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1
Ngoc, Binh Vu. „Characteristics of Clay Soft Soil in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and Improvement Result with Cement“. Iraqi Geological Journal 55, Nr. 1A (31.01.2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1a.5ms-2022-01-24.
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The results of research on the characteristics of soft clay soils distributed in some provinces of the Mekong Delta show that most of the soils are contaminated with easily soluble salts, containing organic matter, pH < 7. Sandy clay, clay in An Giang, and clay mud in Tien Giang are less acidic, not salty, and contamination of salts in the form of sulfate- chloride. Clay mud in Hau Giang is less acidic, less salt, and contamination of salts in the form of chloride-sulfate. Clay mud in Bac Lieu and Ca Mau are lots of salty soil, contaminated with chloride of salts. Peat soil in Kien Giang is strongly acidic, not salty, contaminated with sulfate -chloride. All of them have a large compression coefficient, small load capacity, therefore they should be reinforced when construction works. Unconfined compressive strength of reinforced soils with cement showed that sandy clay in An Giang is the best, and then is soft clay in An Giang and clay mud in Tien Giang, Hau Giang, Bạc Lieu, and Ca Mau. Peat soil in Kien Giang has a low strength at different contents and days of age (with a concents 400 kg/m3 at 91 days has unconfined compressive strength qu = 201 kPa), only 12.8 to 23.0% compared to the soil elsewhere. The curing time process samples show that the compressive strength of the peat soil mixed cement is increased initially, then they were decreased over a period of 28 days.
2
Z.R., Gurbanova, und Ibragimov S.K. „The reclamation of included in the crop rotation of solonetz soils by sulfuric acid situated waste in the Caspian lowland“. Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 4 (2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2018-04-004.
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The paper concerns the problems of making healthy salinized soils of pre-Caspian lowland in Azerbaijan Republic by chemical melioration. As a result of carried out experiments it has been determined that washing soils by water results in gyps leaching in the soils and formation alkaline salts. It leads to soda formation, salinization of soils and alkalıne formation. Though washing by drywall does not result in new formation of precipitated gyps, its application as meliorant presents formation of alkaline salts and salinization of solis. Gypsing of soils significantly optimizes leaching of salts, especially release of chlorine and sulphatization. However desalinization of soils till the toxicity border is achieved neither in the layer 0...50 cm, nor 0...100 cm. It has been determined that use of weak solution of sulphuric acid brought to desalination of upper 0...50 cm layer till the limit of salt toxicity deep desalinization of soils (to 150 cm) and high content of residue of non toxic salts lowering harmful influence of excludes possibility of restoration of soil salinization after washing. High content of non-toxic salts in residue after washing salinization with the reduce of toxic salts to 22...36 % allows to increase limit of salts toxicity after washing till 0.8...1.0 % on density residue.
3
Opanasenko, N. Ye, A. P. Yevtushenko und A. P. Grishina. „Magnesian alkalinity of trenching soils of Prichernomorskaya lowland“. Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, Nr. 1-2 (18.03.2014): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041403.
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The data of scientists about spreading, genesis, composition and properties of low natrium soils with high content of magnesium in soil sorption complex, and its influence on plants have been considered. The aim was to determine the absorbed ability of soils and the level of saturation by bases; to determine the dependence of density of foundation, quantity of silt from the content of absorbed magnesium from magnesium water soluble salts in them; to determine kation-anion and salt composition of irrigation waters. The trenching low natrium remaining alkolinic south black soils, dark-chestnut, turf-steppe black soils of Prichernomorskaya lowland with content 20–73 % Mg2+ in soil sorption complex and also irrigation waters have been studied. Physical clay, silt, volumetric mass, general porosity, air-volume, water-permeability, micro-aggregate composition, absorbed base, kation-anion composition of easy soluble salts and hypothetic salts have been determined in soils. Kation-anion composition and hypothetic salts have been determined in irrigation waters. The sum of absorbed bases in studied soils corresponded to the content of fraction of physical clay and silt, and also to the provision of soils with organic substances. The humus reserves in trenching layer 0–60 cm of black south soils were 200–240 t/ha, dark-chestnut soils – 150–180 t/ha, turf-steppe light suglinic – soils 80–130 t/ha/ That’s quite normal that south black soils (30 mg-eq./100 gr.) have the best absorbed ability, and the turf-steppe susand soils have the worst absorbed ability (9 mg-eq./100 gr.). Accordance of absorptive ability of soils to the content of fraction of physical clay, silt, humus has been determined. The largest content and variation of absorbed magnesium in soil sorption complex of trenching layers of light suglinic and susand turf-steppe soils of high river terraces and the lowest content in black south soils and dark-chestnut soils have been established. It has been established that for genetically different soils with high content of exchanged magnesium the high density of formation, low general porosity, air-volume, water-irrigation, micro-aggregation and also clods, cracks and dust in dry condition, absence of illuviration are typical. Kation-anion composition of easy soluble salts in soils and in irrigation waters has been analyzed in details. The sum of all toxic water soluble salts in black south soils was 0.31 mg-eq./100 gr., magnesium salts (MgCO3, Mg(HCO3)2, MgCl2, MgSO4) – 0.18 mg-eq./100 gr. or 58 % from the sum of toxic salts. In dark-chestnut soils these indexes were 0.16 and 0.11 mg-eq./100 gr. and 69 %; in turf-steppe light suglinic soils – 0.32 and 0.18 mg-eq./100 gr. and 56 %; and for turf-steppe susand soils they were 0.26 and 0.15 mg-eq./100 gr. and 58 %. In all soils chlorides magnesium prevailed over toxic salts (NaCl+MgCl2+CaCl2). In south black soils and turf-steppe soils in layer 0–60 cm there were both toxic and magnesium salts. Dark-chestnut soils in comparison with above said ones have less toxic salts and less magnesium salts, but their part in the sum of all salts was the highest – 69 %. The less content of toxic salts in dark-chestnut soils in comparison with others is attributed to their location to good drained height in Ochakov region. Probability of irrigation magnesium solonetzation of soils under long watering of orchards and vineyards by water from artesian well, Ingulets canal and from pond has been studied. In fresh and weakly mineral waters among toxic salts the magnesium salts (67-88%) as also in soils, chloride of magnesium are prevailed. Prevailing of magnesium over calcium in irrigated waters reduces quality of water and leads to accumulation of Mg2+ in soil sorption complex and negatively influences on soils. The following conclusions have been done: Genetically different low natrium remaining alkolinic with high content of exchanged magnesium in soil absorption complex trenching soils are characterized by high density, low porosity, air-volume, water-permeability, micro-aggregation and also clods, cracks and dust in dry condition, absence of illuviration. In soils and irrigation waters magnesium salts prevail over toxic easy soluble salts (67–88 % and 56–69 %). There are the probable sources of large accumulation of magnesium in soil absorption complex, magnesium solonetziration and the reason of unfavourable soil conditions.
4
Manimel Wadu, Mihiri C. W., Tee Boon Goh und Olalekan O. Akinremi. „Response of Manitoba soils to banding phosphorus with sulfate or carbonate salts“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, Nr. 4 (01.12.2016): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2015-0083.
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Applications of sulfate and carbonate salts have been shown to improve the solubility of phosphorus (P) in model calcareous soils. It is unclear how these treatments will influence P solubility in real soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sulfate or carbonate salts on P solubility in selected Manitoba soils. We hypothesized that the application of carbonate or sulfate salts in a fertilizer band could enhance the solubility of P in Manitoba soils. Different salt mixtures were prepared by mixing either monopotassium phosphate (MPP) or monoammonium phosphate (MAP) with K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, or (NH4)2CO3. After the 2 wk of incubation of salt-treated soils, both P sources decreased soil pH significantly. The addition of salts did not significantly affect pH in most of the soils. There was a significant treatment effect (P < 0.0001), a significant soil effect (P < 0.0001), and a significant soil by treatment interaction (P < 0.0001) on water-extractable P. Coapplication of either sulfates or (NH4)2CO3salt increased soluble P in some soils by 6%–44% or 11%–14%, respectively. Application of carbonate or sulfate salts increased P solubility only in soils with a smaller ratio of HCl-extractable Ca to ammonium acetate-extractable Ca.
5
Pessoa, Luiz Guilherme Medeiros, Maria Betânia Galvão dos Santos Freire, José Coelho de Araújo Filho, Patrícia Ribeiros dos Santos, Márcio Fléquisson Alves Miranda und Fernando José Freire. „Characterization and Classification of Halomorphic Soils in the Semiarid Region of Northeastern Brazil“. Journal of Agricultural Science 11, Nr. 4 (15.03.2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p405.
