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1
McCulloch, Gregory. „Socio-economic impact assessment of De Beers Namaqualand Mines closure in 2002“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21693.
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BIbliography: pages 73-75.This summary contains three sections. Firstly a review of the Baseline Information Report followed by a presentation of the findings of this assessment report. The findings are the impacts of closure. Finally mitigatory measures are recommended. The Baseline Information Report, 5/92/87, was produced by the Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU) with the assistance of the 1 992 Masters students of the department of Environmental and Geographical Science. Its primary aims were to introduce the NM 2005 study, describe methods used and present results. A brief description of its contents follows : De Beers Namaqualand Mines (DBNM) commissioned the EEU to undertake a study, seeped to assessment ofthe socio-economic effects of mine closure and recommendations for mitigation. The effects or impacts; vary in their magnitude and significance further more they effect a wide range of people and organisations. To establish the magnitudes and significance of the socio-economic effects, the environments of Namaqualand and the Transkei region, in which the impacts are to occur, needed definition. The defined environments acted as a baseline for changes brought about through DBNM closure. Firstly, the history of the Namaqualand people and their socio-economic activity trends was established and issues were put in context. History indicates Namaqualand went through a land-grabbing phase, during which the Khoi Khoi people were dispossessed of their land to make way for trekboer farming and copper and diamond mining (Fig, 1991). The latter industries continue to dominate the region today, providing labour opportunities for Namaqualand's coloured majority and 58 %of the region's gross geographic product in 1991. The agricultural and fishing industries are marginal and are expected to remain that way (Dunne, 1988). Secondly, the Transkeian environment, its history and trends were established using the Herschel District as microcosm for study. The results indicated a history of forced removals. The present subsistence community are struggling with poor infrastructure and are heavily dependant on pensions and money sent home from migrant labourers. Having established some background the report continues by describing the social effects which could be felt by the DBNM employees, their dependants, their communities and other interested and affected parties. The social effects were gauged through surveys, meetings, written and telephonic correspondence. The employees were divided into three groups; Namaqualand, Transkei and mine town, based on the regions the employees called "home". The survey results showed that the three groups were distinctly different. Indicating that group members along with their dependants and communities, could be effected by DBNM closure to different levels of significance. Their concerns with closure, revolved primarily around; unemployment and the lack of opportunities, education, quality of life and the regional economy. The groups also suggested mitigation such as the establishment of a development aid fund, returning DBNM land to the Rural Coloured Areas and DBNM involvement in local projects. The economic effects will be felt by businesses who deal with DBNM and its employees. The businesses in the Namaqualand region are likely to experience the most significant effects. While the national and international communities are likely to be influenced to a lesser extent. Economic effects were established through the examination of macro-fiscal flows, input-output analysis and a business survey in Namaqualand. The macro scale study was covered by the input-output analysis which found South Africa, outside of development region A, is likely to experience the largest financial loss, greater than that of the local region and the international community. In particular, the services and machines sectors were predicted to experience the greatest loss due to closure. On a micro scale, the survey of Namaqualand businesses indicates that 17 % of the regions turnover emanates from dealings with DBNM and its employees. DBNM closure would result in business closures (3 % in Springbok and 5 % elsewhere in Namaqualand) and retrenchments (a predicated 250 or 4. 7 % of business employees) primarily in Springbok, Steinkopf and Komaggas.
2
Beaumont, Judy. „Nm2002 : closure of De Beers Namaqualand mines in 2002 : a socio-economic impact assessment“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17319.
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Bibliography: pages 117-119.In December 1991, De Beers Namaqualand Mines (DBNM) commissioned the Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU) of the University of Cape Town to undertake a socio-economic impact assessment of the future closure of their diamond mines in Namaqualand. As the end of the life of the mines is approached it will be necessary to plan for a reduction in productivity and ultimately for mine closure. It is estimated that the financially viable diamond reserves will be depleted by approximately 2002. The purpose of this report is to identify and assess the impacts of mine closure and make recommendations for the mitigation of these effects. The study has taken place during the initial stages of planning for mine closure. Conclusions and recommendations could thus be utilised by DBNM to inform the planning process.
3
Kerr, Muriel Ann. „Programs of socio-economic impact management : the Norman Wells project“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25426.
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Social and economic impacts are often by-products of large scale resource development projects. These socio-economic impacts have become an important component of assessment and review processes during the 1970's and are beginning to attract attention as an issue within impact management. Effective measures of socio-economic impact management are being sought by industry, government and communities who wish to mitigate or avoid negative impacts and/or to enhance potential positive impacts of development.
The Norman Wells Oilfield Expansion and Pipeline Project, approved by the Federal Cabinet on July 30, 1981 was formally assessed as having potentially significant socio-economic impacts. The Federal Government therefore created a number of measures that constituted a socio-economic impact management plan. One of these measures was a benefits package of $21.4 million "to ensure that the training objectives, jobs and business opportunities which we have insisted be part of this project are real and meaningful." The federal government's "coordination approach" to management associated with the Norman Wells Project has been vetted as a model for the management of future development projects. The subject of this thesis is the implementation of two of the impact funding programs within this benefits package. The thesis purpose is to assess the effectiveness of these impact funding initiatives as programs of socio-economic impact management.
The descriptions of the two initiatives chosen for this analysis indicate that their general purpose was to involve the Dene Nation and the Metis Association of the Northwest Territories in the initiation of programs of community and social development and of planning support and monitoring for the communities of the Mackenzie Valley. These two programs are the subject of some debate between federal government representatives and representatives of the two native organizations involved in the Norman Wells Project. The key parties-at-interest disagree over the effectiveness of the two initiatives as instruments of socio-economic impact management for the Norman Wells Project.
In preparation for the actual analysis of these programs, I first developed a process model for socio-economic impact management. This process model provides the framework within which programs of socio-economic impact management are located. Next, I examined the relationship between the socio-economic issues and anticipated problems identified during the Norman Well's Project review processes and the impact fund initiatives under study. This was achieved through a content analysis of documents produced by the Norman Wells Environmental Assessment and Review Panel (E.A.R.P.) and the National Energy Board. I then examined in full the implementation of the initiatives. This was accomplished through a review of documentation and interviews with the relevant actors associated with the two study impact funding programs. My assessment of the effectiveness of the two study initiatives as programs of socio-economic management is based on a comparison of the implementation of these programs to a set of criteria that reflect the basic requirements of programs of impact management.
The two study initiatives failed to satisfy all but the program effectiveness criteria that required a relationship with the public review process concerns. The thesis conclusion, therefore, is that as programs of socio-economic impact management for the Norman Wells Project, the two study initiatives have not been effective. I discuss the basis of this conclusion and propose three recommendations toward the planning for future programs of socio-economic impact management.
This thesis contributes to the assessment of the impact management efforts associated with the overall approach to management of the Norman Wells Project. It should be useful for parties involved in the determination of impact management programs in future development projects. This analysis will aid in the planning of effective procedures to reduce negative impacts, thus serving the interests of both those affected directly, and the nation at large.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
4
Greeff, Karen Liane. „Socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed closure of De Beers Namaqualand diamond mines by the year 2005 : main report“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17321.
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Bibliography: pages 65-67.In 1991 the Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU) of the University of Cape Town was appointed by DBNM to undertake a socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed closure of DBNM by the year 2005. According to De Beers, the source of viable diamond ore is finite and unless technological advances or market fluctuations make the reserves economically viable, the mine has no option but to shut down its operations. This is anticipated to have major social and economic impacts on the region and DBNM. The emphasis is on regional impacts i.e. the Namaqualand Magisterial District. However, due to the concentration of employees originating from the Herschel District in the Transkei, special cognisance is taken of impacts likely to occur there. Therefore, the two main purposes of this report are to: * identify and evaluate the potential major socio-economic impacts arising out of the closure of De Beers Namaqualand Mines (DBNM), * determine mitigatory action which will reduce negative impacts and optimize positive impacts.
5
Van, der Merwe Schalk Willem Jacobus. „Local and sub-regional socio-economic and environmental impact of large-scale resort development“. Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1658.
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6
Mackenzie, Andrew G. „A socio-economic impact assessment of the future closure of a diamond mine in Namaqualand, South Africa : planning for mine closure a decade in advance“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17326.
