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1
Bretreger, David, Greg Hancock, In-Young Yeo, Dr Cristina Martinez, Dr Tony Wells, Tristan Cox, Veikko Kunkel und Abraham Gibson. „Comparing the reliability of two soil moisture probes for high clay content NSW soils“. Water e-Journal 8, Nr. 3 (2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2022.035.
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The accurate measurement of soil moisture can be a time-consuming task. Soil moisture is highly variable, and it can be difficult to capture spatially and temporally. While remote sensing has become a popular and ever-improving tool, on-ground measurement is required for both calibration, validation, and evaluation of any emerging technology. Many applications commonly require or use a relative value of soil moisture to assess the temporal persistency of moisture regimes across catchments or agricultural landscapes. This paper compares on-ground indirect soil moisture measurements from two commonly available manufacturer-calibrated in-situ measurement devices against gravimetric soil moisture data. The devices used are a Delta T Theta Probe and a Campbell Scientific CS659 while the gravimetric soil moisture data are from soil cores collected in 2014, 2015 and 2018 (308 samples) with a range of soil moisture states from wilting point to field capacity. The gravimetric and probe measurements returned R values of approximately 0.8 for 2014 and 2015. A decrease in correlation (to approximately 0.3 and 0.5) was observed for the 2018 data. The manufacturer-calibrated probe measurements did not provide a 1:1 relationship with the gravimetric soil moisture data and require calibration for bias correction. However, results show that either the Theta Probe or CS659 are reliable and comparable to the gravimetric results in most conditions. Best results will be obtained by using appropriate techniques and knowing the limitations of devices. The calibration equations developed in this study are useful for others for both understanding and measurement of soil moisture.
2
Groenevelt, P. H. „Hydrostatics of frozen soil“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, Nr. 3 (01.08.2010): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09032.
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An outline is presented of the relations between the energy status of water and the content of liquid water and ice in frozen soils. The theory formulates the dependence of the soil moisture characteristic (moisture retention curve) of a frozen soil on the load pressure and the temperature. This formulation requires the definition of the envelope-pressure potentials and the frost potentials of the soil moisture and the ice present in the soil. These potentials are expressed in terms of the void ratio, the moisture ratio, the ice ratio, the moisture ratio equivalent, and the ice ratio equivalent. The relations between these variables are intrinsic properties of the porous medium. They have to be determined by experiment or deduced from indirect measurements. The present theory facilitates such deductions. The measurement of the equilibrium soil moisture and ice pressures in frozen soil is more difficult than the measurement of the volume ratios. Thus, it may be advantageous to deduce the former from the latter. Some data from the literature are used to demonstrate the use of indirect measurements in order to obtain the required properties.Key words: Soil water, soil ice, Maxwell relations, envelope-pressure potentials, frost potentials
3
Sui, Ruixiu, Horace C. Pringle und Edward M. Barnes. „Soil Moisture Sensor Test with Mississippi Delta Soils“. Transactions of the ASABE 62, Nr. 2 (2019): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12886.
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Abstract. One of the methods for irrigation scheduling is to use sensors to measure the soil moisture level in the plant root zone and apply water if there is a water shortage for the plants. The measurement accuracy and reliability of the soil moisture sensors are critical for sensor-based irrigation management. This study evaluated the measurement accuracy and repeatability of the EC-5 and 5TM soil volumetric water content (SVWC) sensors, the MPS-2 and 200SS soil water potential (SWP) sensors, and the 200TS soil temperature sensor. Six 183 cm × 183 cm × 71 cm wooden compartments were built inside a greenhouse, and each compartment was filled with one type of soil from the Mississippi Delta. A total of 66 sensors with 18 data loggers were installed in the soil compartments to measure SVWC, SWP, and soil temperature. Soil samples were periodically collected from the compartments to determine SVWC using the gravimetric method. SVWC measured by the sensors was compared with that determined by the gravimetric method. The SVWC readings from the sensors had a linear regression relationship with the gravimetric SVWC (r2 = 0.82). This relationship was used to calibrate the sensor readings. The SVWC and SWP sensors could detect the general trend of soil moisture changes. However, their measurements varied significantly among the sensors. To obtain accurate absolute soil moisture measurements, the sensors require individual and soil-specific calibration. The 5TM, MPS-2, and 200TS sensors performed well in soil temperature measurement tests. Individual temperature readings from these sensors were very close to the mean of all sensor readings. Keywords: Irrigation, Sensors, Soil types, Soil water content, Soil water potential.
4
Nolan, M., D. R. Fatland und L. Hinzman. „Dinsar measurement of soil moisture“. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2003): 2802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2003.817211.
5
Chanasyk, D. S., und M. A. Naeth. „Field measurement of soil moisture using neutron probes“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, Nr. 3 (01.08.1996): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss96-038.
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Soil moisture measurements are critical to all field studies of soil-plant-water relationships. Dependable and reliable techniques are required to provide such measurements. Neutron probes were developed more than 40 years ago and continue to be used today. They offer many advantages as a measurement technique, the most important of which is non-destructive, repetitive measurements of soil moisture. Much research has been focused on overcoming the two major limitations of neutron probes: measuring near-surface soil moisture and a smoothing of moisture data at sharp moisture discontinuities in the soil. Various techniques have been devised to overcome the first limitation and the error associated with the second is acceptable by probe users The dramatic decline in the number of articles in the scientific literature related to neutron probes during the past decade is likely an indication that neutron probe technology has matured and that neutron probes have become accepted as a reliable and dependable field technique for soil moisture measurement. Key words: Neutron probe, soil moisture, water budget
6
Campora, Marina, Anna Palla, Ilaria Gnecco, Rossella Bovolenta und Roberto Passalacqua. „The laboratory calibration of a soil moisture capacitance probe in sandy soils“. Soil and Water Research 15, No. 2 (11.03.2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/227/2018-swr.
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Determining and mitigating landslide risk is a technical-scientific objective, particularly for the protection and proper territorial management and planning. The slope stability depends on the pore pressure distribution, which is influenced by the saturation front propagation through the unsaturated zone, whose monitoring is useful to understand any possible instabilities. Such monitoring may be undertaken by sensors based on the measurement of the relative dielectric permittivity. Reliable relationships between the measurement and the soil moisture are necessary. The main objective of this study is to assess a laboratory calibration protocol for a specific capacitance sensor (Drill & Drop, Sentek Sensor Technologies). Two monogranular sands have been selected for the calibration purpose. The laboratory tests were performed under three relative density values (D<sub>R</sub> equal to 40%, 60% and 80%) for seven volumetric water content values (θ<sub>v</sub> ranging from 0.00% to 36.26%). Based on the experimental measurements, the soil-specific calibration curves were determined at an assigned relative density value; in particular, a simple power law is adopted to describe the probe’s reading as a function of the volumetric water content. The results point out that the relative density values slightly affect the tests, thus, the soil-specific calibration curves are derived based on a simple regression analysis fitting the whole set of the laboratory tests validated for each sand. The calculated coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.96÷0.99) and root mean square error (RMSE = 1.4%÷2.8%) values confirm the goodness of fit. In order to propose more general fitting curves, suitable for both the investigated sands, multiple linear regressions are performed by considering θ<sub>v</sub> and the mean grain size, D<sub>50</sub> as independent variables; again, the R<sup>2</sup> and RMSE values equal to 0.97 and 2.41%, respectively, confirm the suitability of the calibration curve. Finally, the laboratory calibration curves are compared with the manufacturer-supplied curves, thus, enhancing the need for the soil-specific calibration.
