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1
Nath, Lopita. „The Socio-economic history of Assam in the 18th and 19th centuries : a study of the transition“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1287.
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2
Shahjahan, Ali Sheikh. „Displacement and livelihood changes in erosion affected char areas in Assam; a socio - economic study of Dhubri District“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4351.
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Özkutlu, Seyit. „Medieval Famagusta : socio-economic and socio-cultural dynamics (13th to 15th centuries)“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6111/.
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This dissertation examines the socio-economic and socio-cultural dynamics of medieval Famagusta from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries. Contrary to the traditional historiography suggesting that Famagusta enjoyed commercial privilege after the fall of Acre in 1291 and lost its importance with the Genoese occupation of the city in 1374, this work offers more detailed analysis of economic and social dynamics of the late medieval Famagusta by examining wide-range of archival evidence and argues that Famagusta maintained its commercial importance until the late fifteenth century. In late medieval ages, Famagusta enjoyed economic prosperity due to its crucial role in Levant trade as a supplier and distributor of agricultural and luxury merchandise. It hosted nearly all prominent Genoese, Venetian, and Tuscan merchant companies and become one of the most important part of the Levantine trade policy of Venice and Genoa. Moreover, beside the economic growth Famagusta also witnessed social and cultural prosperity which enabled it to bear the title 'emporium'. People from almost every nation lived, visited, co-operated, and enjoyed the cultural wealth where the cultural differences were far from being social disintegration factor. By analysing notarial, fiscal, ecclesiastical and visual evidence from the period under examination, the main elements that are necessary to understand the evolution of medieval 'emporium', such as economic, social, cultural, administrative and urban dynamics, are scrutinized in order to draw more consistent conclusions. Regarding the lack of any monograph on this subject, this dissertation provides the first comprehensive analysis of economic and socio-cultural dynamics of late medieval Famagusta.
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Das, Tiken Chandra. „A Socio-economic study of the income, consumption and indebtedness of agricultural labourers in Assam with special reference to Barpeta district“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/293.
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Tzouvala, Konstantina. „Letters of blood and fire : a socio-economic history of international law“. Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11806/.
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The financial crash of 2007-2008 brought words like ‘capitalism’, ‘capital’, and ‘socialism’ back in vogue. However, the discipline of international law remains to reflect systematically on its relationship with the ways in which wealth and power are produced and distributed. This thesis examines the relationship between international law, imperialism and capitalism through historical lenses, arguing that the diffusion of capitalist relations is a core function of international law. Analysing the nineteenth-century ‘standard of civilisation’, I contend that transforming (semi)colonised polities into centralised, territorialised states operating as guarantors of capitalist relations of production was at the core of the concept. Extraterritoriality in Japan and the Ottoman Empire serves as a case study to verify this statement and to highlight the transformative functions of the ‘civilising mission’. The Mandates System of the League of Nations established a system of partial internationalisation of this transformative process, while attempting to safeguard the long-term interests of capital through the introduction of limited forms of welfarism. My thesis then argues that decolonisation assumed the form of national statehood due to the transformative functions of nineteenth-century international law. Therefore, the attempt to push for a New International Economic Order was both a challenge to contemporary international law and a reaffirmation of its role in promoting capitalist relations on a global level. These reformist attempts did not succeed, however, and a new model of capitalist accumulation, neoliberalism, became hegemonic after 1990. The quantitative expansion and qualitative refinement of international law during that period was intrinsically linked to the neoliberal aversion to democratic and mass politics. The neoliberal reconstruction of Iraq in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion is interpreted in the light of this reality. In so doing, my thesis highlights the ongoing synergies between international law and capitalist expansion.
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Kemp, Simon. „Socio-economic structure and the small market town : North Berkshire c 1520-1640“. Thesis, Open University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294225.
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Stavrou, Athanasia. „Socio-economic conditions in 14th and 15th century Thessalonike : a new approach“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1630/.
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The thesis deals with the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the city of Thessalonikê in the 14th and 15th centuries. One of the main aims is to address certain methodological issues linked to the period of transition from the Byzantine to the Ottoman Empire. In this effort, we have employed as an analytical tool the economic theory of New Institutional Economics, which lays significant importance in the study of the institutional framework of societies. The main strands of the thesis are two: firstly, the exploration of the ideological concerns, internal conflicts and response of the Thessalonian society to the changing political environment until the final subjection of the city to the Ottoman Turks in 1430. Secondly, the behaviour of the Thessalonian elite in terms of social and economic practice through an examination of its relationship with the Athonite monasteries and the Late Byzantine state. Our ultimate goal is to shed light on the way provincial elite of Thessalonikê adapted to the political and economic conditions that prevailed in the Late Byzantine period.
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Dlamini, Lomakhosi G. „Socio-economic and political constraints on constitutional reform in Swaziland“. University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4327_1197279930.
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This study looked at socio-economic and political constraints on constitutional reform in Swaziland, an independent state with a fully autonomous government that falls under the Monarch who is Head of State. Swaziland maintains strong economic and trading links with South Africa and also maintains such ties with other states, especially in the Southern African Development Community region. Up untill 1973, the country's constitution was Westminister based. This was evoked and replaced with a system designed to facilitate the practice of both western and traditional styles of government. This system incorporated the system known as Tinkhundla and provides for the people to elect candidates to be their parliamentary representatives for specific constituencies.
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Höhne-Sparborth, Thomas. „The socio-economic spill-over effects of armed conflict on neighbouring countries“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3691/.
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This thesis explores the channels by which armed conflict may have wider regional effects through socio-economic spill-over effects. Collier (1999) has explored the economic consequences of civil war and other authors such as Murdoch and Sandler (2004) and de Groot (2010) have sought to verify the existence of neighbourhood effects through quantitative, large-N studies. These studies have only found mixed evidence of a net negative effect and have failed to identify the channels through which conflict affects neighbouring countries. This thesis adopts a case study approach to complement the longitudinal studies that have dominated the analysis of spill-over effects, focusing its primary case study on the example of Zambia, which experienced prolonged exposure to conflicts in Rhodesia, Mozambique, Angola and the DRC. Progressing from a survey of potential spill-over effects postulated in the existing literature, this thesis finds that the actual neighbourhood effects on Zambia have been more numerous and more ambiguous than previously acknowledged. In separate chapters on trade and investment, human capital and migration, food security, and military expenditure, this thesis assesses the range of effects by which these conflicts affected Zambia’s development. The thesis argues that trade and investment, agricultural policies, food security, and the escalation of government debt were affected by the pattern of regional instability, often in unexpected ways that defy easy generalisation. In addition to the Zambian case, the thesis offers a comparison with examples from Malawi, Belize, Jordan and Thailand. These supporting case studies demonstrate that the mechanisms identified in the study have widespread relevance in varied conflict situations, but that the net effect of individual channels of spill-over are dependent on local risk factors and policies. The thesis concludes with the provision of a framework outlining the various channels by which spill-over occurs, the risk factors involved, and possible policy responses.
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Perkins, John Drummond. „Daniel's Battery: A Narrative History and Socio-Economic Study of the Ninth Texas Field Battery“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332573/.
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This thesis combines a traditional narrative history of a Confederate artillery battery with a socio-economic study of its members. A database was constructed using the Compiled Service Records, 1860 census, and county tax rolls. The information revealed similarities between the unit's members and their home area. Captain James M. Daniel organized the battery in Paris, Texas and it entered Confederate service in January 1862. The battery served in Walker's Texas Division. It was part of a reserve force at the Battle of Milliken's Bend and was involved in the battles of Bayou Bourbeau, Mansfield, and Pleasant Hill. The battery also shelled Union ships on the Mississippi River. Daniel's Battery officially surrendered at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in May 1865.
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Rai, Bhawna. „History of the Darjeeling Himalayan railway and its socio-economic impact on Darjeeling (1880-1999)“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2014. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/941.
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Spiegl, Steven. „Communal responses to socio-economic problems in Italy and Gaul, 31 BC - AD 284“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/communal-responses-to-socioeconomic-problems-in-italy-and-gaul-31-bc--ad-284(4437edaa-53fa-4a57-8897-879bec4747b6).html.
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This thesis looks at the nature and evolution of communal responses to socio-economic problems in imperial Italy and Gaul. Ancient analysis of this topic tended to view any popular expression of discontent as the result of the moral failings of the plebs, or, somewhat more generously, as being due to poverty. These two lines of thought have had an effect on modern scholarship, shaping opinion not only on how the Roman elite viewed the general population, but also influencing and distorting our view of the actual situation. In some cases, poverty certainly was the underlying cause of unrest, as it has so often been throughout human history; to see it as the sole cause (and to imagine that the Romans perceived it to be the sole cause) is, however, an oversimplification. This thesis aims to show that a complex array of factors was responsible for those popular actions (e.g. grain riots) traditionally seen as reactions to deprivation. It will be seen that not only the socio-economic problems that caused these actions, but also the underlying customs and social mores that dictated how people reacted to these problems were manifold. In addition to showing the socio-economic complexities that dictated popular response, this thesis will show that said response could take a variety of forms, and that just as we must steer ourselves away from simplistic adages like panem et circenses when searching for a cause, we must move beyond the more sensational instances of violence, crime and unrest when looking for a response. A number of reactions, from beggary to banditry, are therefore considered, in order to show the various communal responses available to those at the lower end of the socio-economic scale. Given the vast amount of time and space covered, this thesis will explore diachronic and geographical developments in the nature of communal response. By considering the wider socio-economic developments that precipitated the various responses considered, it will be shown that there was indeed a distinct evolution in the way in which the people reacted to specific stimuli, governed by factors such as the amount of imperial contact, adherence to pre-existing social structures, and, interestingly, a growing sense of popular political involvement.
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Compaore, Eveline Marie Fulbert Windinmi. „The role of the National Innovation Systems Framework in facilitating socio-economic development in Burkina Faso : model and policy practice“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/36975/.
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Since the 1960s the government of Burkina Faso has consistently sought to implement new development policies to improve the economic and social conditions of its people. Until the end of the 1990s these efforts have been disappointing and unsatisfactory. In the early 2000s there was a shift towards a knowledge-centred development policy and policy makers trusted that it would bring about the sough-after improvements. In 2006 Burkina Faso chose to adopt the National Innovation Systems (NIS) framework as a policy tool to implement this new policy. Drawing on a broader definition of technology that covers social technologies, this thesis used the ST-Systems analytical concept to chart the adoption and diffusion of the NIS policy tool at two levels, namely at strategic policy level and at the operational level, focusing here on the case of Bt cotton which was officially introduced to Burkina Faso in 2003. Ethnographic methods, including in-depth interviews with policy makers, farmers, Monsanto representatives, civil society actors and researchers, were used to gain new insights into the difficulties encountered by these actors when trying to implement the NIS policy tool. 60 interviews were analyzed against a backdrop of detailed historical studies, based on examining a large amount of grey literature, published between 1961 and 2016. Findings show that the implementation of the NIS policy for innovation diffusion for socio-economic development in Burkina Faso was shaped by local actors competing for control of financial resources and power positions. The new tool also had to compete with older, more familiar tools. In the end, it failed to bring about the expected improvements in policy design and practice at sectoral level. The thesis is among the first to have studied empirically the transfer processes of the NIS policy tool for innovation diffusion in an African country (Burkina Faso) through a case study focusing on the introduction of Bt cotton. The results achieved should contribute to more informed development policy-making in Burkina Faso.
