and yield responses to P applied as superphosphate were inconsistent and the interaction between P and year was not significant (P>0.05). Coefficients of determination (r2) for relationships between N, K and P concentrations in the fifth leaf samples v. total biomass yield and total stem number, were in the range 0.13-0.52 for the combined 1990 and 1991 data. Based on sensitivity, reproducibility and occurrence of the Piper-Steenbjerg effect, we concluded that N, K or P concentrations in the fifth leaf sampled in October, or in whole stems at harvest, were not reliable indicators of the nutrient status of Ixodia daisy. The application of N and P did not affect the concentration of minor or micronutrients in the fifth leaf. In contrast, the application of K increased calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) concentrations by 14.3, 33.3 and 12.2%, respectively. For a high density planting (13,000 plants) we estimated that for N, P and K, 69.4, 6.2 and 83.2 kg/ha, respectively, are removed in marketable stems. The application of P increased extractable-P concentrations in the surface (0-15 cm) soil from 22 to 73 mg/kg. We suggest that for surface (0-15 cm) soils, extractable-P and extractable-K concentrations in the ranges 15-95 and 210-260 mg/kg, respectively, are adequate and indicate that a yield response to the application of these nutrients in fertiliser may not occur.