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Bibliography: pages 56-7.De Beers Namaqualand Mines (DBNM) have appointed the Environmental Evaluation Unit to undertake an impact assessment of mine closure. According to recent estimates DBNM anticipate that their diamond mining operations in Namaqualand will have to be closed in approximately ten years time. DBNM requested that the study focus on the socio-economic implications of mine closure within the regional context of Namaqualand and not the broader context of South Africa. It is anticipated that the results and recommendations of the study will be used by DBNM in planning for mine closure. The aims and objectives of the study are: 1) To assess the socio-economic consequences of future mine closure. 2) To recommend actions that will mitigate the impacts of mine closure. The aims and objectives of this report are to: 1) Fulfil the academic requirements of the degree. 2) Assess and evaluate information collected during the data collection phase of this project (contained in the Baseline Information Report) and to present these findings clearly and concisely, highlighting significant impacts and options for mitigation. 3) To communicate these findings in a way as would make them useful to both the client as the decision-maker and the interested and affected parties.
7
Chindo, Murtala Ibraheem. „An examination of the socio-economic and environmental impact of planned oil sands development in Nigeria“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10125.
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Nigeria became a mono-product economy through its heavy reliance on crude oil for export and revenue. As a result of oil price volatility and the need to increase national revenue and public spending, the Nigerian government has adopted a policy of diversification to non-oil minerals. This study focuses on oil sands that are considered second only to oil in terms of economic potential. This policy also means that Nigeria is moving towards finite resource and a dirtier form of crude oil. A national analysis of non-oil mineral activity using a GIS indicates that exploration, mining and quarrying are widespread; a potentially positive outcome for national mineral development. The government however, is failing to take into account the impact of this activity on communities and ecosystems overlapping or lying proximal to mining licences. A case study indicates that oil sands exploitation can have a positive impact on the host communities through infrastructure development, which can trigger small businesses, job opportunities and increased income. Despite these benefits, there are fears of environmental degradation, displacements, loss of communal lands and means of livelihood. Already, the long delays in the development of oil sands are fuelling anger, deprivation, land grabs and pollution, and worst of all, ever-deeper underdevelopment of these „conditional resource communities’, which is aggravating the resource curse. For the oil sands projects to be feasible, beneficial and sustainable, Nigeria’s quest for resource wealth must integrate economic growth, social equity and ecological integrity at this planning stage. The thesis makes original contributions to determining resource communities and to the cumulative body of knowledge on the potential impacts of resource development on host communities in a rent-seeking economy like Nigeria.
8
Gosling, Melanie. „An assessment of the potential socio-economic impact of the future closure of DBNM's diamond mines in Namaqualand“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17320.
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Bibliography: p. 163-167.De Beers Consolidated Mines, Namaqualand Division (DBNM) anticipate that the financially viable diamond reserves at their mines on the West Coast would be depleted by 2002, resulting in closure of the mine. DBNM commissioned the Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU) of the University of Cape Town to assess the social and economic impacts of future mine closure and to recommend measures to mitigate the negative impacts. The aim is to assist DBNM management in future planning. Baseline data were compiled in a separate document: NM2005: Impact Assessment: Baseline Information Report. Using that data, this report identifies and assesses the socio-economic impacts of mine closure on DBNM employees, and on the two regions from where most employees originate, Namaqualand and the Herschei/Sterkspruit district of Transkei (Fig 2). Integrated environmental management procedures and social impact assessment methods were followed in the assessment.
9
Nguyen, Thuy Thi Hong. „Modeling socio-economic and environmental impacts of shrimp farming in Mekong Delta, Vietnam“. Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/T_Nguyen_042809.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in environmental science)--Washington State University, May 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 9, 2009). "School of Earth and Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-61).
10
Koyo, Mxolisi. „The impact of the Local Economic Development (LED) implementation on socio-economic environments in Intsika local municipality“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1591.
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Local Economic Development has (LED) become essential in the ever changing global economy. It is seen as a sustainable substitute to traditional development approaches in a dynamic global environment characterised by the emergence of local political players and territorial governance. The research investigated to what extent the implementation of Local Economic Development strategies have turn to be necessary and viable in improving the social and economic state of people in lntsika Yethu Local Municipality. The population for the study was council employees, the mayoral committee and councillors of the lntsika Yethu Local Municipality. The study unity was limited to lntsika Yethu Municipal area. Convenience sampling method or theoretical sampling method was used for the sampling purposes. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was gathered through the completion of the questionnaire and through focus group interviews using the same set of questions in the questionnaire.
11
Dabrowska, Kornelia Anna. „LINKING PROFITABILITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND EXTERNALITIES: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OHIO DAIRIES“. The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269360484.
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12
WADIH, HAYFAA Esper. „IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING TOURISM IMPACT FACTORS ON LOCALITIES AND THEIR NATIONS: WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM SANTORINI“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1122907745.
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13
manderson, Edward. „Essays on the economic impact of environmental regulations“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537631.
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14
Nazrul, Islam. „Socio-economic and environmental impact of Brick Kiln industry in Tufanganj block-I of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal-A geographical analysis“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2636.
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Yang, Yuting. „Economic Studies on Energy Transition and Environmental Regulations“. Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10010.
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Le résumé en français n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteurThis thesis investigates several topics regarding energy transition and environmental regulations, and each of the three chapters is a self-contained paper. It aims to contribute to the design of environmental regulations and to provide suggestions topolicy makers. The first chapter studies the optimal public safety provision under imperfect taxation. An important objective of many publicly-financed environmental projects is to reduce mortality. In this paper, we examine theoretically the effect of tax system imperfections on the optimal public investment in mortality risk reduction (or public safety).We compare three tax systems, namely first-best, uniform tax and income tax. Moreover, we consider several sources of imperfection, namely individuals’ heterogeneity in wealth and in risk exposure, and labor supply distortion. We show that the effect of imperfect taxation critically depends on the source of imperfection as well as on the individual utility and survival probability functions. We conclude that imperfect taxation cannot generically justify less public safety. There is thus no fundamental reason to always adjust downwards the value of statistical life (VSL) because of imperfect taxation, nor to assume a marginal cost of public funds systematically greater than one for the benefit-cost analysis of environmental projects. The second chapter examines the environmental impact of electricity trade. Electricity interconnection has been recognized as a way to mitigate carbon emissions by dispatching more efficient electricity production and accommodating the growing share of renewables. We analyze the impact of electricity interconnection in the presence of intermittent renewables, such as wind and solar power, on renewable capacity and carbon emissions using a two-country model. We find that in the first-best, interconnection decreases investments in renewable capacity and exacerbates carbon emissions if the social cost of carbon (SCC) is low. Conversely, interconnection increases renewable capacity and reduces carbon emissions for a high SCC. Moreover, the intermittency of renewables generates an insurance gain from interconnection, which also implies that some renewable capacity is optimally curtailed in some states of nature when the SCC is high. The curtailment rate and the corresponding carbon emissions increase for more positively correlated intermittency. We calibrate the model using data from the European Union electricity market and simulate the outcome of expanding interconnection between Germany-Poland and France-Spain. We find that given the current level of SCC, the interconnection may increase carbon emissions. The net benefit of interconnection is positive, with uneven distribution across countries. The third chapter extends on the second chapter, to investigate the optimal unilateral carbon policy design for electricity trade with intermittent renewable energy. We consider policy instruments including a carbon tax, border adjustment tax, and renewable subsidies. In turn, we analyze the effect of such policies on market equilibrium prices, renewable investment, and global emissions. Using a two-country model of electricity trade, we characterize the conditions under which different combinations of policy instruments implement the optimal energy mix. We find that with a unilateral carbon tax, the border adjustment tax turns out to be effective only when renewables are producing. Moreover, renewables must be subsidized to be exported, in which case carbon emissions should be taxed more than the Pigouvian level to avoid excessive consumption
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Olha Danylo, Steffen Fritz, Ian McCallum, Michael Obersteiner, Linda See und Brian Walsh. „Economic Development and Forest Cover: Evidence from Satellite Data“. SpringerNature, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep40678.
