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SCHRADER, Stefan, Friederike WOLFARTH und Elisabeth OLDENBURG. „Biological Control of Soil-borne Phytopathogenic Fungi and their Mycotoxins by Soil Fauna“. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, Nr. 2 (25.11.2013): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9743.
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Yield loss through harmful fungi is a serious problem in crop production worldwide. Cereal residues like straw are frequently infected by Fusarium fungi, which produce mycotoxins like deoxynivalenol (DON). Mycotoxins lead to quality losses in cereal-based food and feed which endangers human and animal health. Especially under conservation tillage, when mulching techniques are applied to protect soil from erosion, run-off etc., residues should be efficiently degraded to protect the currently cultivated crop from fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination. The objective of this review is to give an overview on which role decomposing soil fauna plays in the fate of Fusarium fungi and there main mycotoxin DON in the soil system. Generally, soil fauna benefits from conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage. Results from experiments in the laboratory and field revealed that earthworms as primary and secondary decomposers as well as fungivorous collembolans and soil nematodes contribute to the ecosystem services of pathogen depression and toxin degradation with respect to Fusarium and DON. Fusarium seems to be an attractive food source. Furthermore, the mycotoxin DON does not cause any harm to the soil fauna tested. Key factors for the control of Fusarium development by antagonistic soil fauna are: (1) interaction with soil microorganisms; (2) interaction of soil fauna species; (3) soil texture; (4) residue exposure. Ecosystem services of antagonistic soil fauna are vital to crop production and the functioning of agroecosystems. They will be discussed in a broader context of soil health and conservation tillage.
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Telnov, Dmitry, und Ineta Salmane. „Ecology and Diversity of Urban Pine Forest Soil Invertebrates in Rīga, Latvia / Augsnes Bezmugurkaulnieku Bioloģiskā Daudzveidība Urbānajos Priežu Mežos Rīgā, Latvijā“. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, Nr. 3 (01.08.2015): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0017.
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Abstract A study on ecology and diversity of soil invertebrates of urban pine and mixed pine forests was carried out in seven different sampling plots in Rīga during 2014. Ninety eight soil samples were processed and in total, 40 426 specimens were extracted (of them, 25 237 specimens were identified to species level and 15 189 to order level). Indices (abundance, community similarity etc.) characterising faunal diversity and species communities of Rīga city soil fauna were estimated. The most numerous soil invertebrate groups were Collembola, Oribatida and Mesostigmata, accounting for 95% of all collected animals. There was rather high diversity of soil invertebrates in the disturbed urban forest habitats, but undisturbed soils harbour a greater species richness of mite fauna than disturbed soils.
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Lee, KE, und RC Foster. „Soil fauna and soil structure“. Soil Research 29, Nr. 6 (1991): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910745.
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Significant effects of soil fauna on soil structure are achieved mainly by a few groups among the larger soil invertebrates that are widely distributed and generally present in large numbers. Of these groups the most important are earthworms, termites and ants. The review deals mainly with earthworms, which are distributed throughout all but the coldest and the driest regions of the world. The effects of termites and ants on soil structure are also discussed. These groups of soil animals are also widely distributed, but are most common and most effective in influencing soil structure in tropical and warm temperate regions. A brief section deals with the influence of microarthropods, which are commonly found in large numbers, but because of their small size are unable to make large burrows in the mineral soil horizons, and are largely confined to pre-existing voids in litter and surface soil horizons. Their faecal pellets are granular and largely organic, with little included mineral soil material, and they sometimes make up the major proportion of forest litter layers. Quantitative assessment of the influence of earthworms on soil structure is available, but information on other groups is largely qualitative. The burrows of earthworms contribute to macroporosity and so influence water infiltration and aeration. Anecic species, that live in semi-permanent burrows opening to the soil surface and feed at the surface, provide more or less vertical channels for water infiltration and gas exchange. Endogeic species, that burrow continuously in search of food within the soil, provide more horizontally oriented, frequently extensive and intersecting networks of macropores that promote water movement and gas diffusion. Burrows that penetrate soil surface crusts are particularly important for water entry to the soil. Water movement through pores of the dimensions of earthworm burrows is important only when rainfall or irrigation supplies water at rates that exceed the capacity of the soil surface for capillary uptake. The combination of increase in surface area available for capillary uptake through the burrow walls and of hydraulic pressure resulting from the column of water in a water-filled burrow increases infiltration. Occupied burrows of anecic species may be sealed with soil or plant litter by the resident earthworm when water is ponded on the soil surface, or blocked by the earthworm's body, so as to be ineffective for water infiltration. When burrows are air-filled they provide surfaces that penetrate below ground and facilitate gas exchange.
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Crawford, Clifford S. „Desert Soil Fauna“. Journal of Arid Environments 8, Nr. 3 (Mai 1985): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31288-6.
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Acosta, J. A., S. Martinez-Martinez, A. Faz, J. M. Van Mourik und J. M. Arocena. „Micromorphological and Chemical Approaches to Understand Changes in Ecological Functions of Metal-Impacted Soils under Various Land Uses“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/521329.
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We investigated the changes in faunal activities as measures of the ecological functions of soils impacted by potentially toxic metals (PTMs) under urban, industrial, agricultural, and natural uses. Concentrations and distributions of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Fe were estimated by sequential chemical extractions, while relicts and present faunal activities were studied by micromorphological analyses. Urban and natural lands were contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn. Microarthropods and fungi are observed to be active in the litter decomposition in natural, agricultural and urban lands which indicates that total concentration of PTMs in soils is not a good indicator to evaluate the limitations of PTMs to fauna activity. Metals immobilization on carbonates and Fe/Mn oxides, and fertilizations reduced the negative effects of metals on faunal activity. Micromorphological analyses showed the impacts of metal on soil ecological functions in industrial site, where the surface soils are devoid of any evidence of faunal activity; likely due to high proportion of Pb and Zn in organic components. Therefore, the impacts of metals in soil fauna activities, hence ecological functions of soils, are best evaluated by the knowledge of metal partitioning on solid phases in combination with observations of fauna activities using micromorphological techniques.
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Zheng, Xiaoxue, Yan Tao, Zhongqiang Wang, Chen Ma, Hong He und Xiuqin Yin. „Soil macro-fauna respond to environmental variations along a coastal-inland gradient“. PeerJ 8 (14.07.2020): e9532. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9532.
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Varied environmental conditions in coastal-inland zones tend to influence soil faunal communities. However, few studies have focused on the responses of soil fauna to environmental variations along the coastal-inland gradient. In order to better understand the aforementioned responses, a total of 80 soil macro-faunal samples were collected at the five different distances from the coastline of China’s Bohai Bay. The results revealed that the compositions, structural characteristics and diversity of the soil macro-fauna varied among the different habitats. With the increases in the distance from the sea, the individual density, richness and diversity levels of the soil macro-fauna all first increased and then decreased. The individual density, richness and diversity values were all at their maximum at 30 km from the sea. The Edge effect promoted unique and rare soil macro-faunal taxa. Formicidae, Curculionidae and Aphodiidae were found to be the edge taxa. Agelenidae, Liocranidae and Nematocera were considered to be indicator taxa of severe sea effects. Paradoxosomatidae was an indicator taxon of slight effects. Overall, the environmental variations along the coastal-inland gradient were found to have the potential to affect the soil macro-faunal communities, and the different taxa of the soil macro-fauna responded to those variations in different ways. This study further revealed the processes and mechanisms of the sea influencing the soil macro-faunal communities, which had been caused by the coastal-inland gradient. The results of this study also provided a theoretical basis for developing future biodiversity guidelines for coastal ecosystems.
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Li, Xiaoqiang, Xiuqin Yin, Zhenhai Wang und Weihong Fan. „Interaction between decomposing litter and soil fauna of the Betula ermanii forest floor of the Changbai Mountains, China“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2014): 1507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0248.