7
Rasche, Daniel, Markus Köhli, Martin Schrön, Theresa Blume und Andreas Güntner. „Towards disentangling heterogeneous soil moisture patterns in cosmic-ray neutron sensor footprints“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, Nr. 12 (22.12.2021): 6547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021.
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Abstract. Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) allows for non-invasive soil moisture estimations at the field scale. The derivation of soil moisture generally relies on secondary cosmic-ray neutrons in the epithermal to fast energy ranges. Most approaches and processing techniques for observed neutron intensities are based on the assumption of homogeneous site conditions or of soil moisture patterns with correlation lengths shorter than the measurement footprint of the neutron detector. However, in view of the non-linear relationship between neutron intensities and soil moisture, it is questionable whether these assumptions are applicable. In this study, we investigated how a non-uniform soil moisture distribution within the footprint impacts the CRNS soil moisture estimation and how the combined use of epithermal and thermal neutrons can be advantageous in this case. Thermal neutrons have lower energies and a substantially smaller measurement footprint around the sensor than epithermal neutrons. Analyses using the URANOS (Ultra RApid Neutron-Only Simulation) Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the measurement footprint dynamics at a study site in northeastern Germany revealed that the thermal footprint mainly covers mineral soils in the near-field to the sensor while the epithermal footprint also covers large areas with organic soils. We found that either combining the observed thermal and epithermal neutron intensities by a rescaling method developed in this study or adjusting all parameters of the transfer function leads to an improved calibration against the reference soil moisture measurements in the near-field compared to the standard approach and using epithermal neutrons alone. We also found that the relationship between thermal and epithermal neutrons provided an indicator for footprint heterogeneity. We, therefore, suggest that the combined use of thermal and epithermal neutrons offers the potential of a spatial disaggregation of the measurement footprint in terms of near- and far-field soil moisture dynamics.
8
M. T. Morgan, R. K. Wood und R. G. Holmes. „Dielectric Moisture Measurement of Soil Cores“. Transactions of the ASAE 36, Nr. 1 (1993): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28308.
9
Song, Wenlong, Yizhu Lu, Yu Wang, Jingxuan Lu und Haixian Shi. „A Pixel-Scale Measurement Method of Soil Moisture Using Ground-Penetrating Radar“. Water 15, Nr. 7 (28.03.2023): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071318.
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Ground validation of remote sensing soil moisture requires ground measurements corresponding to the pixel scale. To date, there is still a lack of simple, fast and reasonable methods for soil moisture measurement at pixel scale between point measurements and remote sensing observations. In this study, a measurement method of soil moisture using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was proposed for pixel scale. We used a PulseEKKOTM PRO GPR system with 250 MHz antennas to measure soil moisture by Fixed Offset (FO) method in four 30 × 30 m2 plots chosen from the desert steppe. This study used a random combination method to analyze soil moisture measurements acquired by different numbers of GPR survey lines. The results showed that two survey lines of GPR would be sufficient under confidence level of 90% with the relative error of 7%, and four survey lines of GPR would be eligible under confidence level of 95% with the relative error of 5% for each plot. GPR measurement can reproduce the spatial distribution of soil moisture with higher resolution and smaller error, especially when two and four survey lines are designed in cross shape and grid shape, respectively. The method was applied to ground validation for the soil moisture from Landsat 8, showing the advantages of stable relative errors, less contingency and reliable evaluation when compared to point measurements. This method is fast and convenient and not limited to a certain pixel, and thus largely benefits the scale matching of remote sensing results and field measurements in ground validation.
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Levy, Joseph S., und Jessica T. E. Johnson. „Remote Soil Moisture Measurement from Drone-Borne Reflectance Spectroscopy: Applications to Hydroperiod Measurement in Desert Playas“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 5 (09.03.2021): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13051035.
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The extent, timing, and magnitude of soil moisture in wetlands (the hydropattern) is a primary physical control on biogeochemical processes in desert environments. However, determining playa hydropatterns is challenged by the remoteness of desert basin sites and by the difficulty in determining soil moisture from remotely sensed data at fine spatial and temporal scales (hundreds of meters to kilometers, and hours to days). Therefore, we developed a new, reflectance-based soil moisture index (continuum-removed water index, or CRWI) that can be determined via hyperspectral imaging from drone-borne platforms. We compared its efficacy at remotely determining soil moisture content to existing hyperspectral and multispectral soil moisture indices. CRWI varies linearly with in situ soil moisture content (R2 = 0.89, p < 0.001) and is comparatively insensitive to soil clay content (R2 = 0.4, p = 0.01), soil salinity (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.001), and soil grain size distribution (R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001). CRWI is negatively correlated with clay content, indicating it is not sensitive to hydrated mineral absorption features. CRWI has stronger correlation with surface soil moisture than other hyperspectral and multispectral indices (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.001 for WISOIL at this site). Drone-borne reflectance measurements allow monitoring of soil moisture conditions at the Alvord Desert playa test site over hectare-scale soil plots at measurement cadences of minutes to hours. CRWI measurements can be used to determine surface soil moisture at a range of desert sites to inform management decisions and to better reveal ecosystem processes in water-limited environments.
11
Yao, Jun-Cheng, Bin Shi, Jie Liu, Meng-Ya Sun, Ke Fang, Jian Yao, Kai Gu, Wei Zhang und Ji-Wen Zhang. „Improvement and Performance Evaluation of a Dual-Probe Heat Pulse Distributed Temperature Sensing Method Used for Soil Moisture Estimation“. Sensors 22, Nr. 19 (07.10.2022): 7592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197592.
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Large-scale measurements of soil moisture play a critical role in many fields, such as agriculture, hydrology, and engineering. The distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology, based on a dual-probe heat pulse (DPHP), is a novel approach to realizing large-scale soil moisture estimation. However, the application of the method is limited by the complex optical cable layout, calculation algorithm, and lack of standardized heating strategy. In this paper, an improved DPHP-DTS method considering the soil bulk density was proposed. The measurement accuracy of the DPHP-DTS method under different heating strategies was studied in laboratory experiments, and its long-term stability in regard to the monitoring of soil moisture during natural evaporation in different soils was tested. The results show that the improved DPHP-DTS method can accurately measure the soil moisture, and the fitting algorithm can reduce the error caused by the accuracy of the DTS temperature measurement under the low-power heating strategy. Its measurement accuracy increases with the increase in the heating strength and duration. In addition, the improved DPHP-DTS method can describe soil evaporation in both sand and loess with good reliability and stability.