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Ongoing deforestation is a pressing, global environmental issue with direct impacts on climate
change, carbon emissions, and biodiversity. There is an intuitive link between economic development
and overexploitation of natural resources including forests, but this relationship has proven difficult
to establish empirically due to both inadequate data and convoluting geo-climactic factors. In this
analysis, we use satellite data on forest cover along national borders in order to study the determinants
of deforestation differences across countries. Controlling for trans-border geo-climactic differences, we
find that income per capita is the most robust determinant of differences in cross-border forest cover.
We show that the marginal effect of per capita income growth on forest cover is strongest at the earliest
stages of economic development, and weakens in more advanced economies, presenting some of
the strongest evidence to date for the existence of at least half of an environmental Kuznets curve for
deforestation.
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Ahammed, A. K. M. Rafique. „Development of environmental impact assessment in Bangladesh“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva285.pdf.
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Czajkowski, Jeffrey Robert. „Economic analysis of the Florida Everglades restoration“. FIU Digital Commons, 2003. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2704.
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An economic valuation methodology was developed in order to monetarily quantify the benefits resulting from the Indian River Lagoon - South (IRLS) $995 million Everglades restoration project. Service flows of the IRLS were identified and their associated economic baseline values were estimated utilizing existing research. A water quality baseline for the IRLS was also established and compared with the best available standards. Benefits accruing beyond the baseline values given the completion of the IRLS restoration were estimated via benefit transfer to be approximately $159 million annually, importantly factoring in the established IRLS water quality baseline.
Given these benefit results of a lower bound estimate, the project was determined not to be economically feasible, i.e., NPV < $0, via a cost-benefit analysis. However, Monte Carlo analyses provided further insights into the probability of an economically feasible restoration (36%) given the uncertainty surrounding the benefit estimation, as well as specific variables to focus on to improve this probability. This research highlights the potential significant economic value of the IRLS and the importance of properly estimating this value given the magnitude of costs.
19
Kowalyk, J. M. „Canadian strategies used to inform the management of the socio-economic impacts of filming in Cape Town“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4774.
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Peers, Justin. „A Systematic Assessment of Socio-Economic Impacts of Prolonged Episodic Volcano Crises“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3580.
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Uncertainty surrounding volcanic activity can lead to socio-economic crises with or without an eruption as demonstrated by the post-1978 response to unrest of Long Valley Caldera (LVC), CA. Extensive research in physical sciences provides a foundation on which to assess direct impacts of hazards, but fewer resources have been dedicated towards understanding human responses to volcanic risk. To evaluate natural hazard risk issues at LVC, a multi-hazard, mail-based, household survey was conducted to compare perceptions of volcanic, seismic, and wildfire hazards. Impacts of volcanic activity on housing prices and businesses were examined at the county-level for three volcanoes with a “very high” threat designation from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); LVC, (caldera system), Mount St. Helens, WA (stratovolcano), and Kīlauea, HI (shield volcano). A negative relationship was found between volcanic risk perception and preparedness. Additionally, the perception that housing prices declined after volcano alerts was confirmed by econometric modeling.
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Adetunji, A. (Adeleye). „Examining the impact of economic growth on environmental quality“. Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201801101024.
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The relationship between the environment and the economy is broad, and it invites careful analysis and attention. Which explains why this thesis seeks to examine the impact of economic growth on environmental quality. Meanwhile, the concern that gave rise to this topic is the strategy adopted by developed countries in their early growth stage which was to “grow rich first and clean up later”.
The theoretical framework on which this thesis stands is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) which suggests that environmental degradation first increase, then level off, and decrease as economic growth takes place. In other words, there is an inverted-U shaped relationship between economic growth and the environment. Past studies have shown that not all environmental problems follow this inverted-U curve model and some others have gone further to suggest alternative models to explain the nexus between the environment and the economy such as overlapping generation’s model and Commoner-Ehrlich equation model, which were reviewed in this thesis.
Our goal was to assess whether economic growth positively contributed to environmental quality and assess the validity of the inverted-U curve model. The empirical investigation was carried out using panel data from 70 countries spread between high, middle and low-income countries as classified by the World Bank and period coverage between 1998 to 2013. This thesis uses CO₂ emissions per capita as a proxy for environmental quality. Furthermore, two-ways fixed effect estimator was used in the econometric analysis to account for country and time specific effects in the model, and joint F statistic test was employed to test the statistical significance of the model used and justify the inclusion of the quadratic and cubic transformations of GDP per capita.
This thesis discovers a slight improvement in environmental quality after episodes of environmental degradation, which somewhat agrees with the EKC hypothesis. However, disaggregation of our data indicates increase in CO₂ emissions for high-income countries after episodes of reduction, a stark contrast to the position of the EKC. The non linearity of the relationship between GDP per capita and CO₂ emission reflects how complicated and unstable environmental problems can be. This result can significantly help policymakers to be proactive in managing the environment.
22
Zehaie, Ficre. „Environmental policy and the properties of Environmental damages : applications to economic growth and international environmental problems /“. Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200587.pdf.
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Ketshabile, Lisbon Simeon. „The impact of HIV/AIDS on the socio-economic environment in Botswana with special reference to tourism“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1624.
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Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010Purpose: Botswana is one of the countries with the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the world. This research aims to investigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on the socio-economic environment in Botswana with special reference to the country’s tourism sector. Tourism plays a vital role in the economy of Botswana. It creates employment, earns foreign exchange, markets Botswana internationally, attracts foreign investments and contributes to Gross Domestic Products (GDP).Methodology: This report explains the HIV/AIDS situation and policy framework relative to the tourism sector in Botswana and in selected African countries through conducting an extensive literature review and empirical surveys. This is a quantitative research in which non-probability method is used to indentify the respondents. Here tourism general managers are identified and asked to identify their subordinates who are available and willing to participate in the survey by answering a self-administered questionnaire.Findings: This study indicates that HIV/AIDS threatens the Botswana tourism and the viability of the socio-economic factors. In general, the Southern African region is experiencing the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. The infection rate is particularly high among the young people (aged 15 – 49). This age group constitutes people who are economically active, and a number of them work directly or indirectly in the tourism sector. HIV/AIDS kills the economically active population – people who hold the skills, do the work, pay taxes, raise children, vote in the elections, and provide leadership. HIV/AIDS results in increased mortality and morbidity rates, and it also results in increased health expenditure. It also results in increased poverty level in the country.Practical implications: When observing the prevalence and impact of HIV/AIDS not only in the tourism sector but in general, it becomes evident that the fight against the disease should be a collaborative approach involving various sectors including tourism. Relying only on government and health sector to address the complex and systematic impact of HIV/AIDS cannot effectively combat the disease and its prevalence rate.Originality/value: This report analyses HIV/AIDS situation in Botswana in a creative way, contributing to the understanding of its impacts on the socio-economic environment as well as identifying strategies that can be used in addressing the impacts. This research is important for public policy makers, government officials, and tourism role-players to be aware of implications HIV/AIDS has on the socio-economic environment and take them into consideration in the policy formulation and implementation, business strategies and processes. It is also imperative to academics who would like to expand their knowledge on HIV/AIDS.
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Ramushu, Mahlatse Rosinah. „The socio-economic impact of Modikwa Platinum Mine on the Maandagshoek Community with reference to the applicable mining law framework“. Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/406.
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Nalianda, Karumbaiah D. „Impact of environmental taxation policies on civil aviation - a techno-economic environmental risk assessment“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8355.
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Sustainability of the aviation industry, as any other industry, depends on the elasticity of demand for the product and profitability through minimising operating costs and hence assessing and understanding the interdependency and effects of environmentally optimised solutions and emission mitigation policies, is paramount.
The contribution to knowledge, from this research, is the development and application of assessment methodologies to better understand the effects that future potential environmental taxation may have on the adaptation of optimised “greener” operations and novel technologies. These studies are undertaken using a Techno-economic Environmental Risk Assessment approach (TERA).
The first methodology introduced to assess optimised operation methods (based on operating cost analysis), demonstrated that carbon taxation has limited effect if applied in isolation. Increasing it to extreme levels, apart from resulting in an increase in operational costs and raising governmental revenues, may not necessarily result in influencing an airline operator’s operational strategy to move to greener solutions. Instead, an application of a taxation level, commensurate to global standards, coupled with an improved air traffic management system, would allow aircraft to fly closer to their design efficiency and hence aid in reducing the environmental impact.