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Soil fauna play a key role in litter decomposition as they influence the litter mass loss rate in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the interaction between decomposing litter and soil fauna has not been adequately addressed. We examine the interaction between different types of decomposing litter and soil fauna on the Betula ermanii Cham. (BE) forest floor of the Changbai Mountains, China, by measuring the mass loss of six litter species groups using litterbags with two sizes of mesh (4 mm and 0.01 mm) during a yearlong experiment. Soil fauna were identified at the order level. We found that soil fauna have a limited effect on litter mass loss at the initial stage of the experiment. Its positive effect became apparent at month 12 of the experiment. After 1 year, soil fauna increased the litter mass loss rate of the high-quality litter of Parasenecio komarovianus (Pojark.) Y.L. Chen (PK) by 7.02% and of the low-quality litter of Rhododendron aureum Georgi (RA) by 25.26%. BE + PK litter was associated with a significantly higher abundance of soil fauna at months 8 and 10 of the experiment and also with a significantly higher richness of soil fauna at month 10 of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, however, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index of soil fauna was not necessarily higher in mixed-species litter. Litter mixing did promote the abundance, richness, and diversity of soil fauna during the warm season in the high-quality litter substrate of BE + PK. Our results illustrate that the impact of soil fauna on the litter mass loss of both single- and mixed-species litterbags ranges from a limited impact to a positive impact as litter mass loss advances. The soil fauna contribute more to the litter mass loss of the low-quality litter with higher C to N ratios than to those with a low C to N ratio. The promoting effect of litter mixing on the soil faunal community composition is only short term and is dependent on substrate quality.
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Senicovscaia, Irina, Andrei Danilov und Andriana Danilov. „BIODIVERSITY OF EDAPHIC FAUNA IN GRAY FOREST SOILS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA“. Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, Nr. 19 (31.07.2021): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.018.
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Gray forest soils of the natural ecosystems in the central and northern zones of the Republic of Moldova are the habitat and the source of conservation and reproduction of the edaphic fauna. They represent themselves the standards of the biodiversity for soil invertebrates. Invertebrates sampling was carried out from test cuts by manual sampling of soil layers to the depth of soil fauna occurrence. The main content of invertebrates in gray soils under the forest was in the layer of 0-20 cm. In addition to the Lumbricidae family there were found the species of the Clubionidae, Hydromiidae, Scarabaeidae, Oniscidae, Tortricidae, Julidae, Curculionidae, Carabidae, Geophilidae, Tenebrionidae, Melandryidae and Formicidae families. Species of Eisenia rosea, Euomphalia strigella, Formica rufa, Tortrix viridana, Curculio glandium, Melolontha melolontha and others have been identified in three subtypes of gray forest soils of natural ecosystems. The long use of these soils in agricultural production led to the considerable decrease in the number and biomass of invertebrates and degradation of the faunal complex in general. The number of families decreased from 6-12 to 1-3. Species of Lumbricidae, Elateridae, Tortricidae and Coccinellidae have been found in arable gray forest soils. The trophic pyramids are stable in the typical virgin gray soil. The relationship between trophic levels of the edaphic fauna in the typical gray forest soil is stronger in comparison with albic and molic gray forest soils.
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Xue, Huajian, Qiong Wang, Kuncai Mao, Yuanqiu Liu, Xueru Jiang, Philip J. Murray, Lvshui Zhang und Wei Liu. „Positive Effects of Reforestation on the Diversity and Abundance of Soil Fauna in a Landscape Degraded Red Soil Area in Subtropical China“. Forests 13, Nr. 10 (29.09.2022): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101596.
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Serious soil degradation due to human intervention in subtropical China has resulted in a series of ecological problems. Soil fauna is an important part of forest soil ecosystems and plays a vital role in the maintenance of soil quality and can sensitively reflect the soil disturbances caused by human activities. This study assessed the long-term effects of reforestation on the soil fauna community and underground food web. Soil fauna was sampled from plots in a 30-year reforestation positioning test site. Six reforestation models (the pure Schima superba (Ss) forest, pure Liquidambar formosana (Lf) forest, pure Pinus massoniana (Pm) forest, mixed forest of Lf & Ss, mixed forest of Pm & Ss, and the mixed forest of Lf & Pm) were chosen in Taihe County, southern China. The results found that the mixed vegetation restoration of Lf & Pm significantly improved the soil fauna abundance and biomass when compared with other reforestation models in the degraded red soil region. Acari and Collembola accounted for 65.8% and 23.3%, respectively, of the total soil fauna abundance in the region. The mixed forest of Lf & Pm had a positive effect on the abundance of secondary decomposers and micro predators in Acari. Moreover, a significant increase in the abundance of Collembola was found in the Lf & Pm stand type. The stand type with the highest soil faunal population also had a higher soil fauna biomass. Therefore, reforestation in a degraded red soil area had positive effects on the soil fauna community.
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Joji, Sadiya Umar, Isa Muhammad Usman, Mallam Ibrahim und Muhammad Muhammad Zakari. „Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination on Soil Faunal Diversity in Selected Local Governments Areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria“. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 8, Nr. 4b (25.01.2023): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v8i4b.9.
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Heavy metal pollution in soils constitutes a highly complex disruption of ecological equilibrium because some are essential trace elements that become toxic when present beyond a certain concentration. The aim of this research is to assess the level of heavy metals contamination on soil faunal diversity in Dutse and Hadejia Jigawa State-Nigeria. The study employed multistage sampling techniques using 20cm2 quadrants thrown at random. A modified Baermann’s funnel method of extraction was used to extract the soil fauna from the soil samples and the specimens were properly examined for identification under compound microscope. The collected soil samples were digested using concentrated HNO3 and HCl. The digested samples were analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result revealed that a total of 275 individuals and 13 species, belonging to 5 classes and 4 phyla were identified from both study areas. Ants, termites, millipedes, earthworms and snails (Cornu aspersum) were found in both Dutse and Hadejia. However, Beetles, wax worms, roundworms, burrowing nematodes and snails (Achantina fulica) were found only in samples from Hadejia. There was no significant variation in abundance of most soil fauna (p> 0.05) extracted across the study sites, except for dung beetle, millipedes, earthworm and roundworm. It also suggested a positive relationship between heavy metals and soil fauna density (r≥0.76), that is, the mean density of soil fauna increased proportionally with increasing heavy metal concentration. Further study should be conducted to check whether the soil fauna possibly resisted or adapt to the effect of the heavy metal or the concentration in the soil or inside the organisms is insignificant to have a negative effect on their diversity.
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Zhang, Huayong, Guixuan Han, Tousheng Huang, Yu Feng, Wang Tian und Xiaochang Wu. „Mixed Forest of Larix principis-rupprechtii and Betula platyphylla Modulating Soil Fauna Diversity and Improving Faunal Effect on Litter Decomposition“. Forests 13, Nr. 5 (30.04.2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050703.