12
Labelle, Eric R., und Dirk Jaeger. „Influence of Saturated Organic Matter on the Accuracy of In-Situ Measurements Recorded with a Nuclear Moisture and Density Gauge“. Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, Nr. 2 (14.01.2021): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2021.762.
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The impact of machines on forest soils is regularly assessed and quantified using absolute bulk density, which is most frequently obtained by soil cores. However, to allow for repeated measurements at the exact same locations, non-destructive devices are increasingly being used to determine soil bulk density and moisture content in field studies. An example of such a device is a nuclear moisture and density gauge (NMDG), originally designed as a control measurement for soil bulk density and moisture content in geotechnical applications. Unlike road construction or foundation projects that use mineral soil or gravel, forest soils have complex structures and the presence of organic matter, which can skew moisture and density readings from a NMDG. To gain further knowledge in this respect, we performed controlled tests in a sandbox to quantify the influence of varying amounts of saturated organic matter (3, 5, 10, and 15%) mixed with mineral soil in different layers (0–5, 0–10, 0–20 and 0–40 cm) on the accuracy of soil moisture content obtained by a NMDG and soil theta probe at varying depths. Main results illustrated that the presence of saturated organic matter per se was not problematic but moisture content overestimations and related underestimation of dry bulk density occurred when the tested measurement depth was below the created organic layer. Since forest soils often exhibit higher organic matter contents in the upper horizon, correction factors are suggested to minimize the moisture content variations between NMDG and reference method. With the use of correction factors, NMDG can present a non-destructive, fast, and accurate method of measuring soil moisture and bulk density in forestry applications.
13
Candra, Adi. „Distribusi Moisture Content Pada Zona Perakaran Tanaman (Zona Tidak Jenuh) Perkebunan Teh Gambung, Bandung Selatan“. Dinamika Rekayasa 8, Nr. 1 (04.02.2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.dr.2012.8.1.53.
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<p>Research on moisture content distribution in the root zone is intended to determine the moisture content in accordance with tea plant and its distribution pattern. Measurement of moisture content by using gypsum block as media liaison between the soil and water in the soil moisture is conducted by means Bouyoucos Soil Meter. Moisture content is obtained by performing measurements on a laboratory and field scale. Laboratory scale test is emphasized on calibration of the gypsum block to be applied in the measurement field. Site measurement was made in three drill holes, each 150 cm in depth, which are at peak, slopes and valleys in the study area that had been predetermined. The result of research shown that high moisture content about 50% –95% which tends to increase downward modeling on moisture content has similar result to the \ field measurement. Tea plants needed of relative large moisture content, since it requires a moisture content continuosly and yields of tea leave.</p>
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Eckertová, Terézia, Karol Holý, Monika Müllerová, Ivan Sýkora und Jozef Masarik. „EMANATION OF RADON-222 FROM DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES AND SOIL GROUPS“. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 198, Nr. 9-11 (August 2022): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncac132.
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Abstract In this paper, we deal with measurement of 222Rn emanation coefficient (Ke) of soils using an accumulation method. We created a database of Ke values of dried soils for various soil types and soil groups, classified by the size of soil particles. For 18 different soil samples we obtained the Ke values in range 0.083–0.234. The analysis of radon emanation dependence on moisture for seven of these samples shows two different trends which were related to soil texture (clays or sands). Soils with predominant sandy particles prove weak dependence on moisture and Ke values from minimum value (at zero moisture) do not increase much (max 15% increase on every 5% of moisture), for soils with majority of clayey particles the moisture can affect the Ke more significantly (increase up to 60%).
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Kharisma, Mila, Iwan Sugriwan und Ade Agung Harnawan. „Pembuatan Alat Ukur Multi Kanal Kelembaban Tanah Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno“. Jurnal Fisika FLUX 1, Nr. 1 (26.01.2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/flux.v1i1.6153.
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Soil moisture very important to be measured per unit of time, especially in peat soils that have high porosity value. The measuring device for detection of soil moisture is realized on this research. The soil moisture measuring instrument is built by three main blocks of an instrument, that are four soil moisture sensors YL-69s, Arduino Uno as measurement processing unit that equipped with sd card as data storage unit and 20x4 character LCD as a display unit of the measurement result. The span value of the measuring device ranges from 0% to 95 % with deviation from 0% to 4.88%.The advantages of the measurement instrument system are simple in the operational process, real-time monitoring and stored automatically.
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Dargar, Shashi K., und Viranjay M. Srivastava. „Moisture content investigation in the soil samples using microwave dielectric constant measurement method“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, Nr. 1 (01.02.2020): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp704-710.
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The microwaves of typical frequency ranges of 3 GHz to 30 GHz have been in use for remote sensing applications which are progressing rapidly. The microwaves can sense existing moisture in any material that absorbs moisture such as soil or vegetation. In case of soils which may be comprised of variable mix proportionate of solids, liquids or gases and distinct textures subjected to the associated size and the arrangements of soil particles. Hence, the moisture absorption by a specific type of soil used to be different. The inherent physical and electrical properties such as color, texture, grains, dielectric constant, conductivity or permeability, etc. differentiate various soils. In this work, authors present soil moisture measurement by simple estimation of emissivity i.e. the ratio of energy radiated by an object to absorbing the body of same physical temperature. A strategic method of measuring dielectric constant using a microwave signal is used in this research work. The measurement of the dielectric constant of the soils collected from the specific regions and analysis of results has been reported. The proposed method is less complex and can further be used for the identification of soil moisture and agricultural applications.
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Serrarens, Daniel, Jim L. MacIntyre, Jan W. Hopmans und Luis H. Bassoi. „Soil moisture calibration of TDR multilevel probes“. Scientia Agricola 57, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162000000200024.
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Time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes are increasingly used for field estimation of soil water content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the multilevel TDR probe under field conditions. For this purpose, eight such TDR probes were installed in small plots that were seeded with beans and sorghum. Data collection from the probes was such that soil moisture readings were automated and logged using a standalone field unit. Neutron probe measurements were used to calibrate the TDR probes. Soil-probe contact and soil compaction were critical to the accuracy of the TDR, especially when a number of TDR probes are combined for a single calibration curve. If each probe is calibrated individually, approximate measurement errors were between 0.005 and 0.015 m³ m-3. However, measurement errors doubled to approximately 0.025 to 0.03 m³ m-3, when TDR probes were combined to yield a single calibration curve.
18
Gruhier, C., P. de Rosnay, S. Hasenauer, T. Holmes, R. de Jeu, Y. Kerr, E. Mougin et al. „Soil moisture active and passive microwave products: intercomparison and evaluation over a Sahelian site“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, Nr. 1 (22.01.2010): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-141-2010.
