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1
Mafuyai, G. M. „A Review of Empirical Models of Sorption Isotherms of Hydrophobic Contaminants“. African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 4, Nr. 3 (12.07.2021): 16–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-0zhqqumw.
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Renewed focus on empirical models of sorption isotherms of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) onto mineral surfaces and soil components is required because of the importance attached to numerous pollutants released into the environment. This examines the various models and isotherms with their assumptions by different scholars on the contribution of sorption of contaminants onto clay mineral sorbents and soil organic matter with the possible ways of prevention of environmental contamination by HOCs. Literature indicated that empirical models and isotherms have been used to ascertain several surfaces that can be sorbed by hydrophobic organic contaminants. These models also show that soils can retain HOCs even at low soil organic levels and the extent depends on the structure of the pollutant type and concentration of clay minerals in the sorbent. It also revealed the important role played by soil organic carbon in the sorption of contaminants onto soils and how it is strongly affected by the nature and structure of the organic soil matter. Contamination by different pollutants required a renewed approach in the context of the sorption of organic pollutants onto clay minerals from aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.
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Kadam, Gopal Mohanrao. „Toxicity Effect by Heavy Metals as Pollutants on Fertile Soil“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39911.
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Abstract: There are rising geologic and anthropogenic processes and as a result, now a days soils polluted by heavy metals have become more common and it is a problem across the globe. Soil polluted due to heavy metal can be freed from pollutants effectively by use of bioremediation process. It's a very well-known process and is used in situ, making it ideal to make soil free from pollutants as a part of crop establishment as well as restoration of soil which are being treated. Microorganisms as well as plants uses a variety of processes/methods to bioremediate the pollutants present in the different types of soils. Keywords: Heavy metal contamination, Remediation process, Soil pollutants, bioremediation process, soil pollutants
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Hu, Ge, Shu Ai Peng und Wei Wang. „Numerical Simulation for Migration of the Pollutants in Soil“. Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (Juni 2010): 1684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1684.
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In the soil environment，through analyzing the numerical solutions of pollutant migration, the time-space law of the transmission of organic pollutants in soil can be mastered, which has both theoretical and practical significance. The general mathematical model of the migration of volatile pollutant in soil was established; and typical models of pollution sources emission were calculated, and the influence of various parameters in model on calculation results were compared, such as diffusion, convection, adsorption and degradation parameters; finally a correlation analysis and discussion was made on calculation results of the pollutant concentration distribution. The calculation results show that the convection is the main reason causing pollutants migration, and the influence of volatility to migration process cannot be ignored. It provides the scientific basis and approach for the pollution forecasting and prevention.
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Figala, Jindřich, Valerie Vranová, Klement Rejšek und Pavel Formánek. „Giant miscanthus (Miscantus × Giganteus Greef Et Deu.) – A Promising Plant for Soil Remediation: A Mini Review“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, Nr. 6 (2015): 2241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563062241.
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Giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu.) is a perennial rhizomatous grass with C4 type photosynthesis, which is distinctive by its resistance to cold temperatures when maintaining a sufficient photosynthesis rate. We revised potential of Miscanhus for use in soil bioremediation, especially from biological point of view. Translocation rate from roots to aerial part is low in general, but Miscanthus is able to grow even on highly contaminated soils without artificial fertilization. We also discussed the role of root exudates in pollutant immobilization, chelation and uptake. Commetabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with assistance of soil microbes shows promising results and significant reduction of tetracyclic PAHs in soil. Miscanthus is therefore suitable for immobilization of inorganic pollutants in soil and removal of organic pollutants, which makes it suitable to create buffer zones for surface waterway protection, stabilization of heavily contaminated substrates (e.g. reclaimed burrows of mining industry and sedimentation pools). According to low content of pollutants in aerial biomass the harvested plant material is deemed safe for further agricultural or industrial use.
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Wang, Pengxiang, Kang Wang und Zuhao Zhou. „Simulating Water and Pollution Exports from Soil to Stream during the Thawing Period at the Small River Basin Scale“. Water 13, Nr. 11 (27.05.2021): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111506.
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A physical model was developed to describe the soil-to-stream export processes of water and pollutants in a small river basin during the soil thawing period. The hydrological and pollution transport and transformation behaviors in paddy- and corn-dominated catchments were numerically simulated; the impacts of the pollution concentrations, interactions between the migrated water and pollutants in the soil, and pollutant transformations during the pollution export were coupled. Experimental field data from the Heidingzi river basin during the soil thawing period were used to calibrate the model parameters and evaluate the performance. The mass of the dissolved pollutants from soil particles in the migrated soil pore water was the key factor affecting the pollution export into the streams; the water content directly affected the pollution export. The concentration of the pollutants peaked when the initial exported water was high. The pollutant transport processes influenced the pollution export more significantly after the soil water was significantly reduced. The N-S efficiency coefficients between the simulated and monitored flow rates and the pollution concentrations at the outlets of the paddy- and corn-dominated catchments were >0.60 and >0.54, respectively. The system deviations between the simulated and monitored flow rates and the pollution concentrations were <10% and <15%, respectively. The proposed model effectively described the water flow, pollution transport and transformation processes.
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Hirano, Takeshi, und Kazuyoshi Tamae. „Earthworms and Soil Pollutants“. Sensors 11, Nr. 12 (28.11.2011): 11157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s111211157.
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He, Haijie, Tao Wu, Xiaole Shu, Kuan Chai, Zhanhong Qiu, Shifang Wang und Jun Yao. „Enhanced Organic Contaminant Retardation by CTMAB-Modified Bentonite Backfill in Cut-Off Walls: Laboratory Test and Numerical Investigation“. Materials 16, Nr. 3 (01.02.2023): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031255.
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Adding organically modified bentonite into impervious wall materials may improve the adsorption of organic pollutants. In this study, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide organically modified bentonite (CTMAB bentonite) was mixed with sodium bentonite and kaolin to obtain two materials, which were then used as cut-off walls for typical pollutants. Soil column consolidation tests, diffusion tests, and breakdown tests were conducted to study migration of organic pollutants in soil columns. The parameter sensitivity of pollutant transport in the cut-off wall was analysed by numerical simulation. The sodium bentonite mixed with 10% CTMAB bentonite and kaolin-CTMAB bentonite showed the greatest impermeability: with a consolidation pressure of 200 kPa, the permeability coefficients were 1.03 × 10−8 m/s and 3.49 × 10−9 m/s, respectively. The quantity of phenol adsorbed on sodium bentonite-CTMAB bentonite increased with increasing water head height. The kaolin-CTMAB bentonite column showed the best rhodamine B adsorption performance, and the adsorption rate reached 98.9% on day 67. The numerical results showed that the permeability coefficient was positively correlated with the diffusion of pollutants in the soil column. The quantity adsorbed on the soil column was positively correlated with the retardation factor, and the extent of pollutant diffusion was negatively correlated with the retardation factor. This study provides a technical means for the optimal design of organic pollutant cut-off walls.
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Vasseur, Paule, und Marc Bonnard. „Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms: A review“. Current Zoology 60, Nr. 2 (01.04.2014): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.2.255.