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The properties of halomorphic soils are controlled by the presence of either soluble salts, exchangeable sodium or both, and it is important to know and understand these properties in order to reforest and/or recover the soils. The objective of this study was to characterize and classify halomorphic soils from the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Four profiles of halomorphic soils were studied, which were described morphologically and the samples were collected from all soil horizons. Physical and chemical analyzes of the soils were carried out for classification purposes, as well as geochemical speciation of the soluble salts. According to the results, P1 and P3 were classified as Fluvisols, and P2 and P4 as Cambisols. It was observed that the studied soil profiles have the predominance of fine particles, which prevents the leaching and subsequent removal of salts from the soil profile. Soils presented high levels of exchangeable sodium, characterizing them as sodium solids throughout the profile. Ionic speciation analysis indicated the predominance of free forms of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42- and combinations of calcium, magnesium and sodium chloride and sulfate salts. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the studied halomorphic soils presented high levels of degradation by salts and sodium and that these types of soils are strongly related to the Fluvisols and Cambisols.
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Pochernyaeva, E. P., V. O. Okata, O. V. Kotovych und V. M. Yakovenko. „Influence of irrigated mineralized waters on properties of ordinary chernozem in the conditions of Prysamaria Dniprovske“. Ecology and Noospherology 31, Nr. 2 (25.10.2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/032015.
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Irrigation of lands in arid climates helps to solve the problem of water deficit of soils in order to increase their fertility. However, under the influence of mineralized waters used for irrigation, there is a degradation of chemical, physico-chemical, water-physical and physical properties of soils. Soil monitoring is one of the effective mechanisms that allowsassessing the current state of soils and predicting the negative consequences of economic activity in the future. The area where the research was conducted is in the zone of insufficient moisture where there is an annual deficit of water balance of soils. Irrigation in the studied areas began in the mid-70s of the last century and lasted until 1992. The waters of the Samara River were used for this purpose. The total mineralization of water during the growing season reaches 3515 mg/dm3. It is possible to estimate the degree of transformation of soils that have been under the influence of irrigation waters for a long time in relation to the indicators of virgin soils. The zonal soils of the research area are CalcicChernozems. The analysis of macromorphological indicators showed that irrigation soils differ from the reference ones by the thickness of the organogenic horizon, density and structure. The results of the analysis of the aqueous extract of the reference soils show the absence of salinization with water-soluble salts. Their content varies in the range from 0.051 to 0.078 %. A maximum of one salt is observed in the soil profile, namely in the transitional horizon at a depth of 45–63 cm. Below this depth, the content of water-soluble salts progressively decreases. The total content and distribution of water-soluble salts in the soil profile of irrigated soils has some differences from the reference soils. In the upper part of the humus horizon, the total amount of water-soluble salts is smaller, which can be attributed to the effects of machining and better aeration, as well as the intensive removal of their vegetation. Below these horizons, the amount of water-soluble salts progressively increases and reaches a maximum in the soil-forming rock. The nature of the distribution in the soil profile and the total amount of salts isnot typical for Calcic Chernozems and ismore similar to those of Gleyic Calcic Chernozems. The maximum amount of water-soluble salts is concentrated in the parent rock. Their percentage indicates the absence of salinity in both studied soils. But guided by the method of calculating the content of toxic water-soluble salts in the soil, in the reference soils, this figure reaches 0.21 t/ha in a meter layer of soil, and in irrigation 0.42 t/ha. The results of studies of physicochemical parameters show that a higher content of metabolic calcium is characteristic of the reference soils, and its distribution in the soils along the profile of both options is relatively similar. In contrast, the distribution of exchangeable magnesium in the soil profile varies greatly, especially in the reference soils. In irrigated soils, the ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium is more stable and varies in the range from 4.2 to 7.9, which may be the result of prolonged irrigation. According to the obtained physicochemical parameters, irrigation soils have weak salinity in the lower part of the transition horizon. This indicator, together with the ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium, indicates eluvial-illuvial processes that for some time contributed to the redistribution in the soil profile of both water-soluble salts and exchangeable cations. Evaluation of the degree of salinity of soils showed the absence of salinization in the reference soils, as well as in the upper part of the humus horizons of irrigated soils. Given the buffering of irrigated soils, weak salinity is present only in the upper part of the transition horizon.
7
Černohlávková, J., J. Hofman, T. Bartoš, M. Sáňka und P. Anděl. „Effects of road deicing salts on soil microorganisms“. Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 11 (02.12.2008): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/431-pse.
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In this study, the effects of road salting on the quality of forest soils near the road were monitored in the Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic). Physical, chemical properties and microbial parameters of soils were determined and the toxic potentials of soil water extracts were evaluated using the bacterial tests (Microtox and <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> growth inhibition test). Increased concentrations of Na<sup>+</sup> ions (up to 100 mg/kg) and pH values up to 8 were found closer to the road. Microbial biomass and respiration activity were significantly reduced at the roadside (ANOVA; <I>P</I> < 0.05), and the metabolic quotients showed that the microbial community was apparently under stress. Large stimulation of <I>Pseudomonas putida</I> growth was determined, especially for salinized samples closest to the road. Oppositely, results showed the unsuitability of bacteria toxicity tests in such cases of pollution. Assessment of intrinsic soil microbial communities is more ecologically relevant and shows the effects that cannot be detected by bacterial toxicity tests.
8
Gulledge, Jay, und Joshua P. Schimel. „Low-Concentration Kinetics of Atmospheric CH4 Oxidation in Soil and Mechanism of NH4+ Inhibition“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, Nr. 11 (01.11.1998): 4291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.11.4291-4298.1998.
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ABSTRACT NH4 + inhibition kinetics for CH4 oxidation were examined at near-atmospheric CH4 concentrations in three upland forest soils. Whether NH4 +-independent salt effects could be neutralized by adding nonammoniacal salts to control samples in lieu of deionized water was also investigated. Because the levels of exchangeable endogenous NH4 + were very low in the three soils, desorption of endogenous NH4 +was not a significant factor in this study. TheKm(app) values for water-treated controls were 9.8, 22, and 57 nM for temperate pine, temperate hardwood, and birch taiga soils, respectively. At CH4 concentrations of ≤15 μl liter−1, oxidation followed first-order kinetics in the fine-textured taiga soil, whereas the coarse-textured temperate soils exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Compared to water controls, the Km(app) values in the temperate soils increased in the presence of NH4 + salts, whereas the V max(app) values decreased substantially, indicating that there was a mixture of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition mechanisms for whole NH4 + salts. Compared to the corresponding K+ salt controls, the Km(app) values for NH4 + salts increased substantially, whereas the V max(app) values remained virtually unchanged, indicating that NH4 + acted by competitive inhibition. Nonammoniacal salts caused inhibition to increase with increasing CH4 concentrations in all three soils. In the birch taiga soil, this trend occurred with both NH4 + and K+ salts, and the slope of the increase was not affected by the addition of NH4 +. Hence, the increase in inhibition resulted from an NH4 +-independent mechanism. These results show that NH4 +inhibition of atmospheric CH4 oxidation resulted from enzymatic substrate competition and that additional inhibition that was not competitive resulted from a general salt effect that was independent of NH4 +.
9
Pukish, Arsen. „STUDY OF THE RESTORATION FEATURES OF SOILS THAT WERE INFLUENCED BY FORMATION WATERS“. Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 31, Nr. 2 (2017): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2017.2.10.
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The article presents the studies results on the restoration of saline soils affected by formation waters. Soil restoration was carried out using solutions of various water-soluble salts. The author determined that treatment of saline soils with a solution of magnesium sulfate at a concentration of 0,3 mol/dm3 helps to decrease the content of chlorides, sodium, calcium, while the content of magnesium and sulfates increases, but the total content of toxic salts in the soil decreases by 60,9%.
10
Chartres, CJ. „Sodic soils - an introduction to their formation and distribution in Australia“. Soil Research 31, Nr. 6 (1993): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930751.
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This paper briefly summarizes existing Australian data about causes of sodicity and the distribution of sodic soils in Australia. Sources of salts and sodium include atmospheric accession, salts released by weathering processes and saline groundwaters. A traditional model of sodic soil pedogenesis is contrasted with more recent data demonstrating the role of several factors including mineralogy, EC/ESP relationships and exchangeable magnesium percentage on development and behaviour of sodic soils. Limited data about the national distribution of sodic soils are presented. There has been very little recent innovative research in Australia to increase understanding of soils affected by sodicity. A number of research needs are indicated.