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Southard, Nicole. „The Socio-Political and Economic Causes of Natural Disasters“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1720.
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To effectively prevent and mitigate the outbreak of natural disasters is a more pressing issue in the twenty-first century than ever before. The frequency and cost of natural disasters is rising globally, most especially in developing countries where the most severe effects of climate change are felt. However, while climate change is indeed a strong force impacting the severity of contemporary catastrophes, it is not directly responsible for the exorbitant cost of the damage and suffering incurred from natural disasters -- both financially and in terms of human life. Rather, the true root causes of natural disasters lie within the power systems at play in any given society when these regions come into contact with a hazard event. Historic processes of isolation, oppression, and exploitation, combined with contemporary international power systems, interact in complex ways to affect different socioeconomic classes distinctly. The result is to create vulnerability and scarcity among the most defenseless communities. These processes affect a society’s ideological orientation and their cultural norms, empowering some while isolating others. When the resulting dynamic socio-political pressures and root causes come into contact with a natural hazard, a disaster is likely to follow due to the high vulnerability of certain groups and their inability to adapt as conditions change. In this light, the following discussion exposes the anthropogenic roots of natural disasters by conducting a detailed case analysis of natural disasters in Haiti, Ethiopia, and Nepal.
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Nilsson, Rasmus. „SOPHIE OCH (DEN RATIONELLA?) KÄRLEKEN : Ekonomi och familj i bildandet av ett 1870-talets kärleksäktenskap“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328771.
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This study considers the changing ideals of marriage during the 19th century as reflected in acollection of Swedish bourgeoisie love-letters from the 1870s. Through a combined quantitative andqualitative effort the goal is to establish how adherents to the relatively new ideal of marriage forthe sake of romantic love; thought, wrote and experienced the material aspects of marriage. It alsoaspires to shed light on how traditional family influence on the marital sphere survived the proposedshift in ideals.The study finds that family, economy and shared feelings were themes that dominated the letters.Individuals that adhered to the ideal of romantic love spent considerable time realizing the materialpre-requisites of marriage. This leads to a conclusion that marriage ideals and marriage practiceevolved at different paces. Family influence largely survived the change of ideals through paternalauthority, individual immersion in the family-dominated socio-economic network and aspirations ofthe young to retain the socio-economic status of their elders.
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Hossain, Mohammad Parvez. „Chronic kidney disease (CKD) : natural history and impact of socio-economic factors as well as health service provisions“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574569.
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Background: Worldwide, the rapidly rising prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKO) and the impact of adverse outcomes including endstage renal disease (ESRO) on renal replacement therapy (RRT) and cardiovascular rnorbiditv and mortalitv are an increasing public health burden. Aims: To investigate the natural history of CKO; the predictors of progression and regression of CKO in a clinic population, including demographic, clinical and socio-economic factors and explore the implications for health services of variations in prevalence and severity Methods: A retrospective cohort was established and data collected using clinic records and postal questionnaires Models were developed of the predictors of outcomes in CKO patients attending a single clinic and by using geographical information system (GIS), to investigate socioeconomic inequalities in terms of workload for primary care at area level in Sheffield, UK Results: In a cohort of 918 patients, 22% of the patients had regression 44~'O remained stable, only 34% experienced progression. This was despite of the vast majority presenting with late stages of CKO; mainly stages 3 and 4. In the multivariare model. beyond the expected predictors that reflected reversal of traditional risk of progression such as lower baseline SBP and lower proteinuria, we observed that lower baseline. eGFR and serum phosphorous, higher haemoglobin and not using ACEi/ARB were independent predictors of regression CKO patients from the most deprived areas experienced a higher proportion of progression as well as a faster rate of progression of CKD compared to those lived in the least deprived areas (lMO quintile 5 44% progression and 13%) rapid progression; IMD quintile 1. 13% progression and 6% fast progression). Furthermore, we found those who living in more deprived areas, a strong independent risk for presentations with heavy proteinuria and progression and rapid progression of CKD. We also found, there was significant clustering of ('KO patients referred to the hospital in the most deprived areas Both the prevalence of CKO and associated conditions (OM, HTN, CHO, and Obesity) and case load per general practitioner (GP) were significantly higher in deprived areas. Conclusions: Predictors of progression and regression need to be better understood in order to inform prognosis and clinical practice Health commissioners and providers need to ensure that high quality services for early identification and active management of CKO are available, particularly in relatively deprived areas.
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Hughes, Michael Grant. „The symbolic, socio-economic and exchange value of Imperial German and National Socialist medals and badges, 1701 to the present“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7584/.
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This thesis examines the manufacture, use, exchange (including gift exchange), collecting and commodification of German medals and badges from the early 18th century until the present-day, with particular attention being given to the symbols that were deployed by the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) between 1919 and 1945. It does so by focusing in particular on the construction of value through insignia, and how such badges and their symbolic and monetary value changed over time. In order to achieve this, the thesis adopts a chronological structure, which encompasses the creation of Prussia in 1701, the Napoleonic wars and the increased democratisation of military awards such as the Iron Cross during the Great War. The collapse of the Kaiserreich in 1918 was the major factor that led to the creation of the NSDAP under the eventual strangle-hold of Hitler, a fundamentally racist and anti-Semitic movement that continued the German tradition of awarding and wearing badges. The traditional symbols of Imperial Germany, such as the eagle, were then infused with the swastika, an emblem that was meant to signify anti-Semitism, thus creating a hybrid identity. This combination was then replicated en-masse, and eventually eclipsed all the symbols that had possessed symbolic significance in Germany’s past. After Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933, millions of medals and badges were produced in an effort to create a racially based “People’s Community”, but the steel and iron that were required for munitions eventually led to substitute materials being utilised and developed in order to manufacture millions of politically oriented badges. The Second World War unleashed Nazi terror across Europe, and the conscripts and volunteers who took part in this fight for living-space were rewarded with medals that were modelled on those that had been instituted during Imperial times. The colonial conquest and occupation of the East by the Wehrmacht, the Order Police and the Waffen-SS surpassed the brutality of former wars that finally culminated in the Holocaust, and some of these horrific crimes and the perpetrators of them were perversely rewarded with medals and badges. Despite Nazism being thoroughly discredited, many of the Allied soldiers who occupied Germany took part in the age-old practice of obtaining trophies of war, which reconfigured the meaning of Nazi badges as souvenirs, and began the process of their increased commodification on an emerging secondary collectors’ market. In order to analyse the dynamics of this market, a “basket” of badges is examined that enables a discussion of the role that aesthetics, scarcity and authenticity have in determining the price of the artefacts. In summary, this thesis demonstrates how the symbolic, socio-economic and exchange value of German military and political medals and badges has changed substantially over time, provides a stimulus for scholars to conduct research in this under-developed area, and encourages collectors to investigate the artefacts that they collect in a more historically contextualised manner.
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Morrison, Jean. „Bajau gender : a study of the effects of socio-economic change on gender relations in a fishing community of Sabah, East Malaysia“. Thesis, University of Hull, 1993. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3711.
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Sabric, Deborah Ann. „A comparative analysis of education reform and its impact on socio-economic reform in the twentieth century“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276193.
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The research project, conceptualized through a comparative historical framework, focuses on an analysis of American and English education policy from 1964 to 2000 with particular emphasis on the inter-relationships between education policy and socio-economic disadvantage. Although the focus of the project is primarily the last four decades of the twentieth century, there is an initial consideration of immediate post-war discourses on poverty and education focusing on the impact that these had upon educational structures and curricula. Critical theory, particularly as conceptualized by Jürgen Habermas, and the Culture of Poverty thesis advanced by Oscar Lewis, form the methodological frameworks that underpin the research project. The research, which was conducted in two post-industrial communities with significant rates of socio-economic deprivation and records of poor educational attainment within secondary education, considers the impact of national policy upon the communities, particularly in relationship to socio-economic deprivation, access to education, equality of opportunity and equality of outcomes. The research design utilises the case study method to scrutinise two secondary schools within these communities as a means of analysing how teachers negotiated the implementation of education policies for their respective student populations. Documentary evidence and oral histories provide the methods to delve into this interconnection between education and socio-economic deprivation while modified Skinnerian and Eastonian frameworks provide the foundations upon which to analyse the data. The dissertation is not meant to trace the history of two schools and two communities but to see the schools and communities as a microcosm of American and English secondary education. The intention, therefore, is to employ the research findings to prescribe potential and future policy directions. Essentially, tracing educational history to understand it while utilising educational history as a tool to inform new and innovative policy where education can ameliorate socio-economic deprivation in each nation.
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AlJarrah, Adil. „Social factors and the natural history of breast cancer : 1. Year of diagnosis and tumour location; 2. Socio-economic status and prognosis“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29131.