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This research performed a comparison study to investigate how mixed forest affects the abundance, groups, and diversity of soil fauna and the effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition. We comparatively studied two forests, Larix principis-rupprechtii forest (LF) and mixed Larix principis-rupprechtii and Betula platyphylla forest (MF), which hold 30 years of stand age and are the representative forests in the mountainous area of northwestern Hebei, China. The field experiments were conducted from May to November 2020, with soil fauna and litter samples taken every one and a half months. A total of 540 soil samples (replicated samples, 3) were collected in each forest and the soil faunas were extracted from the samples by Tullgren methods in laboratory. Litter samples were incubated separately in the sampled forests using litterbags with two mesh sizes (0.01 and 4 mm) to observe the decomposition rate. In total, 2958 (inds.) soil faunas belonging to 4 phyla, 11 classes, and 20 orders, were found, with Acarina (1079/2958; 36.48%) and Collembola (1080/2958; 36.51%) being the dominant groups. The total abundance of soil fauna in the MF (1581 inds.) was higher than that in the LF (1377 inds.), and the significantly more abundant predatory functional group in the MF (p < 0.05) may indicate a more complex soil fauna food web structure. Comparatively, the higher Shannon–Wiener index (1.42–1.74) and Pielou evenness index (0.58–0.71) and the lower Simpson dominance index (0.22–0.32) in the MF suggested that the MF promoted the soil fauna diversity. The cumulative litter decomposition rate of litterbags with 4 mm aperture in the MF (54.52% in 300 days) was higher than that in the LF (32.81% in 300 days). Moreover, the litter decomposition rate was positively correlated with the total abundance and the number of groups, and was negatively with the Simpson dominance index, implying that the soil fauna activity effectively improved litter decomposition in the MF. Via the comparison, we found that the mixture of plant species in the forest can modulate the soil fauna diversity and accelerate the litter decomposition. The results in this study may provide an interesting reference for forest restoration and sustainable management.
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Bian, Haixue, Qinghong Geng, Hanran Xiao, Caiqin Shen, Qian Li, Xiaoli Cheng, Yiqi Luo, Honghua Ruan und Xia Xu. „Fine Root Biomass Mediates Soil Fauna Community in Response to Nitrogen Addition in Poplar Plantations (Populus deltoids) on the East Coast of China“. Forests 10, Nr. 2 (03.02.2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020122.
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Soil fauna is critical for maintaining ecosystem functioning, and its community could be significantly impacted by nitrogen (N) deposition. However, our knowledge of how soil-faunal community composition responds to N addition is still limited. In this study, we simulated N deposition (0, 50, 100, 150, and 300 kg N ha−1 year−1) to explore the effects of N addition on the total and the phytophagous soil fauna along the soil profile (0–10, 10–25, and 25–40 cm) in poplar plantations (Populus deltoids) on the east coast of China. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was dissolved in water and sprayed evenly under the canopy with a backpack sprayer to simulate N deposition. Our results showed that N addition either significantly increased or decreased the density (D) of both the total and the phytophagous soil fauna (Dtotal and Dp) at low or high N addition rates, respectively, indicating the existence of threshold effects over the range of N addition. However, N addition had no significant impacts on the number of groups (G) and diversity (H) of either the total or the phytophagous soil fauna (Gtotal, Gp and Htotal, Hp). With increasing soil depth, Dtotal, Dp, Gtotal, and Gp largely decreased, showing that the soil fauna have a propensity to aggregate at the soil surface. Htotal and Hp did not significantly vary along the soil profile. Importantly, the threshold effects of N addition on Dtotal and Dp increased from 50 and 100 to 150 kg N ha−1 year−1 along the soil profile. Fine root biomass was the dominant factor mediating variations in Dtotal and Dp. Our results suggested that N addition may drive changes in soil-faunal community composition by altering belowground food resources in poplar plantations.
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Paoletti, Maurizio G., R. A. J. Taylor, Benjamin R. Stinner, Deborah H. Stinner und David H. Benzing. „Diversity of soil fauna in the canopy and forest floor of a Venezuelan cloud forest“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, Nr. 3 (August 1991): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005654.
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ABSTRACTArboreal and terresterial soil and lilter were sampled for macro-and microinvertebrates at two locations in a Venezuelan cloud forest. Fauna were most abundant in forest floor soil and associated litter. However, media suspended in the canopy and particularly those trapped in bromeliad shoots were most densely populated, while the diversities of the arboreal and terrestrial soil fauna were indistinguishable. Rates of leaf litter decomposition in the arboreal and terrestrial soils were similar, but the arboreal soils contained higher concentrations of mineral nutrients and carbon. Implications of these findings for the definition of soil in humid tropical forests, and related differences between temperate and tropical forests are discussed. The similarities in diversity and differences in species composition between arboreal and terrestrial soil fauna raise questions concerning the evolution of tropical soil fauna, as well as the estimate of global biotic diversity.
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Liu, Changhai, Ying Shao und Siping Cao. „Soil Fauna Community Diversity and Response to Wetland Degradation in Nanniwan Wetland“. Sains Malaysiana 50, Nr. 6 (30.06.2021): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-01.
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This study is to investigate the soil fauna community characteristics in the Nanniwan wetland, as well as their responses to changed environmental factors. Soil fauna from six representative habitats in the Nanniwan wetland were studied, in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2016. Soil fauna community composition, density, and distribution were investigated. The relationships between soil fauna distribution and soil physicochemical properties were also analyzed. Overall, 3285 individuals were harvested, which belonged to 4 phyla, 10 classes, and 26 orders. The soil fauna density and group numbers differed among these habitats. The structure of the reclaimed wetland soil fauna community was the simplest among all these habitats. Wetland reclamation and degradation reduced the density and diversity of soil fauna, and changed the functional groups of soil fauna, resulting in decreased saprozoic soil fauna and increased predacity soil fauna. The total organic carbon content and the soil pH value represented the main influencing factors of soil fauna distribution. The soil fauna density was positively correlated with the soil total organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, while the soil fauna density was negatively correlated with the pH value. The soil fauna density is closely associated with the environmental factors in the Nanniwan wetland. These findings would help to quantitatively predict and evaluate the ecological function of soil fauna in the Nanniwan wetland.
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Filser, Juliane, Jack H. Faber, Alexei V. Tiunov, Lijbert Brussaard, Jan Frouz, Gerlinde De Deyn, Alexei V. Uvarov et al. „Soil fauna: key to new carbon models“. SOIL 2, Nr. 4 (01.11.2016): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-565-2016.
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Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) is key to maintaining soil fertility, mitigating climate change, combatting land degradation, and conserving above- and below-ground biodiversity and associated soil processes and ecosystem services. In order to derive management options for maintaining these essential services provided by soils, policy makers depend on robust, predictive models identifying key drivers of SOM dynamics. Existing SOM models and suggested guidelines for future SOM modelling are defined mostly in terms of plant residue quality and input and microbial decomposition, overlooking the significant regulation provided by soil fauna. The fauna controls almost any aspect of organic matter turnover, foremost by regulating the activity and functional composition of soil microorganisms and their physical–chemical connectivity with soil organic matter. We demonstrate a very strong impact of soil animals on carbon turnover, increasing or decreasing it by several dozen percent, sometimes even turning C sinks into C sources or vice versa. This is demonstrated not only for earthworms and other larger invertebrates but also for smaller fauna such as Collembola. We suggest that inclusion of soil animal activities (plant residue consumption and bioturbation altering the formation, depth, hydraulic properties and physical heterogeneity of soils) can fundamentally affect the predictive outcome of SOM models. Understanding direct and indirect impacts of soil fauna on nutrient availability, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions and plant growth is key to the understanding of SOM dynamics in the context of global carbon cycling models. We argue that explicit consideration of soil fauna is essential to make realistic modelling predictions on SOM dynamics and to detect expected non-linear responses of SOM dynamics to global change. We present a decision framework, to be further developed through the activities of KEYSOM, a European COST Action, for when mechanistic SOM models include soil fauna. The research activities of KEYSOM, such as field experiments and literature reviews, together with dialogue between empiricists and modellers, will inform how this is to be done.
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Kilowasid, Laode Muhammad Harjoni, Tati Suryati Syamsudin, Franciscus Xaverius Susilo und Endah Sulistyawati. „Ecological Diversity of Soil Fauna as Ecosystem Engineers in Small-Holder Cocoa Plantation in South Konawe“. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 17, Nr. 2 (13.11.2012): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.v17i2.173-180.