The second methodology introduced (based on an operating and investment cost analysis) allows the assessment of the economic viability of a new technology in comparison to a conventional technology, when considered in terms of relative increase in acquisition price and maintenance costs, for various emission taxation and fuel price scenarios. A study undertaken as a ‘proof of concept’, comparing a Counter Rotating Open Rotor (CROR) aircraft with a conventional aircraft, indicates that at a current fuel price and no carbon taxation, despite being demonstrated as a highly fuel efficient technology, a relative increase in acquisition price and maintenance costs in comparison to the conventional aircraft, could render the CROR technology, economically unviable. The work further demonstrates that for the CROR technology to be economically beneficial, a simultaneous introduction of emission taxes may be required.
The study shows that in order to achieve lower environmental impact, the implementation of taxation with the introduction of greener technologies will evidently increase the cost of civil aviation operation. This research subsequently identifies the following questions, more of a ‘political and socio-economic nature’, to consider as part of further work.
If taxes above the global industry standards are introduced for the aviation industry, and they are higher in comparison to those applied on some other carbon intensive sectors, will it raise questions on equity of treatment?
If taxation is introduced, airline operators and the ticket price paying passengers being amongst the key stakeholders in the aviation industry, will such high pricing as demonstrated be practical for long term sustenance?
Will policies be driven by the fact that they will be aimed as a trade-off between achieving global sustenance of the industry and achieving environmental gain?
Will high taxation as demonstrated, have global acceptance or will it have to be compromised, based on the growth potential or GDP of a country/ region?
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Giles, Andrew. „Exploring the Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects of Trail Surfacing Decisions“. Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/964.
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Visitor activities in parks often have a heavy impact on the soil, vegetation, water and wildlife. In front country areas, the most extreme damage is concentrated on and adjacent to recreational trails. Aside from controlling the numbers, activities and behaviours of trail users, managers may choose to make trails more resistant to impact through surfacing. Unfortunately, surfacing may have negative influences on park visitors' enjoyment of trails by limiting access or detracting from the primitive setting. In addition, some surfaces may be ineffective in certain environmental conditions such as wet ground or steep slopes. Finally, the wide variety in construction and maintenance costs may make some surface types economically unfeasible.
The goals of this research are to investigate the role of trail surfacing in the management of impacts from outdoor recreation; to develop better understanding of the social, economic and environmental aspects of trail surfacing decisions; and to explore a comprehensive framework for incorporating these three factors in trail management. It is hoped that this research can assist park managers in selecting surfacing options to reduce visitor impact without excessively compromising recreational experience or organizational limitations, such as financial resources.
In addition to a comprehensive review of literature on visitor impact management on trails and surfacing techniques, this research employs three methods to further investigate the social, environmental and economic aspects of trail surfacing: a trail user survey, manager survey and trail condition assessment. The trail user survey was conducted at two well-used natural areas in southwestern Ontario, Canada: Presqu'ile Provincial Park and Belfountain Conservation Area. Surveys at each area explored trail users' perceptions and preferences of trail surfacing techniques in late summer 1999. The managers' survey provided insight into organizational approaches to surfacing, including construction cost and observations on recreational or environmental effectiveness. Finally, the trail condition assessment explored an approach to determining environmental effectiveness of trail surfacing techniques, but was limited by the physical and recreational variation between trails.
Seven recommendations for trail managers are presented, tying in several conceptual frameworks of visitor impact management and trail surfacing decisions developed in the thesis. First, trail managers are recommended to develop a full understanding of trail design principles and alternative visitor impact management techniques. If surfacing is selected as the best impact management technique, trail managers should obtain as much information on user characteristics, environmental conditions and organizational limitations as possible. Despite the benefits and drawbacks for all surfaces, road base gravel (or angular screenings with fines) merits special attention as an excellent surface, while asphalt and concrete are not recommended for front country, semi-primitive recreation. Finally, trail managers are encouraged to share information on surfacing more freely and open surfacing decision processes to affected trail users.
Overall, trail managers are provided with an approach to surfacing decisions that considers the social, environmental and economic aspects of trail surfacing, with the goal of working toward more enjoyable, environmentally responsible and cost-effective trail solutions.
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Lemons, Kenneth Elvert. „A comparative study of technology assessment, social impact assessment and environmental impact assessment in developed and less developed countries : 1980-1994“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28952.
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ZANCHETA, MARCIO N. „As consequencias socio, economico e ambientais da troca do oleo combustivel por gas natural, na usina termoeletrica Piratininga“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11355.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Rendle, Emma Jane. „The environmental, social and economic impacts of an artificial surf reef : the UK experience“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5152.
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The study presented in this thesis discusses the topic of ASRs through the use of a specific case study constructed at Boscombe, UK. With the main aim to provide an impartial and independent study into the environmental, social and economic impacts of an ASR. The research presented is therefore multidisciplinary in nature, the separate components utilise key techniques from the geophysical, numerical modelling and socio-economic disciplines are combined to present a significant contribution to the knowledge and understanding of ASRs. Whilst previous studies have focused on one of these disciplines, there are no independent detailed studies of a constructed ASR utilising an multidisciplinary approach. The ASR concept and structures are still in their development infancy, the subject has received cursory independent review in the literature. There have been few successful projects, those that have survived structurally in the ocean are not being used primarily for surfing. The Boscombe ASR is an example of high overspend, poor management and construction, loss of geotextile SFC and users deem the project a failure. The consequences of not correctly planning, managing and overseeing the construction has resulted in a poorly viewed project of limited success. All stages of this project could have benefited from thoughtful planning, thereby avoiding this outcome. If lessons are to be learnt from this project then the planning and management are key areas of the process that need addressing. Ensuring that any future ASR projects are securely integrated with the coastal zone management plan will provide sustainability and success. The DPSIR framework approach can be used to highlight and address the causes of problems in the project. This framework enables the various disciplines to be discussed in relation to each other; links can be identified between the environmental, social and economic impacts of the ASR construction. Strict protocols will increase the success of any ASR project. The final crest height of the Boscombe ASR was 0.5 m higher than the final design height, this is a fundamental design flaw that should not be occurring in modern coastal engineering practice. It is suggested that guidelines are written based on this research for the design and construction process of an ASR. The recommendations and guidelines for ASR monitoring are provided by this research. The emphasis for future projects should lie in the final design and in monitoring, baseline field data should be collected to understand the environmental state change and socio-economic impacts. Planning and government proposals should be accompanied by extensive stakeholder engagement ensuring transparency for the project and ownership within the coastal community. The exclusion of stakeholders at key decision points created distrust and misunderstanding towards the Boscombe ASR project. Avoiding unrealistic expectations within the surfing community and wider coastal community was discussed throughout this research, and by others in the literature. This research agrees with these statements, the issue of poor surfability would be improved by a greater area to manipulate the bathymetry. However this would come at a greatly increased cost in geotextile SFCs, which the current construction method is certainly not capable of delivering successfully. It would be recommended in this case that an alternative construction material was used that is resilient to the marine environment and readily adaptable given poor performance. Further testing of materials, both geotextile SFCs and alternatives, are required for the successful advancement of ASR technology.
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SINARUGULIYE, JEAN DE LA CROIX, und JEAN BAPTISTE HATEGEKIMANA. „BIOGAS DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS TOWARDS 2020 IN RWANDA: The contribution to the energy sector and socio-economic and environmental impacts“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för teknik och miljö, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15816.