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Abstract Pollutant dynamics and bioavailability greatly differ in soil and aquatic systems. Therefore, specific approaches and models are needed to assess the impact of soil contamination to terrestrial ecosystems. Earthworms among other soil invertebrates have received more attention because of their ecological importance. They represent a dominant part of the soil biomass and are soil engineers regulating important soil processes, notably fertilization. The release in soils of pollutants known for their persistence and/or their toxicity is a concern. Exposure of terrestrial species to pollutants that may alter genomic function has become an increasing topic of research in the last decade. Indeed, genome disturbances due to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may impair growth, as well as reproduction and population dynamics in the long term. Despite their importance in gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms are not yet understood in soil invertebrates. Until now, pollutant-induced changes in genome expression in natural biota are still being studied through structural alteration of DNA. The first biomarker relating to genotoxicant exposure in earthworms from multi-contaminated soils reported is DNA adducts measurements. It has been replaced by DNA breakage measured by the Comet assay, now more commonly used. Functional genomic changes are now being explored owing to molecular “omic” technologies. Approaches, objectives and results are overviewed herein. The focus is on studies dealing with genotoxicity and populational effects established from environmentally-relevant experiments and in situ studies.
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Zhang, Ting, und Houjin Zhang. „Microbial Consortia Are Needed to Degrade Soil Pollutants“. Microorganisms 10, Nr. 2 (24.01.2022): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020261.
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Soil pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems globally due to the weak self-purification ability, long degradation time, and high cost of cleaning soil pollution. The pollutants in the soil can be transported into the human body through water or dust, causing adverse effects on human health. The latest research has shown that the clean-up of soil pollutants through microbial consortium is a very promising method. This review provides an in-depth discussion on the efficient removal, bio-adsorption, or carbonated precipitation of organic and inorganic pollutants by the microbial consortium, including PAHs, BPS, BPF, crude oil, pyrene, DBP, DOP, TPHP, PHs, butane, DON, TC, Mn, and Cd. In view of the good degradation ability of the consortium compared to single strains, six different synergistic mechanisms and corresponding microorganisms are summarized. The microbial consortium obtains such activities through enhancing synergistic degradation, reducing the accumulation of intermediate products, generating the crude enzyme, and self-regulating, etc. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of pollutants can be greatly improved by adding chemical materials such as the surfactants Tween 20, Tween 80, and SDS. This review provides insightful information regarding the application of microbial consortia for soil pollutant removal.
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Jiang, Shixiong, und Sunxian Weng. „The Emission Characteristics of Pollutants from Thermal Desorption of Soil Contaminated by Transformer Oil“. Atmosphere 13, Nr. 4 (23.03.2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040515.
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In order to reduce pollutant emission from substation fires into the soil environment, developing technology to remove pollutants in soil after substation fires is necessary. Among the soil remediation technologies, thermal desorption has been proven to be an effective soil remediation method. In this paper, the effects of thermal desorption temperature and atmosphere on the releasing characteristics of pollutants in the soil polluted by waste oil in the accident oil pool in the substation were examined. The results showed that when the thermal desorption temperature was 500 °C, a large number of macromolecular organics decompose from the solid phase and change into long-chain alkanes and macromolecular acids under pure N2 atmosphere. When the thermal desorption temperature was higher than 500 °C the pollutants in the soil were further decomposed into small molecular organics. In addition, the organics were transformed to CO2, SO2, NOx, and CO under 20% O2/N2 atmosphere when the temperature was above 500 °C.
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Song, Lin Xu, und Ping Liu. „Study on Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Based on SWAT“. Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (Juni 2010): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.390.
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Nonpoint source pollution, especially agriculture nonpoint source pollution is the major reason resulting in eutrophication in many receiving water bodies. At first, agriculture nonpoint source pollution and the harm pollutants bring is analyzed. Then around the questions about how the nonpoint source pollutants export from the soil and how much pollutant import into the receiving water, my study provide an overview of the progress of research on pollution forming mechanism, pollutants leaching from soil and pollutants migrating with streamflow into water body, and briefly summarizes the history of nonpoint source load estimation include model developing and application, and introduce the SWAT model which will be applied in my study. At last, I look forward to some important research direction in pollution mechanism and load estimation.
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Dai, Chun Lei, Li Sha Chen, Xiao Yan Liu, Yan Hu und Shan Shan Liu. „Multi-System Phytoremediation on Oil-Contaminated Alkaline Soil in Daqing Oilfield“. Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (Oktober 2011): 1597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1597.
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Daqing oilfield; oil-contaminated soil; alkaline soil; multi-plant system; phytoremediation Abstract: Daqing oil-contaminated alkaline soil and high concentrations oil-pollutant samples were mixed at the ratio of 4:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 (vsoil/voil), respectively. Then the oil content of the mixed samples were detected and analyzed after phytoremediation experiment with multi-plant systems. The research results showed that Salsola collina Pall-Chinese wildrye-Thistle Herb-Medicago-Artemisia ordosica multi-plant system had a good degradation effect on oily-pollutants. During the 105-day experiment, the degradation rate of oil-pollutants could be up to 80.5% in the mixed soil (4:1, vsoil/voil). During the whole experiment, removal rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) could raise up 65.5% in the Coronilla varia-Lolium perenne-Amaranthus hypochondriacus multi-plant system mixed soil (2:1, vsoil/voil). Experimental results proved that the degradation effect on TPHs could be improved by the multi-plant systems and they could be reasonably matched to cure and restore the ecological environment of oil-contaminated soils.
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Mühlbachová, G. „Potential of the soil microbial biomass C to tolerate and degrade persistent organic pollutants“. Soil and Water Research 3, No. 1 (21.03.2008): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2096-swr.
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A 12-day incubation experiment with the addition of glucose to soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was carried out in order to estimate the potential microbial activities and the potential of the soil microbial biomass C to degrade 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The microbial activities were affected in different ways depending on the type of pollutant. The soil organic matter also played an important role. The microbial activities were affected particularly by high concentrations of PAHs in the soils. Soil microorganisms in the PAHs contaminated soil used the added glucose to a lesser extent than in the non-contaminated soil, which in the contaminated soil resulted in a higher microbial biomass content during the first day of incubation. DDT, DDD and DDE, and PCB affected the soil microbial activities differently and, in comparison with control soils, decreased the microbial biomass C during the incubation. The increased microbial activities led to a significant decrease of PAH up to 44.6% in the soil long-term contaminated with PAHs, and up to 14% in the control soil after 12 days of incubation. No decrease of PAHs concentrations was observed in the soil which was previously amended with sewage sludges containing PAHs and had more organic matter from the sewage sludges. DDT and its derivates DDD and DDE decreased by about 10%, whereas the PCB contents were not affected at all by microbial activities. Studies on the microbial degradation of POPs could be useful for the development of methods focused on the remediation of the contaminated sites. An increase of soil microbial activities caused by addition of organic substrates can contribute to the degradation of pollutants in some soils. However, in situ biodegradation may be limited because of a complex set of environmental conditions, particularly of the soil organic matter. The degradability and availability of POPs for the soil microorganisms has to be estimated individually for each contaminated site.
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Reddy, K. R., und E. M. D'Angelo. „Biogeochemical indicators to evaluate pollutant removal efficiency in constructed wetlands“. Water Science and Technology 35, Nr. 5 (01.03.1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0152.