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Abstract. This paper presents a comparison and an evaluation of five soil moisture products based on satellite-based passive and active microwave measurements. Products are evaluated for 2005–2006 against ground measurements obtained from the soil moisture network deployed in Mali (Sahel) in the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis project. It is shown that the accuracy of the soil moisture products is sensitive to the retrieval approach as well as to the sensor type (active or passive) and to the signal frequency (from 5.6 GHz to 18.8 GHz). The spatial patterns of surface soil moisture are compared between the different products at meso-scale (14.5° N–17.5° N and 2° W–1° W). A general good consistency between the different satellite soil moisture products is shown in terms of meso-scale spatial distribution, in particular after convective rainfall occurrences. Comparison to ground measurement shows that although soil moisture products obtained from satellite generally over-estimate soil moisture values during the dry season, most of them capture soil moisture temporal variations in good agreement with ground station measurements.
19
J. W. Hummel, I. S. Ahmad, S. C. Newman, K. A. Sudduth und S. T. Drummond. „SIMULTANEOUS SOIL MOISTURE AND CONE INDEX MEASUREMENT“. Transactions of the ASAE 47, Nr. 3 (2004): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16090.
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W. W. Wallender, G. L. Sackman, K. Kone und M. S. Kaminaka. „Soil Moisture Measurement by Microwave Forward-Scattering“. Transactions of the ASAE 28, Nr. 4 (1985): 1206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32412.
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S.U., Susha Lekshmi, D. N. Singh und Maryam Shojaei Baghini. „A critical review of soil moisture measurement“. Measurement 54 (August 2014): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.04.007.
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Bobrov, P. P., T. A. Belyaeva, E. S. Kroshka und O. V. Rodionova. „Soil Moisture Measurement by the Dielectric Method“. Eurasian Soil Science 52, Nr. 7 (Juli 2019): 822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106422931905003x.
23
Donald C. Erbach. „Measurement of Soil Bulk Density and Moisture“. Transactions of the ASAE 30, Nr. 4 (1987): 0922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30500.
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Liu, Jie, Mangilal Agarwal, Kody Varahramyan, Ernest S. Berney und Wayne D. Hodo. „Polymer-based microsensor for soil moisture measurement“. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 129, Nr. 2 (Februar 2008): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.09.017.
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Adamo, F., G. Andria, F. Attivissimo und N. Giaquinto. „An Acoustic Method for Soil Moisture Measurement“. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 53, Nr. 4 (August 2004): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2004.831126.
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Jackson, T. J., und T. J. Schmugge. „Surface soil moisture measurement with microwave radiometry“. Acta Astronautica 35, Nr. 7 (April 1995): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(94)00288-w.
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Rasheed, Muhammad Waseem, Jialiang Tang, Abid Sarwar, Suraj Shah, Naeem Saddique, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Imran Khan et al. „Soil Moisture Measuring Techniques and Factors Affecting the Moisture Dynamics: A Comprehensive Review“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 18 (14.09.2022): 11538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811538.
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The amount of surface soil moisture (SSM) is a crucial ecohydrological natural resource that regulates important land surface processes. It affects critical land–atmospheric phenomena, including the division of energy and water (infiltration, runoff, and evaporation), that impacts the effectiveness of agricultural output (sensible and latent heat fluxes and surface air temperature). Despite its significance, there are several difficulties in making precise measurements, monitoring, and interpreting SSM at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The current study critically reviews the methods and procedures for calculating SSM and the variables influencing measurement accuracy and applicability under different fields, climates, and operational conditions. For laboratory and field measurements, this study divides SSM estimate strategies into (i) direct and (ii) indirect procedures. The accuracy and applicability of a technique depends on the environment and the resources at hand. Comparative research is geographically restricted, although precise and economical—direct measuring techniques like the gravimetric method are time-consuming and destructive. In contrast, indirect methods are more expensive and do not produce measurements at the spatial scale but produce precise data on a temporal scale. While measuring SSM across more significant regions, ground-penetrating radar and remote sensing methods are susceptible to errors caused by overlapping data and atmospheric factors. On the other hand, soft computing techniques like machine/deep learning are quite handy for estimating SSM without any technical or laborious procedures. We determine that factors, e.g., topography, soil type, vegetation, climate change, groundwater level, depth of soil, etc., primarily influence the SSM measurements. Different techniques have been put into practice for various practical situations, although comparisons between them are not available frequently in publications. Each method offers a unique set of potential advantages and disadvantages. The most accurate way of identifying the best soil moisture technique is the value selection method (VSM). The neutron probe is preferable to the FDR or TDR sensor for measuring soil moisture. Remote sensing techniques have filled the need for large-scale, highly spatiotemporal soil moisture monitoring. Through self-learning capabilities in data-scarce areas, machine/deep learning approaches facilitate soil moisture measurement and prediction.
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KASYANOV, A. E., D. D. KOBOZEV und ISMAIL KHEBA. „SOIL MOISTURE GRADIENT HYDROMETER“. Prirodoobustrojstvo, Nr. 4 (2020): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2020-4-44-47.
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There is proposed the design of a gradient soil moisture meter which includes humidity sensors placed along the horizons of the soil profile, it registers humidity in some soil layers,and it is tested under field conditions. The moisture meter consists of a case, contact block, lead cables, battery, digital voltmeter and capacitive humidity sensors. The contact block is located in the neck of the case, cables are inside the case and capacitive sensors are placed horizontally along the layers of the soil profile. The battery and digital voltmeter are connected to the contact block and placed on the soil surface. The device is installed vertically in the corner of the soil section. The device is installed vertically in the corner of the soil section. Humidity sensors are embedded in the side walls of the section. The device case and all cable connections to the case are sealed. During the field test there was arranged a flood site around the device, the soil was saturated up to the full moisture capacity and the indicators were calibrated: soil moisture – the voltage of the analog outputs. In parallel, the soil moisture was measured by the thermostatic-weight method. The humidity measurement error did not change for two weeks. The efficiency of the proposed design of the moisture meter is confirmed. The stability of the moisture meter was established within 3 weeks with a relative measurement error of 2 … 3%. The moisture meter is installed in the soil for the whole growing season.
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Damtie, Bekele Bedada, Daniel Ayalew Mengistu, Daniel Kassahun Waktola und Derege Tsegaye Meshesha. „Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practice on Soil Moisture in Debre Mewi and Sholit Watersheds, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia“. Agriculture 12, Nr. 3 (16.03.2022): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030417.
Annotation:
Soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been widely implemented to reduce surface runoff in the Debre Mewi watershed. However, studies on the issue have disproportionately focused on the lost or preserved soils, expressed in tons per hectare, while the impacts on the lost or preserved moisture were inadequately addressed. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of soil and water conservation practice on soil moisture in the Debre Mewi and Sholit watersheds, Abbay basin, Ethiopia. We compared soil moisture between the treated (Debre Mewi) and the untreated (Sholit) watersheds with SWCs, based on Sentinel-1A data and the field-measured soil moisture, Leaf Area Index (LAI), and water cloud model (WCM). Field-measurement was based on satellite-synchronized 63 soil moisture samples, systematically collected from the two treatment slope positions, two treatment positions, and two depths. We employed ANOVA to compare samples and discern patterns along space and time. The result indicated that the LAI, a predictor of crop yield, was higher in the SWC treated watershed, demonstrating the potential of conserving moisture for boosting crop production. In addition, the results reveal that the higher soil moisture was recorded on the grasslands of the treated watershed at a depth of 15–30 cm, while the lowest was from croplands and eucalyptus trees at 0–15 cm depth. A higher correlation was observed between the measured and estimated soil moisture across three stages of crop development. The soil moisture estimation using WCM from the Sentinel-1 satellite data gives promising results with good correlation (R2 = 0.69, 0.43 and 0.75, RMSE = 0.16, 2.24 and 0.02, and in Sholit (0.7539, 0.933, and 0.3673 and the RMSEs are 0.17%, 0.02%, and 1.02%) for different dates: August, September, and November 2020, respectively. We conclude that in the face of climate change-induced rainfall variability in tropical countries, predicted to elongate the dry spell during the cropping season, the accurate measurement of soil moistures with the mix of satellite and in-situ data could support rain-fed agriculture planning and assist in fine-tuning the climate adaptation measures at the local and regional scales.