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LI, XIAOYU, CHUNSHENG MU, JIXIANG LIN, YING WANG und XIUJUN LI. „EFFECT OF ALKALINE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM SALTS ON GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, IONS ABSORPTION AND SOLUTES SYNTHESIS OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS“. Experimental Agriculture 50, Nr. 1 (09.09.2013): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000458.
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SUMMARYPotassium (K) is an essential nutrient and abundant cation in plant cells. The application of K+ could alleviate abiotic stress. However, it was reported that the alleviation of K+ on salt-stressed plants only happened when K+ concentration was low. Most studies were focused on effects of sodium salts on plants in salty soils, and little information was reported about potassium salts, especially a higher level of potassium in alkaline salts. To explore the effects of K+ in alkaline salts on plant growth, and whether it had a same destructive impact as Na+, we mixed two alkaline sodium salts (ASS) (NaHCO3:Na2CO3 = 9:1) and two alkaline potassium salts (APS) (KHCO3:K2CO3 = 9:1) to treat 10-day-old wheat seedlings. Effects of ASS and APS on growth, photosynthesis, ions absorption and solutes accumulation were compared. Results indicated that effects of potassium salts in soil on plants growth were related to K+ concentration. Both growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings decreased, and the reduction was higher in APS treatment than in ASS treatment at 40 mM alkalinity. ASS treatment absorbed Na+, competing with K+ and free Ca2+, and inhibited the absorption of inorganic anions. APS treatments accumulated K+ and reduced the absorption of anions, with no competition with other cations. Both APS and ASS treatments promoted free Mg2+ accumulation and inhibited H2PO4−uptake. The reduction of H2PO4− promoted organic acid synthesis indirectly. Soluble sugar and proline accumulation were also related to the alkaline condition and extra K+ addition. In conclusion, excess potassium ions in soil, especially in alkaline soils, were harmful to plants. APS was another severe salt stress, intensity of which was higher than ASS. The growth and physiological response mechanisms of wheat seedlings to APS were similar to ASS. Both inorganic ions and organic solutes took part in the osmotic adjustment. Differences for APS depended on K+, but ASS on Na+.
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Płatkowski, Maciej, und Arkadiusz Telesiński. „Effect of different glyphosate salts on phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities in soil with reference to ecological importance of soil pollution. A laboratory experiment“. Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 26, Nr. 2 (01.06.2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2015-0006.
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine the effect of the two glyphosate salts: isopropylamine and potassium (contained in preparations Roundup) on the activity of phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase in the soil. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory conditions on two soil types: loamy sand (Corg 8.70 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.39) and sandy loam (Corg 10.90 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.81). Two glyphosate salts (isopropylamine and potassium) in dosage of 0, 1 and 100 mg·kg−1 were applicate into soils. Phosphodiesterase and phospotriesterase activities in soils were determined spectrophotometrically on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112. The obtained results were converted with respect to the enzyme activities in the control soil (assuming it to be 100%) and given as percent of inhibition. The results were shown as environmental danger zones graphs. Obtained results showed that glyphosate salts application has primarily resulted in inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, and stimulation of phosphotriesterase activity in soils. Soil type and kind of glyphosate salt affect the interaction of herbicide with phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities. The observed changes in the phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities caused by the addition of both glyphosate salts were located on environmental danger zones graphs in the range of negligible or acceptable values, which may indicate a low impact of herbicide on measured enzymes.
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Al-Obaidi, Ahmed A. H., und Ibtihal H. S. Al-Mafragei. „Settlement and Collapse of Gypseous Soils“. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 23, Nr. 1 (28.02.2016): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.23.1.03.
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The work in this research presents an experimental, theoretical and field study in order to investigate the settlement of Gypseous soils and the effect of water percolation on collapsibility of this soil. In this research, more than five sites where chosen to extract the gypseous soil samples with different gypsum content; the sites located in different regions in Salah Aldeen Governorate. In order to estimate the settlement and collapse of gypseous soils, field tests consist of standard penetration test for depths (1m to 5m) for each site and plate load test were conducted in dry and soaked cases.The results show that the settlement of gypseous soils in dry condition is less than the same soils that have low values of gypsum in its formation, the settlement value of lightly gypseous soils can be evaluated from the basic equations depending on data of SPT.In soaking case with short term flooding, gypseous soils shows compressible and they are sufficiently reliable soil base, while in the case of long term flooding settlement develops due to dissolution of salts and gypsum. The magnitude and the rate of the settlement depend on initial gypsum content, relative amount of leached salts, the mineralogy and type of soil and soil properties and acting load.The standard penetration test does not use in calculating the settlement for the soils that have gypsum in its formation in soaking condition.
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King, G. M., und S. Schnell. „Effects of Ammonium and Non-Ammonium Salt Additions on Methane Oxidation by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Maine Forest Soils“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, Nr. 1 (01.01.1998): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.1.253-257.1998.
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ABSTRACT Additions of ammonium and non-ammonium salts inhibit atmospheric methane consumption by soil at salt concentrations that do not significantly affect the soil water potential. The response of soils to non-ammonium salts has previously raised questions about the mechanism of ammonium inhibition. Results presented here show that inhibition of methane consumption by non-ammonium salts can be explained in part by ion-exchange reactions: cations desorb ammonium, with the level of desorption varying as a function of both the cation and anion added; differential desorption results in differential inhibition levels. Differences in the extent of inhibition among ammonium salts can also be explained in part by the effects of anions on ammonium exchange. In contrast, only minimal effects of cations and anions are observed in liquid cultures of Methylosinus trichosporiumOB3b. The comparable level of inhibition by equinormal concentrations of NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4and the insensitivity of salt inhibition to increasing methane concentrations (from 10 to 100 ppm) are of particular interest, since both of these patterns are in contrast to results for soils. The greater inhibition of methane consumption for NH4Cl than (NH4)2SO4 in soils can be attributed to increased ammonium adsorption by sulfate; increasing inhibition by non-ammonium salts with increasing methane concentrations can be attributed to desorbed ammonium and a physiological mechanism proposed previously for pure cultures.
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Kravchenko, E. I., N. B. Khitrov und I. N. Gorokhova. „TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY IN IRRIGATED SOILS NEAR THE IRRIGATION CHANNEL AT THE PLOT "CHERVLENOE" OF THE SVETLOYAR IRRIGATION SYSTEM“. Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, Nr. 94 (01.09.2018): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2018-94-19-37.
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The current state of irrigated soils’ salinity at the key plot located along the buried irrigation channel within the irrigated plot Chervlenoye of the Svetloyar Irrigation System (Volgograd Region) was studied. In the 1990-s a strong sec-ondary soil salinization was detected during the aerial survey. Its boundaries were clearly observed on the image. After the irrigation had been ceased, a par-tial soluble salts leaching from the soil took place at the key plot as a result of precipitation and decrease of the groundwater table. Basing on the field data obtained in 2017 a model of two-dimensional distribution (depth, distance from the irrigation channel) of the ion activity (Ca2+, Cl–, Na+) was created. It was found that sulfate-chloride-sodium type of salinization prevails which is typical for natural soils at the studied territory. However, the traces of secondary sali-nization expressed by the presence of calcium chloride in soil solution are pre-served in a number of soil horizons. According to the depth of the upper saline horizon, the soils belong to solonchakous type, the distribution of salts is medi-ocre-accumulative, maximum of salts is located at a depth of 100–150 cm.
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McBride, Murray B., und Meifang Cai. „Copper and zinc aging in soils for a decade: changes in metal extractability and phytotoxicity“. Environmental Chemistry 13, Nr. 1 (2016): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en15057.
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Environmental contextTrace metal toxicities to soils and plants depend on residence time in soils, a poorly understood phenomenon termed ‘aging’. Our research aimed to better understand long-term aging by measuring the solubility and toxicity of copper and zinc over a 10-year period after their addition to soils as soluble salts. We determined that, while metal solubility and toxicity did decrease in a decade, the highest levels of added metals (200 and 400mgkg–1) still had toxic effects on soybeans. AbstractTo assess long-term effects of field aging on Cu and Zn availability and phytotoxicity in soils, soils were spiked in the field using metal sulfate salts, and tested over 10 years for changes in total metals, salt-extractable (0.01M CaCl2) metals, Cu ion activity and phytoavailable metals using a soybean assay. Metal losses from the soils were generally small, with the coarse-textured (Arkport) soil having greater losses than the fine-textured (Hudson) soil. However, large reductions in salt-extractable metals occurred over the 10-year period, with most of this decline observed in the first several years following spiking. Copper ion activities decreased after 10 years of aging in all of the Cu-spiked soils, but remained high enough to be phytotoxic at metal loadings of 200 and 400mgkg–1. The soybean assay showed that Zn phytoavailability was significantly elevated in both soils at the loadings of 200 and 400mgkg–1 Zn. Higher plant tissue Cu was evident at additions of 200 and 400mgkg–1 Cu in the Arkport soil, but only at the 400mgkg–1 additions in the Hudson soil. Plant growth was significantly reduced at the 400mgkg–1 additions for both metals in both soils; growth inhibition at the 200mgkg–1 addition was also observed for both metals in both soils, but was not statistically significant for Zn. In summary, soils spiked with 200mgkg–1 (or more) of Cu or Zn salts express significant phytotoxicity after 10 years of field aging despite a shift of the metals into less labile forms.