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Access to modern energy is essential to achieve sustainable development and poverty reduction. However, with about 321 kWh per capita, Rwanda is ranked among the countries that have a lower consumption of primary energy in the world. More than 86 percent of its total energy comes from the traditional biomass energy such as forests, agricultural residues and by-products from crops that lead to environmental degradation and ecological imbalance and negative impacts on human health as well. In addition, only 301,500 ha of forest are available for fuel wood and other uses such as construction for a total population of 10.5 million. Therefore, decentralized energy sources in small-scale are presented to improve access to "appropriate" energy, which are beneficial to human health and environmental perspectives. The anaerobic digestion of biomass, popularly called “biogas”, is one of the appropriate energy technologies for cooking and/or lighting purposes (both in households and in institutions), which receives special attention in Rwanda since 2007. Three main objectives of this study were to assess the current biogas sector in Rwanda, to make projections of biogas development by 2020 and finally to analyze the socio-economic and environment benefits of biogas use to the Rwandan community. The fieldwork conducted in two districts per province in addition to services that are in the capital, was based on the structured questionnaire, discussion with key people and see the state of biogas built. Therefore, in this study we used the "Appropriate Energy Model” to measure the degree of biogas dissemination, which educates for “geographical, institutional, entrepreneurial and socio-cultural “aspects. The results showed that the temperature conditions in the country are generally conducive to the operation of a digester. However, the drought period between June and August, water scarcity in some regions and a low potential for digester feeding impede the propagation of biogas to a large number of people. The Rwandan entrepreneurs do not face institutional barriers to start-up biogas companies since the bureaucratic system in registration of a company is transparent. The installation costs of biogas plant are so high that they hamper the dissemination of biogas; however biogas technology does not contradict the socio-cultural conditions of Rwandans. Based on projections of potential biogas in Rwanda in 2020, following three scenarios for 2020 biogas development were identified: 1,135,000 biogas plants can be built in 2020 by considering a global basis the potential biogas available If 70% of the population will live in grouped settlements in 2020, 70% of Rwandan households will use biogas if additional resources as livestock and subsidies were provided to the poor families. Only 10% of the population (251,000households) will be eligible for biogas installation Reducing the consumption of firewood after biogas operation provides annual coverage of approximately 0.306 ha of forest area per household. Therefore, each household biogas would reduce annual GHG emissions of about 4.1 tonnes of CO2 and could possibly lead to Rwanda an annual income of about USD 21 due to the reduction of CO2 emissions in a hypothetical rate USD 5 per ton of CO2 if registered under the CDM.
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Lukele, Petra Elly. „Ekonomika regenerace brownfieldu“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401590.
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The dissertation thesis focuses on the economic view of interventions in the extensive brownfields, ie uninhabited parts of cities, abandoned halls, buildings, industrial zones. It monitors the factors influencing their regeneration, deals with ecological and related financial issues. It examines the possibilities and ways of financing the recovery of these abandoned and unused areas. The work demonstrates the suitability of using the CBA method to determine the economic efficiency of brownfields regeneration projects. Whether the regeneration of brownfields is economically efficient, establishes a new indicator cef as the difference between the financial and economic profitability of the project. The work verifies the suitability of using the indicator on a research sample of 28 implemented brownfield regeneration projects. At the end of the thesis, the expected value of the social benefit of Monte Carlo is determined with the support of the Crystal Ball simulation software.
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Bayo, Oihane. „Economic and Environmental Analysis of PV Electricity Storage in Sweden“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21981.
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Renewable energies, and among them solar photovoltaics, are becoming more important in the last years due to the lack of fossil fuels and the environmental impact of them. PV installed capacity is increasing over and over in some countries and the prices of the installation are decreasing while the prices of the electricity are predicted to increase. Electricity use in buildings account for an important part of all electricity use in the world. This two facts make the PV installation in the rooftops of buildings a good opportunity to reduce the purchase of electricity from the grid. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the profitability and the environmental impact (when using a hot water accumulator) of a PV system with different storage systems placed in the rooftop of two dwellings located in Gävle (Sweden). The storage systems can be either batteries or hot water accumulators. The purpose of the storage system is to increase the self-consumption rate of the PV system and to save the highest amount of money possible. It is also studied the difference of installing PbA and Li-ion batteries, and the reliability of the data used in the simulation of the alternative systems with the help of the software PVsyst. Results show that the profitability of the proposed three alternative PV systems with storage is not higher than the PV system without storage. The reason for this has been found in the low prices of electricity and DH nowadays. Moreover, the impact of decreasing the heating demand from DH network does not benefit the environment, because the electricity has to be produced in power plants that produce more pollutants. It can be said also that the data obtained in PVsyst has been determined reliable and that the difference between the two types of batteries is not conclusive. It can be concluded that if the cost of the PV systems or the batteries would decrease, the profitability will be higher. Furthermore, the increase in the price of electricity, DH or governmental subsidies would improve the results.
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Asadi, Mehrnoosh. „Evaluating the Economic Impact of Recreational Charter Fishing in Florida Using Hedonic Price and Economic Impact Analysis“. FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2547.
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Florida is the “Fishing Capital of the World”. With 3.1 million recreational anglers and total recreational fishing-related expenditures of $5 billion in 2011, Florida ranked first in the nation. Given the large benefits of recreational fishing in Florida, assessing the preferences of anglers is critical for sustaining the substantial benefits obtained from recreational fishing in Florida. The objective of this study is to estimate the value of fishing attributes using data on recreational fishing services offered by guides and outfitters. Hedonic price models are applied to estimate the implicit prices of fishing trip attributes and features. The estimated total economic impacts suggest that recreational fishing activities have added $151.19 million value to the economy of Florida and generated $69.73 million in total output. The results can be used by state and national policymakers for future policy design and management of this unique ecosystem service to ensure a sustainable economy.
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Motoori, Ran. „Evaluation of economic and environmental impacts and the social preference for alternative resource security strategies in Japan“. Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263752.
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京都大学新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第23291号
エネ博第416号
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 手塚 哲央, 教授 黒崎 健, 准教授 MCLELLAN Benjamin
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Energy Science
Kyoto University
DFAM
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Alazemi, Abdullah. „The impact of socio-economic factors and home environment on secondary school students' achievement in the State of Kuwait“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287155.
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Wren, Susan Alison. „Socio-economic and livelihood impacts of environmentally supportive bio-enterprise development for the agro-/pastoral communities in Samburu Heartland, Kenya“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1093.
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The question of agro/pastoral livelihoods adaptation is gaining attention in the rural development arena but little empirical evidence exists that has examined the performance and impact of diversified enterprises on agro/pastoral livelihoods and the environment in the ASAL, and on how to effectively support such initiatives. Additionally, there has been little evaluation of the type of behavioural patterns that agro/pastoral communities need to evolve in order to engage in such initiatives. This research study endeavours to bridge this knowledge-gap and assist the ASAL communities, NGOs, CBOs and government departments to understand the skills and resources required to develop climate-resilient, environmentally and economically sustainable bio-enterprises. This study examines the roles of bio-enterprise initiatives in enabling agro/pastoralists to develop more resilient livelihoods and incentivising positive community-led natural resource management and draws on different bio-enterprise initiatives located across the drylands of Kenya. In this study data was collected through interviews, focus group discussions and from secondary data. The analysis of four agro/pastoral bio-enterprise initiatives compares the level of success of specifically orientated development-funded support schemes. A more in-depth study was made of one of the initiatives, the BDP. Two surveys were made one year apart and secondary data was collected of the BDP impact. This highlighted the probable factors that influence the communities’ up-take of these bio-enterprises. Results show that this diversification requires stakeholders and support-actors to gain a greater understanding of business development approaches. Other factors such as capacity development to ensure production meets market standards, strong linkages with ethical commercial operators, access to trade-finance and ongoing mentoring proved to be the main drivers of success in these initiatives. The results show that the outputs of the BDP service-providing activities and the ethical trade facilities have been a major factor in the level of success achieved by the BDP. The main policy implications that this study has shown are: Agro/pastoralists realise that they can improve their resilience, food security and incomes by developing bio-enterprises. If conducted using conservation practices, this is an effective conservation and drought management tool. Communities do not possess the necessary skills and business acumen to diversify from traditional activities. Due to the lack of market knowledge, business acumen and technical skills many development and government instigated rural enterprise initiatives have failed. The commercial sector has strong transferable skills and will assist in developing bio-enterprises where commercial gains can be attained. This study has shown that where government, development and the private sector work in synergy projects are more socially, environmentally and economically successful. International standards and certification for sustainable harvesting of indigenous plant materials will effectively assist communities to manage their natural resource utilization and market their products more competitively. Women have shown that they have control over small-scale diversified activities and are able to choose how to use the revenue they have raised. Due to the orientation of agro/pastoralists to collective-action a wide ripple-effect can be seen from well-targeted business development assistance such as: mentoring, skills development, access to affordable trade finance/capital, improved market opportunities and value-addition.
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Esquivel, Maricarmen. „Coastal development decision-making in Costa Rica : the need for a new framework to balance socio-economic and environmental impacts“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67225.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-129).