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Farahani, Ali, Majid Ghayoomi und Jennifer M. Jacobs. „Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Satellite Data and Unsaturated Soil Response“. E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338203006.
Annotation:
The importance of degree of soil saturation in geotechnical problems resulted in inclusion of unsaturated soil mechanics in various applications for several decades. However, in spite of recent progress in remotely sensed soil moisture measurement, geotechnical community has not yet taken advantage of these advances in analysis of unsaturated soils. NASA launched its Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite in 2015 with the aim of providing surface and root zone soil moisture content over the global land surface at 3-day average intervals. SMAP, as a widely validated and near-real-time database, offers a rich soil moisture database at a global scale that can be used in studies considering unsaturated soil behaviour. A study of the relationship between soil water content and seismic ground response is presented in this paper using SMAP, which includes the tracking of the variations in Earth's surface soil moisture caused by earthquakes.
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Hervai, András, Ervin Pirkhoffer, Szabolcs Ákos Fábián, Ákos Halmai, Gábor Nagy, Dénes Lóczy und Szabolcs Czigány. „Interpolation and 3D visualization of soil moisture“. Landscape & Environment 11, Nr. 1 (31.12.2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/11/1/3.
Annotation:
Adaptation to climate change demands the optimal and sustainable water management in agriculture, with an inevitable focus on soil moisture conditions. In the current study we developed an ArcGIS 10.4. platform-based application (software) to model spatial and temporal changes in soil moisture in a soy field. Six SENTEK Drill & Drop soil moisture sensors were deployed in an experimental field of 4.3 hectares by the contribution of Elcom Ltd. Soil moisture measurement at each location were taken at six depths (5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 cm) in 60-minute intervals. The model is capable to spatially interpolate monitored soil moisture using the technique. The time sequence change of soil moistures can be tracked by a Time Slider for both the 2D and 3D visualization. Soil moisture temporal changes can be visualized in either daily or hourly time intervals, and can be shown as a motion figure. Horizon average, maximum and minimum values of soil moisture data can be identified with the builtin tool of ArcGIS. Soil moisture spatial distribution can be obtained and plotted at any cross sections, whereas an alarm function has also been developed for tension values of 250, 1,000 and 1,500 kPa.
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Supriatna, Haris, Titi Widaretna und Jajat Sudrajat. „Sistem Monitoring Tanaman Cabai untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Panen“. JURNAL COMPUTECH & BISNIS 16, Nr. 2 (15.12.2022): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56447/jcb.v16i2.8.
Annotation:
A chili plant monitoring system has been created to increase crop yields, this system monitors soil pH and soil moisture in order to increase the growth of chili plants so that the yield obtained is maximum. This system uses Arduino UNO as its microcontroller with output in the form of automatic plant watering and automatic fertilizer. Important variables to support plant growth are soil moisture, soil pH, and the right watering time and duration. Measurement of soil pH and soil moisture is carried out using soil moisture sensor and soil pH sensor. While the output produced from the water pump and fertilizer and servo motor as the control. The measurement results of the two sensors will then be displayed on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The test results of soil pH monitoring tools and soil moisture in chili plants show measurement results with good accuracy. The measurement results have been successfully displayed on the LCD, as well as the pump ejects automatically and the servo controls automatically.
33
Tury, Rita, Szilárd Tóth, Réka Láposi und László Fodor. „Investigating the change of soil resistence and moisture content in the case of pre-crops and soil tillage systems“. Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 14, Nr. 1 (08.06.2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2020.1.19-23.
Annotation:
The experiments were set up in large parcels at the Fleischmann Rudolf Research Institute of Eszterházy Károly University located in Kompolt. We carried out measurements by using a Penetronik penetrometer (electrical soil cone penetrometer) at the experimental site, where brown grassland soil as well as clay washed brown forest soil are the typical soil types. The device used primarily serves to investigate the physical and water management properties of soils suitable for agricultural cultivation. The instrument is a hand-operated tool for registering soil mechanical resistance in Newtons (0-1000 N) and also the moisture content of the topsoil (%) at the same time. The recording of the location of the measurement is made by the built-in GPS, and the results of the measurements are saved to the SD card of the device. The device’s data acquisition unit allows direct reading of measurement results, serial measurements and computer processing of results (0-70 cm). Taking our objectives into consideration, we defined the location of measuring points with various numbers according to the properties of the examined fields. Besides designating measuring points at a distance of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 m from the edge of the fields, we designated two more in the middle of each field in all cases. The examined crop species included sand oats (Avena strigosa), baltacim (Onobrychis viciifolia) as well as common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) with oats as a companion crop. Summing up the measurement results, we have made the following statements: Low soil resistance (127-131 N) was experienced after soil loosening and oat-vetch with higher, well-preserved soil moisture content observed at each level, where the 50% moisture content of the soil started at the layer of 27 cm depth. Moderate soil resistance values (150-168 N) were manifested in the case of soil tillage with loosening and ploughing after sand oats. In this case, the 50 % soil moisture content was observed at the layer of 38 cm depth. Higher soil resistance values were found (171-196 N) in the case of 2 and 3-year-old crops of baltacim, respectively, where the 50 % soil moisture content was recorded from the layer of 58 cm depth. Based on the results, we consider it important to develop and improve soil tillage systems
34
Seo, Min-Guk, Hyo-Sang Shin und Antonios Tsourdos. „Soil Moisture Retrieval Model Design with Multispectral and Infrared Images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Convolutional Neural Network“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 2 (23.02.2021): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020398.
Annotation:
This paper deals with a soil moisture retrieval model design with airborne measurements for remote monitoring of soil moisture level in large crop fields. A small quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is considered as a remote sensing platform for high spatial resolutions of airborne images and easy operations. A combination of multispectral and infrared (IR) sensors is applied to overcome the effects of canopies convering the field on the sensor measurements. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is utilized to take the measurement images directly as inputs for the soil moisture retrieval model without loss of information. The procedures to obtain an input image corresponding to a certain soil moisture level measurement point are addressed, and the overall structure of the proposed CNN-based model is suggested with descriptions. Training and testing of the proposed soil moisture retrieval model are conducted to verify and validate its performance and address the effects of input image sizes and errors on input images. The soil moisture level estimation performance decreases when the input image size increases as the ratio of the pixel corresponding to the point to estimate soil moisture level to the total number of pixels in the input image, whereas the input image size should be large enough to include this pixel under the errors in input images. The comparative study shows that the proposed CNN-based algorithm is advantageous on estimation performance by maintaining spatial information of pixels on the input images.