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Breast cancer is the most common form of malignancy in Scottish women and its incidence appears to be increasing with time. It is therefore important to identify factors associated with risk and outcome. In this thesis two separate but interrelated social aspects of the natural history of breast cancer have been examined - (i) the location of the primary tumour within the breast in two groups of patients diagnosed 40 years apart and (ii) the effects of socioeconomic status on prognostic factors and outcome of patients with breast cancer. Whilst breast cancer occurs equally in right and left breasts, tumours most commonly affect the upper outer quadrant (UOQ) of the breast. However, there is no information as to whether the incidence has changed over time. To address this, the present study investigated two groups of women diagnosed with breast cancer in the south-east of Scotland between either 1957-1959 or 1997-1999 (ie 40years apart). The earlier group represent 1158 of 1207 women referred to radiation oncologists in the region and the later group comprised 1477 of about 1600 women referred to the Edinburgh Breast Unit. Whilst the age, menopausal status and laterality of the patients were similar in both groups, the tumour size and tumour location within the breast were significantly different in the two groups. Thus, there was significant reduction in T stage with year of diagnosis (p < 0.0001), the incidence of Tl, T2, and T3/4 being 15.6%, 51.9% and 25.6% in the earlier cohort compared with 49.3%, 36.8% and 13.7% in the later group. The overall distribution within the breast was significantly different by chi-squared analysis (p < 0.0001). In terms of individual quadrants 469 of 1158 (40.5%) tumours were located in the upper outer quadrant (UOQ), whereas in the more recent cohort it was 788 of 1477 (53.4%), this increase in proportion being statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Occurrence in the lower outer quadrant (LOQ) also significantly increased (p < 0.028) but was significantly reduced in the upper inner quadrant (UIQ) and centrally (both p < 0.0001). Analysing data on location for each T stage separately showed that the increased incidence in the UOQ with time was apparent for each subgroup. The increased incidence in UOQ tumours over time is therefore not a simple reflection of decreased size between the two time groups. The underlying reason(s) for this change in distribution with time requires further study. Affluent women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than socially deprived women but may have a better outcome from the disease. The aims of the study in this thesis were to (i) quantify and investigate differences in survival and recurrence from breast cancer between women differing in socioeconomic status from the south-east of Scotland and (ii) define the contribution of underlying factors to this variation. To do this, 502 patients with non-metastatic invasive breast cancer referred to the Edinburgh Breast Unit between 1985 and 1993 were stratified according to Carstairs Index. This subdivides individuals into deprivation categories (DEPCAT) according to postal address. The most affluent have DEPCAT 1 and 2 and the most deprived areas are DEPCAT 6 and 7. The majority of women fell into DETCAT status 3 and 4 (25.1 and 27.1 respectively) whilst 10.4 and 16.3 % were placed in the most affluent DEPCAT 1 and 2 groups and 15.1, 2.6 and 3.4% in the most deprived DEPCAT 5, 6 and 7 groups respectively. To increase numbers in small groups and have approximately equal numbers, analyses were also performed combining DEPCAT scoresl and 2 to provide Zone A and DEPCAT scores 5,6 and 7 to provide Zone D (DEPCAT 3 was zone B and DEPCAT 4 was zone C). In terms of recurrence, there were trends for more affluent DEPCAT categories to have a better outcome but these did not reach statistical significance. However women from the most affluent zone had significantly better DFI than the socially deprived (p= 0.0 by Kaplan Meier).More affluent women (on the basis of either DEPCAT groups or zones) had a better survival compared to the most deprived. Based on single follow up time of 5 years, survival difference were statistically significant by chi-square analysis (p=0.026 for DEPCAT and 0.011 for zones). Furthermore, using the total follow-up until 2002, Kaplan Meier analysis of SES zones showed that affluent women had a significantly better survival (p=0.02). SES was not related to menopausal status or established prognostic factors such as lymph node status, tumour size and ER status, although lymph node status and tumour size were highly significantly associated with patient survival (p < 0.0001 and 0.0006 respectively by Kaplan Meier). Given that these established factors do not relate to SES and that the patients were treated by defined protocols irrespective of SES, the factors underlying the differences in outcome between affluent and deprived women in Edinburgh remain undefined. Further research is required to identify other reasons for poorer outcomes in deprived women, with a view to reducing these survival differences. These 2 studies provide further evidence for social factors influence the natural history of breast cancer.
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Chatta, Ilyas Ahmad. „Partition and its aftermath : violence, migration and the role of refugees in the socio-economic development of Gujranwala and Sialkot cities, 1947-1961“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/.
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The partition of India in August 1947 was marked by the greatest migration in the Twentieth Century and the death of an estimated one million persons. Yet until recently (Ansari 2005; Talbot 2006) little was written about the longer term socioeconomic consequences of this massive dislocation, especially for Pakistan. Even when the 'human dimension' of refugee experience rather than the 'high politics' of partition was addressed, it was not specifically tied to local case studies (Butalia, 1998). A comparative dimension was also missing, even in the 'new history' of partition. The thesis through case studies of the Pakistan Punjab cities of Gujranwala and Sialkot examines partition related episodes of violence, migration and resettlement. It draws on hitherto unexplored original sources to explain the nature, motivation and purpose of violence at the local level. It argues that the violence in both cities was clearly politically rather than culturally and religiously rooted. The problems of finding accommodation and employment as well as patterns of urban resettlement are also explored. The thesis shows how the massive shifts in population influenced and transformed the socio-economic landscape of the two cities. It also addresses wider issues regarding the relative roles of refugees and locally skilled craftsmen in rebuilding the cities' economies following the migration of the Hindu and Sikh trading and commercial class. This analysis reveals that while partition represented a major disruption, continuities persisted from the colonial era. Indeed, Sialkot's post-independence development owed more to the skill base it inherited than to the refugee influx.
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Rabelo, Ana Carolina D. „The Clean Development Mechanism and its Potential as a Development Tool: A Socio-Economic Study of Communities Hosting Projects in Brazil“. Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113831347.
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Bäckman, Anders. „The Nordic electricity system as a common-pool resource“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158086.
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This thesis is about the work of Nordel, an advisory body set up in 1963 by the largest power companies in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The purpose of Nordel was to strengthen and consolidate Nordic cooperation in the production and transmission of electrical power. The analysis has been conducted by using Elinor Ostrom’s framework for studying common-pool resources, which is described in her book Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990). The thesis concludes that Nordel reaffirmed the bilateral practises already established by the individual power companies and was circumscribed by national energy policies. Nordel’s main contribution to the Nordic cooperation was to act as a forum for common technical issues and general aims, and as a knowledge-producing organisation.
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Khurram, Eraj, Ghazanfar Mahmood und Reil Sokolaj. „Nothing New from the Eastern Front : The Role of Socio-Economic and Historical Factors in Influencing Leadership Style in Russia and Turkey“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-84727.
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Strongmen leaders in the 21st century continue to have a role to play in organizations and business. This research is an inquiry to provide understanding behind the tendency to follow strongman leaders that exist in Eastern Europe. The term strongman leaders have attracted the attention of some researchers, but what lacks in terms of it, is the approach towards it on behalf of Eastern Europe, specifically with a focus in Russia and Turkey due to the fact that these countries serve as the most significant representatives of the area. The research question which this work aims to answer is “Why is strongman leadership style prevalent in Eastern Europe?” In order to answer the research question, a conceptual model is built along with the literature review and theoretical framework. In addition, secondary data consisting of surveys and case studies conducted by previous researchers are collected in order to provide additional scientific background to the process of analysis. While building and using this model, we suggest that in Russia and Turkey, the prevalence of strongman leadership style is influenced by the history, economy, and culture. In this kind of environment, we think that the leader’s personality matching specific cultural dimensions establish an additional link to the interrelation between the concepts. The contribution of this thesis stands on providing an understanding of the factors that influence innovation implementation within teams. The research is composed of the introduction, literature review, methodology, analysis, and conclusions which comprise of 64 pages. The bibliography is composed of books and scientific articles.
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Wilson, Daphne May. „The African adult education movement in the Western Cape from 1945 to 1967 in the context of its socio-economic and political background“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20146.
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Bibliography: pages 310-325.At the end of World War II, volunteers from the University of Cape Town began literacy and post-literacy evening classes for African adults near the Blouvlei squatter settlement in Retreat. From this small beginning a significant voluntary adult education movement developed until, at the peak of its expansion, there were night schools located at fourteen different sites in the Cape Peninsula from Sea Point to Simonstown. The thesis studies the twenty-three year lifespan of this movement which provided tuition at both primary and secondary level and from 1950 called itself the "Cape Non-European Night Schools Association" (CNENSA). The history of the organisation deals chronologically with three distinct periods: (1) 1945-1948, the opening phase, when in the aftermath of a Commission of Enquiry into adult education, volunteer groups undertaking adult night classes were encouraged and were granted small subsidies; (2) 1949-1957, a period of continuing and rapid expansion; (3) 1958-1967, the years in which the government reduced, restricted and finally eliminated all the CNENSA's schools. While the movement is studied with regard to its educational programme, choice of subjects, curricula, text-books and general organisation, much of the central interest derives from an examination of its origin and operation in relation to the political and socio-economic developments in the country. The study is thus concerned with the causes of African poverty and illiteracy and the continuous backdrop of major external events during the existence of the Association. In the inter-relatedness of the two historical themes thus pursued, the participants in the education movement, both teachers and pupils, are seen to reflect the wider society, and the study in its broad survey refers to many events of profound historical significance; these include the setting up of Bantu Education and the other pillars of apartheid, the development of major protest organisations and trade unions, the staging of the Civil Disobedience Campaign and the Congress of the People, the events at Sharpeville and in Langa in 1960 and the eventual emergence of underground movements and armed resistance. There is a strong focus on the motives and attitudes of both the learners and teachers in the movement and on their perceptions of their times and of each other. In this respect an interesting liberal-radical continuum is seen running right through the history of the Association. In the concluding chapters, to question the evidence from an alternative viewpoint before final evaluations are made, the work of the CNENSA is examined in the light of a Paulo Freirian perspective.
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Uzukwu, Elochukwu Eugene. „Book Reviews: Alfred T. Hennelly (editor), "Liberation Theology. A Documentary History," and United Nations Economic Commission for Aftrica. "African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation. A Popular Version."“. Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 1993. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,1596.
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Alirezanezhad-Gohardani, Farhad. „Tragedy of confusion : the political economy of truth in the modern history of Iran :a novel framework for the analysis of the enigma of socio-economic underdevelopment in the modern history of Iran“. Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10923/.