Costa Rica needs to pay attention to the rapid change that coastal regions have been undergoing as a result of tourism and real estate projects. Despite the economic benefits in terms of jobs and foreign investment, many have raised concerns over construction in high slopes, approval of projects without the necessary water and wastewater infrastructure, deforestation, and the displacement of the local population. Is there a way to promote development in coastal areas of Costa Rica while still preserving the natural environment and benefiting coastal communities in the long term? What is the process currently in place to determine a project's potential impacts, and what changes need to be done to this process in order to make sustainability more likely? To answer these questions, this thesis studies the Environmental Assessments conducted for three tourism and real estate projects in the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica to determine how environmental, economic, and social tradeoffs have been made in practice. The analysis shows weak assessments, lack of push-back from government agencies and inadequate monitoring, and a high number of legal complaints that have not been sufficient to incentivize good practices. As coastal areas are being urbanized, Costa Rica has embarked on an ambitious effort to improve the cadastre and land use plans of these areas, in part to give more security to foreign investors. A window of opportunity currently exists to improve the sustainability framework in the country, including strengthening the National Environmental Technical Secretariat and the Environmental Administrative Tribunal, updating environmental assessment regulations, and enhancing land use planning capacity. These recommendations should be implemented through a collective effort led by the Ministry of Environment, and including other relevant government agencies, local and international environmental NGOs, universities, the private sector, and local communities. Having clearer rules for development in coastal areas will ultimately benefit all stakeholders.
by Maricarmen Esquivel.
M.C.P.
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Hu, Shiyin. „Estimation of economic impact of freight distribution due to highway closure“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44287.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68).
The main aim of this study is to provide a theoretical framework and methodology to estimate and analyze the economic impact of freight disruption due to highway closure. The costs in this study will be classified into three groups: private operating costs for carriers, logistics and scheduling costs, and indirect costs for the market. The resource saving method is used to measure private operating costs for carriers. The stated preference method and the logit model are used to measure logistics and scheduling costs. The input-output analysis is used to measure indirect costs for carriers. The recommended methodology can be used to the estimate economic impact of freight disruption due to highway closure. The framework can be used as a stepping stone for future research.
by Shiyin Hu.
S.M.
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DELLA, ROCCA FATIMA F. „A Percepcao de risco como subsidio para os processos de gerenciamento ambiental“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11022.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Mentor, Daphne June. „Shale gas development in the Great Karoo : the potential socio-economic impacts on the town of Beaufort-West“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95620.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.With the advent of shale gas exploration in the Karoo region, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible socio-economic impacts of shale gas development on the town of Beaufort West in the Karoo. A qualitative study method was used to establish possible socio economic impacts by reviewing literature with regard to existing shale gas development as well as a case study from the United States of America (USA). A desktop study of Beaufort West was carried out to establish current socio economic trends in the town. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders to establish their concerns and opinion regarding the possibility of shale gas exploration and production in the area of Beaufort West in the Karoo. The results of the study concluded that the concerns of the key stakeholders were definitely relevant as their livelihood would be threatened if there was any possibility of contamination of their water sources. Other possible socio economic impacts included infrastructure concerns with regard to road maintenance, tourism declining and the threat of noise and air pollution. The study recommends that if the shale gas development process were to go ahead, the South African government would need to ensure that best practices are incorporated by all gas drilling companies. A team of qualified and trained regulators should monitor well pads and hydraulic fracturing methods as well as volumes of water used and the disposal of waste water. The regulations existing in the country should be revised to incorporate the stringent standards of other countries that have strict monitoring policies in place. In order to protect the people of the Karoo and the heritage of South Africa, the government must ensure that gas companies are held liable for any kind of environmental or socio economic impact.
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OLIVEIRA, MARCIO M. M. de. „Sustentabilidade socioambiental em complexos industriais - um estudo de caso em Minas Gerais“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10582.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Mogapi, Eunivicia. „Trade-offs in decision making by impact investors between socio-environmental return and financial return“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59879.
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Impact Investing is an alternative source of funding for socio-environmental impact optimising organisations. The legitimacy of this investment approach has been questioned however, as the model combines two competing institutional logics. The impact investor faces the logic of socio-environmental impact and the profit logic, which have traditionally been thought of as being on opposite ends of the spectrum. Combing multiple logics is confusing and can ultimately handicap the firm, however this can be resolved by specifying the trade-offs among the various dimensions. Research on Impact Investing in the past few years focused on the performance of Impact Investing funds in comparison to conventional funds, but could not conclusively prove if there is a cost to Impact Investing. For this reason there is not a full understanding of the trade-offs, if any, of Impact Investing. The objective of this study is to demystify the trade-offs inherent in Impact Investing, in order to support the legitimacy of the investment strategy as an alternative form of financing.
The study was performed as a qualitative research, using 15 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with investment professionals and experts, who had been practicing for at least two years. The collected data were analysed using inductive content and frequency analysis techniques, which enabled the researcher to extract and extrapolate the recurring themes and develop a practical framework for effective management of an Impact Investing asset portfolio.
The results of this research show that the question of trade-offs depends on the framing, as there are instances where the trade-offs are distinct, however high impact and high returns can be achieved without compromise. There is no denying the immensurable risks involved in Impact Investing, some are as seen in conventional capital markets, yet some are inherent not only in the impact approach, but also in other variants of the strategic positioning of the investment firm involved. The risks can be mitigated by integrating impact into the business model and aligning values throughout the Impact Investing value chain.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
sn2017
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Marques, Alexandra, Ines Martins, Thomas Kastner, Christoph Plutzar, Michaela Theurl, Nina Eisenmenger, Mark Huijbregts et al. „Increasing impacts of land use on biodiversity and carbon sequestration driven by population and economic growth“. Nature Research, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7084/1/manuscript.pdf.
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Biodiversity and ecosystem service losses driven by land-use change are expected to intensify as a growing and more affluent global population requires more agricultural and forestry products, and teleconnections in the global economy lead to increasing remote environmental responsibility. By combining global biophysical and economic models, we show that, between the years 2000 and 2011, overall population and economic growth resulted in increasing total impacts on bird diversity and carbon sequestration globally, despite a reduction of land-use impacts per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). The exceptions were North America and Western Europe, where there was a reduction of forestry and agriculture impacts on nature accentuated by the 2007-2008 financial crisis. Biodiversity losses occurred predominantly in Central and Southern America, Africa and Asia with international trade an important and growing driver. In 2011, 33% of Central and Southern America and 26% of Africa's biodiversity impacts were driven by consumption in other world regions. Overall, cattle farming is the major driver of biodiversity loss, but oil seed production showed the largest increases in biodiversity impacts. Forestry activities exerted the highest impact on carbon sequestration, and also showed the largest increase in the 2000-2011 period. Our results suggest that to address the biodiversity crisis, governments should take an equitable approach recognizing remote responsibility, and promote a shift of economic development towards activities with low biodiversity impacts.
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Oliveira, Amônia Silva. „Caracterização socio-ambiental da piscicultura em tanques-rede no município de Guapé“. Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2011. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/128.
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-16Fish farming is currently the form of food production that grows most rapidly in the world. In Brazil, fish consumption is still low; only 10% of the population consumes fish. The country presents a great potential for the development of fish farming, especially in the Furnas region, in the State of Minas Gerais. In the search for new economical alternatives, fish farming has already become a reality in this region. The effects of this activity deserve attention to ensure its improvement and enable its exploration. This study aims at characterizing the socio-environmental conditions of fish farming and subsidizing administration plans for the fish farmers in Guapé, MG, Brazil. In the January-February period of 2011, 15 net-tank fish farms were evaluated by means of two questionnaires using the Gerenciamento de Aspectos e Impactos Ambientais GAIA (management aspects and environmental impacts): the first, to characterize the profile of the properties; the second, to determine the degree of sustainability of the fish farms. The fish farmers responded to questions in loco. Visual proof of the situation presented was done later. A descriptive analysis of the results was done for the evaluation of the questionnaires, and the percent frequencies were computed for each question. The results were organized and presented by column and sector graphs. The results led to the conclusion that the degree of sustainability is between 30% and 70%. Regarding the sustainability classification, 60% of the fish farms were very poor; while 40% were adequate. This study revealed that fish processing and commercialization are conducted in the property; altogether, the fish farms consume about 4.3 daily tons of extruded commercial ration and produce annually 550 tons of fish in 504 net-tanks. It also showed that most fish farmers present low schooling; started their business only recently; do other jobs, such as coffee growing and milk producing; receive technical assistance, although not continuous; and do not monitor water.