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Khadeeva, E. R., O. G. Lopatovskaya, L. I. Saraeva und T. E. Tkachuk. „Diversity of Soils of Southern Transbaikalia (on the Example of the Daursky Reserve)“. Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology 36 (2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2021.36.79.
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The paper presents the study of soil cover of the steppe areas on the territory of the Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve in Transbaikalia (East Siberia). We determined the types of soils in the area surrounding the currently dry Barun-Torey lake according to the modern classification: Chestnut typical and saline, Saline gleyed typical and sulfide (sor) typical. Typical chestnut soils are formed on the tops of lake terraces and form complexes with saline soils. Salted chestnut soils occupy transit landforms. Saline soils are confined to low relief forms of the shoreline and the bottom of the lake, where the accumulation of readily soluble salts occurs. Typical Chestnut and saline soils are characterized by a light granulometric composition and a low humus content. Sulphide and typical gleyed saline soils have a heavier granulometric composition, a highly alkaline reaction of the soil solution, a very low humus content and a high content of readily soluble salts. The natural factors of soil formation are: slightly dissected relief; arid and cryoarid climate; groundwater level; steppe and halophytic meadow vegetation. Chestnut soils that form at the tops of lake terraces are the most common. Solonchaks occupy low relief forms of the lake shoreline and lake bottom.
18
Zhang, Ying, Fa Yun Li, Ting Ting Sun und Jin Long Wang. „Effect of Deicing Salts on Urban Soils and the Health of Roadside Pines (Pinus tabulaeformis) in Northeast China“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (Mai 2012): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.353.
Annotation:
Accumulation of high concentrations of Na and Cl ions in soils is one factor that hampers plant establishment along roadsides in regions where deicing salts are used to improve winter driving conditions. However, there is little information on the accumulation of deicing salts in roadside soil as well as on the phytotoxic impact of deicing salts on pines in Northeast China. The accumulation of salt in soil and injuries on pine needles (Pinus tabulaeformis) were investigated in the urban areas of Shenyang city in 2011. The results showed that the use of deicing salts on roads leads to the high accumulation of sodium (352–513 mg•kg-1) and chloride (577–2,353 mg•kg-1) in urban roadside soil. High pH and EC values suggested that the alkaline status and high soluble salts in the soil. High accumulation of deicing salts in roadside soil has been shown to have a phytotoxic effect on pines (Pinus tabulaeformis). Concentrations of Na and Cl in leaves were higher in the roadside plants than the plants appearing healthy in control site. The accumulation of Na and Cl in the needles were present up to an average of 274 mg•kg-1 (24–672 mg•kg-1) and 3,681 mg•kg-1 (786–9,919 mg•kg-1), respectively. It is evident that the deicing salts spray has a significant effect on the accumulation of sodium and chloride in urban roadside soils and needles of Pinus tabulaeformis, as well as the occurrence of visible injuries.
19
Hootman, R. G., P. D. Kelsey, R. Reid und K. von der Heide-Spravka. „Factors Affecting Accumulation of Deicing Salts in Soils Around Trees“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 20, Nr. 3 (01.05.1994): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1994.035.
Annotation:
Parkways, street tree planter boxes, and highway medians and roadsides are locations where soil accumulation of deicing salts is highest. Sodium chloride is the most common deicer applied in the United States. Sodium chloride and other salts accumulating in the root zone may instigate and exacerbate street tree decline. Salts affect soil aggregate stability, porosity, and water and nutrient uptake in trees. Data collected in Chicago, Illinois show much higher soil sodium (1,272 jxg/g) and chloride (348 |ig/g) in the center of newly installed, narrow, raised medians along Lake Shore Drive after one winter, compared to the center of wide medians along the roadway (236 ng/g sodium and 23 (ig/g chloride). Proximity to high speed traffic and its associated spray and splash were reasons for this. In suburban Downers Grove, Illinois, grade level street tree planter soils had extremely high levels of sodium (1,426 |ig/g to 2,277 |ig/g) compared to adjacent raised planter soils. The raised planters did not receive saltladen runoff, splash, plowed snow, or direct application from salt spreaders.
20
Kumar, Ashok. „Use of Leptochloa fusca for the Improvement of Salt-Affected Soils“. Experimental Agriculture 32, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700026053.
Annotation:
SUMMARYThe grass Leptocloa fusca is very useful on salt-affected soils as it can tolerate extremely saline and alkaline conditions, Since its growth is not affected by gypsum application, planting with Leptochloa is a good biological method for the reclamation of alkaline soils. It is also well adapted to the waterlogging encountered on saline and alkaline soils, and improves the soil's physical, chemical and biological properties so that within two or three years many commercial and forage crops can be grown. Leptochloa excretes salts through specialized glands and is therefore reasonably palatable to farm animals. Because of its vigorous growth on alkaline soils it does not allow satisfactory growth of companion trees, especially in the initial years of soil reclamation.
21
Rocha, Vanessa. „Comparative study on Biochar salt absorption capacity in different saline concentrated solutions“. Bionatura 6, Nr. 4 (15.11.2021): 2150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.04.3.
Annotation:
Salt-affected soils are caused by excess accumulation of salts. As soil salinity increases, salt effects can result in the degradation of soils. Previous studies have determined that biochar has the potential to reduce salt stress in soils. In this study, the electroconductive properties of biochar to adsorb salts were investigated in different saline-concentrated solutions. Pelletized, fragmented and powdered biochar were placed in solutions with concentrations of 0, 50, 500, 1000, and 2000 parts per million sodium chloride, respectively. Control treatments consisted of deionized water mixed with salt and no biochar addition. A week after setting the experiment, the electroconductivity measurements were significantly higher relative to the first day. Significant differences were observed among treatments for pelletized, fragmented, and powdered biochar treatments. Increases in electroconductivity values are attributed to ambient temperature changes and differences in particle size. However, pelletized biochar declined in electroconductive values, which is attributed to ions being retained inside the pores of bigger particles. Our study concludes that biochar can adsorb salts at lower sodium chloride concentrations; therefore, it may help mitigate soil salt stress.
22
Takhirova, N. B., F. I. Khudoyberdiyev, S. Bauatdinov, T. S. Bauatdinov und M. N. Muratova. „Research of Reclamation Properties of Agricultural Glaukonite Ores on Salted Soils“. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, Nr. 1 (22.06.2021): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21084.
Annotation:
The article presents the results of studies of the agro-ore of glauconite of Karakalpakstan, its reclamation properties when used on saline soils of the Aral Sea region. The results of the studies showed that the annual application of enriched glauconite leads to a decrease in chloride and sulfate salts in the soil, and the content of harmless salts increases.
23
Agyekum, Kofi, Joshua Ayarkwa und Christian Koranteng. „Holistic Diagnosis of Rising Damp and Salt Attack in Two Residential Buildings in Kumasi, Ghana“. Journal of Construction Engineering 2014 (24.07.2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/398627.
Annotation:
Rising damp is one of the most severe phenomena that leads to decay and deterioration of both old and modern types of buildings. This study employed a holistic approach to dampness investigation and sought to examine the problem of rising damp in the walls of two residential apartments in Kumasi, Ghana. The study sought to determine the types of soluble salts and their concentrations in the soils and accumulated percentages in the walls over time and whether there exists any linkage between the salts in the walls and those in the ground. Results from the geotechnical survey of the building sites found that the soils on site 1 consisted of silty sandy gravel with some clay particles and those on site 2 consisted of silty sandy soil with some clay and traces of gravel. The study identified several groups of salts in the walls of the buildings, with the most damaging and dangerous being magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride, and sodium sulphate salts. Similar salts were identified in the soil samples from the trial pits. The results therefore indicate a linkage between the salts found in the ground and those found in the walls and therefore confirm the presence of rising dampness.