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Wetlands support several aerobic and anaerobic biogeochemical processes that regulate removal/retention of pollutants, which has encouraged the intentional use of wetlands for pollutant abatement. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of key processes regulating pollutant removal and identify potential indicators that can be measured to evaluate treatment efficiency. Carbon and toxic organic compound removal efficiency can be determined by measuring soil or water oxygen demand, microbial biomass, soil Eh and pH. Similarly, nitrate removal can be predicted by dissolved organic C and microbial biomass. Phosphorus retention can be described by the availability of reactive Fe and Al in acid soils and Ca and Mg in alkaline soils. Relationships between soil processes and indicators are useful tools to transfer mechanistic information between diverse types of wetland treatment systems.
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Biswas, Bhabananda, Fangjie Qi, Jayanta Biswas, Ayanka Wijayawardena, Muhammad Khan und Ravi Naidu. „The Fate of Chemical Pollutants with Soil Properties and Processes in the Climate Change Paradigm—A Review“. Soil Systems 2, Nr. 3 (01.09.2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2030051.
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Heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants are two major groups of pollutants in soils. The fate and exposure of such pollutants in soil depends on their chemical properties, speciation, and soil properties. Soil properties and processes that control the toxicological aspects of pollutants include temperature, moisture, organic matter, mineral fractions, and microbial activities. These processes are vulnerable to climate change associated with global warming, including increased incidences of extreme rainfall, extended dry periods, soil erosion, and a rise in sea level. Here we explain evidence that relates to the effects of climate change-driven soil processes on the mobility, transport, and storage of pollutants in soil. The review found that changes in climate could increase human exposure to soil contaminants mainly due to processes involving soil organic carbon (SOC), surface runoff, redox state, and microbial community. However, uncertainties remain in relation to the extent of contaminant toxicity to human health, which is linked to global change drivers.
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Ravichandran, S., Riddima Singh und R. M. Madhumitha Sri. „Air pollution: A major threats to sustainable development“. International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research 8, Nr. 3 (15.10.2021): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcbr.2021.037.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) reports on six major air pollutants, namely particulate matter, ground level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and lead. Effects of these pollutants are seen in air, soil and water. This air pollutant possesses different impact on the human health, climate changes, green-house effects and global warming. Acid rain, global warming, greenhouse effect and climate changes have an important ecological impact on air pollution. Neurological effects have been observed in adults and children after exposure to air pollutants. Man is causing damage to air, water and soil. Our atmosphere on global scale is highly polluted. In this paper, our interest is mainly to focus on these pollutants, as they are related to more severe problems in human health and environmental impact.
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Jarošová, Alžbeta. „Possible phthalates transport into plants“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, Nr. 2 (2010): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058020299.
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Soils can be contaminated by high concentrations of phthalic acid esters (PAE) resulting from industrial and intensive agricultural activities. A plant receives water and substances (including pollutants) from soil by means of rootage. Water solution received by the roots is distributed in particular by means of xylem. Reception by means of floem is not very considerable. Pollutants (including phthalates) can be absorbed by roots either by diffusion by means of soil gas phase or soil liquid phase. Another possible way of pollutant entering into the plant is diffusion from atmosphere. Way of substance entering into the plant is decided by so called Henry constant as well as octanol-water partition coefficient. In case of phthalates, big differences between di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) reception and dioctyl phthalate reception were detected. For example, DBP can enter into the plant by means of gas as well as liquid phase while dioctyl phthalate only by gas phase.This publication summarizes fundamental knowledge on possible phthalates transport into plants.
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Zubkova, A., und I. Abrosimov. „Persistent Pollutants in Urban Soil“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 272 (21.06.2019): 022207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/272/2/022207.
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Huang, Ying, YongXia Li, Jian Yang, MinMin Xu, Bo Sun, FuWei Gao und Ning Wang. „Harmful Chemicals in Soil and Risk Assessment of an Abandoned Open Dumpsite in Eastern China“. Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/297686.
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The concentrations of pollutants in soil samples collected in and around a dumpsite in Heze, Shandong, China, were investigated, and the potential ecological and health risks of these pollutants were assessed. Seventeen soil samples from five different locations were analysed for pollution characteristics, and the target pollutants included inorganic pollutants and heavy metals as well as volatile organic compounds/semivolatile organic compounds (VOCs/SVOCs). Results showed that the mean concentration level of each pollutant from the interior area was relatively higher than that from the boundary area of the dumpsite. Inorganic pollutants and heavy metals were detected in all of the soil samples. According to potential ecological risk assessment with environmental background values of Shandong as screening values, heavy metals in majority of the samples pose low ecological risk to the ecosystem except Hg. Hg poses a considerable or very high risk because of its high levels of accumulation. In consideration of future land use pattern, human health risks derived from environmental exposure to heavy metals were assessed. Carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic hazards for adults are acceptable, while noncarcinogenic hazards for children exceed the safety threshold. The health risks are primarily attributed to oral exposure to As and Cr.
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Chidi, Onwusiri, Aguoru Uzoma, Amali Okwoli, Azua Tereze und Olasan Joseph. „Efficacy of Urena lobata in Phytoremediation of Spent Engine Oil Polluted Soil“. American Journal of Environment Studies 4, Nr. 2 (02.10.2021): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajes.807.
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Purpose: The research study aimed to determine the efficacy of Urena lobata in phytoremediation of spent engine oil polluted soil of Makurdi, Nigeria as to determine the amount of some inorganic pollutants (Cd, Pb, As and Cr) removed from the soil by the annual plant with time.
Methodology: Urena lobata was grown in twelve (12) Plastic containers filled with four kilograms (4 kg) of sandy-loam soil contaminated with 0 mL, 20 mL, 40 mL, 60 mL, 80 mL and 100 mL and monitored for twelve weeks (12) after planting.
Findings: The tissue analysis of heavy metals shows that Urena lobata has the highest percentage absorbance and remediation capacity of arsenic (0.06 mg/kg) with percentage absorbance of 37.5 % and followed by cadmium 0.04 mg/kg of pollutant with percentage absorbance of 32.56 %. Equally, from the result and analysis obtained on remediation of lead pollutant, Urena lobata has remediation capacity of 0.11 mg/kg with percentage absorbance of 8.53 %. Also, Urena lobata has absorbance and remediation capacity of chromium pollutant with the mean tissue concentration level of 0.26 mg/kg. The absorption rate by the test plant measured were spent engine oil concentration level dependent. Finally, the results showed that the studied plant (Urena lobata) screened for total metal concentration showed value of bio-concentration factor (BCF) < 1 for all heavy metal pollutants, and also high value of translocation factor (TF) > 1 in the following order; Pb (2.000) > As (1.667) > Cr (1.567) > Cd (1.500) mg/kg and as a consequence Urena lobata plant was efficient in translocation of metal pollutants from roots to shoots.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Urena lobata can then be considered as potential candidates for phytoextraction and phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Cd, Pb, As and Cr. Facility owners and industrialists should adopt and invest on the use of phytoremediation technologies in the remediation of polluted sites with spent engine oil as the technology can remediate more than one pollutant at a time and environmentally friendly.
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Chang, Andrew C., Albert L. Page, Takashi Asano und Ivanildo Hespanhol. „Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater irrigation“. Water Science and Technology 33, Nr. 10-11 (01.05.1996): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0704.