A piscicultura atualmente corresponde ao setor de produção de alimentos que mais cresce no mundo. No Brasil o consumo do pescado ainda é pouco expressivo; apenas 10% da população incorporam o peixe em sua alimentação. O país apresenta grande potencial para o desenvolvimento desta atividade, dentre elas a região do reservatório de Furnas, em Minas Gerais. Na busca de novas alternativas econômicas, a criação de peixe já é uma realidade na região. Devem-se assim observar os efeitos decorrentes desta atividade que merece atenção para possibilitar seu aprimoramento e viabilizar sua exploração. Este trabalho objetiva caracterizar as condições socioambientais da piscicultura e subsidiar planos de gestão aos piscicultores do município de Guapé, MG, Brasil. O estudo foi desenvolvido no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2011; foram avaliadas 15 pisciculturas no sistema tanque-rede; caracterizadas por meio da aplicação de dois questionários; o primeiro para caracterizar o perfil das propriedades, e o segundo para determinar o grau de sustentabilidade das pisciculturas, utilizando-se o método Gerenciamento de Aspectos e Impactos Ambientais - GAIA. As questões foram respondidas pelos piscicultores in loco. Posteriormente foi feita comprovação visual da situação apresentada, passando seu resultado a compor os dados analisados. Para avaliação dos questionários foi feita uma análise descritiva dos resultados, computando-se as frequências percentuais para cada questão. A organização e apresentação dos resultados foram por meio de gráficos de colunas e de setores. Através dos resultados conclui-se que o grau de sustentabilidade das pisciculturas está entre 30 e 70%; de acordo com a classificação da sustentabilidade, 60% das pisciculturas apresentaram sustentabilidade péssima e 40 %, adequada. O estudo revelou que o processamento do pescado e a comercialização são realizados na propriedade; juntas as pisciculturas consomem ração extrusada comercial em torno de 4,3 toneladas por dia e produzem anualmente 550 toneladas de peixes em 504 tanques-rede. Mostrou também que os piscicultores, em sua maioria, apresentam baixa escolaridade; iniciaram suas atividades recentemente; possuem outras atividades, como por exemplo, café e leite; recebem assistência técnica, porém não contínua; não fazem o monitoramento da água.
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Fayazbakhsh, M. „Environmental impacts of airports : a study of airport development and its impact on the social, environmental and economic well-being of the community“. Thesis, University of Salford, 1996. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14809/.
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In the last thirty years, air traffic has increased rapidly causing the need to build more and larger airports. As the aviation industry continues to expand, the need for larger and more efficient aircraft with bigger payloads over greater distances becomes inevitable. The use of larger aircraft coupled with the growing demand for air travel requires the building of more and larger airports. One of the most important factors to consider when building a new airport is the impacts it may have on the environment. This thesis attempts to investigate the most important environmental impacts that may rise from the building of a new airport, it also discusses both the positive and the negative aspects of such impacts. It also discusses the ways and means of reducing and minimisin the adverse environmental impacts. It does iQI, however, concentrate specifically on a particular airport and the contents apply to airports "in general". A " general assessment" of such environmental impacts will also be made in the final Chapter. It should, however, be noted that, although the main aim of this thesis is to investigate the environmental impacts of airports, a considerable amount of' the material in this thesis relates to "aircraft" since some of the most important environmental impacts of airports are directly caused by aircraft, for example, the problem of aircraft noise.
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Kastis, Stelios, und Vaggelis Kitsios. „The energy system of Greece : A Techno-economic and Environmental Approach“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23879.
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The human effort to continuously improve their standard of living in conjunction with the rapid growth of world‟s population, the reckless and the wasteful misuse of energy reserves threaten to lead mankind in an energy deadlock. In an effort to realize the size of the waste of our planet‟s available energy resources, we only need to point out that people have spent the last century stocks of raw materials and energy, which were saved and produced during the lifetime of our planet. The management of the energy systems in a proper and best way is considered to be essential worldwide. In this project the energy system of Greece is studied. The power production systems used in different sectors of life were analyzed. The study emphasized in the electricity production from different sources. Lignite electricity power plants were first introduced in the country followed by the gas power plants and Renewable Energy Sources (RES) installations. The deregulation of electricity market formed the new energy scenery of the country. Electricity grid reinforcements with smart metering and energy storage proved to be necessary in order the RES to be fully penetrated to the national grid, so as Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions to be reduced as much as possible. The further expansion of RES could help to cope with the barriers of the country‟s electrification due to singularity of hundred islands that are not yet interconnected to the mainland. Analytical theory methods and numerical skills used to derive the appropriate data and results. Installed capacity of the power sources was verified as well as costs and polluted emissions per unit and type of sources involved. Weaknesses and abnormalities of the electric system were pointed out. Proved gains from the RES use were verified for ensuring the sustainability of the country‟s energy system
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Vystavna, Yuliya. „Environmental and socio-economic determinants, their impacts on trace metals and pharmaceuticals in watercourses : a comparison on two watersheds of France and Ukraine“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14486/document.
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Les objectifs de cette étude comparative de deux bassins versants en France et en Ukraine» sont de trois ordres : i) déterminer l’occurrence des micropolluants émergents (métaux traces et molécules pharmaceutiques) dans les eaux de surface, ii) permettre leur évaluation qualitative et quantitative et enfin iii) estimer leur distribution en fonction du contexte socio-économique. Cette recherche porte sur l'analyse de l'origine, sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et sur le comportement des micropolluants (métaux traces et molécules pharmaceutiques) dans les eaux de surface des rivières Jalle (Bordeaux, France) et Udy & Lopan (Kharkiv, Ukraine). Un suivi des métaux traces et des produits pharmaceutiques dans les eaux naturelles de surface dans différents contextes et conditions climatiques a été réalisé. La description et l'analyse des facteurs environnementaux et socio-économiques influençant l’hydrochimie locale en vue de conclure sur l’opportunité et l'intérêt des micropolluants émergents comme indicateurs anthropiques du contexte socio-économique et environnemental d‘un bassin versant ont été mis en œuvre. L’étude a combiné des techniques de prélèvements d’échantillons d’eau classiques et par capteurs passifs in situ. L’analyse semi quantitative des micropolluants émergents a porté sur les métaux traces (sonde DGT) et les produits pharmaceutiques (POCIS). L’usage de ces capteurs a permis d’évaluer les différentes formes d'éléments, les sources, les variations saisonnières et spatiales, l'accumulation et les risques environnementaux. A partir des données environnementales collectées, acquises, actualisées et validées il a été possible de modéliser la consommation régionale de médicaments dans le cas de (1) la région de Kharkiv, en Ukraine, sur les rivières Lopan et Udy du bassin Seversky Donets et (2) la région de Bordeaux, en France, sur la rivière Jalle, du bassin de la Garonne. Les sites ont été sélectionnés pour représenter une diversité tant du point de vue de l'état de pollution des eaux (nature et flux) que de celui du paysage socio-économique (contexte urbain, social et indicateurs économiques). Les résultats majeurs de cette étude sont : (i) méthodologique pour le développement et la validation de protocoles d’échantillonnage classique et passif (intérêt, limites, recommandations), ii) analytique quant à la mesure des éléments traces des eaux de surface naturelles dans des conditions extrêmes, iii) scientifique par l’obtention d’un jeu de données sur l’hydrochimie des éléments traces ( présence, accumulation, origine et variabilité spatiale et temporelle et iv) prospectif quant à l’usage des métaux traces et de produits pharmaceutiques comme traceurs anthropiques de l’état des eaux naturelles de surfaces et reflet du contexte socio-économique. La modélisation socio-économique (statistique) et environnementale (balance de masse) aide à comprendre l’évolution de la qualité des eaux de surface dans leur contexte régional et permet d’identifier certains contaminants comme des indicateurs des activités anthropiques d’un bassin versant et permet de définir une typologie. L’ensemble des résultats de la thèse sont présentés sous la forme d'articles publiés ou soumis dans des revues scientifiques internationalesThe PhD study focuses on the understanding of processes of the impact of environmental and socio-economic determinants on the occurrence, accumulation and distribution of trace metals and pharmaceuticals in urban watercourses. The research has been based on the analysis of the