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González-Zamora, A., N. Sánchez, A. Gumuzzio, M. Piles, E. Olmedo und J. Martínez-Fernández. „VALIDATION OF SMOS L2 AND L3 SOIL MOISTURE PRODUCTS OVER THE DUERO BASIN AT DIFFERENT SPATIAL SCALES“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (30.04.2015): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-1183-2015.
Annotation:
An increasing number of permanent soil moisture measurement networks are nowadays providing the means for validating new remotely sensed soil moisture estimates such as those provided by the ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. Two types of in situ measurement networks can be found: small-scale (100–10000 km<sup>2</sup>), which provide multiple ground measurements within a single satellite footprint, and large-scale (>10000 km<sup>2</sup>), which contain a single point observation per satellite footprint. This work presents the results of a comprehensive spatial and temporal validation of a long-term (January, 2010 to June, 2014) dataset of SMOS-derived soil moisture estimates using two in situ networks within the Duero basin (Spain). The first one is the Soil Moisture Measurement Stations Network of the University of Salamanca (REMEDHUS), which has been extensively applied for validation of soil moisture remote sensing observations, including SMOS. REMEDHUS can be considered within the small-scale network group (1300 km<sup>2</sup>). The other network started from an existing meteorological network from the Castilla y León region, where soil moisture probes were incorporated in 2012. This network can be considered within the large-scale group (65000 km<sup>2</sup>). Results from comparison to in situ show that the new reprocessed L2 product (v5.51) improves the accuracy of former soil moisture retrievals, making them suitable for developing new L3 products. Validation based on comparisons between dense/sparse networks showed that temporal patterns on soil moisture are well reproduced, whereas spatial patterns are difficult to depict given the different spatial representativeness of ground and satellite observations.
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Mašíček, Tomáš, František Toman, Martina Vičanová und Věra Hubačíková. „Evaluation of the infiltration capacity of soil in a winter wheat stand during the growing season 2010“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, Nr. 6 (2011): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159060225.
Annotation:
The aim of the presented paper was to map the course of infiltration during the growing season of 2010 in a winter wheat stand on a selected locality in the Sazomín cadastral area on the basis of selected hydro-physical properties of soil (specific weight, reduced volume weight, actual soil moisture, absorptivity, retention water capacity, porosity, capillary, semi-capillary and non-capillary pores and aeration) evaluated from the analyses of undisturbed soil samples. In order to assess the infiltration capacity of soil at the U Jasana locality in the season April–October, four surveys were realized always with three measurements within each of the surveys. The measurement of infiltration took place in the form of basin irrigation. To evaluate field measurements of infiltration empirical relations were used, namely Kostiakov equations. The highest cumulative infiltration and speed of infiltration were noted in June at the high actual soil moisture and closed stand. In case of October measurement, effects of agro-technical operations became evident on the slightly lower infiltration capacity of soil as compared to June measurements at nearly identical moisture conditions. The lowest infiltration capacity of soil reaching the same level, namely in spite of different moisture conditions and the stand character (July – full-grown stand, August – stubble-field) was found in July and August.
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Babaeva, G. R. „ISSUES OF OPTIMAL SOIL MOISTURE CONTROL BASED ON DUAL-BAND SENSORS“. Kontrol'. Diagnostika, Nr. 292 (Oktober 2022): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.10.pp.018-023.
Annotation:
The water content in the soil is spatially heterogeneous, which depends on climatic factors, land use, topography and properties of the soil itself. Currently, radio frequency soil moisture meters are the most common. The technical documentation of these devices indicates that the measurement error in them can reach 1 %. However, as the results of known experimental measurements show, such a result is achieved only after calibration with respect to a specific type of soil. Calculations show that in the absence of such calibration, the error can grow up to 15 %. In this regard, spectral methods of measuring soil moisture are more advantageous. The wellknown results of the conducted studies show that in this method the main interfering factor is the content of organic substances in the soil and taking into account only the phosphorus content in the soil makes it possible to achieve a measurement error of 6.5 %. This circumstance emphasizes the prospects of exploring additional ways to increase the efficiency of spectral methods for measuring the moisture content in the soil. The question of the optimal construction of a soil moisture monitoring network based on contact dualband optical soil moisture sensors operating in the NIR and SWIR ranges is formulated and solved. It is shown that the use of the usual averaging of the measurement results obtained on two ranges of the sensor when measuring with a constant frequency can lead to an inaccurate result due to differences in the dynamic ranges of optical signals at the detector inputs caused by the non-identity of the humidification conditions of the sub-field. The possibility of choosing an adaptive measurement mode is shown when sub-stages with a large dynamic range of humidity changes should be measured with a higher frequency, proportional to the specified dynamic range, which is equivalent to the implementation of an adaptive measurement mode.
38
Y.*, Olotu, Omoakhalen A.I., Ososomi A.S., Gbalaja Mayowa, Alhassan A.I. und Ayilaran C.I. „Sensitivity of PR2 Capacitance Soil Moisture Meter for Irrigation Scheduling“. Indian Journal of Production and Thermal Engineering 1, Nr. 3 (10.08.2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijpte.b2007.081321.
Annotation:
Accurate soil moisture content measurement is essential for designing a robust irrigation scheduling and integrated water resources management (I.W.R.M.). Capacitance-based sensors have widely been used to monitor soil moisture at different measuring depths coupled with continuous and instantaneous outputs. This study's objective was to evaluate the PR2 capacitance moisture meter's performance on mineral and organic soil water content. The outputs of PR2 in m3 /m3 and vol.% were compared with gravimetrically measured soil moisture. The R.M.S.E. measurement at Site A at the first and second replicates increased from 0.49% to 0.67%. In contrast, the r2 value of 0.99 was obtained for the two replications when comparing the soil moisture content observed from gravimetric measurement and the automated outputs from the PR2 Probe soil monitor. The R.M.S.E. values were 0.48%, and 1.32% were estimated for the first and second replications at Site B. The result indicates that the PR2 Profile Probe could be a reliable alternative to other time-consuming, complex computer algorithms for accurate point measurement of soil moisture.
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Y., Olotu, Omoakhalen A.I., Ososomi A.S., Gbalaja Mayowa, Alhassan A.I und Ayilaran C.I. „Sensitivity of PR2 Capacitance Soil Moisture Meter for Irrigation Scheduling“. Indian Journal of Production and Thermal Engineering 1, Nr. 3 (10.08.2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijpte.b2007.081321.