24
Biggs, A. J. W., K. Bryant und K. M. Watling. „Soil chemistry and morphology transects to assist wetland delineation in four semi-arid saline lakes, south-western Queensland“. Soil Research 48, Nr. 3 (2010): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09127.
Annotation:
Soils at 4 saline lakes (Wyara, Numalla, Wombah and Bindegolly) in semi-arid south-western Queensland were described and sampled to determine soil attributes that assist in the delineation of wetlands. Up to 4 sites were described in transects perpendicular to the lake edge. Samples from fixed depths were analysed for limited ionic chemistry and, in some cases, selected acid sulfate soil parameters. Lakebed soils were alkaline Hypersalic Hydrosols, changing to a variety of soils, including alkaline Rudosols and Podosols on adjacent lunettes and beach ridges. Gley colours and mottling were indicative of lakebed soils, while redder colours and stratification were common in soils outside the wetland. Evaporative concentration of salts at the soil surface was common in lakebed and transition zone soils, whereas leaching of salts was common in sandier soils outside the wetlands. Analysis of acid sulfate soil parameters and field evidence in the beds of Lakes Wyara and Wombah confirmed the presence of unoxidised sulfidic sediments and extensive neutralising capacity. Wave action formation of beach ridges appeared to be the most prevalent land-forming process at 3 lakes, but wind-driven deflation with associated lunette-building was evident at Lake Bindegolly. The data confirmed the value of pedological features such as texture, colour, and salinity trends in determining the boundaries of these wetlands, but also highlighted the transient nature of these features.
25
Rutherford, P. M., S. J. Dickinson und J. M. Arocena. „Emergence, survival and growth of selected plant species in petroleum-impacted flare pit soils“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85, Nr. 1 (01.02.2005): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-088.
Annotation:
One of the prerequisites to phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils is that plants be able to germinate and become established in the presence of contaminants. This 5-wk growth chamber study examined the tolerance of five grasses and one legume to petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) and associated salts in three weathered, fine-textured, flare pit soils obtained from NE British Columbia. Plant tolerance to these soils was measured by percent seedling emergence (PSE), percent seedling survival (PSS) and 5-wk dry shoot biomass; a non-contaminated control soil was included in the study. The contaminated soils showed a wide range in total PHC concentrations (Soil A: 0.1 %, Soil B: 1.8 %, Soil C: 16 % PHC by mass) and in the recently established Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) PHC Tier 1 fractions 1–4. Electrical conductivity in contaminated soils ranged from 3.00 (Soil B) to 5.16 (Soil A) dS m-1. Medicago sativa (alfalfa, cv. Peace) was sensitive (low PSS, PSE and shoot biomass) to high salinity of Soil A but flourished in Soil B, a soil with F3 a nd F4 (gravimetric) concentrations that exceeded CCME PHC Tier 1 Eco Contact standards for agricultural, residential and parkland soils. When considering the combined effects of PHC and salts, Bromus inermis (smooth brome, cv. Carlton) was the grass most tolerant of contaminants in the weathered industrial soils. Compared to other plants, it consistently produced relatively high PSS, PSE and shoot biomass. Soil C was slightly hydrophobic and all plants showed reduced shoot biomass compared to other soils; however, average shoot biomass for Bromus inermis was almost twice as great as any other plant species growing in this soil. More research on the properties and remediation of historic flare pit soils is warranted. Key words: Hydrocarbons, phytoremediation, soil contamination, soil remediation, CCME, soil toxicity
26
Zinchenko, E. V., I. N. Gorokhova, N. G. Kruglyakova und N. B. Khitrov. „Modern state of irrigated soils at the south of the Volga upland“. Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, Nr. 104 (03.12.2020): 68–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2020-104-68-109.
Annotation:
The goal is to assess the impact of 50-year irrigation by sprinkling on soil processes occurring in the light-chestnut soils (Luvic Kastanozem (Loamic, Aric, Protosodic, Bathysalic)) of the southern slopes of the Volga upland at the Volga-Don interfluve (FSUE “Oroshaemoe”, the Volgograd region) with deep ground water. Water for irrigation is supplied from the Varvarovsky reservoir of the Volga-Don Canal system. It is characterized by a total dissolved salts of about 1 g/l, a bicarbonate-chloride-sulfate compositionwith an increased sodium content. Detailed morphological description of soil profiles, granulometric composition, content of soluble salts in soils and sediments of the vadoze zone up to the depth of 3.5 m, dynamics of salts in the layer of 0-50 cm for 2011-2019 are presented. Until the autumn of 2015, the studied soils were deep saline, being no saline in the layer of 0-100 cm. In recent years, a weak salinity degree of soda-chloride sodium chemistry has been observed in the 0-50 cm layer as a result of gradual accumulation of irrigation water salts during irrigation organized according to water consumption of agricultural crops. Irrigated soils have acquired a complex of signs of secondary salinity: (1) the presence of light accumulations of sandy and silt mineral grains in the arable horizon, resulting from the destructive effect of irrigation water drops during sprinkling; (2) toxic alkalinity associated with sodium (residual sodium carbonate), according to water extraction 1 : 5 (soil : water), in the horizons from the depth of 10-20 to 60100 cm; (3) abundant humus-clay cutans on the lateral side faces of prismatic structural units in the undisturbed part of the soil profile from 30 to 100 cm.
27
Ahmed, M., S. A. AI-Rawahy, M. S. AI-Kalbani und J. K. AI-Handaly. „Leaching Potential of Some Omani Soils: Soil Column and Drip Irrigation Studies“. Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 4, Nr. 2 (01.06.1999): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol4iss2pp65-70.
Annotation:
This paper reports the findings from leaching experiments conducted on some Omani soils. Seven samples from two locations in the Batinah coastal area of Oman were analyzed. Repacked soil columns of up to 30 cm in length were used in laboratory experiments to estimate the amount of water required for adequate leaching of salts from the soil profile. Two methods of leaching: continuous ponding and intermittent ponding were investigated. Results show that most of the salt (50-90%) is removed from the soil profile by the application of water equal in amount to the depth of soil to be leached. The results also show that intermittent ponding method of leaching is more efficient than the continuous ponding method of leaching if initial salinity level is high. Soil samples were also collected to find out the salinity status under drip irrigation. It clearly demonstrates that drip irrigation is very effective in removing salts from soil near the emitters although there is a marked accumulation of salts on the soil surface between emitters.
28
Savenko, A. V., und V. S. Savenko. „About salt fractionation in the process of terrigenous aerosol generation“. Геохимия 64, Nr. 1 (15.01.2019): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-752564196-100.
Annotation:
The content of water-soluble salts in samples of surface soils from arid regions and separated from them fraction <0.1 mm was analyzed. Existence of salt fractionation in the aleurite was shown. The fractionation coefficients, defined as the ratio of ions concentrations in the water extracts from fraction <0.1 mm and soil as a whole, are arranged in the successions: Na > K > Mg > Ca and SO4 > HCO3 > Cl. It was found that the fractionation of salts depends on their solubility: than solubility below, that enrichment of soils fine fraction is more.
29
Л.Д., Гасымов. „Defination of the optimum dimensions in agroecosystems productivity under Lankaran Lowland condition in Azerbaijan“. Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 2 (2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2019-02-005.
Annotation:
The real and prognosticated dimensions of the farming lands productivity under natural agroecosystems in the Lankaran lowland condition have been defined. It was determined that the soil, climate, subsoil level and other factors of the landscape influence on the farming land productivity under the Lankaran Lowland condition. The productivity of cereals on these soils is 45.2 centner/ha, vegetables 318.2 centners per hectare, tea 81.2 centners per hectare, fruit 62.1 centner/ha. With the implementation of agroecological measures to increase the fertility of yellow–meadow soils, it is optimal to forecast cereals for 48.2 centners/hectare, 323.2 centner /ha for vegetables, 85.4 hectares for tea, and 66.2 centners per hectare for fruit. The lowest productivity in the hydromorphicallyholophytefacies groups of soil formation, in the soils of the given facies group, the productivity of wheat is 29.0...18.3 centner/ha, vegetables 214.3...99.1 centner / ha, natural fodder for air–dry weight of 19.2...4.1 c/ha. Soils related to the facies group of hydromoric-holophytic soil formation are characterized by low scores, which is explained with unfavorable conditions of formation on the one hand and high toxicity of readily soluble salts on the other hand. In order to reduce the concentration of salts along the soil profile on the territory of the research object, it is proposed to use agro-meliorative measures, taking into account the landscape parameters and the physico-chemical agro-meliorative and physico-mechanical properties of soils. In addition, in connection with the purpose of lowering the level of groundwater in the direction of the Caspian Sea, it is necessary to conduct a main drainage and collector system, on the basis of which the main part of the salts accumulated in the soil will be removed.