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Taxa diversity within soil fauna functional groups can affected ecosystem functioning such as ecosystem engineers,which influence decomposition and nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to describe ecological diversityvariation within soil fauna as ecosystem engineers in soil ecosystem of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation.Sampling was conducted during one year period from five different ages of plantation. Soil fauna removed from soilcore using hand sorting methods. A total of 39 genera of soil fauna as ecosystem engineers were found during thesestudies. Thirty five genera belong to the group of Formicidae (ants), three genera of Isoptera (termites), and onegenera of Oligochaeta (earthworms). Ecological diversity variation within ecosystem engineers was detected withSimpson indices for dominance and evenness. The highest diversity of ecosystem engineers was in the young ageof plantation. This study reinforces the importance biotic interaction which contributed to the distribution andabundance within soil fauna community as ecosystem engineers in small-holder cocoa plantation.[How to Cite: Kilowasid LMH, TS Syamsudin, FX Susilo and E Sulistyawati. 2012. Ecological Diversity of Soil Fauna as Ecosystem Engineers in Small-Holder Cocoa Plantation in South Konawe. J Trop Soils 17 (2): 173-180. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.173] [Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.173]
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Battigelli, Jeffrey P., Shannon M. Berch und Valin G. Marshall. „Soil fauna communities in two distinct but adjacent forest types on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, Nr. 8 (01.08.1994): 1557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-203.
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The composition of major soil fauna groups throughout the soil profile in adjacent old growth western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn)–western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and mature hemlock–amabilis fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) forests on northern Vancouver Island was compared as part of an integrated study on the possible causes of poor growth of plantation Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on cedar–hemlock cutblocks. In addition, we examined seasonal changes in vertical distribution of soil fauna within the forest floor of both forest types. At five times between August 1989 and March 1991, four methods were used to extract soil fauna: hand sorting, high-gradient extraction, modified Baermann funnel, and the Formalin method. Forty-one faunal groups were identified in both forest types. The hemlock–amabilis fir forest maintained a higher abundance and biomass of soil fauna than the cedar–hemlock forest. Nematoda were numerically dominant in both forest types followed by Acari, Collembola, and Copepoda. Diplopoda, Enchytraeidae, Diptera larvae, and Acari dominated soil fauna biomass in both forests. Similarity indices indicated that the forest types have similar group diversity. The majority of Nematoda, Acari, and Collembola were found in the LF and H horizons in both forest types. On average, more than 50% of the Acari and Collembola populations were found in the LF horizon while approximately 30% of the Nematoda were found there.
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Heungens, A. „SOIL FAUNA AND HORTICULTURAL SUBSTRATES“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 255 (Oktober 1989): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.255.9.
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Huguenin, M. T., C. G. Leggett und R. W. Paterson. „Economic valuation of soil fauna“. European Journal of Soil Biology 42 (November 2006): S16—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.10.003.
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Andrén, Olof, Thomas Kätterer und Riitta Hyvönen. „Projecting soil fauna influence on long-term soil carbon balances from faunal exclusion experiments“. Applied Soil Ecology 18, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2001): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(01)00146-9.
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Martins, Ana Luiza Privado, Glécio Machado Siqueira, Emanoel Gomes de Moura, Raimunda Alves Silva, Anágila Janenis Cardoso Silva und Alana das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar. „Associations Between Different Soil Management Practices, Soil Fauna and Maize Yield“. Journal of Agricultural Science 10, Nr. 9 (13.08.2018): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n9p333.
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Soil fauna play an important role in ecosystems, and in this context, it is important to better understand how the abiotic and biotic drivers of these organisms interact. We hypothesize that soil fauna are affected by different soil management practices, which has an influence on maize grain yields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of soil fauna under different soil management practices and their associations with maize grain yield. The experiment was conducted in Maranhão, Brazil, in an area divided into 24 plots of 4 × 10 m in a randomized block design with six treatments with four replicates (R). Pitfall traps were placed in the area. The treatments were Leucaena leucocephala-Leucaena (L), nitrogen (N), humic acid + nitrogen (HA + N), nitrogen + Leucaena (N + L), humic acid + Leucaena (HA + L) and humic acid + nitrogen + Leucaena (HA + N + L). The soil fauna dominance, abundance, richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index and maize grain yield were determined. Formicidae was clearly affected by management with Leucaena, while Coleoptera was affected by management with nitrogen. Despite this, Isopoda and Diplura were the only groups associated with the maize yield. Although fauna abundance did not differ among treatments, it was related to the yield. This study confirms that the abundance and some taxa of soil fauna can influence yield and that these organisms can be used to increase agricultural sustainability.
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Yan, Shaokui, A. N. Singh, Shenglei Fu, Chonghui Liao, Silong Wang, Yuanliang Li, Yang Cui und Lile Hu. „A soil fauna index for assessing soil quality“. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 47 (April 2012): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.11.014.
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Kuiper, Imke, Gerlinde B. de Deyn, Madhav P. Thakur und Jan Willem van Groenigen. „Soil invertebrate fauna affect N2O emissions from soil“. Global Change Biology 19, Nr. 9 (14.07.2013): 2814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12232.
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Peck, Stewart B. „A review of the cave fauna of Canada, and the composition and ecology of the invertebrate fauna of caves and mines in Ontario“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, Nr. 5 (01.05.1988): 1197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-176.
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Caves and cave-inhabiting faunas of Canada are reviewed. Four species of troglobitic (cave-limited) crustaceans (Amphipoda and Isopoda) are known from Alberta and British Columbia, and one troglobitic mite from Alberta. A study of the subterranean fauna of Ontario involved investigating 35 caves and mines. Collections of 1274 invertebrate specimens contained 301 species in 5 phyla, with spiders and insects being most numerous. Diptera were the most abundant insects with 140 species, mainly in the families Culicidae, Mycetophilidae, and Tipulidae. The fauna is predominantly composed of trogloxenes, in the "parietal association." Few troglophiles and no troglobites were found. The fauna is most abundant in individuals and richest in species diversity within the first 10 m of the entrances, just inside the dark zone, and at 12–14 °C. The total "community" of terrestrial invertebrates does not show significant preferences in either caves or mines for precise locations on environmental gradients of light, temperature, or relative humidity. Faunal movements and changes occur on a daily and a seasonal basis. There is no clear difference between the faunas of "old" caves and those of "young" mines. The cave and mine faunas are generally scavengers or predators recruited from nearby forest litter and soil populations. None of the species were significantly outside their previously known distributional range.
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Moyo, Sydney. „Community Responses to Fire: A Global Meta-Analysis Unravels the Contrasting Responses of Fauna to Fire“. Earth 3, Nr. 4 (27.10.2022): 1087–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3040063.
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Globally, wildfires and prescribed fires are becoming more prevalent and are known to affect plant and animals in diverse ecosystems. Understanding the responses of animal communities to fire is a central issue in conservation and a panacea to predicting how fire regimes may affect communities and food webs. Here, a global meta-analysis of 2581 observations extracted from 208 empirical studies were used to investigate the effect of fire on aboveground and belowground fauna (e.g., bacteria, fungi, small mammals, arthropods). Overall, results revealed that fire had a negative effect on biomass, abundance, richness, evenness, and diversity of all faunas. Similarly, when considering wildfires and prescribed fires the data revealed that both fire regimes have negative effects on fauna. Similarly, fire had negative impacts on aboveground and aboveground fauna across most biomes and continents of the world. Moreover, there was little evidence of changes in pH, moisture and soil depth on soil organisms suggesting that other factors may drive community changes following a fire disturbance. Future research in fire ecology should consider the effects of fire across several species and across larger geospatial scales. In addition, fire effects on faunal community structure must be studied under contrasting global fire regimes and in light of the effects of climate change.
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Zhang, Huayong, Qingxia Lin, Tousheng Huang, Yu Feng und Shijia Zhang. „Distribution Patterns of Soil Fauna in Different Forest Habitat Types of North Hebei Mountains, China“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 10 (13.05.2022): 5934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105934.