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This study entails a theoretical reading of the Iranian modern history and follows an interdisciplinary agenda at the intersection of philosophy, economics, and politics and intends to offer a novel framework for the analysis of socio-economic underdevelopment in Iran in the modern era. A brief review of Iranian modern history from the constitutional revolution, to the oil nationalization movement, the 1979 Islamic Revolution, and the recent Reformist and Green movements demonstrates that Iranian people travelled full circle. This historical experience of socio-economic underdevelopment revolving around the bitter question of “why are we backward?” and its manifestation in perpetual socio-political instability and violence is the subject matter of this study. Foucault’s conceived relation between the production of truth and production of wealth captures the essence of hypothesis offered in this study. Michel Foucault (1980: 93-4) maintains that “In the last analysis, we must produce truth as we must produce wealth, indeed we must produce truth in order to produce wealth in the first place”. Based on a hybrid methodology combining hermeneutics of understanding and hermeneutics of suspicion, this study proposes that the failure to produce wealth has had particular roots in the failure in the production of truth. At the heart of the proposed theoretical model is the following formula: The Iranian dasein’s confused preference structure culminates in the formation of unstable coalitions which in turn leads to institutional failure, creating a chaotic social order and a turbulent history as experienced by the Iranian nation in the modern era. The following set of interrelated propositions elaborate further on the core formula of the model: Each and every Iranian person and her subjectivity and preference structure is the site of three distinct warring regimes of truth and identity choice sets (identity markers) related to the ancient Persian empire (Persianism), Islam, and modernity. These three historical a priori and regimes of truth act as conditions of possibility for social interactions, and are unities in multiplicities. They, in their perpetual state of tension and conflict, constitute the mutually exclusive, contradictory, and confused dimensions of the prism of the Iranian dasein. The confused preference structure prevents Iranian people from organizing themselves in stable coalitions required for collective action to achieve the desired socio-economic change. The complex interplay between the state of inbetweenness and the state of belatedness makes it impossible to form stable coalitions in any areas of life, work, and language to achieve the desired social transformations, turning Iran into a country of unstable coalitions and alliances in macro, meso and micro levels. This in turn leads to failure in the construction of stable institutions (a social order based on rule of law or any other stable institutional structure becomes impossible) due to perpetual tension between alternative regimes of truth manifested in warring discursive formations, relations of power, and techniques of subjectification and their associated economies of affectivity. This in turn culminates in relations of power in all micro, meso, and macro levels to become discretionary, atomic, and unpredictable, producing perpetual tensions and social violence in almost all sites of social interactions, and generating small and large social earthquakes (crises, movements, and revolutions) as experienced by the Iranian people in their modern history. As such, the society oscillates between the chaotic states of socio-political anarchy emanating from irreconcilable differences between and within social assemblages and their affiliated hybrid forms of regimes of truth in the springs of freedom and repressive states of order in the winters of discontent. Each time, after the experience of chaos, the order is restored based on the emergence of a final arbiter (Iranian leviathan) as the evolved coping strategy for achieving conflict resolution. This highly volatile truth cycle produces the experience of socio-economic backwardness. The explanatory power of the theoretical framework offered in the study exploring the relation between the production of truth, trust and wealth is tested on three strong events of Iranian modern history: the Constitutional Revolution, the Oil-Nationalization Movement and the Islamic Revolution. The significant policy implications of the model are explored.
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Conidaris, Amanda Jane. „Contemporary South African printmaking : a study of the artform in relation to socio-economic conditions, with special reference to the Caversham Press“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49720.
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Date in university's graduation list: April 2003.Thesis (MA (VA))--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The body of the thesis explores contemporary South African printmaking by focusing on The Caversham Press, established in 1985. Caversham's success encouraged the opening of four other studios, which formed the core of professional printmaking in South Africa up to 2000. Positioning Caversham in a broader arena, the politicised nature of printmaking in South Africa prior to 1985 is discussed and six projects produced at the Press between 1985 and 2000 are examined to situate the Press within the South African socio-economic and cultural context. Finally, the interaction between prints from Caversham Press projects and the art market in Johannesburg is described and analysed to ascertain the extent to which these six projects were products of their time and place in South African art history. In Appendices IV and V, the candidate's own printmaking work, which examines male midlife depression and its impact on the marital relationship, is discussed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdeel van die tesis ondersoek die hedendaagse Suid-Afrikaanse drukkuns op die werk van The Caversham Press wat in 1985 gestig is, te fokus. Caversham se sukses het aanleiding gegee tot die ontstaan van vier ander drukkunsateljees wat die kern van professionele drukkuns gevorm het tot in die jaar 2000. Deur Caversham in 'n breër konteks te plaas, word die gepolitiseerde aard van drukkuns in Suid-Afrika voor 1985 bespreek. Verder word die ses ondernemings wat deur Caversham tussen 1985 en 2000 opgelewer is in die konteks van sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele omstandighede ondersoek. Ten slotte word die interaksie tussen Caversham Press projekte en die kunsmark van Johannesburg ontleed en bespreek met die doelom vas te stel tot hoe 'n mate hierdie ses projekte die tyd en plek van die Suid- Afrikaanse kunsgeskiedenis reflekteer. In Bylae IV en V, word die kandidaat se eie drukkunswerke, wat depressie in mideljarige mans ondersoek en die gevolg daarvan op die huweliksverhouding uitbeeld, bespreek.
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Miynat, Ali. „Cultural and socio-economic relations between the Turkmen states and the Byzantine empire and West with a corpus of the Turkmen coins in the Barber Institute Coin Collection“. Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7411/.
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In the eleventh century the arrival of the Turks from Central Asia resulted in complex socio-economic and political changes in Upper Mesopotamia (al-Jazīra), Diyār Rūm (Asia Minor) and part of Syria (Diyār Shām). The social, cultural, military and economic life of the Turks intertwined with the native culture and heritage of Greeks, Armenians and Syrians living in those territories. Having as starting point the multifaceted encounters some of the important issues I am addressing in my thesis are the important trade routes that crossed Turkmen-dominated areas in the late middle ages; monetary traffic; mines and mints in operation under the Turkmen rule. As the history of that multicultural environment can best be understood and explained through the coin evidence, a big part of my project will cover numismatic evidence. In this context, my study will focus on the socio-economic and cultural relations and interactions between the Byzantines, old inhabitants, the Turkish newcomers and the western powers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the light of the coins and investigate some questions: Why did the Turkmens issue the Greek and bilingual (Greek-Arabic) coins and seals? Why did the Turkmens borrow images (particularly Byzantine style imagery) from the cultural heritage of the areas they ruled?
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Massalha, Manal. „In suspension : the denial of the rights of the city for Palestinians in Israel and its effects on their socio-economic, cultural and political formation : the case of Umm Al-Fahem“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3351/.
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This thesis is concerned with the absence of substantive, functioning Palestinian cities, and of Palestinian urbanisation and urbanism in Israel. Framed and guided by conceptions of the city and public space, their potentialities, the possibilities they allow, and the challenges they pose to the state, the thesis using Umm al-Fahem as a case study seeks to investigate the Palestinian city in Israel, its materiality, the semiotics of its public space and socio-spatiality, and to deconstruct the historical, structural, political and social forces that shape its (un)making. Employing mixed qualitative methods of ethnography, photography, archival research, historical, sociological and discourse analysis, the thesis questions and deconstructs the nominal status of the city of Umm al-Fahem, the first Palestinian village to earn the official status of a city in Israel. It considers how to conceptualise Palestinian cities inside Israel and aims to give answers to questions such as: what can be made of Palestinian cities inside Israel? What kind of spatial configurations and arrangements are being formed and why? What kind of socio-political and cultural order is being formed and why? How does the city respond under (post)colonial conditions? Can there be a functioning Palestinian city and a fulfilment of the right to the city under (post)colonial conditions? Umm al-Fahem, the subject and object of research, suggests that the process unfolding is one of absenting the Palestinian city, depriving Palestinian citizens of the right to the city, and producing domesticated, suspended, fragmented city and citizens. The production and mastery of space is used as a technology of control to achieve this, and forms part of a governmentality project whose underlying objective is the management of Palestinians.
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Bavuso, Irene. „The sixth and earlier seventh centuries : preconditions of the rise of the emporia“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b0f77d19-e741-40a1-9af9-99dce539cbc9.
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This thesis assesses the sixth-/early seventh-century socio-economic roots of the eighth-century transmarine system connecting England and the Continent through major coastal trading sites (emporia). Part 1 discusses socio-economic developments in the coastal areas of Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, and the Pas-de-Calais, through a close investigation of fifth- to early seventh-century archaeological evidence. The inclusion of later written sources has been fundamental to recognise that the two shores of the Channel were connected in a more complex network than previously assumed, beyond the major emporia. These areas are then considered comparatively: after challenging substantivist approaches that assume an overwhelming importance of gift-exchange in sixth-century England, Part 2 stresses the role of transmarine traffic and exploitation of natural resources in the socio-economic development of coastal areas. The examination of sixth-century written sources has also proved rewarding to reconsider the sixth-century political relationships between Franks and Anglo-Saxons. The role of kings, churches and laymen in the later transmarine network (seventh/eighth centuries) is then discussed by including the Thames Valley, the estuaries of the rivers Seine and Loire, and the Rhine Delta, examined through the written sources. One crucial question is the role of political actors in the development of a cross-Channel system of exchange. In this regard, scholars have mainly focused on the period when this system was already in place, pointing to a pivotal role of kings and political institutions for its establishment, or to the later appropriation by elites of a coastal area already integrated in the maritime network, but detached from political power. This thesis argues that a close link existed between elites and coastal areas before the emporia; thus, although kings were not the driving stimulus for the establishment of trading sites, the transmarine traffic fostered the socio-economic development of the coastal communities.
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Moya, Guerrero M. del Rosario. „Estructura socio-econòmica al camp de Tarragona durant els primers anys del segle XIV. Alcover, la Selva del Camp i Valls (1300-1320)“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398848.
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Aquest treball d’investigació vol reconstruir la vida quotidiana dels homes i dones que habiten el Camp de Tarragona durant els primers anys del segle XIV. La recerca s’ha dut a terme a partir de la informació continguda als llibres de notes que, sobres les viles d’Alcover, la Selva del Camp i Valls, es conserven a l’Arxiu Històric Arxidiocesà de Tarragona. Es tracta de tres pobles de caràcter marcadament agrari i integrats dins de la Senyoria de la Mitra de Tarragona i amb una sèrie de particularitats que permeten la realització d’un estudi comparat que supera l’àmbit estrictament local per endinsar-se en l’àmbit de la història agrària regional.
Amb tot, les característiques de les fonts documentals fan que aquest sigui un treball d’evolució curta en el temps que es centra en els dos primers decennis de la catorzena centúria. D’aquesta manera, s’ha prioritzat la intensitat a la prolongació cronològica atès el gran volum de petits assentaments que han nodrit la investigació i que han hagut de ser analitzats tant des del punt de vista econòmic, com social o fins i tot dins de l’àmbit fiscal o de les estructures de govern senyorial o municipal.
Justament aquesta diversitat documental ha influït clarament en la forma final de la tesi, la qual s’ha organitzat en diferents apartats amb l’objectiu de dotar el treball final d’una estructura homogènia. Aquests apartats són: el marc espacial, la petita explotació camperola, aspectes jurídics sobre les relacions econòmiques que s’estableixen al mercat de la terra, aspectes econòmics i socials sobre les transaccions al mercat de la terra, la vila, les rendes senyorials i el desenvolupament municipal, i la societat.
En conclusió, aquest és un treball que ha establert tota una sèrie de línies de recerca que poden continuar sent treballades en un futur amb el buidat l’anàlisi d’aquestes sèries documentals que, en línies generals, a mesura que s’avança cronològicament, són més complertes tant des del punt de vista quantitatiu com qualitatiu.This research wants to reconstruct the quotidian lives of the villagers of ‘El Camp de Tarragona’ district during the early years of the fourteenth century. The research was undertaken on the information contained in the notarial books preserved in the Archdiocesan Historical Archive of Tarragona about the villages of Alcover, La Selva del Camp I Valls. These three municipalities, integrated into the Lordship of the Archbishop of Tarragona, have a prominently agrarian nature and a series of features that allow to conduct a comparative study that venture into the field of the regional history. However, this is a work just focused on the first two decades of the 14th century due to the special characteristics of the documentary sources. Thus, given the large number of small contracts, it has been prioritized intensity rather than chronological extension. These documents have been analyzed from the point of view of economy, society, taxation system o governmental structures. Precisely this diversity has clearly influenced the final form of the thesis, which has been organized into different sections in order to provide it with a homogeneous structure. These sections are: the spatial context, the small peasant farming, legal aspects of economic relations established in the land market, economic and social aspects of transactions in the land market, the town, the lordly incomes, the municipal development, and society. To sum up, this is a job that has established a series of research areas that can still be studied in the future by emptying and analyzing these notarial volumes which, in general, contain better information, both quantitative and qualitative, as the researcher advances through the time.