30
Montes de Oca, Paulina, Rafael Mata und Marco A. Chaves. „Estudios de salinidad en la provincia de Guanacaste (Costa Rica) y caracterización de algunos suelos con influencia salina.“ Agronomía Mesoamericana 7, Nr. 2 (02.06.2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v7i2.24766.
Annotation:
The soils wich are affected by salts are developing preferently in regions where the precipitation is limited, the temperature is high and the conditions of drainage are restricted like in some soils of Guanacaste's area. A bibliography review about some soils with high salts contents was made in Ing. Taboga, Guanacaste's area. Two soils samples was taking classified in Typic hapluster and Fluventic ustropept. There are analized with methods that caracterize the salinity of soils jour with the technics of rutinary analysis.
31
Kakuturu, Sai, und Shirley E. Clark. „Deicing Salts' Effects on Engineered Bioretention Soils“. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, Nr. 5 (01.01.2012): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864712811699294.
32
Smettan, U., und H. P. Blume. „Salts in sandy desert soils, southwestern Egypt“. CATENA 14, Nr. 4 (August 1987): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(87)90025-7.
33
Hoshan, Muhsen N. „Review of Reclamation of salinity affected soils by leaching and their effect on soil properties and plant growth“. Tikrit journal for agricultural sciences 22, Nr. 1 (31.03.2022): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.1.14.
Annotation:
The irrigated soils in dry and semi-arid areas suffer from the problem of salt accumulation because of not using sufficient leaching water to remove the salts added with the irrigation water. Soil salinity contributes to a decrease in the growth and productivity of plants grown in those conditions, as well as affecting the physical, chemical and hydraulic properties of the soil. The reclamation process is a radical solution to the problem of salinization, and one of the most important basic ingredients for the success of the process of reclamation of saline soils is to determine the optimal amount of leaching water or what is called ( leaching Norm). Hence, the leaching process and the net movement of the leaching water are required to remove the salts to prevent them from concentrating in the root zone to the appropriate level for the plants' tolerance to ensure that it does not affect their growth and productivity. The concept of leaching a soil from salts and improving its physical and chemical properties depends on several factors, including the method of leaching, salinity, the amount of water added during the leaching process and the time period for leaching, as well as the properties of the soil and other factors. The salts present in the surface layer and their transfer with the movement of water to the depths and from there to the places of puncture, they also indicated that the increase in the leaching periods with low salinity of leaching water in the intermittent leaching method showed greater efficiency in using less quantities of water, in addition to that the increase in the leaching periods may increase From the speed of leaching salts from the soil, they also indicated that increasing the amount of water and leaching periods may contribute to reducing the salinity of the studied soil, especially in unsaturated soil conditions.
34
Elizarov, N. V., T. G. Lomova, M. T. Ustinov und V. V. Popov. „EFFECT OF AGROBIOLOGICAL MELIORATION ON THE SALT PROFILE OF ALKALI SOIL IN EASTERN BARABA DISTRICT“. Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), Nr. 1 (27.03.2019): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2019-50-1-18-25.
Annotation:
The solonetz soil cover 21.7 % of Novosibirsk Region, or 3 686.2 thousand hectares. In the Barabinsk lowland and northern Kulunda, solonetz soil is seen as agricultural land, as it doesn’t make solid massifs, but occur as small spots among zonal soils (black soils, meadow-black soils and black earth-meadow soils). Regardless the vast area, solonetz soils fulfil 20 - 25 % only of the needs of the livestock industry, which is caused by low productivity in the natural state (1.0 - 3.0 c/ha of dry matter in the steppe and 3.0 - 5.0 c/ha in the forest steppe). The authors outline the necessity to increase solonetz complexes fertility and therefore improve precision technologies of farming based on various methods of land reclamation such as chemical, agrotechnical and phytomelioration with adaptive-landscape farming systems that preserve soil fertility and crop yields. Agrobiological reclamation is based on layer-by-layer soil treatment performed once per rotation. This treatment includes milling or distillation of the upper solonetz layer with further deep nonmoldboard loosening, as well as application of dry resistant, salt resistant and solonetz resistant annual and perennial grasses into the crop rotation. These grasses extract easily soluble salts and ash elements from the soil. The research results show the effect of agrobiological melioration on solonetz soils of the Barabinsk lowland. The authors observed the decrease in the number of salts in the soil profile. Particularly, the number of carbonates and hydrocarbons decreased; that indicates slight effect of soda in the soil formation. The researchers observed variation in pH from 9.1 (in virgin variant) to 8.1 – 8.5 influenced by reclamation. Graded tillage and phytomeliorants applied in the crop rotation resulted in higher fertility of saline soils and their chemical parameters equal to the values of zone soil.
35
Endo, Tsuneyoshi, Sadahiro Yamamoto, Juan A. Larrinaga, Hideyasu Fujiyama und Toshimasa Honna. „Status and Causes of Soil Salinization of Irrigated Agricultural Lands in Southern Baja California, Mexico“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/873625.
Annotation:
Selected farmlands in southern Baja California, Mexico, were surveyed to determine the levels and the causes of salinization/sodication in irrigated agricultural soil. The salt dynamics observed in profiles differed from farm to farm. Low EC and high pH levels were observed in the profiles of sandy fields, because the salt composition of these soils can easily change when salts are leached by irrigation water that contains carbonates of sodium. On the other hand, high levels of salinity and sodicity were observed in the soils of clayey fields. Soil salinization/sodication is complexly interrelated with soil characteristics, the amount and composition of salts in the soil, the quantity and quality of irrigation water applied, and the irrigation methods used. Our findings indicate that irrigation water in Baja California should be supplied at a rate that is sufficient to meet crop requirements without exacerbating salt accumulation.
36
Schuerger, Andrew C., Rebecca L. Mickol und Petra Schwendner. „The Hypopiezotolerant Bacterium, Serratia liquefaciens, Failed to Grow in Mars Analog Soils under Simulated Martian Conditions at 7 hPa“. Life 10, Nr. 6 (26.05.2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10060077.
Annotation:
The search for life on Mars is predicated on the idea that Earth and Mars life (if present) should be both carbon- and water-based with similar forms of evolution. However, the astrobiology community can currently only investigate plausible Martian microbial ecosystems by using Terran life-forms as proxies. In order to examine how life might persist on Mars, we used a hypopiezotolerant bacterium (def., able to grow at 7–10 hPa)—Serratia liquefaciens—in growth assays with four Mars analog soils conducted under a subset of simulated Martian conditions including 7 hPa, 0 °C, and a CO2-enriched anoxic atmosphere (called low-PTA conditions). The four Mars analog soils included an Aeolian dust analog, the Mars JSC-1 analog, a Phoenix lander-site simulant, and a high-Salts analog. Serratia liquefaciens cells were able to grow at 30 °C in a liquid minimal basal medium (MBM) supplemented with 10- or 20-mM sucrose, Spizizen salts, and micronutrients. When the four analog soils were doped with both MBM and cells of S. liquefaciens, and subsequently incubated at 30 °C for 72 h, cell densities increased between 2-logs (Phoenix analog) and 4-logs (Aeolian and JSC-1 analogs); the Salts analog led to complete inactivation of S. liquefaciens within 24 h. In contrast, when the experiment was repeated, but incubated under low-PTA conditions, S. liquefaciens cells were either killed immediately by the Salts analog, or decreased by >5 logs over 28 d by the Aeolian, JSC-1, and Phoenix analogs. The failure of S. liquefaciens to grow in the analog soils under low-PTA conditions was attributed to the synergistic interactions among six factors (i.e., low pressure, low temperature, anoxic atmosphere (i.e., the low-PTA conditions), low-pH in the Salts soil, dissolved salts in all analogs, and oligotrophic conditions) that increased the biocidal or inhibitory conditions within the analog soils. Results suggest that even if a hypopiezotolerant Terran microbe is displaced from a spacecraft surface on Mars, and lands in a hydrated and nutrient-rich niche, growth in the Martian regolith is not automatically assured.
37
MILLER, J. J., D. F. ACTON und R. J. ST. ARNAUD. „THE EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON SOIL FORMATION IN A MORAINAL LANDSCAPE IN SASKATCHEWAN“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, Nr. 2 (01.05.1985): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-033.