Annotation:
Accurate soil moisture content measurement is essential for designing a robust irrigation scheduling and integrated water resources management (I.W.R.M.). Capacitance-based sensors have widely been used to monitor soil moisture at different measuring depths coupled with continuous and instantaneous outputs. This study’s objective was to evaluate the PR2 capacitance moisture meter’s performance on mineral and organic soil water content. The outputs of PR2 in m3/m3 and vol.% were compared with gravimetrically measured soil moisture. The R.M.S.E. measurement at Site A at the first and second replicates increased from 0.49% to 0.67%. In contrast, the r2 value of 0.99 was obtained for the two replications when comparing the soil moisture content observed from gravimetric measurement and the automated outputs from the PR2 Probe soil monitor. The R.M.S.E. values were 0.48%, and 1.32% were estimated for the first and second replications at Site B. The result indicates that the PR2 Profile Probe could be a reliable alternative to other time-consuming, complex computer algorithms for accurate point measurement of soil moisture.
40
Scott, Bethany L., Tyson E. Ochsner, Bradley G. Illston, Christopher A. Fiebrich, Jeffery B. Basara und Albert J. Sutherland. „New Soil Property Database Improves Oklahoma Mesonet Soil Moisture Estimates*“. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, Nr. 11 (01.11.2013): 2585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00084.1.
Annotation:
Abstract Soil moisture data from the Oklahoma Mesonet are widely used in research efforts spanning many disciplines within Earth sciences. These soil moisture estimates are derived by translating measurements of matric potential into volumetric water content through site- and depth-specific water retention curves. The objective of this research was to increase the accuracy of the Oklahoma Mesonet soil moisture data through improved estimates of the water retention curve parameters. A comprehensive field sampling and laboratory measurement effort was conducted that resulted in new measurements of the percent of sand, silt, and clay; bulk density; and volumetric water content at −33 and −1500 kPa. These inputs were provided to the Rosetta pedotransfer function, and parameters for the water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity functions were obtained. The resulting soil property database, MesoSoil, includes 13 soil physical properties for 545 individual soil layers across 117 Oklahoma Mesonet sites. The root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between the resulting soil moisture estimates and those obtained by direct sampling was reduced from 0.078 to 0.053 cm3 cm−3 by use of the new water retention curve parameters, a 32% improvement. A >0.15 cm3 cm−3 high bias on the dry end was also largely eliminated by using the new parameters. Reanalysis of prior studies that used Oklahoma Mesonet soil moisture data may be warranted given these improvements. No other large-scale soil moisture monitoring network has a comparable published soil property database or has undergone such comprehensive in situ validation.
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Voitovich, O. P., und V. P. Kovalchuk. „MONITORING RESEARCH OF FIELD SOIL MOISTURE TO PROVIDE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON THE BASE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL AND CALCULATION METHOD“. Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", Nr. 2 (12.12.2019): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-179.
Annotation:
The article highlights the actual problems of monitoring studies of soil moisture and meteorological indicators for informational support of irrigation management systems. On the basis of literature analysis it is shown that soil moisture control can be carried out both directly on the results of soil moisture measurements and using calculated methods. In the presence of automatically obtained meteorological forecasting data, irrigation decisions are made using an experimental calculation method. Monitoring studies are part of the experiment and are used as feedback in soil moisture control.
The purpose of the work is to develop an information component of soil moisture monitoring and meteorological indicators in the field to ensure a proper decision-making regarding irrigation by the experimental-calculation method.
Soil moisture measurement is recommended using a variety of soil moisture sensors by indirect methods of determination. Various tensiometers, dielectric and resistive sensors can be used as sensors. They provide the feedback for irrigation management. The calculation part consists of the decision criterion for the beginning of irrigation, the balance method of calculating soil moisture or moisture reserves in the soil (or a multilayered mathematical model of moisture transfer in the presence of sufficient input parameters for that) using automatic meteorological forecast.
The article is illustrated by the results of a laboratory model experiment and field research with automated measurement data transmission and feedback implementation in soil moisture control. The model laboratory experiment was used to test the design, technical and technological parameters of the equipment for automatic monitoring and testing of the experimental-calculation method. Practical forecasts, calculations and data acquisition of soil moisture and meteorological indicators for the implementation of feedback during the irrigation management are considered based on the example of a corn field in one of the experimental farms.
The results of the laboratory experiment and field studies show the effectiveness of predicting soil moisture by this method. Monitoring data of soil moisture and meteorological indicators is the feedback. They are automatically transmitted and improve the accuracy of irrigation recommendations and allow for quick adjustments to forecast calculations. It is recommended to make daily soil moisture correction for direct automated field measurements using ground sensors.
Further research in this area is to use one-dimensional multilayer models of moisture transfer. They provide accurate results but require more input parameters.
42
Chen, Jia, Fengmin Hu, Junjie Li, Yijia Xie, Wen Zhang, Changqing Huang und Lingkui Meng. „Evaluation of SMAP-Enhanced Products Using Upscaled Soil Moisture Data Based on Random Forest Regression: A Case Study of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China“. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, Nr. 7 (15.07.2023): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12070281.
Annotation:
The evaluation of satellite soil moisture is a big challenge owing to the large spatial mismatch between pixel-based satellite soil moisture products and point-based in situ measurements. Upscaling in situ measurements to obtain the “true value” of soil moisture content at the satellite grid/footprint scale can make up for the scale difference and improve the validation. Many existing upscaling methods have strict requirements regarding the spatial distribution and quantity of soil moisture sensors. However, in reality, soil-moisture-monitoring networks are commonly sparse with low sensor density, which increases the difficulty of obtaining accurate upscaled soil moisture data and limits the validation of satellite products. For this reason, this paper proposes a scheme to upscale in situ measurements using five machine learning methods along with Landsat 8 datasets and DEM data to validate the accuracy of a SMAP-enhanced passive soil moisture product for a sparse network on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The proposed scheme realizes the upscaling of in situ soil moisture data to the pixel scale (30 m × 30 m) and then to the coarse grid scale (9 km × 9 km) by using multi-source remote sensing data as the bridge of scale conversion. The long-time SMAP SM products since April 2015 on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau were validated based on upscaled soil moisture data. The results show that (1) random forest regression performs the best, and the upscaled soil moisture data reflect the region-average soil moisture conditions that can be used for evaluating SMAP data; (2) the SMAP product meets its scientific measurement requirements; and (3) the SMAP product generally underestimates the soil moisture in the study area.
43
Li, Ximing, und Cheng Sun. „Synergistic Effect of Carbamide and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Soil“. International Journal of Corrosion 2018 (01.08.2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7491501.
Annotation:
Synergistic effect of carbamide and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on corrosion behavior of carbon steel was studied in soils with moisture of 20% and 30%, by soil properties measurement, weight loss, polarization curve, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that carbamide decreased the soil redox potential and increased soil pH. In soil without SRB, carbamide made corrosion potential of Q235 steel much more positive and then inhibited corrosion. Meanwhile, in soil with SRB, 0.5 wt% carbamide restrained SRB growth and inhibited biocorrosion of Q235 steel. Corrosion rate of carbon steel decreased in soil with 30% moisture compared with that with 20% moisture.