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We examined the methodology of developing globally applicable human health-related chemical guidelines of using wastewater for crop irrigation. Two approaches may be used to develop pollutant loading guidelines: (a) preventing pollutant accumulation in waste receiving soil and (b) maximizing soil's capacity to assimilate, attenuate, and detoxify harmful chemicals. Pollutant loading rates based on the first approach are in agreement with the fundamental principle of maintaining ecological balances in soil. But numerical limits usually are very stringent and it is difficult for communities to meet these requirements. Recommendations derived with the second approach represent the maximum permissible loadings beyond which pollutant levels in the soil may be harmful to the exposed population. A method employing the second approach was evaluated. Preliminary pollutant loading limits for land application of wastewater are derived by considering the food chain transfer of pollutants via intake of grain, vegetable, root/tuber, and fruit grown on wastewater-affected soils.
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Weber, Collin J., Jens Hahn und Christian Opp. „Spatial Connections between Microplastics and Heavy Metal Pollution within Floodplain Soils“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 2 (08.01.2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020595.
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Soils contain an increasing number of different pollutants, which are often released into the environment by human activity. Among the “new” potential pollutants are plastics and microplastics. “Recognized” pollutants such as heavy metals, of geogenic and anthropogenic origin, now meet purely anthropogenic contaminants such as plastic particles. Those can meet especially in floodplain landscapes and floodplain soils, because of their function as a temporary sink for sediments, nutrients, and pollutants. Based on a geospatial sampling approach, we analyzed the soil properties and heavy metal contents (ICP-MS) in soil material and macroplastic particles, and calculated total plastic concentrations (Ptot) from preliminary studies. Those data were used to investigate spatial connections between both groups of pollutants. Our results from the example of the Lahn river catchment show a low-to-moderate contamination of the floodplain soils with heavy metals and a wide distribution of plastic contents up to a depth of two meters. Furthermore, we were able to document heavy metal contents in macroplastic particles. Spatial and statistical correlations between both pollutants were found. Those correlations are mainly expressed by a comparable variability in concentrations across the catchment and in a common accumulation in topsoil and upper soil or sediment layers (0–50 cm). The results indicate comparable deposition conditions of both pollutants in the floodplain system.
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Mattina, Mary Jane Incorvia, William Iannucci-Berger, Brian D. Eitzer und Jason C. White. „Rhizotron Study of Cucurbitaceae: Transport of Soil-Bound Chlordane and Heavy Metal Contaminants Differs with Genera“. Environmental Chemistry 1, Nr. 2 (2004): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en04048.
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Environmental Context. Many pesticides are difficult to remove from the soil, and remain as persistent pollutants. Some plant species can extract these pollutants from the soil and thereby degrade them, leading to a potential plant-based soil remediation technology. This study examines how plants extract an enduring organic pollutant (chlordane) and heavy metals (zinc, cadmium) from the soil, where they are processed in the plant, and what end-products are generated. Abstract. Two Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita pepo L. and Cucumis sativus L., were grown in rhizotrons containing soil contaminated with heavy metals and highly weathered chlordane residues. This experimental scheme allowed in situ access to several portions of the soil/plant system. In the root exudates, concentrations of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) collected from both genera were detected consistently in the order malic > citric > succinic. Xylem sap was collected from severed plant stems over recorded time segments. Chlordane components and elemental analytes in the sap showed distinct, consistent differences between C. pepo L. and C. sativus L. with regard to chlordane flux, enantiomeric fractions of chlordane components, and heavy metal content. This is the first detailed report of patterns of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the contiguous compartments of soil, whole root tissue, xylem sap, and aerial tissue.
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Truu, Jaak, Marika Truu, Mikk Espenberg, Hiie Nõlvak und Jaanis Juhanson. „Phytoremediation and Plant-Assisted Bioremediation in Soil and Treatment Wetlands: A Review“. Open Biotechnology Journal 9, Nr. 1 (26.06.2015): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701509010085.
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Phytoremediation is a technology that is based on the combined action of plants and their associated microbial communities to degrade, remove, transform, or immobilize toxic compounds located in soils, sediments, and more recently in polluted ground water and wastewater in treatment wetlands. Phytoremediation could be used to treat different types of contaminants including petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, pesticides, explosives, heavy metals and radionuclides in soil and water. The advantages of phytoremediation compared to conventional techniques are lower cost, low disruptiveness to the environment, public acceptance, and potentiality to remediate various pollutants. The use of plants in conjunction with plant associated bacteria (rhizosphere or endophytic) offers greater potential for bioremediation of organic compounds, and in some cases inorganic pollutants than using plants alone in bioremediation. The implementation of treatment wetlands for phytoremediation of wastewater or polluted water originating from various sources allows removing organic and inorganic pollutants from water in an environmentally friendly and economically feasible way. Presently, different processes of phytoremediation in treatment wetlands are less studied compared to phytoremediation of polluted soils. Further research is needed to advance the understanding of the pollutant removal mechanisms in treatment wetlands with vegetation, and how based on this information to improve treatment wetland design and operational parameters to achieve more efficient treatment processes. This review covers basic processes of phytoremediation with special emphasis on rhizoremediation and plant-microbe interactions in plant–assisted biodegradation in soil and treatment wetlands.
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Kisić, Ivica, Jasna Hrenović, Željka Zgorelec, Goran Durn, Vladislav Brkić und Domina Delač. „Bioremediation of Agriculture Soil Contaminated by Organic Pollutants“. Energies 15, Nr. 4 (20.02.2022): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041561.
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Pipeline spills and pollution of the environment by crude oil pose a threat to natural resources, especially soil and water. One such incident occurred on 25 September 2018 in the area of Budrovac (Croatia; 46°00′14.6″ N 17°04′16.8″ E) on agricultural land as a pipeline spill. Bioremediation of the contaminated soil was carried out with organic pollutants using an environmentally safe absorbent Spill-Sorb (Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss) and a mineral fertilizer—nitrogen. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Croatia, during a six-month (October 2018–April 2019) study. Samples of agricultural soils contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were taken after the rupture of the local gas condensate pipeline. The experiment was conducted in five treatments in triplicate: I-control (clean soil); II-100% contaminated soil + organic absorbent + nitrogen; III-100% contaminated soil + organic absorbent; IV-50% clean soil + 50% contaminated soil + organic absorbent + nitrogen; and V-50% clean soil + 50% contaminated soil + organic absorbent. The soil properties studied were pH, organic matter content, carbon and nitrogen content and ratio, and changes in the concentration of potential organic contaminants—TPHs and individual PAHs. The results demonstrated that the mixture of organic absorbent and nitrogen efficiently removed organic pollutants from the contaminated soil within six months. However, the application of Spill-Sorb alone was more effective for the degradation of hydrocarbons. The effectiveness of the absorbent studied was dependent on the concentration of organic pollutants and nitrogen application.
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Yasmin, Shahla, und Doris D'Souza. „Effects of Pesticides on the Growth and Reproduction of Earthworm: A Review“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/678360.
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Scientific literature addressing the influence of pesticides on the growth and reproduction of earthworm is reviewed. Earthworms are considered as important bioindicators of chemical toxicity in the soil ecosystem. Studies on this aspect are important because earthworms are the common prey of many terrestrial vertebrate species such as birds and small mammals, and thus they play a key role in the biomagnification process of several soil pollutants. Majority of the studies have used mortality as an endpoint rather than subtler endpoints such as reproductive output. It is now emphasized that, whereas higher concentrations of a pollutant can easily be assessed with the acute (mortality) test, contaminated soils with lower (sublethal) pollutant concentrations require more sensitive test methods such as reproduction test in their risk assessment.