origin; physico-chemical properties and behavior of trace pollutants. The study was performed in two general steps: (i) monitoring of trace metals and pharmaceuticals in natural waters; (ii) description and analysis of environmental and socio-economic determinants that influence the water chemistry and (iii) evaluation of trace pollutants as environmental and socio-economic indicators. The monitoring of trace metals in natural water was proceed using the combination of passive and grab water sampling techniques, in order to evaluate various forms of elements, sources, seasonal and spatial variations, accumulation and environmental risks associated with the presence of contaminants in the study areas. The monitoring of pharmaceuticals was done using passive sensors to determine their capacity to register chemicals variation in time and adequation to use environmental data for the regional medicament consumption modeling. Monitoring data were also investigated in term of potential applications of trace metals and pharmaceuticals as environmental and socio-economic indicators. Two study sites were chosen: (1) the Kharkiv region in Ukraine where research was focused on the Lopan and Udy rivers of the Seversky Donets water basin and (2) the Bordeaux region in France where water monitoring was done in the Jalle River, Garonne water basin. Sites were mainly selected to represent the water pollution status in different socio-economic regions. General PhD results can be described as follows:1. The methodology for pilot and continuous monitoring of trace elements in the water with combination of traditional (grab) and innovative (passive) sampling procedures help to get data on trace elements presence, accumulation and sources, considering time variations.2. The analysis of trace metals and pharmaceuticals in two river basins of France and Ukraine and determination of environmental factors that impact on the occurrence, accumulation and distribution of these chemicals.3. The establishment of links between regional socio-economic issues and water quality data. The socio-economic and environmental modeling helps us to understand the water pollution process in regional context and give the opportunity to propose contaminants as tracers of anthropogenic activities and water quality assessment.Results of the PhD study are presented in the form of published or submitted peer-reviewed articles
Диссертация «Экологические и социально-экономические факторы распространения металлов и фармацевтических веществ в природных водах: на примере рек Харькова, Украина и Бордо, Франция» на соискание степени Доктора Философии (Environmental Science) подготовлена в рамках договора о научном сотрудничестве и совместном руководстве между Университетом Бордо, Франция и Харьковской национальной академией городского хозяйства, Украина.Актуальность работы связана с сушествующими проблемами мониторинга природных вод, недостатком исследований микро-загрязнителей водотоков как во Франции, так и в Украине, существующим экологическим риском, который возникает при поступлении и накоплении металов и фармацевтических веществ в урбанизированных водотоках, а также возможностью использования химических веществ в качестве экологических и социально – экономических индикаторов. Целью диссертационной работы стало усовершенствование методов мониторинга микро-загрязнителей в природных водах и оценка возможности использования отдельных микро-загрязнителей в качестве экологических и социально-экономических показателей. Предметом исследования являются экологические и социально-экономические факторы, влияющие на распространение металлов и фармацевтических веществ в природных водах. Объектом исследования стали реки Уды и Лопань, Харьковская область, Украина и река Жаль, регион Бордо, Франция.Основные задачи: (1) провести мониторинг рек на различные формы металлов и фармацевтические вещества с применением стандартных и инновационных (пассивных) методов отбора проб; (2) опеределить экологические и социально- экономические факторы, которые влияют на распространение микрозагрязнителей в природных водах; (3) изучить возможность использования металлов и фармацевтических веществ в качестве индикаторов антропогенного загрязнения природных вод.В результате проведенных исследований был: Впервые: (а) осуществлен мониторинг лабильных форм металлов в реках бассейна Северского Донца, в результате которого определены концентрации токсичных металлов в водотоках, источники и количество их поступления; (б) проведен мониторинг фармацевтических веществ в природных водах Украины, (в) определены концентрации и основные источники поступления фармацевтических препаратов и удельные показатели потребления различных медикаментов в Харьковском регионе; Усовершенствованы: (а) методика проведения мониторинга воды за счет применения стандартных и инновационных пассивных методов отбора проб воды в контрастных климатических и гидрологических условиях с целью исследования различных форм загрязнителей и их временных вариаций; (б) балансово-статистическая модель, которая позволяет использовать данные мониторинга природных вод для социально-экономической характеристики регионов – водопользователей; Предложены:(а) система определения геохимического фона рек на основании торий – нормализованных концентраций металлов в донных отложениях; (б) метод использование металлов и фармацевтических веществ в качестве индикаторов поступления сточных вод для идентификации несанкционированных сбросов.Основу диссертационного исследования составили натурные данные полевых исследований рек Харькова и Бордо, которые были организованы и проведены с непосредственным участием автора в 2008 – 2011 гг. Большинство лабораторных анализов было лично проведено автором в сертифицированных лабораториях Университета Бордо и Университета Орлеан, Франция.Диссертация имеет теоретическое и практическое значение для дальнейшего развития мониторинга природных вод, а также повышения уровня экологической и социальной безопасности в регионах. По теме опубликовано 4 статьи в международных журналах с высоким ИМПАКТ фактором, а также 5 статей в изданиях, реглиментированных ВАК Украины и России
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Gomez-Rivera, Sara Maria. „Por uma cultura ecológica“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-20092010-141932/.
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O presente trabalho busca compreender e analisar a partir de um ponto de vista conceitual o termo cultura ecológica, que vem sendo usado como sinônimo de uma infinidade de conceitos associados à racionalidade econômica capitalista. O objetivo principal deste trabalho não é definir o quê é cultura ecológica, mas apontar as suas possíveis potencialidades conceituais, já que até agora tem se forjado como um termo mais normativo do que conceitual. Este trabalho propõe uma análise teórica - critica do termo e de vários aspectos ligados a ele, questionando e refletindo sobre a atual crise socioambiental. Primeiramente faz-se uma análise dos termos cultura, ecologia e cultura ecológica, apontando para os usos atuais desta idéia. Baseando-se em alguns aspectos teóricos de Karl Marx, de Max Weber e usando o conceito de cultura política de Gabriel Almond e Sidney Verba, analisaram-se algumas possibilidades de estudo da cultura ecológica. Depois, refletiu-se sobre a relação entre idéias e práticas ecológicas apoiando-se no conceito de práxis, o que levou também a tratar do espaço público, da cidadania e do individualismo.This study aims to understand and analyze from a conceptual point of view the term ecological culture, which has been used as a synonymous of several concepts associated to the capitalist economic rationality. Thus, the main objective is not to define what ecological culture is, but to point at the possible conceptual potentialities, since it has been shaped as a normative term, instead of a conceptual one. This study suggests a theoretical and critical analysis of the term and of several aspects linked to it, inquiring and reflecting on the current socio environmental crisis. First of all, an analysis of the terms culture, ecology and ecological culture is done, pointing at the current usages of the term ecological culture. Some possibilities of study of the ecological culture are analyzed based upon theoretical aspects from Karl Marx, Max Weber and using the political culture concept from Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba. Finally, a reflection on the relation between ecological ideas and practices is made using the praxis concept, what leads to treat about public sphere, citizenship and individualism.
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Lemos, Ana. „Measuring the Economic Value and Social Impact of Crocodile Tourism in Tarcoles, Costa Rica“. FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3329.
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This thesis measures the economic value and social impact of tourism associated with crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Tárcoles, Costa Rica. Crocodile tourism is unique compared to other tourism operations in Costa Rica because it is managed locally and has grown in an organic matter. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from tourists and key informants who work, directly or indirectly, in crocodile tourism in the region. The results demonstrated that the economic benefits derived from nature-based tourism is an important strength and incentive for C. acutus conservation in Tárcoles. Bringing in an estimated USD 5,292,073.81 per year (estimated for 2014) in indirect sales, tourism is one of the main economic drivers and is central to the economic development of the region. Furthermore, understanding the social impacts of the tourism in Tárcoles is vital for ecosystem management and sustainability of the crocodile tourism industry.
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Taylor, Amy. „Ecological tax reform : estimated environmental and employment effects in British Columbia /“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0022/MQ51485.pdf.
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