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The relationship between soil fauna distribution and forest habitat types is an ongoing concern. In this study, the distributions of soil fauna communities were investigated and compared in three forests of Betula platyphylla, Picea asperata, and Pinus sylvestris. A total of 39 groups of soil fauna belonging to four functional groups were found, with Acarina and Collembola being the dominant groups, and omnivorous and saprophagous being the dominant functional groups. An investigation on the temporal and spatial distribution of the soil fauna found similar changes in the three forests: the abundance of soil fauna was higher in August and September and lowest in May; explicit surface aggregation of the soil fauna emerged; and the density and group number decreased with the increase in soil depth. Via comparison, the total abundance of soil fauna in the B. platyphylla forest (16,772 ind m−2) was found to be higher than that in the P. asperata (12,972 ind m−2) and P. sylvestris (14,250 ind m−2) forests, and the indexes of diversity, richness and evenness of the soil fauna community in the B. platyphylla forest were the highest. Redundancy analysis showed that soil organic matter (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were positively correlated with soil fauna density, whereas pH and bulk density (BD) were negatively correlated. Compared with the two coniferous forests, the physicochemical factors positively (negatively) correlated with soil fauna density were the highest (lowest) in the B. platyphylla forest. The combined effect of these multiple factors suggests that the B. platyphylla forest recovered the most favorable conditions for the living and development of the soil fauna. The findings in this research may help us to understand the restoration effect of soil fauna in different forest habitat types, providing support for forest sustainable management in northern Hebei Mountain ecosystems.
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Sumarauw, Ivane K., Ratna Siahaan und Eva L. Baideng. „Keanekaragaman Fauna Tanah pada Agroekosistem Tanaman Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L.) di Desa Raringis, Langowan Barat, Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara“. Jurnal MIPA 8, Nr. 3 (28.10.2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.8.3.2019.26174.
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Fauna tanah menggunakan tanah sebagai habitat alami untuk keberlanjutan hidupnya. Aktivitas pertanian yang menggunakan pupuk dan pestisida dapat menjadi penyebab penurunan keanekaragaman fauna tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman fauna tanah pada agroekosistem tanaman tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L.) di Desa Raringis, Langowan Barat, Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di lima stasiun pada Desember 2018 – Januari 2019 dengan metode purposive sampling dengan pitfall trap. Fauna tanah yang ditemukan di agroekosistem tanaman tomat terdiri atas tiga filum, delapan kelas, 19 bangsa, dan 36 suku. Total fauna tanah sejumlah 41 taksa. Keanekaragaman fauna tanah berdasarkan Indeks Shannon- Wiener (H’) berturut-turut dari Stasiun I, II, III, IV dan V yaitu 1,93; 2,02, 2,04, 1,97 dan 2,06. Indeks keanakeragaman fauna tanah di Desa Raringis tergolong sedang (H’: 2,00). Keanekaragaman fauna tanah dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lingkungan misalnya suhu tanah, curah hujan, penggunaan pupuk kimia, pestisida sintetik dan pola penanaman tomat secara monokulturSoil fauna occupy soil as their natural habitat for their sustainability. Agricultural activities that use fertilizers and pesticides can cause decrease in the diversity of soil fauna. This study aimed to analyze the diversity of soil fauna in the tomato agroecosystem (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Raringis Village, West Langowan, Minahasa, North Sulawesi. The soil fauna sampling was conducted at five stations in December 2018 - January 2019 with a purposive sampling method with pitfall traps. Soil fauna found in the agroecosystem of tomato plants consisted of three phyla, eight classes, 19 orders, and 36 families. Total soil fauna tanah was 41 taxa. The diversity of soil fauna based on the Shannon-Wiener Index (H ') respectively from Stations I, II, III, IV and V were 1.93; 2.02; 2.04; 1.97 and 2.06. The index of diversity of soil fauna in Raringis Village was classified as moderate (H ': 2.00). The diversity of soil fauna was influenced by environmental factors such as soil temperature, rainfall, chemical fertilizers, synthetic pesticides and tomato monoculture farming
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Ribeiro, Liliana Parente, Emanuela Forestieri Gama-Rodrigues, Maria Kellen da Silva Moço und Antonio Carlos Gama-Rodrigues. „Influence of mineral fertilization on edaphic fauna in Acacia auriculiformis (A. Cunn) plantations“. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 38, Nr. 1 (Februar 2014): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832014000100004.
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Fertilization and/or the accumulation of organic matter from plant residues can influence the composition of soil and litter community. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of P and K fertilization on total faunal and nematode faunal composition and richness in plant litter and soil for 360 days in an area reforested with Acacia auriculiformis (A. Cunn), located in the municipality of Conceição de Macabu in the State of Rio de Janeiro. For each treatment (fertilized and unfertilized plots), samples of litter and soil (to a depth of 5 cm) were collected and transferred into a Berlese-Tüllgren funnels for the extraction of fauna. Mesofauna and macrofauna were quantified, and the major taxa identified. Nematodes were extracted by centrifugal flotation in sucrose solution and identified according to feeding habits. Density (number of individuals m-2) of total fauna, microphages, social insects and saprophages varied significantly per treatment and sampling time in both litter and soil. The total number of individuals collected was 5,127, and the total number of nematodes 894. Phosphorus and potassium fertilization resulted in an increase in total fauna density and richness in the litter due to an increased abundance of social insects, saprophages and herbivores. In the soil, fertilization increased the saprophage and predator densities. Saprophages were the predominant taxa in the litter, while social insects (Formicidae) prevailed in the soil. Litter nematode populations were favored by mineral fertilization. Bacteriophages were the predominant nematode group in both litter and soil.
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Martins, Ana Luiza Privado, Glécio Machado Siqueira, Emanoel Gomes de Moura, Raimunda Alves Silva, Francisca Ferreira Farias und Alana das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar. „Can different soil fertilization regimes modify soil fauna to interfere in maize grain yield?“ OCTOBER 2020, Nr. 14(10):2020 (20.10.2020): 1541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.10.p1485.
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Soil fauna activities transform the soil, but soil organisms are also influenced by changes in the land. We hypothesize that different soil fertilization regimes modify soil fauna and in this way affect maize grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different soil fertilization regimes on the structure of the soil fauna and the association between these organisms and the maize grain yield. The experiment was conducted in Maranhão State (Brazil), in an alley crop system which was divided into 32 plots of 4×10 m, with four replicates and the following treatments: Gliricidia sepium – gliricidia (G), potassium (K), humic acid (HA), humic acid + potassium (HA + K), potassium + gliricidia (K + G), humic acid + potassium + gliricidia (HA + K + G), humic acid + gliricidia (HA + G) and uncovered soil (US). Soil fauna dominance, abundance, richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, and Pielou evenness index and maize grain yield were determined. Fertilization with humic acid and potassium caused the dominance of isopods. The dominance of ants was also related to soil potassium (K treatment). The only taxon associated with yield was Araneae. Although fauna abundance did not show differences between treatments, it was related to yield. This study does not confirm the hypothesis that different soil fertilization regimes affect soil fauna and consequently influence maize grain yield. Nevertheless, we confirm that maize grain yield may be improved by the presence of specific groups and by the increased abundance of soil fauna.
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Widyastuti, Rahayu. „Abundance, Biomass and Diversity of Soil Fauna at Different Ecosystems in Jakenan, Pati, Central Java“. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 6, Nr. 1 (01.04.2004): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.6.1.1-6.