Annotation:
The results of this study indicate the importance of groundwater flow and water table depth on the genesis, characteristics and distribution of soils within a hummocky morainal landscape. Non-saline and non-carbonated soils in upland depressions can be attributed to "depression-focused" recharge by snowmelt and snowmelt runoff in the spring, as evidenced by deep sola and/or eluvial horizons. Non-saline and carbonated soils on lower slopes adjacent to depressions are associated with local discharge and/or lateral flow from the adjacent groundwater mounds under the depressions in spring, as well as upward flow in the summer resulting from water use by phreatophytes such as willows, creating a water table depression around the slough fringes. Saline and carbonated soils at low elevations are associated with shallow and rather stable water tables, and local discharge from surrounding uplands. Soil types on uplands are more dependent on slope position and infiltration than on depth to water table or groundwater flow. Non-saline soils of different profile types occur on mid- and upper slope positions. These areas have a deep water table with mainly recharge or lateral flow occurring in the saturated zone. The infiltration of surface runoff water in upland depressions is the dominant factor influencing the distribution of soluble salts in this hummocky landscape. Key words: Water table, landscape position, recharge, discharge, soluble salts, soil genesis, morphology, carbonate soil
38
Rakhimgaliyeva, Saule, Sonja Tošić, Frank Eulenstein, Uwe Schindler und Elmira Saljnikov. „How withdrawing arable land affected the productive capacity of Haplic Kastanozems after 19 years of fallowing in dry steppes of the Ural piedmont“. Zemljiste i biljka 70, Nr. 2 (2021): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2102010r.
Annotation:
The fertile arable lands in the dry steppe zone of the Ural piedmont, which were intensively used for cereal production for 30 years of the last century, have been withdrawn from cultivation and abandoned for the last 20 years. The Republic of Kazakhstan's new strategy to restore the productivity of natural pasture presents a challenge to scientists when it comes to restoring the natural soil properties to the natural pastoral conditions of the dark chestnut soils studied (Haplic Kastanozems). This chapter presents the results of a project devoted to investigating the changes in the soil's physical and chemical morphology due to the past cultivation history of Haplic Kastanozem soils that have been in a fallow state for the last 19 years. Some changes in the soils' morphological characteristics were caused by the changes in the soils' physical properties due to their past long-term cultivation. The changes observed in the soils' agrochemical characteristics were due to the changes in the soils' physical properties and to the past fertilization history. A minor increase in soil salinity was observed due to the greater accumulation of soluble salts in the arable layer of fallow soil compared to its virgin Haplic Kastanozem analogue. The changes and transitions in the vegetation composition need to be investigated further, and techniques should be developed for the accelerated restoration of fallow soils in dry-steppes of Western Kazakhstan.
39
Rengasamy, P., und KA Olsson. „Sodicity and soil structure“. Soil Research 29, Nr. 6 (1991): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910935.
Annotation:
Sodic soils are widespread in Australia reflecting the predominance of sodium chloride in groundwaters and soil solutions. Sodic soils are subject to severe structural degradation and restrict plant performance through poor soil-water and soil-air relations. Sodicity is shown to be a latent problem in saline-sodic soils where deleterious effects are evident only after leaching profiles free of salts. A classification of sodic soils based on sodium adsorption ratio, pH and electrolyte conductivity is outlined. Current understanding of the processes and the component mechanisms of sodic soil behaviour are integrated to form the necessary bases for practical solutions in the long term and to define areas for research. The principles of organic and biological amelioration of sodicity, as alternatives to costly inorganic amendments, are discussed.
40
Nanba, K., und Gary M. King. „Response of Atmospheric Methane Consumption by Maine Forest Soils to Exogenous Aluminum Salts“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, Nr. 9 (01.09.2000): 3674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.3674-3679.2000.
Annotation:
ABSTRACT Atmospheric methane consumption by Maine forest soils was inhibited by additions of environmentally relevant levels of aluminum. Aluminum chloride was more inhibitory than nitrate or sulfate salts, but its effect was comparable to that of a chelated form of aluminum. Inhibition could be explained in part by the lower soil pH values which resulted from aluminum addition. However, significantly greater inhibition by aluminum than by mineral acids at equivalent soil pH values indicated that inhibition also resulted from direct effects of aluminum per se. The extent of inhibition by exogenous aluminum increased with increasing methane concentration for soils incubated in vitro. At methane concentrations of >10 ppm, inhibition could be observed when aluminum chloride was added at concentrations as low as 10 nmol g (fresh weight) of soil−1. These results suggest that widespread acidification of soils and aluminum mobilization due to acid precipitation may exacerbate inhibition of atmospheric methane consumption due to changes in other parameters and increase the contribution of methane to global warming.
41
Macdonald, BCT, und MD Melville. „A comparison of the soils from two areas of sorted step chenopod patterned ground, at Fowlers Gap Field Station, Western New South Wales.“ Rangeland Journal 22, Nr. 1 (2000): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000072.
Annotation:
Sorted step patterned ground at Fowlers Gap Field Station occurs within a variety of different Landsystem Units. Areas of sorted step patterned ground from Nuntherungie and Gap Hills Landsystems were selected and the soil properties compared. Soils from areas of sorted step patterned ground are composed of bare saline soils which surround the less saline vegetated soils. Despite occurring within different Landsystems, the suite of soil chemical properties (EC, soluble cations, and pH) between the bare and vegetated area within the patterned ground were statistically the same in most cases. Differences in the suite of soil salts probably arise from variations in gilgai microtopography.
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Pekeč, Saša, Marina Milović und Velisav Karaklić. „Properties and groundwater level of humogley soil of southern Bačka“. Zemljiste i biljka 70, Nr. 1 (2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2101060p.
Annotation:
The paper examines hydromorphic soils from the class of gley soils, soil type humogley. The examined soils are located in the protected part of the inundation of the middle course of the Danube. According to the chemical properties of the examined soils, the pH value ranges from 7,64 to 8,15 on average, and with depth there is an increase in alkalinity. The total salts of the examined soils had increased values in the humus horizon and ranged from 0,06 to 0,09%. The texture classes of the humus horizon of these soils are: clay loam to sandy clay loam, while the lower sub-horizons of the gley are textural classes of sandy loam, loamy sand and sand. The influence of the Danube water level on the groundwater level results in high correlation coefficients, which range from 0,67 to 0,88. The groundwater in these soils had the highest level from 28 cm to 70 cm depth, and the lowest level was from 110 to 175 cm deep. The amplitude of groundwater variation during the year in the examined humogley soils ranges from 66 to 132 cm. Groundwater quality classes according to U.S. Salinity Laboratories are unfavorable and range from C3S1 to C4S1, ie salt to very salty water with low sodium content, and according to the FAO classification the water quality is such that there is a moderate need for restriction. High groundwater level above the critical level, as well as watering the soil with water of this quality can have an impact on salinization of the surface horizon of humogley soil of the examined area.
43
Belovolova, Alla, Natal’ya Gromova, Alexander Esaulko, Evgeniy Golosnoy und Ylia Grechishkina. „Influence of saline soils and mineral fertilizers on the germination and formation of sunflower seeds“. E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 06016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016406016.
Annotation:
The research was carried out with the aid of vegetation experiments and on saline soils in production crops of the Stavropol territory farms (Andropovsky, Mineralovodsky and Kochubeyevsky districts). The goal of the research was to identify patterns of germination and formation of sunflower seeds, depending on the influence of saline soils and the use of mineral fertilizers. It was found that sunflower seeds germinate at fairly high concentrations of soil salts. In vegetation experiments, where saline soil containing 1.14% and 1.71% of chloride- sulfate salts was used, the number of sprouted seeds was 96.0% and 89.3% of the unsalted background, respectively, 14 days after sowing. The salinization type has a various impact on seed germination. A greater reduction in their germination was observed during sulfate-chloride salinization. The predominance of sulfates in the salt composition up to 0.4% did not have a negative effect on seed germination, while the predominance of chlorides reduced their germination, starting from 0.2%. If the difference between the two types of salinization at 0.4% was only 2%, then at 1.4% it reached 18%, which indicates an increase in the toxic effects of chlorides as their concentrations increase. In the process of growing plants, soil salts affect plants directly through the root system.
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Miller, J. J., und J. A. Brierley. „Solonetzic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2011): 889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10040.