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Hosgor, Sumeyye. „Credit And Financing In Early Modern Ottoman Empire: The Galata Example“. Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614335/index.pdf.
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The present study aims to reveal the credit practice in Galata region in seventeenth century, through dealing with the credit relations between religious groups and the position of women in economic relations as the main themes. Galata was one of the most important international trade ports in seventeenth century for not only the Otoman Empire but also the Mediterranean region. While it was expected that the credit organization in Galata should be different than the ones of priorly studied cities of Anatoli, Kayseri and Bursa, as a result of the combination of multinational structure of the region and its important trade port characteristics, it is seen that Galata was similar to the other cities with regard to the credit organization.
Paralel to the results of other studies, it is observed that money exchange between religious groups was intensive and both Muslim and non-Muslim women were actively involved in economic life, by analyzing court records that belonged to the seventeenth century. The existance of credit relations without heed to religious or gender differences proved the existance of trust feeling between the groups. Like the previous studies about the practice of credit and credit organization in other Ottoman cities, this thesis attempts to help to understand the socio- economic structure of the Otoman society.
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Piper, Stamatia A. J. „The emergence of a medical exception from patentability in the 20th century“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:85e2c91c-182e-45aa-8580-3908ac343a54.
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Many patent law dilemmas arise from a failure to understand technologies as embedded in broader social, economic and political realities and to contextually analyze these legal phenomena. This narrowness leads to poor legal development, of which the modern medical exception from patentability is one example. Judges have difficulty interpreting it, patentees do not understand its purpose and it does not protect the important medical technologies to which the public would like access. This thesis applies a legal pluralist analysis to examine the emergence of the medical methods exception in order to understand why it was created and legislated. It starts by examining the origins of the exception in the caselaw, and the informal, concurrent norm established by the emerging medical profession in the early 20th century. It then proceeds to examine why the medical profession might have sought and enforced a norm prohibiting its members from patenting, and concludes that this arose from the need of the medical profession to distance itself from the patent law. As a result, professionalizing physicians established an internal normative order that mimicked and in many cases replaced the effect of the formal law. The thesis then proceeds to examine how the form of the informal norm evolved in the period between WWI and WWII, finding that the profession’s norm transformed and broke down concurrently with its efforts to achieve external legitimacy through legislation. That breakdown arose from factors which included growing labour mobility, greater understanding of the benefits of patents, and a growing role of science and industry in medicine that threatened the profession’s access to valuable medical innovation. The thesis concludes with a study of a current case (Myriad Genetics) that applies the thesis’ theoretical framework to a present dispute over the role the law should play in regulating genetic diagnostic tests.
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Kudrna, Laura. „Please award this degree, even though it is likely to make others miserable – and me too : an investigation of the relationships of absolute and relative socio-economic status with subjective wellbeing in the United States and England“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3701/.
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This thesis argues that we can better understand the relationship between socio-economic status and subjective wellbeing (SWB) by considering more carefully to whom and how people make comparisons and what is meant by SWB. It questions existing knowledge with new empirical evidence and frameworks for both ‘reference groups’ – the people to whom we (may) make comparisons – and SWB. These contributions are situated within existing social comparison, norm and identity theories from economics and psychology. Using two large datasets from the United States and England, over 300 reference group measures are created. Nearly 4K models are analysed, adjusting for multiple comparisons. Although the results should be interpreted cautiously due to issues of endogeneity, they suggest that upward comparisons to others’ socio-economic attainment do matter for SWB and are almost always negative after accounting for individual attainment and multicollinearity. Comparisons to others of a similar age and to perceptions of those in ‘society’ matter most consistently. Socio-economic attainment in and of itself, however, is not sufficient to improve how people feel even if it improves their thoughts about how well their lives are going, and it is difficult to escape the negative effects of relative socio-economic status. Negative effects are evident across the distributions of SWB and absolute socio-economic status, for both women and men, and across age groups. It is not possible to dismiss the idea that comparisons to others’ socio-economic attainment do not matter – and yet, achieving socio-economically in absolute terms does not guarantee a life free of misery and full of happy and meaningful moments, either, even if this should be the ultimate aim of people and social policies. These results can inform normative debates about optimal resource distributions in societies and underscore the importance of considering how well people are doing socio-economically in relative and not only absolute terms.
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Marco, Lafuente Inés. „Dialogues between Nature, Class and Gender: Revisiting Socio-Ecological Reproduction from Past Advanced Organic to Industrial Agricultures (Sentmenat, Catalonia, 1860-1999)“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565777.
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This PhD dissertation is part of an international research project, Sustainable Farm Systems, which seeks to analyze pre-industrial to industrial agriculture transition from a biophysical perspective. The main objective is to better define the explanatory elements that help us understand the causes of socio-ecological transitions, as well as the distinctive patterns between the different historical moments and characteristics of the transition in different parts of the planet. The first part of this dissertation (Chapter 3) represents the starting point, from which we show, through energy and nutrient balances, the main features of the agricultural system of our case study (Vallès County, Catalonia) for three time points which represent three stages of the transition: (i) in the mid-nineteenth century to observe the characteristics of an advanced organic agriculture, (ii) 1956 as an intermediate moment in the process of industrialization, in which the traits of organic agriculture coexist with the first inputs of industrial agriculture (mainly chemical fertilizers), and (iii) late twentieth century, where agriculture was fully industrialized. We highlighted the role of the nutritional transition and the energy transition as two relevant factors in understanding the socio-ecological transition. Both transitions have entailed a disconnection of human communities and their basic needs (food and fuel) from the territory. While more and more basic needs were covered from other territories (through markets), the territory itself was functionally adapted to the needs of external consumers and markets. The local agroecosystem was then traversed by enormous energy and material flows that simply moved across this territory. Our results highlight that changes in agroecosystem energy efficiency cannot be explained only by a different distribution of flows, but also by the ongoing change in the composition of funds. Therefore, the fund-flow scanning methodology is a useful tool to explain how the energy performance of an agro-ecosystem is strongly related to structural change in their underlying funds.
The second part of the dissertation, which includes Chapters 4 and 5, focuses on the advanced organic agriculture of the mid-nineteenth century. Our main goal is to advance in theoretical and methodological developments that allow including gender and class inequalities analysis among the defining elements of the socio-ecological transition. To do this, we articulate some fundamental elements raised by Marxist, Feminist and Sraffian Economics, which allow us to propose an integrated theoretical framework. The results show the strong explanatory capacity of the proposed methodology, a multivariable balance at household scale, which includes energy, nutrients, time, and cash flows. We contrasted the main proposed hypothesis, that the large landowners and landless peasants or smallholders maintained relations of interdependence, mainly through labour and commodity markets. Through land grabbing, the landowners ensured the appropriation of the labour surplus, which is estimated around 12 and 22% of energy labour productivity. Indeed, every hired working day included an amount of “embodied domestic labour”, which shows the links between gender and class exploitation relations. Domestic and care work was relevant, and accounted for 35% of the total labour flows. Results also show a large mismatch between land and labour property, which implied that a broad part of labour was directly controlled though hired labour or indirectly through land arrangements. Finally, from the observation of low levels of inequality but high levels of Inequality Extraction Ratios, which is estimated in 95%, we hypothesize that the increase of social metabolism, represented by industrialization processes, was intrinsically linked to social inequality-exploitation relations. Increases of Total Produce, through technical change, could allow for higher surplus expropriation processes and being at the same time and will work as a damper for social conflicts.Esta tesis doctoral forma parte del proyecto internacional de investigación Sustainable Farm Systems, que analiza las causas de la transición socio-ecológica a partir del estudio de la evolución de los balances de energía y nutrientes en los sistemas agrarios. La primera parte de esta tesis (Capítulo 3) muestra los rasgos principales de nuestro caso de estudio en tres cortes temporales : (i) mediados del siglo XIX (agricultura orgánica avanzada), (ii) 1956 (momento intermedio), y (iii) finales del siglo XX (agricultura industrial). Destacamos el papel de la transición nutricional y la transición energética como dos factores relevantes para comprender la transición socio-ecológica. También destacamos que los cambios en la eficiencia energética de los agroecosistemas no pueden explicarse solo por la distribución de los flujos, sino también por la composición de los fondos. La segunda parte de la tesis (Capítulos 4 y 5) se centra en las agriculturas orgánicas avanzadas de mediados del siglo XIX. El objetivo es avanzar en el desarrollo teórico y metodológico que permita analizar el papel de las desigualdades de género y clase en las transiciones socio-ecológicas. Para ello, planteamos la articulación de elementos fundamentales propuestos por la Economía Marxista, Feminista y Sraffiana. A partir de balances multicriteriales elaborados a escala de unidad doméstica contrastamos la interdependencia de distintos grupos sociales ordenados según su capacidad de controlar la tierra. Observamos que el acaparamiento de tierra permitía que los terratenientes aseguraran la apropiación del excedente, estimada en torno al 12-22% de la productividad del trabajo energético. Cada jornal contratado incluía a su vez una cantidad de "trabajo doméstico incorporado" (mientras estos trabajos representaban el 35% de los flujos laborales totales en el municipio), lo que evidencia la articulación entre las relaciones de explotación de género y clase. La distribución desigual de la tierra también implicaba que parte de la producción se realizada a través del trabajo asalariado o de los contratos sobre la tierra. Los bajos niveles de desigualdad junto con un alto Inequality Extraction Ratio nos permiten plantear la posibilidad de que el incremento del metabolismo social estuviera intrínsecamente vinculado a las relaciones de desigualdad y explotación social.
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Koh, Ernest Wee Song. „Singapore stories - language and class in Singapore : an investigation into the socio-economic implications of English literacy as a life chance among the Chinese of Singapore from 1945 to 2000“. University of Western Australia. Asian Studies Discipline Group, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0196.