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Li, Xiangcai, und Ping Jing. „Analysis of The Migration and Accumulation Process of Nitrate-nitrogen Pollutants in The Unsaturated Zone of Soil“. E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129301004.
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In order to understand the migration process of nitrate-nitrogen pollutants in the shallow unsaturated zone of the soil, the Tianjin coastal dredger and typical fluvo-aquic soils in North China were used as the research objects. The Hydrus-1D software was used to establish a numerical model to simulate nitrate. The pollution process of nitrogen pollutants in the unsaturated zone of soil, the results show that: during the migration process of the two kinds of shallow vadose zones of soil, the nitrate-nitrogen pollutants migrate downward at the maximum concentration before reaching the maximum concentration. After the maximum concentration, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the soil no longer increases; due to the difference in the average particle size of the soil, the migration rate of nitrate nitrogen in fluvo-aquic soil is significantly greater than that in artificial dredger soil. Nitrate nitrogen is in the simulation period completely passing through the simulated soil layer, the fluvo-aquic soil is completely passed through by nitrate nitrogen at 2d, and the artificial dredge fill is completely passed through by nitrate nitrogen at 2.5d.
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Бардина, Т. В., М. В. Чугунова, В. В. Кулибаба und В. И. Бардина. „ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ МЕТОДОВ БИОТЕСТИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОЧВОГРУНТОВ РЕКУЛЬТИВИРОВАННОГО КАРЬЕРА“. Biosfera 12, Nr. 1 (16.06.2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24855/biosfera.v12i1.539.
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The appropriateness has been evaluated of different approaches to biological testing of soils from sites that have accumulated the results of past environmental insults. Since such soils feature the presence of unknown pollutants, it is expedient to supplement the chemical control with the biological testing thereof. Organisms used in biological testing differ in their sensitivity to different pollutants. Therefore, it is reasonable to use test batteries comprising organisms from different taxonomic groups. The present study has been carried out in a former open mine territory located in Prinevskaya Depression (Leningrad Region). The mine was used sometimes ago to obtain clay for brick manufacturing. Thereafter, the mine pit was covered with a loamy soil contaminated with solid household waste. This resulted in the development of a secondary pollution focus. Standard physical and chemical methods were used to determine pH, total alkalinity, specific conductivity, heavy metals, oils products and benzo(a)pyrene in soil samples obtained from the site. Biological testing was performed using eluting and contact approaches, including an original method approved by State Register. The test organisms were Daphпia magna water flee, Paramecium caudatum infusoria, Chlorella vulgaris alga, and Triticum aestivum wheat. Soil microorganism complex was assessed by soil enzymatic activities. Chemical and physical analyses did not reveal increases in pollutant markers above normative values. Biological testing proved to be more sensitive. Their use suggested that all soil samples were somewhat toxic. The most appropriate methods for testing former open clay mines have been selected.
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Liu, Jianv, Xin Xin und Qixing Zhou. „Phytoremediation of contaminated soils using ornamental plants“. Environmental Reviews 26, Nr. 1 (März 2018): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0022.
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Phytoremediation has attracted increasing attention and is a promising technology for addressing soil contamination problems. Unlike other kinds of remediation plants, ornamental plants grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects have been an important source of remediation plants in recent years. In addition to beautifying the environment, some ornamental plants can not only grow well but also accumulate or degrade contaminants when growing in soil contaminated with heavy metals or organic pollutants. Especially in contaminated urban areas, it is comparatively rare and commendable when remediation plants with ornamental value are applied. In this review, we summarized the current research on the phytoremediation of contaminated soils using ornamental plants, evaluated the phytoremediation capacity of ornamental plants in heavy-metal and organic pollutant-contaminated soils, and highlighted specific ornamental plants with a strong accumulation ability and tolerance to pollutants. The findings related to the main mechanisms of the phytoremediation of contaminated soils were explained. Enhancement measures aimed at promoting the bioavailability of contaminants and the tolerance of ornamental plants were also reviewed in this article. It is hoped that this study will draw attention to a new path for phytoremediation technology.
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Durán-Álvarez, Juan C., Yamani Sánchez, Blanca Prado und Blanca Jiménez. „The transport of three emerging pollutants through an agricultural soil irrigated with untreated wastewater“. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 4, Nr. 1 (07.06.2013): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.003.
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The aim of this work was to determine the mobility of naproxen, carbamazepine, and triclosan through a wastewater-irrigated agricultural soil. Transport experiments were carried out using undisturbed soil columns taken at 10 and 40 cm depths. The mobilization of the pollutants was evaluated using two hydrological regimes transient flow for superficial columns and steady-state conditions for the sub-superficial columns. Results demonstrated that preferential flows are present in the superficial soil, and transient flow conditions facilitate the movement of the pollutants through the soil. Conversely, displacement of the contaminants in the sub-superficial soil columns was slower than that observed in the superficial soil. Triclosan was not found in the leachates of the soil columns at the two depths, indicating the strong retention of the compound by the soils. Conversely, naproxen and carbamazepine were determined in leachates of the soil columns at both depths. Retardation in the transport of carbamazepine was higher than that observed for naproxen in the two tested soils. Naproxen and triclosan showed some degree of dissipation, while carbamazepine was recalcitrant. It was concluded that the natural depuration system studied is capable of retaining and removing the studied pollutants and thus the risk of groundwater pollution is minimized.
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Li, Qianwei, Jicheng Liu und Geoffrey Michael Gadd. „Fungal bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals“. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, Nr. 21 (17.09.2020): 8999–9008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10854-y.
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Abstract Much research has been carried out on the bacterial bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals but much less is known about the potential of fungi in sites that are co-contaminated with both classes of pollutants. This article documents the roles of fungi in soil polluted with both petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals as well as the mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of such substances. Soil characteristics (e.g., structural components, pH, and temperature) and intracellular or excreted extracellular enzymes and metabolites are crucial factors which affect the efficiency of combined pollutant transformations. At present, bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals is mostly focused on the removal, detoxification, or degradation efficiency of single or composite pollutants of each type. Little research has been carried out on the metabolism of fungi in response to complex pollutant stress. To overcome current bottlenecks in understanding fungal bioremediation, the potential of new approaches, e.g., gradient diffusion film technology (DGT) and metabolomics, is also discussed. Key points • Fungi play important roles in soil co-contaminated with TPH and toxic metals. • Soil characteristics, enzymes, and metabolites are major factors in bioremediation. • DGT and metabolomics can be applied to overcome current bottlenecks.
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Ortega-Calvo, José-Julio, William P. Ball, Rainer Schulin, Kirk T. Semple und Lukas Y. Wick. „Bioavailability of Pollutants and Soil Remediation“. Journal of Environmental Quality 36, Nr. 5 (September 2007): 1383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0001.
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Kochetova, Zhanna Yu, und Ilya S. Lazarev. „METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING INTEGRAL SOIL POLLUTION (USING THE EXAMPLE OF AN AERODROME ENVIRONS)“. Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, Nr. 3(62) (2022): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2022-3-126-136.