Annotation:
Miller, J. J. and Brierley, J. A. 2011. Solonetzic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 889–902. Soils of the Solonetzic order are defined as having a Solonetzic B horizon designated as a Bn or Bnt horizon. The Solonetzic Order includes four great groups: Solonetz, Solodized Solonetz, Solod, and Vertic Solonetz. Solonetzic soils are thought to develop via the stepwise pedogenic processes of salinization, solonization (desalinzation and alkalization), and solodization. Soluble salts are brought into the soil pedon of Solonetzic soils by capillary movement and evaporation from spring to fall, and upward water flow from the water table to the freezing zone in the winter deposits salts upon freezing. Solonization proceeds when desalinization lowers the total salt content and alkalization is initiated by high exchangeable Na. Solodization occurs when anisotropic flow conditions or a change in vertical hydraulic gradients prevent capillary rise and replenishment of soluble Na in the Bn horizon. Two common Solonetzic catenas are found in the prairies. In the first sequence, Gleyed Solonetz or Solonetz occur in the depressional areas of the landscape, and soils then grade through Solodized Solonetz, Solods, and in some cases, Chernozems or normal zonal soils at higher elevations. In the second sequence, Solods are found in the lowest topographic position, while Solodized Solonetz, Solonetz and Chernozems are found at progressively higher slope positions. Solonetzic soils have unique properties that adversely affect their use for agriculture and other land uses (e.g., construction, septic systems). Further interdisciplinary research is required to better understand the genesis of these soils at the “meter scale” or local landscape level because of the extreme spatial variability of these soils.
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Naveed, Muhammad, Muhammad Kamran Aslam, Zulfiqar Ahmad, Tasawar Abbas, Asma A. Al-Huqail, Manzer H. Siddiqui, Hayssam M. Ali, Irfan Ashraf und Adnan Mustafa. „Growth Responses, Physiological Alterations and Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Amended with Gypsum and Composted Cow Dung“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 12 (16.06.2021): 6792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126792.
Annotation:
Salt accumulation in soils poses severe challenges for crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Scarcity of rainfall and a high evaporation rate in these regions are considered major reasons for salt accumulation. It drastically reduces the leaching of excessive salts below the root zone of crops. The toxic effects of salts on plants can be greatly reduced with the use of biological and inorganic amendments. The present study was conducted to investigate the positive influence of gypsum (GP), composted cow dung (CCD) and the combined use of gypsum and composted cow dung (GP+CCD) on the growth, seed yield, and physiological and chemical attributes of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) in salty soil conditions. Saline-sodic soil was prepared using salts that include NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2. It contained three levels of electrical conductivity (EC), i.e., 1.8, 6, and 12 dS m−1, and had a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 15. We noted significant deleterious effects of excessive salt stress on multiple attributes of the growth, produce, physiology, and chemical factors of sunflowers. However, treatment with GP+CCD improved all these attributes in all these conditions over the control treatment. Treatment with GP+CCD also significantly increased N, P and K contents over the control in the absence of salt stress, i.e., normal conditions. Conversely, treatment with GP+CCD caused an extreme decline in antioxidant enzyme activity (APX, GPX, CAT and SOD) and Na+/K+ ratio in seeds of up to 90, 75, and 71% over control at an EC level of 1.8, 6, and 12 dS m−1, respectively. This study suggests the combined application of gypsum and composted cow dung for better production of sunflowers in salt-affected soils, and augmented growth, yield, physiology, biochemistry and nutritional value in the sunflower seeds.
46
KASYANOV, A. E., und ISMAIL KHEBA ISMAIL KHEBA. „INSTALLATION FOR PHYSICAL MODELING OF SALINE SOILS WASHING“. Prirodoobustrojstvo, Nr. 2 (2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2021-2-31-35.
Annotation:
Gradients of salts concentrations of the soil solution, rinsing water pressures, filtration coefficients determine the flow intensity of the salt solutions in the aeration zone. There are known a lot of software for calculating the motion of salt solutions in the porous medium. To assess the accuracy of calculations of the salts movement in the soil, the data of gradient measurements are used. The implementation of the known methods of physical modeling on the soil monoliths mounted according to Astapov, lysimetric installations, in experimental leaching of saline soils in the field requires significant material investments, labor and time. Minimum material and labor costs are required for the assembly and use of the proposed design of the installation for physical modeling of saline soil washing. A working prototype of the installation has been developed. It includes piezometers, a case, units of piezometers connection, sampling of soil moisture combined with soil electrodes, equalizing drain, rotating part of the case. Piezometers, drains and connecting hoses, soil moisture sampling unit. The installation case is assembled of separate branch pipes equipped with necks and sealing rings. Filtration investigations and gradient measurements of the salts movement are carried out on the installation. The tests of the installation prototype were fulfilled in the field on the sand pit reclamation map located in the floodplain of the Gzhelka and Moskva rivers of the Ramensk region of the Moscow area. The profile filtration coefficients measured at the installation – 2.33 ± 0.031 m / day and in the field conditions – 2.36 ± 0.041 m / day do not differ significantly.
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Mohiuddin, Muhammad, Muhammad Irshad, Sadaf Sher, Faisal Hayat, Ammar Ashraf, Salman Masood, Sumera Bibi, Jawad Ali und Muhammad Waseem. „Relationship of Selected Soil Properties with the Micronutrients in Salt-Affected Soils“. Land 11, Nr. 6 (04.06.2022): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11060845.
Annotation:
The present study aimed to assess the relationship of soil properties in salt-affected soils. The soil samples were collected from 14 districts of Pakistan. Soil salinity and sodicity are the common features of the arid and semiarid regions. The effects of the salt’s interactions with soil micronutrients have not been well studied. Therefore, saline and non-saline soil samples were collected from different locations. The microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) were fractionated into water-soluble, exchangeable, carbonate, Fe + Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. Univariate and multivariate analysis (PCA) was carried out to determine the linear relationship between soil properties and micronutrients fractions. Results showed that the magnitude of micronutrients appeared to be affected by the salinity in soils. In saline soil, the Fe fractions differed in the order of residual > organic bound > Fe + Mn bound > carbonate bound > exchangeable > water soluble. Iron fractions varied in the non-saline soils as residual > Fe + Mn bound > organic bound > exchangeable > carbonate bound > water soluble. Copper concentration was higher in the residual and carbonate forms, and the amount was lower in the exchangeable and water-soluble forms under both saline and non-saline conditions. The water-soluble Mn fraction was lower, and the residual Mn fraction was proportionately higher than other forms of Mn in soils. Zinc was found mostly in the residual fraction in both saline and non-saline soils. The mobility factor of micronutrients in non-saline soil was greater than in saline soil. PCA revealed that organic matter (OM) and pH directly affected the fractionation of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe in soil. Thus, it could be inferred that salts can bring changes to the composition of micronutrients depending on the nature of the soil and the magnitude of salts.
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Герасимов, А. О., М. В. Чугунова und Ю. М. Поляк. „СЕЗОННЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ПРОТИВОГОЛОЛЕДНЫХ СРЕДСТВ В ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ ПОЧВЕ В ЛАБОРАТОРНОМ И ПОЛЕВОМ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАХ“. Biosfera 11, Nr. 4 (12.02.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v11i4.512.
Annotation:
De-icing preparations (DIP) used in winter to prevent ice and snow deposits in cities are one of the most harmful anthropogenic factors. Numerous investigations on this topic are dedicated to the environmental impact of technical sodium chloride, whereas less attention is paid to new-generation reagents. The present paper reports the results of laboratory and field studies of nine DIPs used in Saint Petersburg, including chlorides and newer preparations of acetates and formates. The laboratory experiments showed that high doses of chloride reagents can increase salt content in soils to levels corresponding to low salinity (maximum values were 3.96 mS/cm), which are potentially dangerous to plants and soil microorganisms. Under field conditions, salt content in soil eventually decreased. Salts were washed out from the upper soil horizons by atmospheric precipitation. By the end of vegetation season, the maximum concentration did not exceed 0.29 mS/cm, i.e. corresponded to background indices. Accordingly, contaminated soils toxicity for plants and microorganisms decreased. The results suggest that the least environmentally harmful anti-ice salts are the acetate and formate preparations Nordway and Clearway. Magnesium chlorides "Bishofi") proved to be less dangerous among chloride-based DIP. The permissible doses of DIP salts for urban streets in the Northwest of Russia are within 50 g/m2.
49
Tu, S., G. J. Racz und C. M. Cho. „Extraction of Manganese from Soils with Potassium Salts“. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59, Nr. 5 (September 1995): 1280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900050011x.
50
Nedriga, V. P., und �. A. Dem'yanova. „Construction of dams on soils containing soluble salts“. Hydrotechnical Construction 20, Nr. 2 (Februar 1986): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01427164.