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This thesis is an investigation into the socio-economic effects of English literacy among the Chinese of Singapore between 1945 and 2000. Through the use of oral history, statistical evidence, and existing secondary literature on the conditions of everyday life in Singapore, it explores how English literacy as a life chance has played a key role in shaping the class structures that exist among the Chinese in Singapore today. Adopting a 'perspective from below', this study provides a historical account that surveys the experiences of everyday life in Singapore through the stories of everyday life. It seeks to present an account that more accurately reflects the nation's nuanced past through defining eras in Singapore's post-war history 'Singapore Stories' in the plural, as opposed to the singular. Viewing the impact of English literacy through the prism of Max Weber's concept of life chances allows an examination of the opportunities in the lives of the interviewees cited within by distinguishing between negotiated and corralled life chances. The overarching argument made by this study is that in the later stages of Singapore's postwar history and development, English literacy was a critical factor that allowed individuals to negotiate key opportunities in life, thus increasing the likelihood of socioeconomic mobility. For those without English literacy, the range of possibilities in life became increasingly restricted, corralling individuals into a less affluent economic state. While acknowledging the significance of structural forces, and in particular the shaping influence of industrialisation, economic policy, and social engineering, this study also demonstrates how regarding the Singapore Chinese as possessing a variety of distinguishing social and economic characteristics, all of which serve to segment the community as an ethnic group, adds a new and critical dimension to our academic understanding of the nation's social past and present. By locating areas of resistance and the development of life strategies by an individual or household, this thesis illustrates how language, literacy, and class operated within the reality of undefined and multilayered historical spaces among the Chinese of Singapore.
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Sandström, Glenn. „Ready, Willing and Able : The Divorce Transition in Sweden 1915-1974“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Centrum för befolkningsstudier (CBS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-60216.
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This thesis attempts to extend the historical scope of divorce research in Sweden by providing an analysis ofhow the variations in the divorce rate over time and across geographical areas are connected to the economic, normative and institutional restructuring of Swedish society during the period 1915-1974. The thesis finds that the economic reshaping of Sweden into a modern market economy is at the center of the process that has resulted in decreased marital stability during the twentieth century. The shift from a single- to a dual-provider model and an increased integration of both men and women into market processes outside the family have resulted in lowered economic interdependence between spouses, which in turn has decreased the economic constraints to divorce. This conclusion is supported by the empirical finding that indicators of female economic self-sufficiency are associated with increased propensities for divorce, during the entire period under research in this thesis. That changes in the constraints experienced by women have been important is further emphasized by the finding that women have been more prone than men to initiate divorce, and that this gendered pattern of divorce was established already during the early twentieth century in Sweden.The results further indicate that the growth of divorce is connected not only to a shift in the provider model but also to the way sustained economic growth has resulted in a general increase in the resources available to individuals, as proposed by the socio-economic growth hypothesis. During the 1920s and 1930s, high-strata groups, such as lawyers, journalists, engineers and military officers, exhibited a divorce rate on the same level as in the general population of Sweden today. By the early 1960s, however, this positive associa- tion between social class and divorce had changed: by then it was rather couples in working-class occupations who exhibited the highest probability of divorce, which is a pattern that appears to have persisted since then. These findings indicate that a general increase and more even distribution of economic resources betweenboth genders and social classes have facilitated individuals’ possibilities to sustain themselves independent of family ties. This democratization in the access to divorce has meant that growing segments of the populationhave gained the means to act on a demand for divorce.However, another result of the thesis is that it is not possible to limit the analysis to a strictly economic perspective. Rather, economic changes have interacted with and been reinforced by changes in values, as wellas in institutions, during the periods when widespread and rapid behavioral change has occurred. In Sweden, like in most other Western countries, this was primarily the case during the 1940s and a period covering approximately the second half of the 1960s and first half of the 1970s. The studies of the thesis suggest that these two periods of rapid growth in the divorce rate stand out as periods in Swedish history when attitudes also changed more rapidly toward values that can be regarded as permissive, secular and more open to indi- vidual freedom of choice. Trenchantly, these two periods also correspond to the two harvest periods in Social Democratic welfare state policy. In the thesis it is argued that the marked increase in government services and social security at these time points integrated with and reinforced economic restructuring in a way that worked to “de-familializate” individuals by making them less dependent on family ties for social security. Institutional changes of this type have been particularly important for making single life more feasible for women and low- income groups. In the thesis, it is argued that the timings of substantial behavioral change become difficult to understand if the analytical perspective does not explicitly incorporate how such contextual-level changes in values and institutions have integrated with changes in the provider model and the economy during thesedynamic periods of the divorce transition in Sweden.
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Albrecht, Martin. „Enabling socio-technical transitions – electric vehicles and high voltage electricity grids as focal points of low emission futures“. Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206973.
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Today humankind is facing numerous sustainability challenges that require us to question CO2 intensive practices like those present in the transport and energy sector. To meet those challenges, many countries have adopted ambitious climate targets. Achieving such targets requires an understanding of the wider socio-technical context of transitions. The aim of this licentiate thesis is therefore to analyse such socio-technical transitions towards low-emission futures enabled by the electrification of passenger cars and high voltage grid development. A combination of different transitions theories (for ex. Multi-level perspective and Technological innovation systems) and institutional theory has been used. To reach the aim paper I analyses the climate impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and policy measures to achieve a breakthrough scenario for EVs. The results show that a mixture of short and long term policies are needed that take into account the technology development stage and behavioural aspects of EV adopters. Paper II addresses the need to include the high voltage transmission grid and its planning procedures as a central part of debates on transitions. Therefore the opportunities, challenges and reasons for conflict in the established regime are studied. The results show that in order to achieve a sustainable grid development regime, it is necessary to spend time on achieving legitimacy and social sustainability. The third paper uses semi-structured expert interviews and focuses on innovation dynamics for EV adoption. By focusing on dynamics instead of single policy measures, it is possible to grasp interactions within a niche, but also in between a niche, regime and landscape. The results show that strong initial technology legitimacy was needed to start substantial innovation dynamics. This could be further strengthened with a strong and broad coalition of actors. Both those factors led, if present, to an improved variety and match of policy instruments. As such this thesis has shown that transitions are not just about technology or policy instruments as such but about the dynamics and processes needed to enable them. This can be relevant in other transitions that otherwise may underestimate the importance of these components.QC 20170512
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Johansson, Petter. „A Silent Revolution : The Swedish Transition towards Heat Pumps, 1970-2015“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-216425.
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Currently, more than half of all Swedish single-family houses have an installed heat pump and more heat is supplied by heat pumps in Sweden than in any other nation. Despite the enormous impact of heat pumps on the Swedish energy system, the transition towards their use has gone relatively unnoticed. Hence the title of this thesis, ‘A silent revolution’. This thesis provides an in-depth study of the Swedish transition towards heat pumps and how Swedish industries contributed to it. It approaches the topic from the perspective of value networks and ‘coopetition’, combined with the concept of complementarities. This approach has been inspired by the work of Verna Allee (2009) and Erik Dahmén (1991). In this thesis, value networks are networks of actors surrounding a specific business model, coopetition is used to describe the relationships between actors (as both competitive and cooperative), and the concept of complementarities is used to analyze the dynamics between synergistic elements and value networks in Sweden’s heat pump sector and energy system. Based on this approach, the thesis explains how a durable web of relations and interdependencies between complementarities has developed within the heat pump sector and the energy system in Sweden, and between the two, during the country’s transition to widespread use of heat pumps. Interest in heat pumps arose in Sweden and other parts of Europe during the 1970s. The Swedish energy system had been caught between international oil crises and national political mobilisation against nuclear power expansion. In this period of negative transformation pressure, the heat pump appeared as a promising alternative that could mitigate the use of oil and electricity for heating. In the 1970s, an early Swedish heat pump industry formed together with a growing heat pump market. A large number of diverse actors became involved in the Swedish heat pump sector, and the intense coopetition dynamics relating to heat pumps following the 1970s oil crisis contributed to durable connections between complementarities during the early stages of the transition. The 1980s saw a rapid expansion of large heat pumps in Swedish district heating facilities. In the mid-1980s, however, oil prices dropped back to their previous low levels. This change, combined with other factors, such as lifted subsidies and higher interest rates, created a crisis for Swedish heat pump industry. The industry underwent a 10-year period of low sales of small heat pumps and the market for large heat pumps died out and never returned. Nevertheless, several connections between heat pump–related complementarities remained in Sweden after the mid-1980s. In conjunction with value network reconfigurations, changes in company ownerships and governmental industry support, these complementarities helped the Swedish heat pump sector to maintain both production and service capacity. Due to developments that took place largely outside the heat pump manufacturing sector, by the mid-1990s it became possible for the struggling Swedish industry to offer more reliable and standardised heat pumps to the Swedish home heating market. During the years after 1995, the Swedish heat pump market grew to become the biggest in Europe. The industry’s early development and growth gave Swedish companies a comparative advantage over its European competitors, with the result that the manufacturing of heat pumps remained concentrated to Swedish-based manufacturing facilities even after the Swedish heat pump industry became internationalised after 2005. As of 2015, Sweden had the greatest amount of heat production from heat pumps per capita of any European nation, and many heat pump markets in other European countries are 10 to 20 years behind the Swedish market in development. This thesis shows how the Swedish heat pump industry has co-evolved with the market and how developments in the industry contributed towards causing the transition to heat pumps to occur so early in Sweden relative to other European markets. It also shows that coopetition dynamics in a socio-technical transition change with the emergence and characteristics of structural tensions between complementarities, which has implications for the strategic management of external relations and partnerships during socio-technical transitions. It further argues that the combination of the value network, coopetition, and complementarity concepts can be conceptualised for descriptive and exploratory studies on the role of firms and industries in socio-technical transitions, thereby offering a complement to existing dominant frameworks in the area of transition studies.För närvarande har mer än hälften av alla svenska husägare en installerad värmepump. Värmepumpar levererar mer värme per