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The assessment of soil fauna in three different ecosystems namely teak forest, home garden and fallow paddyfield hadbeen studied in Pati, Central Java. The soil fauna was collected using a soil corer of 20 cm diameter to the depth of 0-15 cmfrom 5 randomized points in the above ecosystems. The soil fauna was t$en extracted in a Berlese funnel extractor. Soil faunain the home garden showed a highest abundance (2 940 individual m--), followed by teak forest (2 340 individual m-?) and fallow paddy (1 790 individual m-?). Home garden had also a higher soil fauna diversity (2.06) compared to the teak forest (1.82) and fallow paddy (1.67). In terms of soil fauna biomass, teak forest had a higher value (961 mg m-3 compared to the home garden (368 mg m-3 and fallow paddy (309 mg m"). In these three ecosystems, two fauna groups, i.e. Collembola and Acari were the most abundant animals. Poor vegetation cover tend to reduce the population of soil fauna in the fallow paddj. field, whereas vegetation found in the home garden and teak forest protected the soil surface from direct sunshine and maintained soil moisture. This condition presumably provided a more favourable habitat for soil fauna. Thus, vegetation cover appears important to maintain soil moisture and soil living-organisms.
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Tomlin, A. D., und J. J. Miller. „Composition of the soil fauna in forested and grassy plots at Delhi, Ontario“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, Nr. 12 (01.12.1987): 3048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-462.
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There were several differences between invertebrate fauna collected from 15 cm deep cores taken from previously cultivated soil (now in grass) and fauna of a similar Fox loamy sand series in a nearby woodlot at Delhi, Ontario (42°51′ N, 80°30′W). Soil invertebrate populations in the grassy field were less dense (931 × 103 vs. 1853 × 103 animals/m2) and less diverse, had less than half of the biomass (1.2 vs. 2.9 g dry wt./m2), and exhibited little significant decrease in invertebrate densities with increasing soil depth compared with woodlot soil cores; woodlot soils exhibited significant decreases in invertebrate densities with increasing soil depth. The litter layer (LFH) of the woodlot provided the highest invertebrate densities and biomasses of any soil horizon tested over the 5-month sampling period. Percent abundances at both sites for most taxa were relatively similar; nematodes, protozoans, and mites were most abundant and earthworms, least abundant. The category "other arthropods" (including hexapods, myriapods, and araneids) was the largest contributor at both sites when taxa were ranked according to biomass. Earthworms were virtually nonexistent in the grassy field and were represented by only two species, Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny) (which was dominant in both abundance and biomass) and Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen), in woodlot soil. Woodlot faunal densities and biomasses for most taxa were similar to comparable Eurasian sites of similar climate and vegetation.
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Zan, Peng, Zijun Mao und Tao Sun. „Effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition in Chinese forests: a meta-analysis“. PeerJ 10 (10.01.2022): e12747. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12747.
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Litter quality and climate have been presumed to be the dominant factors regulating litter decomposition rates on broad spatial scales. However, the role of soil fauna on litter decomposition is poorly understood, despite the fact that it could strongly influence decomposition by fragmentation and subsequent modification of the activities of microorganisms.In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis on the effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition rates in Chinese forests, ranging from boreal to tropical forests, based on data from 20 studies. The effects of climatic factors on decomposition rate were assessed by comparing the contribution of soil fauna to litter decomposition from studies carried out at different latitudes.The degree of influence of the soil fauna was in the order tropical (200%) > subtropical (47%) > temperate forest (28%). Comparing the effect size of soil fauna, it was found that when soil fauna was excluded, the decomposition rate, calculated using Olson’s equation, was most affected in tropical forest (−0.77), while the litter decomposition rate both subtropical (−0.36) and temperate forest (−0.19) were also suppressed to varying degrees (P < 0.001). These results highlight that soil fauna could promote litter decomposition to different extents. Using stepwise multiple linear regression, the effect size of the soil fauna was negatively correlated with the cellulose and nitrogen concentrations of the initial litter material. In Chinese forests, litter decomposition rates were reduced, on average, by 65% when soil fauna was excluded. The impact of soil fauna on decomposition was shown to be closely related to climate and litter quality.
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Zhang, Panpan, Chenchen Zhang, Shunping Ding, Ziqi Bian, Peikun Li, Jian Zhang und Shengyan Ding. „Response of Soil Fauna Diversity to Agricultural Landscape Het-Erogeneity in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River—A Case Study in Gongyi City, China“. Diversity 14, Nr. 8 (28.07.2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080602.
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Soil fauna contribute to important ecological functions such as improving soil structure and promoting nutrient circulation. They are the common environmental indicators in agricultural landscape. Therefore, this study took Gongyi City, Henan Province, China, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, as the study area, to explore the impact of multi-scale landscape heterogeneity on soil fauna diversity and the response of soil fauna to it. Our results showed that patch types and degree of fragmentation in the study area increased significantly with the increase of spatial scale. The diversity indices of soil fauna in different habitats showed that the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s diversity index, Pielou’s evenness index, and Margalef richness index were the lowest in farmland habitat. Diversity indices of artificial forests were higher than those of natural forests. Diversity indices of soil fauna under different geomorphic conditions showed that Pielou’s evenness index and Margalef richness index had significant differences under different geomorphic conditions (p < 0.05). The effects of multi-scale landscape heterogeneity on soil fauna diversity were different. In the 150 m buffer zone, soil fauna community composition and diversity indices were strongly correlated with patch richness index, patch richness density, and other landscape indices (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the contribution rate of landscape index to soil fauna community composition were 45.05%, 32.5%, and 42% in farmland, plantation, and natural forest, respectively. Therefore, the 150 m buffer zone could be used as the characteristic response scale of soil fauna diversity. The multi-scale interaction of landform, habitat, and landscape also had a significant impact on soil fauna diversity.
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Tarmeji, Achmad. „Relation of Organic Materials to the Presence of Soil Fauna in the Different Age of Post-Mine Land Rehabilitation“. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Tropika Lembab 1, Nr. 1 (31.07.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35941/jatl.1.1.2018.1500.1-10.
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The research was conducted the status of soil organic matter, soil fauna diversity index types and relationship the presence of organic matter to the soil fauna at different post – mining land rehabilitation age. Research methods throught the stages of direct observation and description in the field as well as analysis in the laboratory. Observasion data was determined based on post-mining land rehabilitation at different age: 1,5 and 10 years. While the data were analyzed in the laboratory was the sample data of land that serves as the data linking organic matter in the presence of soil fauna at different post-mining land rehabilitation age. The result showed that the number of soil fauna on post-mining land rehabilitation increased with increased in the status of organic matter. The longer the age of reclamation, the wider range of soil fauna available. This showed that the longer the age of rehabilitation, this the soil organic matter, the number and diversity of soil fauna was also increased.
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Giácomo, R. G., R. C. Souza, M. C. Alves, M. G. Pereira, O. G. Arruda und A. P. González. „Soil fauna: Bioindicator of soil recovery in Brazilian savannah“. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias - Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 12, Nr. 2 (30.03.2017): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5039/agraria.v12i2a5443.
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Bunnenberg, C., und M. Taeschner. „Soil Fauna Transport Versus Radionuclide Migration“. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 92, Nr. 1 (01.11.2000): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a033280.
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Marsandi, Fenky, Hermansah, Agustian und Syafrimen Yasin. „CHANGES OF SOIL FAUNA DIVERSITY IN SEVERAL TYPES OF SUPER WET TROPICAL RAIN FOREST AREA“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, Nr. 7 (31.07.2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.714.
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Land type changes in the super wet tropical rain forest area caused fluctuations in the diversity of soil fauna which caused disruption of ecosystem balance. This research was conducted for four months, in November 2017-February 2018. Data on soil fauna was taken using pitfall traps and hand sorting. Furthermore, the soil fauna data obtained were identified and calculated the value of the diversity index, evenness and dominance on each type of land for four months. The results showed that forests had a high diversity index of soil fauna, which were 3,134, 3,313 and 3,314 in the first to the third month. While in the 4th month the forest diversity index decreased to 2,981. In open land, the soil fauna diversity index value is moderate, which is 2.631, 2.998, 2.782 and the diversity index increases in the fourth month, is 3.084. Mixed gardens have a value of the fauna diversity index of 2,728, 3,113, 2,870 and increased in the fourth month of 3,084. Whereas monoculture gardens have diversity index values of 2,527, 3,214, 2,935 and 2,927. Changes in land types of super wet tropical rainforests have an effect on changes in the level of diversity of soil fauna and not always these changes reduce the level of diversity of soil fauna.