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The paper deals with the problem of an objective assessment of the geoecological situation of the aerodrome environs according to standard methods used for calculating the total indicator taking into consideration the excess of the maximum permissible or background concentrations of pollutants. We propose a method for calculating a complex indicator that can take into account heterogeneous characteristics of soil pollution: the multiplicity of excess of conditionally natural background concentrations, the frequency of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants, their hazard class, the soil use category and ability of soils to regenerate. For this, we used transition from numerical values of soil pollution parameters to a vector space. The complex indicator of soil pollution involves totaling the lengths of vectors of established priority pollutants that have a high or extremely high impact on soil pollution according to a set of heterogenous parameters. The priority scale of pollutants is based on well-known scientifically grounded gradations of soil pollution parameters. With the help of standard and the proposed methods for calculating integral soil pollution, the geoecological situation was determined at a distance of up to 8,4 km from the reference point of the aerodrome during its regular operation and during reconstruction. The proposed combined indicator of soil pollution differs from the existing ones with greater accuracy and objectivity.
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Alnsrawy, Najeeb, Sadiq S. Muhsun und Zainab T. Al-Sharify. „A LABORATORY MODEL FOR THE ADSORPTION AND LOSS OF THE SULFATE TRANSPORT IN MULTI POROUS MEDIA OF SOIL“. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, Special (20.09.2021): 3–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.3.11.
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Development of industries and agriculture, salts, especially sulfates, used in many industries, such as fertilizers and pesticides, have become one of the most common problems. In this paper, a laboratory model was established to study the sulfate-contaminated transport process. Four samples of porous media contain the same pollutant, sandy soil, sandy gravel soil, agricultural (organic) soil, and calcareous soil. Where a pollutant is pumped at a concentration of 280 mg/l through a system consisting of a tube of length 4 meters and 8 cm thickness and distributed in the soil Each type is one meter. The results showed that all types of soils, except organic, had leaching or loss of sulfates from the soil and dissolving them with a soil solution. The transfer of pollutants from soil to the solution may reach between 50 to 300 mg/l per meter, while organic soil showed the ability to Absorption up to 100 mg/L per meter. However, it was found that organic soil contains the largest amount of sulfate and was able to adsorption, and it was found that bacterial activity has a role in reducing sulfate in organic soil and thus returning the soil to adsorption after a certain time of saturation process.
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Luo, Peiyuan, Changchun Xin, Yuanhao Zhu, Yang Liu, Junhong Ling, Tianzhi Wang, Jun Huang und Soon-Thiam Khu. „Effect of Rational Fertilizer for Eggplants on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollutants in Agricultural Water Bodies“. Processes 11, Nr. 2 (14.02.2023): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020579.
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Excessive fertilizer application in the cropping industry leads to excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in surrounding water bodies, which causes farmers to increase economic cost and damage the environment. To address the problem, we built a crop-soil runoff soil column test system, setting eight fertilizer application levels for eggplants. Then, crop yield, soil fertility and pollutant concentrations in the receiving water bodies were measured. The process of fertilizer application on the water quality of surrounding receiving water bodies and the rationality of fertilizer application were analyzed. The results showed that crop yield, soil fertility, and pollutant concentrations in the receiving water increased with the increase in fertilizer application. The crop yield stabilized when the fertilizer application amount was higher than 0.12 kg/m2; the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the water increased significantly with the increase in fertilizer application, where particulate nitrogen (PN) and organic phosphorus (OP) were the key pollutants. In addition, crop growth had an interception effect on pollutant migration. The concentration of pollutants in the water was significantly lower in the late crop growth period (after flowering) than in the early. The crop had the best interception effect on pollutants when the fertilizer application was 0.12 kg/m2. The concentrations of TN and TP in the water were 29.7% and 22.3% after the flowering period, being lower than those before the flowering period. Therefore, a reasonable value of 0.12 kg/m2 is recommended for fertilizer application in this article. It can provide a reference for the fertilization system of eggplant planting in North China and theoretical support for the realization of clean production in small rural watershed planting.
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Shikha, Swarna, und Pammi Gauba. „Phytoremediation of Industrial and Pharmaceutical Pollutants“. Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 02 (2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2016.02.341789.
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Pollution in water bodies and soil is a major and ever-increasing environmental issue nowadays, and most conventional remediation approaches do not provide appropriate solutions. The contamination of soil is a major concern for the environment and needs to be remediated. These pollutants include complex organic compounds, heavy metals released from industries and plants and natural products such as oils from accidental release. Further the nature of pollution will be governed by the source and type of the contaminant, and other inorganic compounds are released into the environment from a number of sources like mining, smelting, electroplating, and farming. Plants can clean up many types of contaminants like metals, pesticides, oils, and explosives. Phytoremediation is emerging as a bio-based and low-cost alternative in the cleanup of heavy metal-contaminated soils.
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Makovníková, J., G. Barančíková und B. Pálka. „Approach to the assessment of transport risk of inorganic pollutants based on the immobilisation capability of soil“. Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 8 (07.01.2008): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2215-pse.
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The objective of this paper is to elaborate a system of evaluation of potential risks of transport of inorganic elements, and to create a map of soil potential to immobilisation/transportation of potential risk elements. The categorization of these risks was realized in two layers, contamination and potential soil sorption. The level of contamination was evaluated according to the Slovak Soil Law. Potential sorption of soil (PSS) is formed by qualitative (soil reaction, pH value, optical value of soil humus), and quantitative factors (C<sub, H-depth of humus horizon); it was evaluated according to the equation: [PSS] = F(pH) + F(Q<sup>4</sup><sub>6</sub>) + F(C<sub>org</sub>) × F(H). The map of soil immobilisation potential was created by fusion of contamination layer and layer of potential sorption of soil, and shows the distribution of five categories of risk elements immobilisation potential. Soils with very low immobilisation potential are reported predominantly in Košice and Banská Bystrica regions, where soils are contaminated by geochemical anomalies and anthropogenic sources. Transport is a reversible process to immobilisation; thus, the highest level of immobilisation potential is identical with the lowest transport category.
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Lijuan, Gao. „Study on migration and change of petroleum pollutants in soil and pollution evaluation with data mining technology“. E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123603003.
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To study the migration and variation rule of petroleum pollutants in soil and evaluate the soil condition, the field investigation is carried out in a refinery in Yunnan Province and the relevant data are collected. Then, soil sampling and leaching experiments are carried out on the land in the refinery. Finally, the experimental data are sorted out. The experimental results show that the pollution of surface soil in refinery is the most serious. Because of the adsorb-ability of the soil, the content of petroleum pollutants in the deep soil is less. The results of leaching experiments show that the diffusion process of petroleum pollutants is greatly affected by random factors in horizontal diffusion. In the vertical direction, the depth of soil will reduce the diffusion speed of petroleum pollutants. This exploration provides a reference for the study of the migration and variation rule of petroleum pollutants in soil.
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Liu, Fenwu, Xingxing Qiao, Lixiang Zhou und Jian Zhang. „Migration and Fate of Acid Mine Drainage Pollutants in Calcareous Soil“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, Nr. 8 (16.08.2018): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081759.
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As a major province of mineral resources in China, Shanxi currently has 6000 mines of various types, and acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major pollutant from the mining industry. Calcareous soil is dominant in western North China (including the Shanxi Province), therefore, clarifying the migration behavior of the main AMD pollutants (H+, S, Fe, heavy metals) in calcareous soil is essential for remediating AMD-contaminated soil in North China. In this study, the migration behavior of the main pollutants from AMD in calcareous soil was investigated using soil columns containing 20 cm of surficial soil to which different volumes of simulated AMD were added in 20 applications. Filtrate that was discharged from the soil columns and the soil samples from the columns were analyzed. Almost all of the Fe ions (>99%) from the AMD were intercepted in the 0–20 cm depth of the soil. Although >80% of SO42− was retained, the retention efficiency of the soil for SO42− was lower than it was for Fe. Cu, as a representative of heavy metals that are contained in AMD, was nearly totally retained by the calcareous soil. However, Cu had a tendency to migrate downward with the gradual acidification of the upper soil. In addition, CaCO3 was transformed into CaSO4 in AMD-contaminated soil. The outcomes of this study are valuable for understanding the pollution of calcareous soil by AMD and can provide key parameters for remediating AMD-contaminated soil.