capita i Sverige än i något annat land. Men trots värmepumparnas stora genomslag i det svenska energisystemet har övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar gått relativt obemärkt förbi. Därav titeln på denna avhandling, ”en tyst revolution”. Denna avhandling ger en djupgående beskrivning av den svenska övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar och av hur den svenska industrin bidragit till utvecklingen inom det svenska värmepumps- området. Forskningsansatsen i denna avhandling bygger på ett värdenätverks- och ’coopetition’-perspektiv i kombination med användningen av det dynamiska analytiska begreppet komplementaritet. Denna ansats är inspirerad av Verna Allees (2009) och Erik Dahméns (1991) arbeten. Begreppet värdenätverk används i denna avhandling för att beskriva det nätverk av aktörer som omger en specifik affärsmodell, begreppet ’coopetition’ används för att beskriva relationerna mellan aktörer (som både konkurrerande och samarbetande) och begreppet komplementaritet används för att analysera dynamiken mellan synergistiska delar och värdenätverk i den svenska värmepumpsektorn och det svenska energisystemet. Genom detta tillvägagångssätt beskrivs hur ett hållbart nät av relationer och ömsesidiga beroenden mellan komplementariteter har utvecklats, dels inom själva värmepumps- sektorn, dels mellan värmepumpssektorn och energisystemet i Sverige, under den svenska övergången mot ökad användning av värmepumpar. Intresset för värmepumpar steg i både Europa och Sverige under 1970- talet. Det svenska energisystemet var under tryck från både internationella oljekriser och nationell politisk mobilisering mot svensk kärnkrafts-utbyggnad. Under denna period när det svenska energisystemet var under negativt omvandlingstryck framstod värmepumpen som ett lovande alternativ som skulle kunna minska användningen av både olja och el för uppvärmning i Sverige. På 1970- talet bildades en svensk värmepumpindustri i samband med en växande värmepumpsmarknad. Ett stort antal aktörer av olika typer engagerade sig i den växande svenska värmepumpsektorn under denna period. Den intensiva samarbetsdynamiken kring värmepumpar som följde oljekrisen från 1970-talet bidrog till bildandet av varaktiga kopplingar mellan komplementariteter under denna tidiga fas i värmepumpsövergången. Under tidigt 1980-tal steg den relativa försäljningen av villavärmepumpar kraftigt och under mitten av 1980- talet skedde en ännu kraftigare utveckling av stora värmepumpar i svenska fjärrvärmeanläggningar. Men i mitten av 1980-talet sjönk oljepriset tillbaka till sina tidigare låga nivåer. I kombination med andra faktorer, så som slopade subventioner och höjd ränta, uppstod en kris för värmepumpar i Sverige. Den följande 10-års perioden karakteriserades av låg försäljning av små värmepumpar. Marknaden för stora värmepumpar försvann helt och skulle aldrig återkomma. Men flera kopplingar mellan värmepumpsrelaterade komplementarier kvarstod i Sverige även efter mitten av 1980-talet. I kombination med värdenätverkskonfigurationer, förändringar i företagsägande och statligt stöd till industrin, bidrog dessa hållbara kopplingar mellan komplementarier till att upprätthålla både produktion och servicefunktioner inom den svenska värmepumpsektorn. På grund av den tekniska utvecklingen, som i stor utsträckning skedde utanför tillverkningssektorn, blev det i mitten av 1990-talet möjligt för den kämpande svenska värmepumpsindustrin att erbjuda mer pålitliga och standardiserade villavärmepumpar till den svenska hemmamarknaden. Under åren efter 1995 växte den svenska värmepumpmarknaden till att bli den största i Europa. Den svenska marknadens och industrins utveckling och tillväxt gav svenska företag en relativ fördel gentemot sina eftersläntrande europeiska konkurrenter, med följden att tillverkningen av värmepumpar förblev koncentrerad till svenska anläggningar även efter det att en stor del av svensk värmepumpsindustri blivit uppköpt av utländska företag efter 2005. År 2015 var Sverige fortfarande det land med mest värme från värmepumpar per capita i Europa och den svenska utvecklingen var 10- 20 år före andra europeiska värmepumpmarknader. Denna avhandling beskriver samutvecklingen mellan den svenska värmepumpssektorn och det svenska energisystemet och hur den industriella utvecklingen bidragit till att den svenska övergången till värmepumpar var relativt tidig i jämförelse med andra europeiska marknader. Avhandlingen visar också att aktörsdynamiken i en socio- teknisk övergång förändras med uppkomsten av strukturella spänningar mellan komplementariteter, vilket har betydelse för hur externa relationer och partnerskap hanteras av företag och organisationer som genomgår omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar. Vidare argumenteras för att begreppen värdenätverk, coopetition, och komplementariteter kan kombineras i ett konceptuellt ramverk för att beskriva och analysera företags och industriers roller i omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar och därigenom komplettera nuvarande dominerande konceptuella ramverk för studier av omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar.
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Trausch, Gérard J. „Etude approfondie de la mortalité au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg: méthodes statistiques, analyse des conséquences socio-économiques, recherches de méthodes d'analyse avec application à la statistique luxembourgeoise depuis 1900“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213421.
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Keevy, Daniel Matthew John. „A critical analysis of the doctor-patient relationship in context of the right to adequate health care“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25086.
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The purpose of this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare through a critical analysis of the law of obligations, constitutional law and international law framed in the wider focal point of South African medical law. The Constitution only makes provision for the right to access to health care. Conclusively this thesis will have to establish a link between a minimum standard in health care and the Constitution. It is submitted that the most efficacious method of establishing this link is with the duty of care, which is intrinsically linked to the doctor-patient relationship. If a critical analysis of the doctor-patient relationship can establish a clear link between the duty of care and state liability then such a link can successfully be applied to the Constitution. If this link is transposed onto the Constitution, a critical evaluation of the rights in the Bill of Rights will then reveal the most applicable right that can house the right to an adequate standard of health care. Such an analysis is only part of the solution however. In order to make this right effective, the international body of medical laws must be critically analysed and juxtaposed against this adequate standard. This carries the dual purpose of adding normative content as well as determining the current state of South Africa’s obligations under international human rights law, and to what extent those obligations have been discharged. Finally, and most significantly, the right to adequate healthcare, as it was forged in the international legal analysis, will be transposed onto the current South African jurisprudence of socio-economic rights. This practical application will then be reflected onto the new National Health Care Insurance to show conclusively that the current governmental approach of effecting health care is wholly inoperable and will ultimately result in significant harm and extensive human rights violations. This is based on the government only considering access to health care sufficient to discharge its duties and being totally incapable of effectively managing its resources. The core outcome for this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare. Secondary outcomes are tracing the history of medicine to illustrate the creation and evolution of the doctor-patient relationship, a critical analysis of the application of medical ethics to South African law of obligations, a critical analysis of the Constitution and its fundamentals, an exhaustive evaluation of South Africa’s duties and accomplishments under its international obligations and effectively applying the right to adequate healthcare which is diametrically opposed to the current course South Africa is taking to provide health care.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Public Law
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Papadopoulos, A. K. „The drainage and exploitation of Lake Copais (1908-1938) : socio-economic implications of the exploitation of Lake Copais, Greece : a history of the Lake Copais question, 1908-1938, with special reference to the relations between State, Company and the peasant communities of the area“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.587515.
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The thesis investigates the long history of the drainage of the Lake Copais in Boeotia, Greece in the 19th and 20th century and examines the social, political and mainly the economic implications of the exploitation of the revealed lands in the wider area of Boeotia. The study begins with a geographical portrayal of the area concerned prior to the drainage which, together with its geological description and the climatic conditions in the past, provide the reader with vital introductory information. At the same time, the area's demographic structure after the drainage, presented in the second part, attempts to show not only the dynamics and capacities of the local population but also the possible effects of the drainage itself on the population changes. The survey is concentrated on the time period after 1900 and especially in the inter-war years. However, a historical account of the economic situation of the regions surrounding Lake Copais in the years before and immediately after the drainage is essential to comprehend the social and economic reasons that rendered the necessity of the project.After a brief reference to early unsuccessful efforts to drain Lake Copais, the thesis examines the nature of the foreign Company which finally undertook the operation, considering its investment strategies over the years. The frequent political and institutional obstacles raised by the Greek State, the long-standing conflicts between the Company and the Boeotian villagers and the difficult reclamation works are all important parameters of the Copais question which reveal the complex political, social and technical problems that were encountered. The attention is then focused on the exploitation of the Copais lands and its repercussions on the local economy. A comparative analysis, over a long period of time, of the organisation of the Copais estate, the characteristics of the land tenure system and the structure of land holdings reveal the main reasons for the relatively low productivity in the Copais lands and the belied expectations that had initially been entrusted both at local and national level. Research will also show the positive results obtained in the Copais estate in the later part of the inter-war period following radical changes in investment and land tenure policy.
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Sharf, Edden Lamya. „Normes juridiques et pratiques commerciales en ifrīqiyya hafside d’apres les nawāzil al-aḤkām d’al-burzulī et al-mi`yār d’al-wanšarīsī“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3095.
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Norme-pratique écart ou rapport dialectique ? C'est ce que ce travail a tenté de montrer à travers un choix de fatāwā, concernant le commerce, émises par les fuqahā´ de l'Ifrīqiyya hafside. L'intérêt de cette recherche, dans laquelle on s'est posé la question de l'interaction norme-pratique, est que la hiérarchie des normes, principe universel chez Kelsen, et principe applicable à l'Islam selon les juristes musulmans, trouve une exception avec la question du`urf. Les fatāwā, qui sont des questions-réponses, indiquent que le fiqh n'a pas tout réglé et que la société musulmane est en perpétuelle évolution. Nouvelles pratiques, nouvelles normes. Dans ce travail qui concerne l'interaction entre norme juridique et pratique sociale dans le domaine des transactions commerciales en Ifrīqiyya médiévale. La première partie est consacrée à la réflexion sur le concept de norme. La deuxième partie, s'intéresse à appliquer ce concept de la norme aux corpus classiques des sources normatives arabes (Coran, Sunna, iǧmā`, qiyās), pour en dégager le référent normatif sur lequel s'appuient les fuqahā' de l'Ifrīqiyya hafside. Et la dernière partie s'est consacrée, à l'exposition, à la traduction et l'analyse d'une sélection de fatāwā afin d'illustrer l'interaction de la norme et de la pratiqueNorm-practice gap or dialectical relationship? That's what this work attempted to show through a selection of fatāwā issued by the fuqahā´ of hafsid Ifrīqiyya. The interest of this research, in which we posed the question of the interaction between norm and practice, is that the hierarchy of norms, Kelsen universal principle, and principal applicable to Islamic is an except with the question of `urf. The fatāwā which are questions and answers, indicate that the fiqh has not quiet settled and the Muslim society is constantly changing/ new practices, new norms. In this work regarding the interaction between legal norms a social practice in the field of commercial transactions in medieval Ifrīqiyya. The first part is devoted to reflection on the concept of norm. The second part, is interested in applying this concept of norm to the classical Arabic normative sources (Coran, Sunna, iǧmā`, qiyās), to identify the referent normative. And the last part is devoted to exposition, translation an analysis of selected fatāwā to illustrate the interaction between norm and practice
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Buzenot, Laurence. „Industrialisation, zone franche et développement socio-spatial dans les espaces insulaires. Les cas des îles de la Caraïbe et de l'île Maurice“. Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858568.