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Lemic, Darija, Ivana Pajač Živković, Marija Posarić und Renata Bažok. „Influence of Pre-Sowing Operations on Soil-Dwelling Fauna in Soybean Cultivation“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 6 (21.05.2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060474.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different pre-sowing operations on the abundance and composition of total soil fauna in soybean cultivation, with special attention to carabids as biological indicators of agroecosystem quality. The study was conducted in central Croatia with six different pre-sowing activities (cover crop, mulching, ploughing, glyphosate, fertiliser removal, conventional tillage). Pitfall traps were used to collect soil fauna in April, June and September. After determining the abundance and composition of the fauna, their coenological characteristics were calculated and statistical analysis was performed. During the study, 7836 individuals of soil fauna were collected. The composition consisted of 84% beneficial, 8% harmful and 8% indifferent fauna. Class Insecta was the most numerous with a proportion of 56%, with most members of the family Carabidae (1622 individuals), followed by the class Arachnida (40%). The number of fauna collected was influenced by the interaction between pre-seeding intervention and sampling date. Pre-seeding interventions that did not involve soil activities did not affect the number and composition of soil fauna at the beginning of vegetation. Mechanical interventions in the soil and warmer and drier weather have a negative effect on the number and composition of soil fauna. As the season progresses, the influence of pre-sowing activities on soil fauna in soybean crops decreases. It seems that a reduction in mechanical activities in the shallow seed layer of the soil has a positive effect on species richness or diversity. Of particular note is the large proportion of beneficial insects that currently colonise the study area, characterising soil richness and stable natural equilibrium.
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Tan, Yu, Kaijun Yang, Zhenfeng Xu, Li Zhang, Han Li, Chengming You und Bo Tan. „The Contributions of Soil Fauna to the Accumulation of Humic Substances during Litter Humification in Cold Forests“. Forests 13, Nr. 8 (04.08.2022): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081235.
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Litter humification is an essential process of soil carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems, but the relationship between soil fauna and humic substances has not been well understood. Therefore, a field litterbag experiment with manipulation of soil fauna was carried out in different soil frozen seasons over one year in cold forests. The foliar litter of four dominated tree species was selected as Birch (Betula albosinensis), Fir (Abies fargesii var. faxoniana), Willow (Salix paraplesia), and Cypress (Juniperus saltuaria). We studied the contribution of soil fauna to the accumulation of humic substances (including humic acid and fulvic acid) and humification degree as litter humification proceeding. The results showed that soil fauna with litter property and environmental factor jointly determined the accumulation of humic substances (humic acid and fulvic acid) and humification degree of four litters. After one year of incubation, the contribution rates of soil fauna to the accumulation of humic substances were 109.06%, 71.48%, 11.22%, and −44.43% for the litter of fir, cypress, birch, and willow, respectively. Compared with other stages, both growing season and leaf falling stage could be favorable to the contributions of soil fauna to the accumulation of humic substances in the litter of birch, fir, and cypress rather than in willow litter. In contrast, the contribution rates of soil fauna to humification degree were −49.20%, −7.63%, −13.27%, and 12.66% for the litter of fir, cypress, birch, and willow, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that temperature changes at different sampling stages and litter quality exhibited dominant roles in the contributions of soil fauna on the accumulation of humus and litter humifiaction degree in the cold forests. Overall, the present results highlight that soil fauna could play vital roles in the process of litter humification and those strengths varied among species and seasons.
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Tan, Yu, Wanqin Yang, Xiangyin Ni, Bo Tan, Kai Yue, Rui Cao, Shu Liao und Fuzhong Wu. „Soil fauna affects the optical properties in alkaline solutions extracted (humic acid-like) from forest litters during different phenological periods“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 99, Nr. 2 (01.06.2019): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2018-0081.
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The formation of soil organic matter via humification of plant litter is important for long-term carbon sequestration in forests; however, whether soil fauna affects litter humification is unclear. In this study, we quantified the effects of soil fauna on the optical properties (i.e., ΔlogK and E4/E6) of the alkaline-extracted humic acid-like solutions of four foliar litters by removing soil fauna via litterbags with different mesh sizes in two subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. Litterbags were collected at the leaf falling, budding, expanding, maturation, and senescence stages from November 2013 to October 2015 to assess whether the effects of soil fauna on litter humification vary in different plant phenology periods. The results showed that soil fauna significantly reduced the ΔlogK and E4/E6 values in the leaf expanding stage of oak litter and in the leaf falling stage of camphor and fir litters. The richness index of soil fauna explained 21%, 55%, 19%, and 45% of the variations in the E4/E6 values for oak, fir, camphor, and pine litters, respectively. The effects of litter water content on these optical properties were greater than that of temperature. These results indicated that soil fauna plays a key role in litter humification in the leaf expanding and falling stages and are potentially involved in soil carbon sequestration in these subtropical forests.
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Stork, Nigel E., und Paul Eggleton. „Invertebrates as determinants and indicators of soil quality“. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7, Nr. 1-2 (Juni 1992): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004446.
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AbstractInvertebrates are an integral part of soils and are important in determining the suitability of soils for the sustainable production of healthy crops or trees. We discuss the importance of the soil invertebrate fauna in relation to terrestrial habitats and global biodiversity as we understand it. We describe the role of the main invertebrate groups in soils, including earthworms, termites, springtails, and nematodes, and how they determine soil quality. Practical problems in dealing with the invertebrate fauna include sampling, taxonomy and availability of biological information on species. Various measures are available that use invertebrates to assess soil quality, each with its advantages and disadvantages. They include abundance, biomass, density, species richness, trophic/guild structure, food web structure, keystone species and ecosystem engineers. We propose the three most useful and practical of these as suitable to be combined with other biological (microbial) and non-biological (hydrological, physical, chemical) criteria into a single index of soil quality that might be used on a regional, if not international basis.
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Peña-Santiago, R., J. Abolafia, P. Guerrero, G. Liébanas und M. Peralta. „Soil and freshwater nematodes of the Iberian fauna: A synthesis“. Graellsia 62, Nr. 2 (30.12.2006): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2006.v62.i2.65.
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Geissen, Violette, Joachim Gehrmann und Lutz Genssler. „Relationships between soil properties and feeding activity of soil fauna in acid forest soils“. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2007): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200625050.
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Langraf, V., K. Petrovičová, J. Schlarmannová, S. David, T. A. Avtaeva und V. V. Brygadyrenko. „Assessment of soil quality in agroecosystems based on soil fauna“. Biosystems Diversity 29, Nr. 4 (28.11.2021): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012140.
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Soil arthropods respond sensitively to land management practices and correlate with beneficial soil functions. The aim of this research was to determine soil quality using the QBS index in different types of crops and influence of soil variables (pH soil, soil moisture, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen) on soil arthropods. Between the years 2018 and 2020, we studied different types of crops (Brassica napus, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta, Zea mays, Grass mixture and Hordeum vulgare) and recorded 14 taxa. Our results suggest a higher QBS index value in crops grass mixture, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta. The EMI value grew with increasing values of soil moisture, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; indicating the presence of soil arthropods occurring in higher quality soil. Our results suggest that agricultural intensification affects soil arthropods, which are important for the production of biomass, which also affects crop yields.
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Langraf, V., K. Petrovičová, J. Schlarmannová, S. David, T. A. Avtaeva und V. V. Brygadyrenko. „Assessment of soil quality in agroecosystems based on soil fauna“. Biosystems Diversity 29, Nr. 4 (28.11.2021): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/10.15421/012140.