44
Anh, Vo Thi Lan, Doan Minh Chung, Ngo Tuan Ngoc und K. G. Kostov. „Research of Soil Moisture Retrieval Algorithms for Processing Radiometry Data“. Communications in Physics 25, Nr. 3 (03.03.2016): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/25/3/5561.
Annotation:
Since 2012, the experts of Space Technology Institute have carried out the field experiments to obtain a high-resolution dataset of microwave radiometers for land surface parameters (soil moisture, soil temperature, vegetation water content), in order to improve the soil moisture retrieval methodology. L-band radiometers were used for measuring the brightness temperature of the bare soil. Field experiments for passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture were carried out in Hoai Duc District in 2012. L-band microwave radiometers were used for measuring the microwave emission of bare agricultural fields. The radiometers, which are used for soil moisture measurement, worked well during the experimental campaign and produced volumetric soil moisture estimates that compared well with the ground-truth measurements. Explanations for the observed discrepancies are presented. The experimental results showed that the model of Choudhury et al. for surface roughness correction provides a better fit to radiometric data over the angular range between 20° and 50° for \(n = 0\) (i.e., the \(\cos ^{2}\theta\) factor in the exponential in (15) is suppressed). Based on the results of the experiments conducted over two experimental sites with different soils, namely sandy loam at Hoai Duc Agrometeorologyl Center, it may be concluded that the testing of both the radiometric equipment and the method for soil moisture retrieval was very successful, and the main goal of the experiments was fulfilled.
45
Shamir, O., N. Goldshleger, U. Basson und M. Reshef. „MAPPING SPATIAL MOISTURE CONTENT OF UNSATURATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS WITH GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (24.06.2016): 1279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-1279-2016.
Annotation:
Soil subsurface moisture content, especially in the root zone, is important for evaluation the influence of soil moisture to agricultural crops. Conservative monitoring by point-measurement methods is time-consuming and expensive. In this paper we represent an active remote-sensing tool for subsurface spatial imaging and analysis of electromagnetic physical properties, mostly water content, by ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflection. Combined with laboratory methods, this technique enables real-time and highly accurate evaluations of soils' physical qualities in the field. To calculate subsurface moisture content, a model based on the soil texture, porosity, saturation, organic matter and effective electrical conductivity is required. We developed an innovative method that make it possible measures spatial subsurface moisture content up to a depth of 1.5 m in agricultural soils and applied it to two different unsaturated soil types from agricultural fields in Israel: loess soil type (Calcic haploxeralf), common in rural areas of southern Israel with about 30% clay, 30% silt and 40% sand, and hamra soil type (Typic rhodoxeralf), common in rural areas of central Israel with about 10% clay, 5% silt and 85% sand. Combined field and laboratory measurements and model development gave efficient determinations of spatial moisture content in these fields. The environmentally friendly GPR system enabled non-destructive testing. The developed method for measuring moisture content in the laboratory enabled highly accurate interpretation and physical computing. Spatial soil moisture content to 1.5 m depth was determined with 1–5% accuracy, making our method useful for the design of irrigation plans for different interfaces.
46
Shamir, O., N. Goldshleger, U. Basson und M. Reshef. „MAPPING SPATIAL MOISTURE CONTENT OF UNSATURATED AGRICULTURAL SOILS WITH GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (24.06.2016): 1279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-1279-2016.
Annotation:
Soil subsurface moisture content, especially in the root zone, is important for evaluation the influence of soil moisture to agricultural crops. Conservative monitoring by point-measurement methods is time-consuming and expensive. In this paper we represent an active remote-sensing tool for subsurface spatial imaging and analysis of electromagnetic physical properties, mostly water content, by ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflection. Combined with laboratory methods, this technique enables real-time and highly accurate evaluations of soils' physical qualities in the field. To calculate subsurface moisture content, a model based on the soil texture, porosity, saturation, organic matter and effective electrical conductivity is required. We developed an innovative method that make it possible measures spatial subsurface moisture content up to a depth of 1.5 m in agricultural soils and applied it to two different unsaturated soil types from agricultural fields in Israel: loess soil type (Calcic haploxeralf), common in rural areas of southern Israel with about 30% clay, 30% silt and 40% sand, and hamra soil type (Typic rhodoxeralf), common in rural areas of central Israel with about 10% clay, 5% silt and 85% sand. Combined field and laboratory measurements and model development gave efficient determinations of spatial moisture content in these fields. The environmentally friendly GPR system enabled non-destructive testing. The developed method for measuring moisture content in the laboratory enabled highly accurate interpretation and physical computing. Spatial soil moisture content to 1.5 m depth was determined with 1–5% accuracy, making our method useful for the design of irrigation plans for different interfaces.
47
de Carvalho Faria Lima Lopes, Bruna, Laís de Carvalho Faria Lima Lopes und Alessandro Tarantino. „Indirect measurements of water content using TDR-inferred dielectric permittivity and electrical resistivity“. E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199202005.
Annotation:
The measurement of moisture distribution in Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS) in salt mines and deep geological disposals is essential in order to monitor fluid ingress and record data for long-term security analyses. Additionally, soil moisture content has influence over the mechanical properties of the soil as well as plant growth, soil stability and contaminant transport to cite some. Therefore, finding affordable and reliable ways to determine moisture content, quickly and in the field without sampling, is of great interested among people in different subject areas. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) has become a recognized electromagnetic method for non-destructive measurement of dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of moist porous materials. It turns out that both these measurements depend on the material moisture content, among other things. This paper presents a series of calibration tests performed on soil samples. TDR probes were used to obtain the dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of the samples. As a consequence, relationships between these measurements and the samples' volumetric water content were later established. These relationships can then be used to indirectly determine that important information of water content on similar soil material using cheap, quick and non-destructive TDR probes.
48
Le Morvan, Aurélie, Mehrez Zribi, Nicolas Baghdadi und André Chanzy. „Soil Moisture Profile Effect on Radar Signal Measurement“. Sensors 8, Nr. 1 (21.01.2008): 256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8010256.
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Harris, Nicholas R., und Alexander Stonard. „A Printed Capacitance Sensor for Soil Moisture Measurement“. Proceedings 2, Nr. 13 (03.12.2018): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130705.
Annotation:
The introduction and evaluation of a novel sensor design for a soil moisture sensor that can be manufactured on a PCB. The PCB acts as a capacitor, which uses the fringe effect to allow changes in permittivity of its surrounding medium to be identified, and this capacitance is measured via relatively simple charge and discharge times between two voltages through a series resistor. The system is implemented in a low-cost microcontroller, and coupled with being printable on a PCB, has the potential to make a highly cost-effective sensor. A custom Android Bluetooth application was produced to provide communication with and configuration of the sensor.
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Xia Jiaxin, 夏佳欣, 范成发 Fan Chengfa, 王可嘉 Wang Kejia und 刘劲松 Liu Jinsong. „Soil Moisture Measurement Based on Terahertz Transmission Spectrum“. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 48, Nr. 2 (2011): 023001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop48.023001.