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Les îles indépendantes de la Caraïbe et l'île Maurice dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien se sont lancées dans le développement pour réduire les risques liés à l'économie de plantation. Notre interrogation porte sur l'industrialisation. Quelles grandes politiques ont été mises en œuvre pour l'industrialisation ? Quels types d'industries trouvons-nous ? Dans quelles conditions peuvent-elles s'implanter ? Quels sont les impacts sur le développement socio-spatial ? La réflexion porte sur l'industrialisation : d'abord de substitution aux importations puis extravertie. Dans le cadre de cette dernière politique se sont développées les zones franches industrielles d'exportation. Ce qui explique l'analyse sur le concept de zone franche et les conditions de leur émergence dans un environnement économique protégé (1ère partie). L'étude comparée de l'île Maurice et de la République dominicaine met en exergue les dynamiques spatiales des zones franches, dynamiques largement dépendantes des possibilités d'implantation des unités d'assemblage. L'arrivée des industries délocalisées a un impact sur les organisations sociales, économiques et spatiales. De nouvelles classes sociales ont vu le jour. La zone franche mauricienne est devenue un district industriel tandis que les zones franches dominicaines - des enclaves économiques - ont des dynamismes fondamentalement différents. La multiplication des unités d'assemblage sur le territoire mauricien et des enclaves en République dominicaine aboutit à des modèles de l'expansion spatiale de l'espace industriel dont le moteur est la synergie générée par le système des acteurs (2ème partie). Le démantèlement des accords commerciaux sur le textile et l'habillement - principaux secteurs opérant dans ces zones - amène de nouvelles réponses locales comme la prise en compte du rôle des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises dans le développement territorial. L'impact des zones franches dans les sociétés conduit à l'étude de la culture ouvrière. Qu'en est-il de la culture ouvrière ? Enfin, rendre moins vulnérable un système économique spécialisé passe par la promotion des trois piliers du développement durable et la diversification des activités (3ème partie).
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Dufeu, Valerie. „Human ecodynamics in the North Atlantic : environmental and interdisciplinary reconstructions of the emergence of fish trade in Iceland and the Faeroes, c.800-1480“. Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3652.
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Over the past two decades, environmental history as an approach to the understanding and explanation of historical processes has become gradually fashionable amongst academics; empirical data collected over the North Atlantic proposed new trends with regards to economic patterns during the Viking Age. The increasing number of Viking Age sites exposed in Iceland, the amount of zooarchaeological collections highlighting an abundant presence of fish bones in the overall archaeofauna, together with one’s expertise in environmental history as well as a strong interest in socio-economic development during the Viking Age and medieval periods were many factors which help identify strengths and weaknesses with regards to the understanding of the emergence of commercial fish trade in Iceland, and to a lesser extent, the Faeroe Islands. The thesis proposes a new theory with regards to human adaptation to new environments, and subsequent economic developments based on the commercial exploitation of fish. The interdisciplinary aspect of this project using cultural sediment analysis and zooarchaeology, as well as concepts from anthropology and economic anthropology, allows for the theory to be tested by empirical data.
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Manfredini, Eduardo Alberto. „História material e formação urbana: a dinâmica socioespacial de Limeira (SP) no século XIX“. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4179.
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This study deals with the socio-spatial dynamics of the city of Limeira, seat of a municipality located in the eastern region of the state of São Paulo, seen primarily through the perspective of the reconstruction of material history registered in this urban nucleus during the 19th century. Research was carried out on the prior period, from 1799 when two Allotments were granted at the confluence of the Jaguari and Atibaia Rivers, the source of the Piracicaba River, and which would become, along with other land allotments, the municipal boundaries up until the final decade of that century. The study is thus based on the apprehension of the process of material evolution that marked the developing urbanization, perceived by the rediscovery of four variable factors which attended the establishment and development of the city: the formation and evolution of the transportation system, the installation and occupation of the urban street network, the location dimension of administrative edifications and the dynamic of urban equipment, both public and private. Research was made to identify how Limeira related to the national, state and regional contexts of that period, to describe the process of establishing towns near the geographical feature known as Morro Azul , or Blue Hill (where the present-day towns of Rio Claro, Araras and Piracicaba are also located), and, lastly, to understand significant social and historical facts related to physical expansion and to economic factors. The occupation of the land before the urban settlement was also dealt with, giving special attention in this process to the socio-spatial issues linked both to Allotments granted in the region and to the farms that were born out of those properties. Besides looking into pertinent scientific and technical literature available, direct documental sources were researched, found in collections of church documents in parishes and diocesan offices, in collections of public documents, in museums and libraries both public and private along with consultation and interpretation of historiographic bibliographies, as well as articles and laws, among others. The analyses which were elaborated show the materiality of space both as a result and as a basis for the evolution of social relationships and for the dominant class to stay in control, evidenced by forms of land appropriation and by the presence of a basis for the socio-spatial segregation found in the city in the next century, even though new configurations for the latter were adopted.
Este estudo aborda a dinâmica socioespacial da cidade de Limeira, sede de município situado na área leste do Estado de São Paulo, vista prioritariamente por meio da reconstrução da história material que gravou este núcleo urbano no século XIX. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida sobre o período anterior compreendido entre o ano de 1799 - data da concessão de duas Sesmarias na confluência dos rios Jaguarí e Atibaia, nascente do rio Piracicaba, e que viriam a compor em conjunto com outras datas de terras, os limites municipais - e o decênio final daquele século. O trabalho se pauta, deste modo, na apreensão do processo de evolução material, percebido por meio do resgate de quatro variáveis que assinalaram a implantação e o desenvolvimento da cidade: a formação e evolução do sistema viário, a instalação e ocupação da malha urbana, a dimensão locacional das edificações do poder administrativo e a dinâmica dos equipamentos urbanos, tanto comunitários quanto privados. Buscou-se ainda identificar a situação de Limeira nos contextos nacional, estadual e regional da época; os processos de instalação das urbes próximas à formação geográfica conhecida como Morro Azul (onde nos dias de hoje encontram-se também as cidades de Rio Claro, Araras e Piracicaba) e, por fim, os fatos históricos e sociais significativos relacionados à expansão física e aos fatores econômicos. Tratou-se também, da ocupação do território anterior à formação urbana, destacando-se neste processo as questões socioespaciais atreladas tanto às concessões de Sesmarias na região, quanto das fazendas oriundas daquelas possessões. Além da literatura técnico-científica pertinente, foram pesquisadas fontes documentais diretas, encontradas nos acervos paroquiais e diocesanos, arquivos públicos, museus, bibliotecas - tanto públicas quanto particulares - acrescidas da consulta e interpretação da bibliografia historiográfica, bem como de artigos, legislação, dentre outras. As análises elaboradas mostram a materialidade do espaço, ao mesmo tempo, como resultado e como base para a evolução das relações sociais e para a manutenção do poder da classe dominante, evidenciado nas formas de apropriação da terra e na presença, apesar da adoção de novas configurações, da base para a segregação socioespacial encontrada na cidade no século seguinte.
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Stoll-Davey, Camille. „Global comparison of hedge fund regulations“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d08de3ea-6818-46cf-96b1-1bbb785a7504.
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The regulation of hedge funds has been at the centre of a global policy debate for much of the past decade. Several factors feature in this debate including the magnitude of current global investments in hedge funds and the potential of hedge funds to both generate wealth and destabilise financial markets. The first part of the thesis describes the nature of hedge funds and locates the work in relation to four elements in existing theory including regulatory competition theory, the concept of differential mobility as identified by Musgrave, Kane’s concept of the regulatory dialectic between regulators and regulatees, and the concept of unique sets of trust and confidence factors that individual jurisdictions convey to the market. It also identifies a series of questions that de-limit the scope of the present work. These include whether there is evidence that regulatory competition occurs in the context of the provision of domicile for hedge funds, what are the factors which account for the current global distribution of hedge fund domicile, what latitude for regulatory competition is available to jurisdictions competing to provide the domicile for hedge funds, how is such latitude shaped by factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the competing jurisdictions, and why do the more powerful onshore jurisdictions competing to provide the domicile for hedge funds not shut down their smaller and weaker competitors? The second part of the thesis examines the regulatory environment for hedge funds in three so-called offshore jurisdictions, specifically the Cayman Islands, Bermuda and the British Virgin Islands, as well as two onshore jurisdictions, specifically the United Kingdom and the United States. The final section presents a series of conclusions and their implications for both regulatory competition theory and policy.
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Andrusenko, Ekaterina. „Transformace sociálněekonomického systému v Ruské federaci se zaměřením na hospodářství Sverdlovské oblasti“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192563.
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The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the circumstances and transition of the socio-economic system of the Russian Federation. It is also focused on the regional economy of Sverdlovsk region as a socio-economic subsystem. Uralmash plant is presented here as an example of an economic player in a process of transition. The thesis is based on several specific theories: socio-economic system and its transition, evolution of the economic systems by J. Schumpeter, social choice between chaos and dictatorship based on the new comparative economics, regionalist theory and corporate finance. It is chosen comparative-historical and empirical-statistical methodology. The main finding of the thesis is the inability of the socio-economic system of the USSR to continue in development as a result of dictatorship. However, the new Russian economy fell into a structural shift. The contribution of the thesis is a comprehensive view on transition process in Russia both at national and at regional and local level. Both theoretical and practical sites of transition are reflected. Not only macroeconomic but also microeconomic point of view is taken into account.
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Caputo, Nicolas. „Ressources économiques et pouvoir politique : intégration semi-périphérique au système financier mondial et son impact sur la coalition socio-politique au pouvoir en Argentine de 1989 à 2001“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814376.
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Prenant appui sur un ensemble d'entretiens auprès des protagonistes, la base de données des émissions de titres publics du Bureau National de Crédit Public et un large corpus d'articles de presse, cette recherche analyse la relation entre ressources économiques et pouvoir politique en étudiant l'impact de l'intégration semi-périphérique au système financier mondial sur la coalition sociopolitique au pouvoir en Argentine de 1989 à 2001. Cette coalition était composée des partis politiques au gouvernement, ce qui garantissait la légitimité démocratique, des technocrates des think tanks du libéralisme économique, des grandes entreprises locales et des acteurs privés du système financier mondial. Contrairement aux pays centraux qui sont au coeur du système financier mondial et les périphériques, qui en sont exclus, l'Argentine représente un cas d'intégration "semipériphérique", c'est-à-dire, avec un accès variable au crédit privé externe en fonction de la perception des principaux acteurs privés du système financier sur le risque de défaut des paiements de la dette. Cette intégration a joué un rôle important sur la formation, la consolidation et la dissolution de la coalition socio-politique au pouvoir. D'une part, le plan de Convertibilité implique une dépendance structurelle de l'afflux de devises pourassurer la stabilité économique. D'autre part, les caractéristiques de l'intégration du système financier mondial ont été modifiées par le plan Brady, qui implique une substitution de la dette publique de prêt bancaire par des titres, et le processus de mondialisation. Contrairement aux prêts bancaires, les titres sont des produits échangés sur un marché où les prêteurs prennent des décisions d'investissement de court terme en fonction de leur perception du risque de défaut de paiement de la dette. Cette perception, qui implique une surveillance permanente sur la politique économique, détermine la capacité de l'État à s'endetter et soutenir ainsi l'afflux de devises.