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Shanahan, Caitlin J., und Jason J. Keleher. „Biomimetic Adsorptive Composites for Redox Remediation of Organic Pollutants“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, Nr. 64 (09.10.2022): 2384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642384mtgabs.
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Conductive hydrogels have gained interest as responsive materials for pollutant sensing and degradation in a variety of applications such as wastewater and soil remediation. There has been a significant increase in both commercial and domestic wastewater, which is output into ground sources, acting as a leading contaminant for surrounding communities. Specifically, cationic organic textile dyes such as methylene blue, methyl red, and methyl violet which are known monoamine oxidase inhibitors are prevalent pollutants. To improve remediation, this work employs a biopolymeric (i.e. polysaccharide) matrix to aid in non-covalent adsorption of pollutants to the network. Additionally, modification of the polysaccharide backbone with a conductive polymer can promote electron transfer throughout the matrix. This work employs the photoinitiation of a metal-polysaccharide complex to directly polymerize polyaniline (PANI) on the polysaccharide backbone. The PANI-functionalized composite can be utilized as a reducing substrate for the adsorptive redox remediation of the organic pollutants that occur in contaminated soils or water supplies.
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Islam, Tariqul, Yanliang Li und Hefa Cheng. „Biochars and Engineered Biochars for Water and Soil Remediation: A Review“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 17 (04.09.2021): 9932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179932.
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Biochars (BCs) are considered as ecofriendly and multifunctional materials with significant potential for remediation of contaminated water and soils, while engineered biochars (E-BCs) with enlarged surface areas and abundant surface functional groups can perform even better in environmental remediation. This review systematically summarizes the key physical and chemical properties of BCs that affect their pollutant sorption capacities, major methods employed for modification of E-BCs, the performance of BCs/E-BCs in removing major types of organic (e.g., antibiotics and pesticides) and inorganic pollutants (e.g., heavy metals), and the corresponding removal mechanisms. The physical and chemical properties of BCs—such as ash or mineral contents, aromaticity, surface structures, pH, and surface functional groups (e.g., C=O, -COOH, -OH, and -NH2)—depend primarily on their feedstock sources (i.e., plant, sludge, or fecal) and the pyrolysis temperature. Ion exchange, precipitation, electrostatic attraction, and complexation are the main mechanisms involved in the adsorption of inorganic pollutants on BCs/E-BCs, whereas hydrogen bonding, pore filling, electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction, and van der Waals forces are the major driving forces for the uptake of organic pollutants. Despite their significant promises, more pilot and field scale investigations are necessary to demonstrate the practical applicability and viability of BCs/E-BCs in water and soil remediation.
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Riek, Winfried, Alexander Russ und Marc Marx. „Concentrations of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants in Forest Soils as an Archive of Anthropogenic Inputs in the State of Brandenburg, Germany“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 3 (28.01.2021): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031189.
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An important component of the National Forest Soils Inventory (NFSI) is the investigation of inorganic and organic pollutants. Forests are able to filter out large quantities of these substances from the atmosphere and incorporate them into the soil for a long time. The aim of this study was the integrative evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutant concentrations in forest soils in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. With the help of principle component analysis, the pollutant concentrations can essentially be explained by three significant environmental components, which explain 76% of the total variance of all pollutants examined within the scope of the NFSI. The first component characterizes the extent of the atmospheric pollution caused by flue gases and fly ash from lignite combustion in the 1970s and 1980s and is mainly charged by the organic pollutants HCB and PAH, and the elements arsenic and chromium. This component shows positive relation to both spatially interpolated calcium-deposition data from the 1980s (as an indicator for the dust emission from coal combustion) and crown defoliation data of pine stands from the forest condition survey in the early 1990s. The depositions of zinc and cadmium from industrial sources, vehicle traffic and the use of fertilizers in agriculture mainly characterize the second principle component. The use of the pesticides DDT and lindane in the early 1980s and the associated pollutants input into the forest soils are expressed by the third component. In expanding the term archiving function of soils, the results illustrate their particular importance for the long-term archiving of anthropogenic inputs and the associated potential stress factors for forests.
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Kolpakova, E. S., und A. V. Velyamidova. „Persistent organic pollutants in the recent soils in the south of the Arkhangelsk Region“. Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, Nr. 3 (24.06.2019): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019332-41.
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The paper presents the results of observations over the concentration levels and distribution patterns of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the recent soils in the south of the Arkhangelsk region after intensive long-term use of pentachlorophenol sodium salt (Na-PCP) as a commercial chemical in the past. In 2012, seventeen years after the termination of Na-PCP use as wood-preservation agent (biocide), the presence of PCP and HCB classified as persistent organic pollutants was determined in soils of the industrial site of the shutdown timber mill. The tendencies towards a decrease in the residual amounts of toxic organochlorine components of Na-PCP were revealed. At the same time, soil pollution with HCB remained at a high levels, several times higher than the health-based exposure limit (approximate permissible concentration, Rospotrebnadzor, Russia), while the concentrations of PCP for the most part already complied to the approved quantitative national regulations (human health soil quality guideline, CCME, Canada; regional screening level, US EPA). It has been shown that residual amounts of biocide impurity component (HCB) in soils repeatedly (by a factor of 4–47) exceed the main component (PCP) concentrations, determining the role of HCB as the high priority soil pollutant at present. The presence of PCP and HCB in the soils of the residential settlement area suggests that recent soils of the industrial site of the timber mill present an active secondary source of persistent organic pollutants to the environment, with the threat of its distribution as a result of local, regional and global transport in the long-term future.
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Kristanti, Risky Ayu, Wilawan Khanitchaidecha, Gaurav Taludar, Peter Karácsony, Linh Thi Thuy Cao, Tse-Wei Chen, Noura M. Darwish und Bandar M. AlMunqedhi. „A Review on Thermal Desorption Treatment for Soil Contamination“. Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution 2, Nr. 1 (16.04.2022): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v2i1.68.
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Soil contamination is a major issue that must be prioritized, as food safety is mostly determined by soil quality. Soil quality has deteriorated significantly across the world with the continued expansion of industrial growth, urbanization, and agricultural activities. Soil contamination has become a growing issue and a barrier that must be addressed if we are concerned about re-establishing a healthy ecosystem. The activity is mostly driven by human activities, which include the use of pesticides, chlorinated organic pollutants, herbicides, inorganic fertilizers, industrial pollution, solid waste, and urban activities. While many methods have been developed to remediate significant pollutants generated by these activities, their degree of application may be constrained or inappropriate for a specific location. Parameters such as treatment duration, safety, and efficacy of soil/pollutant treatment all play a part in selecting the best appropriate technique. These technologies have been classified into three broad categories: physical, chemical, and bioremediation. This review shows and talks about thermal desorption (TD), which is a common way to clean up polluted soil.