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Soil arthropods respond sensitively to land management practices and correlate with beneficial soil functions. The aim of this research was to determine soil quality using the QBS index in different types of crops and influence of soil variables (pH soil, soil moisture, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen) on soil arthropods. Between the years 2018 and 2020, we studied different types of crops (Brassica napus, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta, Zea mays, Grass mixture and Hordeum vulgare) and recorded 14 taxa. Our results suggest a higher QBS index value in crops grass mixture, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta. The EMI value grew with increasing values of soil moisture, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; indicating the presence of soil arthropods occurring in higher quality soil. Our results suggest that agricultural intensification affects soil arthropods, which are important for the production of biomass, which also affects crop yields.
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Kiss, Tamsyn B. W., Xiaohui Chen und Mark E. Hodson. „Interspecies variation in survival of soil fauna in flooded soil“. Applied Soil Ecology 158 (Februar 2021): 103787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103787.
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Leakey, R. J. G., und John Proctor. „Invertebrates in the litter and soil at a range of altitudes on Gunung Silam, a small ultrabasic mountain in Sabah“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 3, Nr. 2 (Mai 1987): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000184x.
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ABSTRACTThe numbers and biomass of litter and soil invertebrate fauna were investigated in six plots at altitudes of 280 m, 330 m, 480 m, 610 m, 790 m and 870 m on Gunung Silam, Sabah, East Malaysia. There were relatively high numbers and biomass in the lower plots, where the Oligochaeta were a high proportion of the total invertebrate biomass. The biomass of other invertebrate groups was low in the soil. There was a marked effect of altitude, particularly for the Oligochaeta above 610 m. The low biomass of the Oligochaeta in the higher plots suggested that the importance of this group may be diminished at relatively low altitudes on small mountains. However, several other soil faunal groups showed no evidence of an altitudinal effect, and it is suggested that the stunted forests near the summits of small mountains such as Gunung Silam may have a different litter and soil fauna from forests of a similar physiognomy at high elevations on large mountains.
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Chauvat, Matthieu, Andrei S. Zaitsev, Ernst Gabriel und Volkmar Wolters. „How do soil fauna and soil microbiota respond to beech forest growth?“ Current Zoology 55, Nr. 4 (01.08.2009): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/55.4.272.
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Abstract The dynamics and performance of soil biota during forest rotation were studied in monoculture beech stands forming a chronosequence of four different age-classes (30, 62, 111, 153 yr). Biomass was monitored in major groups of microflora, microfauna, mesofauna, and macrofauna. Resource availability (litter layer, soil organic mater), biomass of the two dominant decomposer groups (microflora, earthworms) as well as the biomass of mesofauna and microfauna were found to remain quite stable during forest succession. Nevertheless, the marked increase of the biomasses of primary decomposers (fungi, saprophagous macroinvertebrates) in the 62-year-old stand, followed by an increase of the biomasses of macropredators in the 111-year-old stand, indicate substantial changes of several components of edaphic communities during forest development. However, constant values of soil respiration suggest that the overall performance of the soil food web does not change during beech forest succession. Thus, the decomposer system of lowland managed beech forests on calcareous soils seems to be very stable over time. We suggest that earthworm activity might have masked impacts of forest development on other soil biota and led to an astounding stability of decomposer assemblages during beech forest rotation.
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Sohlenius, Bjorn, und Sven Bostrom. „Effects of global warming on nematode diversity in a Swedish tundra soil - a soil transplantation experiment“. Nematology 1, Nr. 7 (1999): 695–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854199508720.
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AbstractThe implications of global warming on nematode populations were studied in a soil transplantation experiment. Blocks of peat from an ombrotrophic mire at Abisko, northern Sweden, were transplanted to nine warmer sites in Sweden in June 1996. The changes in nematode abundance and species composition were followed by monthly samplings from July to December 1996 with a final sampling in June 1997. In all sites except the most northern the total nematode numbers increased during the study period. However, especially at the three northern-most sites the composition of the nematode fauna changed very little. Most species from the mire survived in all transplants and the number of immigrating species was low. The most clearcut effects on faunal composition were seen in blocks transferred to open sites in central and southern Sweden. This was also indicated by the Maturity index (sensu Bongers) and Renkonen numbers (comparing similarity in fauna structure between source site and transplantation sites). These parameters had the lowest values in blocks placed in the exposed sites where the greatest fluctations in temperature and moisture occurred. One conclusion of the study is that a climatic change has no rapid influence on the composition of the nematode fauna; soil structure and vegetation have a stronger influence. If the soil structure and vegetation start to change this will certainly also influence the nematode fauna. Upon warming above certain temperature thresholds, expected changes would result in an increased rate of mineralization followed by higher abundance of fungal and bacterial feeders belonging to the Secernentea. Influence du rechauffement terrestre sur la diversite des nematodes dans un sol de toundra suedoise - une experience de transfert de sol - Une experience fondee sur des transferts de sol a permis d'etudier l'influence du rechauffement terrestre sur les peuplements de nematodes. Des blocs de tourbe provenant d'un bas-fond ombrotrophique d'Abisko (nord de la Suede) ont ete transferes en neuf sites plus chauds de la Suede en juin 1996. Les changements dans l'abondance des nematodes et la composition en especes ont ete suivis grace a des prelevements mensuels de juillet a decembre 1996, un prelevement final ayant eu lieu en juin 1997. Pour tous les sites, excepte le plus septentrional, le nombre total de nematodes a augmente pendant la duree de l'etude. Toutefois, et plus particulierement pour les trois sites septentrionaux, la composition de la faune est tres peu modifiee. La plupart des especes presentes dans le bas-fond subsistent dans tous les lots transferes, le nombre d'especes y migrant restant d'autre part faible. Les effets les plus nets sur la composition faunistique sont observes dans les blocs transferes dans des sites degages de Suede centrale et meridionale. Cela est corrobore par l'index de maturite (sensu Bongers) et les nombres de Renkonen (comparant la similarite de la structure faunistique dans le site original et dans les sites de transfert). Ces parametres ont les valeurs les plus faibles dans les blocs places dans des endroits exposes ou s'observent les plus fortes fluctuations de temperature et d'humidite. Une des conclusions de cette etude est que l'influence des changements climatiques sur la composition des peuplements nematologiques n'est pas rapide, la structure du sol et la vegetation ayant une influence beaucoup plus forte. Si ces deux derniers parametres commencent a se modifier, ce phenomene influera certainement sur le peuplement nematologique. En cas de rechauffement au-dessus d'un certain seuil, les modifications attendues pourraient provoquer une augmentation du taux de mineralisation, suivie par une plus grande abondance de fongivores et de bacillivores appartenant aux Secernentea.
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Anderson, Jonathan Michael. „Why should we care about soil fauna?“ Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, Nr. 8 (August 2009): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800006.
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The reasons why we care about soil fauna are related to their intrinsic, utilitarian and functional values. The intrinsic values embrace aesthetic or moral reasons for conserving below-ground biodiversity. Unfortunately, the protection of soil invertebrates has rarely been a criterion for avoiding changes in land use and management. Utilitarian, or direct use values, have been investigated more extensively for fungi, bacteria and marine invertebrates than for soil fauna. However, some traditional remedies, novel enzymes and pharmaceutical compounds have been derived from earthworms, termites and other groups, and gut symbionts may provide microbial strains with interesting properties for biotechnology. The functional importance of soil invertebrates in ecosystem processes has been a major focus of research in recent decades. It is suggested herein that it is rarely possible to identify the role of soil invertebrates as rate determinants of soil processes at plot and ecosystem scales of hectares and above because other biophysical controls override their effects. There are situations, however, where the activities of functional groups of soil animals, even of species, are synchronised in space or time by plant events, resource inputs, seasonality or other perturbations to the system, and their emergent effects are detectable as higher order controls.