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Chen, Jie, You Yang Wang, Jun Hui Wu, Hui Ping Si und Kai Yan Lin. „The Research of Biochar Adsorption on Soil“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (Oktober 2013): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.417.
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This article discusses biochar adsorption and its effects on soil and discusses the future trends in this area. The large surface area, and many oxygen-containing functional groups of biochar determined by the feedstocks and the condition in pyrolysis affect the capacity of biochar to adsorb fertilizer, water, heavy metals and organic pollution. With enriched porous structures, biachar can increase the porosity and water retention capacity of soils. With the functional groups and the composition, biochar have a high adsorption capacity for fertilizer, heavy metals, organic pollutants. This paper provides an overview on the biochar sorption in fertilizer, heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and its implication for soil to keep soil fertilizer as a controlled-released carrier and to improve soil environments as landscaping organic mulch, as well as for remediation of contaminated soils. Further research directions are identified to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar as a soil amendment.
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MARINESCU, Mariana, Anca LACATUSU, Eugenia GAMENT, Georgiana PLOPEANU und Vera CARABULEA. „Bioremediation Potential of Native Hydrocarbons Degrading Bacteria in Crude Oil Polluted Soil“. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 74, Nr. 1 (19.05.2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:12654.
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Bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soil is an effective process to clean petroleum pollutants from the environment. Crude oil bioremediation of soils is limited by the bacteria activity in degrading the spills hydrocarbons. Native crude oil degrading bacteria were isolated from different crude oil polluted soils. The isolated bacteria belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Bacillus. A natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum were used for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from an artificial polluted soil. For soil polluted with 5% crude oil, the bacterial top, including those placed in the soil by inoculation was 30 days after impact, respectively 7 days after inoculum application, while in soil polluted with 10% crude oil, multiplication top of bacteria was observed in the determination made at 45 days after impact and 21 days after inoculum application, showing once again how necessary is for microorganisms habituation and adaptation to environment being a function of pollutant concentration. The microorganisms inoculated showed a slight adaptability in soil polluted with 5% crude oil, but complete inhibition in the first 30 days of experiment at 10% crude oil.
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Сабиров und Ayrat Sabirov. „ORGANIZATION OF FOREST SOILS MONITORING“. Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 11, Nr. 3 (31.10.2016): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22673.
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The impact of productive activity of human on the ecological balance of nature. Ecological functions of soils of forest biogeocenoses. Regional features of the ecosystems functioning, soil formation factors. Organization of the soil cover state monitoring. Environmental monitoring of forest soils. Objectives of soil monitoring of forest ecosystems. Collection of the available information on forest ecosystems. Choice of monitoring objects. Soil and environmental hospitals. Fixed trial areas. Long-term and seasonal observations of soil properties. Temporary trial areas. Soil monitoring on the route courses. The use of satellite imagery in the environmental assessment of erosive landscapes. Controlled soil indicators. Research methods of soil properties and composition of pollutants. Processing of experimental data using information technology. Mathematical models of the spread of pollutants, the interrelation between soil indicators (in the soil), between soil properties and indicators of the characteristic of forest, the evolution of forest soil. Small-scale and medium-scale regional maps of land erosion, soil contamination by chemicals. Large-scale maps of physical degradation of soils, the content of macronutrients and micronutrients, acidity, humus condition of soils. Maps are accompanied by an explanatory note (soil sketch). Maximum permissible amount of the chemicals (maximum allowable concentrations) polluting the soil. Maximum permissible loading on forest soils under anthropogenic impact. Rational use and protection of forest ecosystems.
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Zhang, Ruimei, Xiaonan Li, Kai Zhang, Pengfei Wang, Peifeng Xue und Hailong Zhang. „Research on the Application of Coal Gasification Slag in Soil Improvement“. Processes 10, Nr. 12 (13.12.2022): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122690.
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SEM, particle size analysis, and contaminant content of coarse coal gasification slag (CCGS) produced by Shenhua Xinjiang Chemical Co., Ltd. were measured, respectively, and the physicochemical properties of the soil after improvement using gasification slag were investigated in this paper. The results showed that the slag was porous, the particle size was small and the pollutant content was extremely low. Its pollutants were closely related to the pollutants in the raw coal. The coarse slag had a limited effect on soil particle size and texture improvement; the soil water retention performance increased with the increase of proportion of the slag, while pH and conductivity decreased; the improvement effect on soil SOM and available potassium was remarkable; the larger the proportion of the slag, the stronger the effect on maintaining soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus. However, the effect was small, and increased the ion content, especially the cation in soil, and the sum of the eight soil ions before and after evaporation decreased. The results demonstrated that the CCGS generated by the corporation is feasible for soil improvement, and the study has important reference value for the comprehensive utilization of coal gasification slag.
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Sun, Haifeng, Yinuo Wang und Qilei Wu. „Synergistic Effects of Biochar and Microbes on Soil Remediation“. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (30.12.2022): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.3990.
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With the development of science and technology progress, while improving the quality of life has caused some pollution to the soil environment, this pollution has threatened the ecosystem and even human health. However, how to carry out soil remediation actively and effectively is the current problem faced. Several common soil remediation methods have their drawbacks that cannot be widely used. Therefore, research on the synergistic effect of biochar and microorganisms on soil remediation is urgent. The feature of microbial remediation technology without secondary contamination combined with biochar can be used as a high-quality amendment to assist in the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). There have been many researches in the field of biochar in the past years, and its loose and porous characteristics and carbon stability provide suitable conditions for the survival and growth of microorganisms. Moreover, as a carrier, biochar can co-operate with microorganisms to absorb and degrade pollutants. The use of biochar combined with microorganisms in remediation not only reuses agricultural waste but also reduces some of the costs. In addition, the research on soil remediation in China started late, and there are large differences between the north and the south in China’s vast territory, and the diversity of land also means the diversity of pollution. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the technology of biochar and microorganism to improve the soil environment. It is worth discussing how to realize this technology into the market at the present time when the government is eager to achieve energy saving and emission reduction and support the development of green enterprises. This paper will be divided into four main sections on this topic, starting with the current problems faced and the background of the research. The experimental mechanism of the different purification methods for organic and inorganic pollutants is discussed, in which organic pollutants represented by petroleum hydrocarbons and inorganic pollutants represented by heavy metals are analyzed. Soils contaminated by organic or inorganic pollutants are different in terms of purification mechanisms.
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Navarro-Pedreño, Jose, María Almendro-Candel, Ignacio Gómez Lucas, Manuel Jordán Vidal, Jaume Bech Borras und Antonis Zorpas. „Trace Metal Content and Availability of Essential Metals in Agricultural Soils of Alicante (Spain)“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 12 (01.12.2018): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124534.
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This article analysed the presence of trace metals (essential elements and pollutants) and soil properties in rural abandoned soils of a Mediterranean region. The soil properties determined were texture, pH, equivalent calcium carbonate, soil organic matter, availability of micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn), and acid microwave digestion extraction to measure the trace metals considered as main pollutants (Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb). Descriptive statistics and correlations were used to determine the relations among these parameters. pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and clay were the main properties that controlled the availability of essential metals. pH was the main factor related to these metals in these calcareous soils. However, SOC, which can be incremented by adding organic fertilizers for soil rehabilitation as a sustainable practice, played an important role. Mean values of the metal composition in soils (Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) obtained in this study were similar to values reported for other areas in the Mediterranean basin.